Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Covering the most commonly used drugs in dentistry, Applied Pharmacology for the Dental Hygienist, 7th Edition provides an in-depth understanding of the pharmacologic principles needed for safe and effective dental treatment and oral health care. It discusses drug properties and mechanisms of action, dosages, intended effects, interactions, and adverse reactions — both for the medications a patient may already be taking and for the drugs prescribed by the dentist. New to this edition are topics such as drug-related osteonecrosis of the jaw, recommendations for antibiotic prophylaxis to reduce the risk of infection, cholesterol and cardiovascular guidelines, and new information on type 2 diabetes. Written by dental hygiene educator Elena Haveles, this trusted text prepares you for the expanding role of the dental hygienist!
- Comprehensive coverage provides an in-depth understanding of the most commonly used drugs, how they work, and how they affect patients’ oral health and dental treatment options.
- A dental focus addresses the drug interactions of clinical interest in dentistry, with explanations as to why certain drugs are used or contraindicated in a dental treatment plan.
- A logical format organizes chapters into four parts: 1) general pharmacologic principles, 2) drugs used in dentistry, 3) drugs that may alter dental treatment, and 4) special situations.
- Clinical Skills Assessment offers review questions at the end of each chapter, helping you assess your knowledge of the material.
- Dental Hygiene Considerations boxes show how principles of pharmacology apply specifically to dental hygienists.
- Note boxes highlight important concepts, indications, contraindications, memory tools, warnings, and more.
- Key terms are bolded and in color within each chapter and defined in a handy glossary.
- Summary tables and boxes serve as useful review and study tools with quick, easy-to-read summaries of key concepts.
- Learning objectives at the beginning of each chapter set goals for what you will accomplish and provide a useful study guide for examinations.
- A bibliography in each chapter lists resource citations for additional research and study of dental-related topics.
- Quick-reference appendixes include resources such as the top 200 drugs, medical acronyms, and information on herbal and dietary supplements.
- A drug index provides easy look-up of specific drugs and types of drugs.
- NEW! Updated coverage reflects the latest changes and advances relating to dental treatment, such as adverse drug reactions, antibiotic prophylaxis, osteonecrosis of the jaw, cardiovascular and cholesterol guidelines, oral anticoagulant drugs, and type 2 diabetes.
- NEW! Full-color design includes additional illustrations showing basic principles and internal processes, along with photographs of oral conditions and side effects.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Inside Front Cover | ES2 | ||
| Applied Pharmacology for the Dental Hygienist | i | ||
| Copyright | ii | ||
| Reviewers | iii | ||
| Dedication | iv | ||
| Preface | v | ||
| Intended audience | v | ||
| Importance to the profession | v | ||
| Organization | v | ||
| Key features | v | ||
| Ancillaries | vi | ||
| For the Instructor | vi | ||
| For the Student | vi | ||
| Acknowledgments | vii | ||
| How to Be Successful in Pharmacology | viii | ||
| Use of objectives to focus studying | viii | ||
| Contents | ix | ||
| Part One: General Principles | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1: Information, Sources, Regulatory Agencies, Drug Legislation, and Prescription Writing | 2 | ||
| History | 2 | ||
| Role of the dental hygienist | 3 | ||
| Medication/Health History | 3 | ||
| Medication Administration | 3 | ||
| Emergency Situations | 3 | ||
| Appointment Scheduling | 3 | ||
| Nonprescription Medication | 3 | ||
| Nutritional or Herbal Supplements | 3 | ||
| Sources of information | 4 | ||
| Printed Resources | 4 | ||
| Computer and Online Resources | 4 | ||
| Drug names | 4 | ||
| Drug Substitution | 5 | ||
| Federal regulations and regulatory agencies | 5 | ||
| Harrison Narcotic Act | 5 | ||
| Food and Drug Administration | 5 | ||
| Federal Trade Commission | 5 | ||
| Drug Enforcement Administration | 5 | ||
| Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act | 5 | ||
| Clinical evaluation of a new drug | 5 | ||
| Drug legislation | 6 | ||
| History | 6 | ||
| Scheduled Drugs | 6 | ||
| Package Inserts | 7 | ||
| Black Box Warning | 7 | ||
| Labeled and Off-Label Uses | 7 | ||
| Orphan Drugs | 7 | ||
| Drug Recall | 7 | ||
| Prescription writing | 7 | ||
| Measurement | 8 | ||
| Metric System | 8 | ||
| Household Measures | 8 | ||
| Prescriptions | 8 | ||
| Format | 8 | ||
| Prescription Label Regulations | 9 | ||
| Electronic and Fax Prescribing | 9 | ||
| Role of the Dental Hygienist and Patient Adherence to Medication Therapy | 10 | ||
| Dental hygiene considerations | 10 | ||
| Academic skills assessment | 10 | ||
| Clinical applications | 10 | ||
| Chapter 2: Drug Action and Handling | 11 | ||
| Characterization of drug action | 11 | ||
| Log Dose Effect Curve | 11 | ||
| Potency | 11 | ||
| Efficacy | 12 | ||
| Therapeutic Index | 13 | ||
| Mechanism of action of drugs | 13 | ||
| Receptors | 13 | ||
| Agonists and Antagonists | 13 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 14 | ||
| Passage Across Body Membranes | 14 | ||
| Passive Transfer | 14 | ||
| Specialized Transport | 14 | ||
| Absorption | 14 | ||
| Effect of Ionization | 15 | ||
| Oral Absorption | 15 | ||
| Absorption from Injection Site | 15 | ||
| Distribution | 15 | ||
| Basic Principles | 15 | ||
| Distribution By Plasma | 16 | ||
| Blood-Brain Barrier | 16 | ||
| Placenta | 16 | ||
| Enterohepatic Circulation | 16 | ||
| Redistribution | 16 | ||
| Metabolism (Biotransformation) | 16 | ||
| First-Pass Effect | 17 | ||
| Cytochrome P-450 Induction and Inhibition | 17 | ||
| Excretion | 18 | ||
| Clinical Pharmacokinetics | 18 | ||
| Half-Life | 18 | ||
| Kinetics | 19 | ||
| Factors that alter drug effects | 19 | ||
| Routes of administration and dose forms | 20 | ||
| Routes of Administration | 20 | ||
| Oral Route | 20 | ||
| Rectal Route | 20 | ||
| Intravenous Route | 20 | ||
| Intramuscular Route | 20 | ||
| Subcutaneous Route | 21 | ||
| Intradermal Route | 21 | ||
| Intrathecal Route | 21 | ||
| Intraperitoneal Route | 21 | ||
| Inhalation Route | 21 | ||
| Topical Route | 23 | ||
| Dose Forms | 24 | ||
| Dental hygiene considerations | 24 | ||
| Academic skills assessment | 24 | ||
| Clinical case study | 24 | ||
| Chapter 3: Adverse Reactions | 25 | ||
| Definitions and Classifications | 25 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations of Adverse Reactions | 26 | ||
| Exaggerated Effect on Target Tissues | 26 | ||
| Effect on Nontarget Tissues | 26 | ||
| Effect on Fetal Development (Teratogenic Effect) | 26 | ||
| Local Effect | 27 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 27 | ||
| Hypersensitivity (Allergic Reaction) | 27 | ||
| Idiosyncrasy | 29 | ||
| Interference with Natural Defense Mechanisms | 29 | ||
| Toxicologic Evaluation of Drugs | 29 | ||
| Recognizing Adverse Drug Effects | 29 | ||
| Dental Hygiene Considerations | 30 | ||
| Academic Skills Assessment | 30 | ||
| Clinical Case Study | 30 | ||
| Part Two: Drugs Used in Dentistry | 31 | ||
| Chapter 4: Autonomic Drugs | 32 | ||
| Autonomic nervous system | 32 | ||
| Anatomy | 32 | ||
| Parasympathetic Autonomic Nervous System | 33 | ||
| Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System | 33 | ||
| Functional Organization | 33 | ||
| Neurotransmitters | 34 | ||
| Parasympathetic autonomic nervous system | 35 | ||
| Cholinergic (Parasympathomimetic) Agents | 36 | ||
| Pharmacologic Effects | 36 | ||
| Adverse Reactions | 37 | ||
| Contraindications | 37 | ||
| Uses | 37 | ||
| Anticholinergic (Parasympatholytic) Agents | 38 | ||
| Pharmacologic Effects | 38 | ||
| Adverse Reactions | 39 | ||
| Contraindications | 39 | ||
| Uses | 39 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 39 | ||
| Nicotinic Agonists and Antagonists | 40 | ||
| Sympathetic autonomic nervous system | 40 | ||
| Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System Receptors | 40 | ||
| α -Receptors | 40 | ||
| β -Receptors | 40 | ||
| Adrenergic (Sympathomimetic) Agents | 41 | ||
| Pharmacologic Effects | 41 | ||
| Adverse Reactions | 42 | ||
| Contraindications | 42 | ||
| Uses | 42 | ||
| Specific Adrenergic Agents | 42 | ||
| Adrenergic Blocking Agents | 43 | ||
| α -Adrenergic Blocking Agents | 43 | ||
| β -Adrenergic Blocking Agents | 44 | ||
| α - and β -Blocking Agents | 44 | ||
| Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs | 44 | ||
| Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Blockers | 44 | ||
| Depolarizing Agents | 44 | ||
| Dental hygiene considerations | 44 | ||
| Cholinergic Drugs | 44 | ||
| Anticholinergic Drugs | 44 | ||
| Xerostomia | 44 | ||
| Tachycardia | 44 | ||
| Sedation | 44 | ||
| Adrenergic Agonists | 45 | ||
| Tachycardia | 45 | ||
| Central Nervous System Excitation and Tremors | 45 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 45 | ||
| Oral β -Adrenergic Agonists | 45 | ||
| Academic skills assessment | 45 | ||
| Clinical case study | 45 | ||
| Chapter 5: Nonopioid (Nonnarcotic) Analgesics | 46 | ||
| Pain | 46 | ||
| Classification | 46 | ||
| Salicylates | 47 | ||
| Acetylsalicylic Acid | 47 | ||
| Chemistry | 47 | ||
| Mechanism of Action | 48 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 48 | ||
| Pharmacologic Effects | 49 | ||
| Adverse Reactions | 49 | ||
| Toxicity | 50 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 51 | ||
| Uses | 51 | ||
| Doses and Preparations | 51 | ||
| Nonacetylated Salicylates | 52 | ||
| Common Agents | 52 | ||
| Diflunisal | 52 | ||
| Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs | 52 | ||
| Chemical Classification | 52 | ||
| Mechanism of Action | 52 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 52 | ||
| Pharmacologic Effects | 52 | ||
| Adverse Reactions | 53 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Effects | 53 | ||
| Central Nervous System Effects | 53 | ||
| Blood Clotting | 53 | ||
| Cardiovascular Effects | 53 | ||
| Renal Effects | 53 | ||
| Oral Effects | 54 | ||
| Other Effects | 54 | ||
| Hypersensitivity Reactions | 54 | ||
| Pregnancy and Nursing Considerations | 54 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 54 | ||
| Contraindications and Cautions | 54 | ||
| Therapeutic Uses | 54 | ||
| Medical | 54 | ||
| Dental | 54 | ||
| Specific Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs | 55 | ||
| Ibuprofen | 55 | ||
| Naproxen Sodium | 55 | ||
| Other Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs | 56 | ||
| Cyclo-Oxygenase II–Specific Agents | 56 | ||
| Acetaminophen | 56 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 56 | ||
| Pharmacologic Effects | 56 | ||
| Adverse Reactions | 56 | ||
| Hepatic Effects | 57 | ||
| Nephrotoxicity | 57 | ||
| Skin Reactions | 57 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 57 | ||
| Uses | 57 | ||
| Doses and Preparations | 58 | ||
| Drugs used to treat gout | 58 | ||
| Colchicine | 58 | ||
| Allopurinol | 58 | ||
| Probenecid | 58 | ||
| Dental hygiene considerations | 58 | ||
| Academic skills assessment | 59 | ||
| Clinical case study | 59 | ||
| Chapter 6: Opioid (Narcotic) Analgesics and Antagonists | 60 | ||
| History | 60 | ||
| Classification | 60 | ||
| Mechanism of action | 60 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 61 | ||
| Pharmacologic effects | 62 | ||
| Analgesia | 62 | ||
| Sedation and Euphoria | 62 | ||
| Cough Suppression | 62 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Effects | 62 | ||
| Adverse reactions | 63 | ||
| Respiratory Depression | 63 | ||
| Nausea and Emesis | 63 | ||
| Constipation | 63 | ||
| Miosis | 63 | ||
| Urinary Retention | 63 | ||
| Central Nervous System Effects | 63 | ||
| Cardiovascular Effects | 63 | ||
| Biliary Tract Constriction | 63 | ||
| Histamine Release | 63 | ||
| Pregnancy and Nursing Considerations | 63 | ||
| Addiction | 63 | ||
| Overdose | 64 | ||
| Withdrawal | 64 | ||
| Identification of an Addict | 64 | ||
| Treatment | 64 | ||
| Allergic Reactions | 64 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 64 | ||
| Specific opioids | 64 | ||
| Opioid Agonists | 64 | ||
| Morphine | 64 | ||
| Oxycodone | 65 | ||
| Oxymorphone | 65 | ||
| Hydrocodone | 65 | ||
| Extended-Release Hydrocodone | 67 | ||
| Codeine | 67 | ||
| Meperidine | 67 | ||
| Hydromorphone | 67 | ||
| Methadone | 67 | ||
| Fentanyl Family | 67 | ||
| Mixed Opioids | 67 | ||
| Agonist-Antagonist Opioids | 67 | ||
| Partial Agonists | 67 | ||
| Opioid Antagonists | 67 | ||
| Naloxone | 67 | ||
| Nalmefene | 68 | ||
| Naltrexone | 68 | ||
| Full Agonist/Reuptake Inhibitors | 68 | ||
| Tapentadol | 68 | ||
| Tramadol | 68 | ||
| Dental use of opioids | 68 | ||
| Chronic dental pain and opioid use | 69 | ||
| Patient Concerns Regarding Opioid Use | 69 | ||
| Dental hygiene considerations | 69 | ||
| Academic skills assessment | 69 | ||
| Clinical case studies | 69 | ||
| Chapter 7: Antiinfective Agents | 70 | ||
| Dental infection “evolution” | 71 | ||
| Definitions | 71 | ||
| Infection | 71 | ||
| Resistance | 72 | ||
| Indications for antimicrobial agents | 72 | ||
| Therapeutic Indications | 72 | ||
| Patient | 72 | ||
| Infection | 72 | ||
| Prophylactic Indications | 73 | ||
| General adverse reactions and disadvantages associated with antiinfective agents | 74 | ||
| Superinfection (Suprainfection) | 74 | ||
| Allergic Reactions | 74 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 74 | ||
| Oral Contraceptives | 74 | ||
| Oral Anticoagulants | 74 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Complaints | 74 | ||
| Pregnancy Considerations | 74 | ||
| Dose Forms | 74 | ||
| Cost | 74 | ||
| Penicillins | 75 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 75 | ||
| Mechanism of Action | 75 | ||
| Spectrum | 76 | ||
| Resistance | 76 | ||
| Adverse Reactions | 76 | ||
| Toxicity | 76 | ||
| Allergy and Hypersensitivity | 76 | ||
| Uses | 76 | ||
| Specific Penicillins | 77 | ||
| Penicillin G | 77 | ||
| Penicillin V | 77 | ||
| Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins | 77 | ||
| Ampicillins | 77 | ||
| Extended-Spectrum Penicillins | 77 | ||
| Cephalosporins | 77 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 77 | ||
| Spectrum | 78 | ||
| Mechanism of Action | 78 | ||
| Adverse Reactions | 78 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Effects | 78 | ||
| Nephrotoxicity | 78 | ||
| Superinfection | 78 | ||
| Local Reaction | 78 | ||
| Hemostasis and Disulfiram-Like Reaction | 78 | ||
| Allergy | 78 | ||
| Uses | 78 | ||
| Macrolides | 78 | ||
| Erythromycin | 78 | ||
| Mechanism and Spectrum | 78 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 79 | ||
| Adverse Reactions | 79 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 79 | ||
| Uses | 79 | ||
| Azithromycin and Clarithromycin | 79 | ||
| Tetracyclines | 79 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 80 | ||
| Spectrum | 80 | ||
| Adverse Reactions | 80 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Effects | 80 | ||
| Effects on Teeth and Bones | 80 | ||
| Hepatotoxicity | 81 | ||
| Nephrotoxicity | 81 | ||
| Hematologic Effects | 81 | ||
| Superinfection | 81 | ||
| Photosensitivity | 81 | ||
| Other Effects | 81 | ||
| Allergy | 81 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 81 | ||
| Cations | 81 | ||
| Enhanced Effect of Other Drugs | 81 | ||
| Reduced Doxycycline Effect | 81 | ||
| General Antibiotic Interactions | 81 | ||
| Uses | 81 | ||
| Medical | 81 | ||
| Dental | 81 | ||
| Clindamycin | 82 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 82 | ||
| Spectrum | 82 | ||
| Adverse Reactions | 82 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Effects | 82 | ||
| Superinfection | 82 | ||
| Other Effects | 82 | ||
| Allergy | 82 | ||
| Uses | 82 | ||
| Metronidazole | 82 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 83 | ||
| Spectrum | 83 | ||
| Adverse Reactions | 83 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Effects | 83 | ||
| Central Nervous System Effects | 83 | ||
| Renal Toxicity | 83 | ||
| Oral Effects | 83 | ||
| Other Effects | 83 | ||
| Drug Interactions | 83 | ||
| Uses | 83 | ||
| Medical | 83 | ||
| Dental | 83 | ||
| Rational use of antiinfective agents in dentistry | 83 | ||
| Stages of Infection | 83 | ||
| Stage 1 | 84 | ||
| Stage 2 | 84 | ||
| Stage 3 | 84 | ||
| Failure of Antiinfective Therapy | 84 | ||
| Antimicrobial agents for nondental use | 84 | ||
| Vancomycin | 84 | ||
| Spectrum | 84 | ||
| Adverse Reactions | 84 | ||
| Aminoglycosides | 84 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 85 | ||
| Part Three: Drugs that May Alter Dental Treatment | 157 | ||
| Chapter 14: Drugs for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases | 158 | ||
| Dental implications of cardiovascular disease | 159 | ||
| Contraindications to Treatment | 159 | ||
| Vasoconstrictor Limit | 159 | ||
| Periodontal Disease and Cardiovascular Disease | 159 | ||
| Heart failure | 159 | ||
| Treatment of Heart Failure | 160 | ||
| Diuretics | 160 | ||
| Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors | 161 | ||
| Angiotensin Receptor Blockers | 161 | ||
| β -Adrenergic Blockers | 161 | ||
| Aldosterone Antagonists | 161 | ||
| Vasodilators | 161 | ||
| Cardiacglycosides | 161 | ||
| Digitalis Glycosides | 161 | ||
| Pharmacologic Effects | 161 | ||
| Uses | 161 | ||
| Adverse Reactions | 161 | ||
| Dental Drug Interactions | 162 | ||
| Management of the Dental Patient Taking Digoxin | 162 | ||
| Part Four: Special situations | 262 | ||
| Chapter 24: Emergency Drugs | 263 | ||
| General measures | 263 | ||
| Steps Indicated | 263 | ||
| Preparation for Treatment | 264 | ||
| Categories of emergencies | 264 | ||
| Lost or Altered Consciousness | 264 | ||
| Syncope | 264 | ||
| Hypoglycemia | 264 | ||
| Diabetic Coma | 265 | ||
| Seizures | 265 | ||
| Respiratory Emergencies | 265 | ||
| Hyperventilation | 265 | ||
| Asthma | 265 | ||
| Anaphylactic Shock | 265 | ||
| Acute Airway Obstruction | 265 | ||
| Cardiovascular System Emergencies | 266 | ||
| Angina Pectoris | 266 | ||
| Acute Myocardial Infarction | 266 | ||
| Cardiac Arrest | 266 | ||
| Other Cardiovascular Emergencies | 266 | ||
| Other Emergency Situations | 268 | ||
| Extrapyramidal Reactions | 268 | ||
| Acute Adrenocortical Insufficiency | 268 | ||
| Thyroid Storm | 268 | ||
| Malignant Hyperthermia | 268 | ||
| Drug-Related Emergencies | 268 | ||
| Opioid Overdose | 268 | ||
| Reaction to Local Anesthetic Agents | 268 | ||
| Epinephrine | 268 | ||
| Emergency kit for the dental office | 268 | ||
| Drugs | 268 | ||
| Level 1 (Critical) Drugs | 269 | ||
| Level 2 Drugs | 269 | ||
| Other Drugs | 271 | ||
| Equipment | 271 | ||
| Dental hygiene considerations | 272 | ||
| Academic skills assessment | 272 | ||
| Clinical case study | 272 | ||
| Chapter 25: Pregnancy and Breastfeeding | 273 | ||
| General principles | 273 | ||
| Two Main Concerns | 273 | ||
| History | 273 | ||
| Pregnancy | 274 | ||
| Pregnancy Trimesters | 274 | ||
| Teratogenicity | 274 | ||
| U.S. Food and Drug Administration Pregnancy Categories | 274 | ||
| Breastfeeding | 274 | ||
| Dental drugs | 274 | ||
| Local Anesthetic Agents | 274 | ||
| Epinephrine | 275 | ||
| Analgesics | 275 | ||
| Aspirin | 276 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs | 276 | ||
| Acetaminophen | 276 | ||
| Opioids | 276 | ||
| Antiinfective Agents | 276 | ||
| Amoxicillin | 276 | ||
| Erythromycin | 279 | ||
| Cephalosporins | 279 | ||
| Tetracyclines | 279 | ||
| Clindamycin | 279 | ||
| Metronidazole | 279 | ||
| Nystatin | 279 | ||
| Clotrimazole | 279 | ||
| Ketoconazole | 279 | ||
| Antianxiety Agents | 279 | ||
| Nitrous Oxide-Oxygen Mixture | 279 | ||
| Benzodiazepines | 279 | ||
| Alcohol | 280 | ||
| Dental hygiene considerations | 280 | ||
| Academic skills assessment | 281 | ||
| Clincial case study | 281 | ||
| Chapter 26: Drug Abuse | 282 | ||
| General considerations | 283 | ||
| Definitions | 283 | ||
| Psychological Dependence | 283 | ||
| Physical Dependence | 283 | ||
| Tolerance | 283 | ||
| Addiction, Habituation, and Dependence | 283 | ||
| Central nervous system depressants | 284 | ||
| Ethyl Alcohol | 284 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 284 | ||
| Acute Intoxication | 284 | ||
| Withdrawal | 284 | ||
| Long-Term Effects | 284 | ||
| Alcoholism | 285 | ||
| Treatment | 285 | ||
| Dental Treatment of the Alcoholic Patient | 286 | ||
| Nitrous Oxide | 287 | ||
| Abuse Pattern | 287 | ||
| Adverse Reactions | 288 | ||
| Opioid Analgesics | 288 | ||
| Pattern of Abuse | 288 | ||
| Management of Acute Overdose and Withdrawal | 288 | ||
| Dental Implications | 289 | ||
| Opioid Street Drugs | 289 | ||
| Sedative-Hypnotics | 289 | ||
| Pattern of Abuse | 289 | ||
| Management of Acute Overdose and Withdrawal | 290 | ||
| Central nervous system stimulants | 290 | ||
| Cocaine | 290 | ||
| Amphetamines | 290 | ||
| Pattern of Abuse | 290 | ||
| Management of Acute Overdose and Withdrawal | 291 | ||
| Caffeine | 291 | ||
| Tobacco | 291 | ||
| Nicotine | 291 | ||
| Pattern of Abuse | 291 | ||
| Smokeless Tobacco | 292 | ||
| Management and Withdrawal | 292 | ||
| Bupropion | 292 | ||
| Varenicline | 292 | ||
| The Dental Hygienist’s Role in Tobacco Cessation | 292 | ||
| Psychedelics (hallucinogens) | 292 | ||
| Lysergic Acid Diethylamide | 292 | ||
| Phencyclidine | 293 | ||
| Marijuana | 293 | ||
| Medical Marijuana | 293 | ||
| Synthetic Marijuana | 293 | ||
| Identifying the drug abuser | 293 | ||
| The impaired dental hygienist | 294 | ||
| Dental hygiene considerations | 294 | ||
| Academic skills assessment | 294 | ||
| Clinical case study | 294 | ||
| Chapter 27: Natural/Herbal Products and Dietary Supplements | 295 | ||
| Limited regulation | 296 | ||
| Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act | 296 | ||
| Package Labeling | 296 | ||
| Safety of herbal and nutritional products | 296 | ||
| Oral Adverse Effects | 297 | ||
| Drug interactions | 297 | ||
| Standardization of herbal products | 298 | ||
| Good manufacturing practice | 299 | ||
| Herbal supplements used in oral health care | 299 | ||
| Acemannan | 299 | ||
| Essential Oil Mouth Rinse | 299 | ||
| Oil of Cloves (Eugenol) | 299 | ||
| Triclosan | 299 | ||
| Xylitol | 300 | ||
| Reference | 300 | ||
| Dental hygiene considerations | 300 | ||
| Academic skills assessment | 300 | ||
| Clinical case study | 300 | ||
| Appendix A: Compilation of the Top 200 Products of 2012 by Total Prescriptions | 302 | ||
| Appendix B: Medical Acronyms | 307 | ||
| Appendix C: Medical Terminology | 311 | ||
| Appendix D: What If … | 313 | ||
| What if … the patient is pregnant? * | 313 | ||
| What if … the patient is allergic to aspirin? | 313 | ||
| What if … the patient is allergic to penicillin? | 314 | ||
| What if … the patient is allergic to sulfites? | 314 | ||
| What if … the patient is allergic to codeine? | 315 | ||
| What if … the patient is allergic to latex? | 315 | ||
| What if … the cardiac patient needs antibiotics? (See chapter 7) | 316 | ||
| What if …the patient with primary total joint replacement needs antibiotics? (See chapter 7) | 317 | ||
| What if … the patient is taking warfarin (Coumadin)? (See chapter 14) | 317 | ||
| Appendix E: Oral Manifestations: Xerostomia and Taste Changes | 318 | ||
| Appendix F: Children’s Dose Calculations | 321 | ||
| Calculation of children’s dose | 321 | ||
| Clark’s Rule | 321 | ||
| Fried’s Rule | 321 | ||
| Young’s Rule | 321 | ||
| Cowling’s Rule | 321 | ||
| Surface Area Rule | 321 | ||
| Discussion | 321 | ||
| Example | 321 | ||
| Appendix G: Photo Credit Listing | 322 | ||
| Glossary | 323 | ||
| Drug Index | 333 | ||
| Index | 343 |