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Book Details
Abstract
Practitioners like you have been turning to Micozzi’s comprehensive CAM text for the past 20 years. Filled with the most up-to-date information on scientific theory and research and updated contributions from world experts, Fundamentals of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 5th Edition gives you a solid foundation of the therapies and evidence-based clinical applications for CAM – and expands your global perspective with new and updated chapters on healing systems from around the world. Dive into interesting discussions on massage, manual therapies and bodywork, yoga, chiropractic, osteopathy, herbal medicine, aromatherapy and essential oils therapy, "nature cure," naturopathy and naturopathic medicine, and nutrition and hydration. With its wide range of topics, this 20th anniversary edition is your ideal CAM reference!
• A broad perspective traces CAM therapies from their beginnings to present day practices.
• Clinical guides for selecting therapies, and new advances for matching the appropriate therapy to the individual patient, enables you to offer and/or recommend individualized patient care.
• Expert contributors include well-known writers such as Kevin Ergil, Patch Adams, Joseph Pizzorno, and Marc Micozzi himself.
• A unique synthesis of information, including historical usage, cultural and social analysis, current basic science theory and research, and a wide range of clinical investigations and observations, makes this text a focused, authoritative resource.
• Suggested readings and references in each chapter list the best resources for further research and study.
• Coverage of CAM therapies and systems includes those most commonly encountered or growing in popularity, so you can carefully evaluate each treatment.
• An evidence-based approach focuses on treatments best supported by clinical trials and scientific evidence.
• Observations from mechanisms of action to evidence of clinical efficacy answers questions of how, why, and when CAM therapies work.
• Global coverage includes discussions of traditional healing arts from Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
• NEW! Updated chapters feature new content and topics, including: challenges in integrative medicine, legal issues, CAM in the community, psychometric evaluation, placebo effect, stress management, and much more!
• NEW! Updated guides on common herbal remedies in clinical practice, East and Southeast Asia, and native North and South America deliver the latest information.
• NEW! Revised chapters with new contributors offer fresh perspectives on these important and relevant topics.
• EXPANDED! Basic science content and new theory and research studies cover a wide range of sciences such as biophysics, biology and ecology, ethnomedicine, psychometrics, neurosciences, and systems theory.
• NEW! New and expanded global ethnomedical systems include new content on Shamanism and Neo-Shamanism, Central and North Asia, Southeast Asia, Nepal and Tibet, Hawaii and South Pacific, Alaska and Pacific Northwest, and contemporary global healthcare.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Evolve page | IFC2 | ||
| Fundamentals of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 5/e | i | ||
| Copyright Page | ii | ||
| Dedication and Acknowledgment | iii | ||
| Contributors | iv | ||
| Foreword from the Third Edition | vi | ||
| Foreword from the Fourth Edition | viii | ||
| Foreword | x | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| Background | xi | ||
| In the Field | xi | ||
| Creating a Text on Complementary and Alternative Medicine | xii | ||
| Benefit to All Health Professions | xii | ||
| Contents and Organization | xii | ||
| Covering All the Relevant Sciences | xiii | ||
| Notes to the Reader | xiii | ||
| About the Author | xiv | ||
| Table Of Contents | xv | ||
| One Foundations | 1 | ||
| Section 1_text | 1 | ||
| 1 Characteristics of Complementary and Alternative Medicine | 3 | ||
| Role of Science and the Sciences | 3 | ||
| A Model For Everything | 3 | ||
| One Way | 4 | ||
| Wellness | 5 | ||
| Self-Healing | 6 | ||
| Healing Energy | 6 | ||
| Nutrition and Natural Products | 7 | ||
| Plants | 7 | ||
| Individuality | 7 | ||
| Humility | 7 | ||
| Functional Definition | 8 | ||
| Holistic | 8 | ||
| Eclecticism | 8 | ||
| Naturopathy | 8 | ||
| Some Fundamentals of Medical Science | 8 | ||
| Spheres of Influence | 9 | ||
| European Legacy | 9 | ||
| “Complementary and Alternative” Medicine in America, 1492–1942 | 9 | ||
| Early Herbals | 10 | ||
| Nature, Wilderness and Civilization | 10 | ||
| The New Frontier | 11 | ||
| References | 12 | ||
| 2 Translation from Conventional Medicine | 13 | ||
| Holism and Vitalism | 14 | ||
| Vitalism vs. Holism | 15 | ||
| Medical Ecology and the Adaptation Model | 15 | ||
| Bioenergetic Explanations for Body Work | 16 | ||
| Ayurveda | 17 | ||
| Chinese Medicine | 18 | ||
| Homeopathy | 19 | ||
| Naturopathy and Western Herbalism | 19 | ||
| Comparative Global Perspectives | 20 | ||
| References | 21 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 21 | ||
| 3 Issues and Challenges in Integrative Medicine | 22 | ||
| Nomenclature and Philosophies of Care | 23 | ||
| CAM Practices | 25 | ||
| Availability of Services | 26 | ||
| Models of Integration | 27 | ||
| Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness | 28 | ||
| Reasons Why CAM May Not Work in Integrative Practice | 28 | ||
| Problems with Integrative Medical Research | 30 | ||
| General Limitations of Evidence-Based Medicine and Medical Research | 30 | ||
| “State-istics” | 30 | ||
| Trials on Trial | 31 | ||
| Specific Limitations of Evidence-Based Medicine | 31 | ||
| Solutions for Integrative Practice | 31 | ||
| Biomedical Education | 32 | ||
| Public and Institutional Policy | 32 | ||
| Regulation | 32 | ||
| Professional Information | 32 | ||
| Federal Policy | 33 | ||
| References | 33 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 34 | ||
| 4 CAM and the Community | 35 | ||
| Community, Social Determinants of Health, and Health Outcomes | 35 | ||
| CAM, Social Work, and Community | 37 | ||
| Comprehensive Approaches: Healthy Community Initiatives | 38 | ||
| Latino Health Access, Santa Ana, CA | 38 | ||
| Lowell Community Health Center | 39 | ||
| Summary and Conclusion | 39 | ||
| References | 40 | ||
| 5 Social and Cultural Factors in Medicine | 41 | ||
| Relativity and Models | 42 | ||
| Cultural Relativity | 44 | ||
| The Issue of Scale | 45 | ||
| MetaParadigms | 46 | ||
| Fundamental Questions Health Care Systems Try to Answer | 47 | ||
| Cultural Concept of the Health Care System | 47 | ||
| Modalities of Health Care | 50 | ||
| Explanatory Models | 51 | ||
| Concepts of the Body-Person | 51 | ||
| Concepts of Sickness, Disease, and Imbalance | 52 | ||
| Disease | 53 | ||
| Imbalance | 53 | ||
| Constitutional Types | 54 | ||
| Communication Issues | 54 | ||
| Concepts of Deep Cause | 55 | ||
| Developmental Nature of Illness | 55 | ||
| Intentional Component of Illness | 56 | ||
| Concepts of the Practitioner–Patient Relationship | 57 | ||
| Making Sense of All the Variability | 57 | ||
| Comparison of Care in Two Medical Systems | 58 | ||
| Similarities Between Biomedicine and East Asian medicine | 58 | ||
| Differences Between Biomedicine and East Asian Medicine | 58 | ||
| Conceptual Mapping of Health Care Systems | 59 | ||
| Why Biomedicine Finds other Systems Unconventional | 59 | ||
| Role of Science | 60 | ||
| Health Care as a Matter of Cultural Modeling | 60 | ||
| Users of Alternative Medicine | 60 | ||
| Constituency for Alternative Medicine | 61 | ||
| Summary and Conclusions | 62 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 62 | ||
| References | 62 | ||
| Two Mind, Body, and Spirit | 67 | ||
| Section 2_text | 67 | ||
| 6 Vitalism | 69.e1 | ||
| Time and Life—the Basic Questions | 69.e1 | ||
| Precursors I: the Life-Breath | 69.e2 | ||
| Classical Antiquity | 69.e2 | ||
| Other Cultures and Some Generalizations | 69.e3 | ||
| Precursors II: the Fire of Life | 69.e5 | ||
| Precursors III: Animal Spirits | 69.e5 | ||
| Rise and Fall of Mainstream Vitalism | 69.e6 | ||
| Mesmer’s Fluidum | 69.e7 | ||
| “Fluidism” Modernized | 69.e8 | ||
| Healing Energy | 69.e9 | ||
| Osteopathy, Chiropractic, and Massage | 69.e9 | ||
| Acupuncture and Its Offshoots | 69.e11 | ||
| Acupuncture-Derived Methods Involving Patient Contact | 69.e12 | ||
| Acupuncture-Derived Methods—the Machine as Intermediary | 69.e12 | ||
| Other “Energy” Technology | 69.e12 | ||
| T’ai Chi, Qigong, and Yoga | 69.e13 | ||
| Life and Gravity | 69.e13 | ||
| The Mind, Trance, and Channeling | 69.e13 | ||
| Psychological Energies | 69.e14 | ||
| Homeopathy and the “Spirit-Like Vital Force” | 69.e16 | ||
| Herbalism, Naturopathy, and the Vis Medicatrix Naturae | 69.e17 | ||
| Dialectics of CAM—the Return of Vitalism | 69.e18 | ||
| Conclusion—Vitalism in Twenty-First-Century CAM | 69.e19 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 69.e20 | ||
| References | 69.e20 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 69.e30 | ||
| 7 Mind–Body Thought and Practice: Great Britain to Early and Late America | 70 | ||
| From Great Britain to Early and Late America | 70 | ||
| American Beginnings | 71 | ||
| Emerson’s Immersion | 71 | ||
| Looking Through Thoreau | 71 | ||
| Opening to East Asia | 72 | ||
| Buddhism and Biases | 72 | ||
| Belief versus Practice | 73 | ||
| Meditation Comes to the Masses | 74 | ||
| Meditative Thought in Post-WWII America: From a to Zen | 75 | ||
| The Birth of “Wellness” | 76 | ||
| A 60s Watts Light | 77 | ||
| And the Beat Goes On | 78 | ||
| Zen, Beat and Boom | 79 | ||
| Going a Long Way to Find What Was Left at Home | 80 | ||
| A Time for Growth | 81 | ||
| Booms and Echoes | 82 | ||
| The Others | 82 | ||
| Typical Zen | 82 | ||
| Seven Years in Tibet | 82 | ||
| Historical Buddha Makes a Comeback | 83 | ||
| New Insight | 83 | ||
| The Other Shoes Drop | 84 | ||
| Half-Baked Horrors | 84 | ||
| “Wisdom” in Excess | 84 | ||
| Retreat Tricks and Treats | 84 | ||
| Aftermath | 85 | ||
| Universal Discourse | 85 | ||
| Another Window | 85 | ||
| The metaphor for seeking spirituality is a journey | 86 | ||
| References | 86 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 87 | ||
| 8 Neurohumoral Physiology and Psychoneuroimmunology | 88 | ||
| Neurohumoral Mechanisms | 88 | ||
| Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System | 88 | ||
| Segments and Synapses of the Autonomic Nerves | 89 | ||
| Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Significance | 90 | ||
| Psychoneuroimmunology | 91 | ||
| Autonomic and Neuroendocrine Processes | 92 | ||
| Molecules of Emotion | 92 | ||
| Evidence for Psychoneuroimmunological Mediation of the Effects of Complementary and Alternative Therapies | 93 | ||
| Acupuncture | 93 | ||
| Meditation | 94 | ||
| Relaxation Therapy | 95 | ||
| T’ai chi | 95 | ||
| Yoga | 95 | ||
| Placebo Effect and Psychoneuroimmunology | 96 | ||
| Summary | 97 | ||
| References | 97 | ||
| 9 Mind–Body Science and Placebo Effects | 100 | ||
| Historical Overview | 100 | ||
| Evolution in Understanding | 101 | ||
| Role of Consciousness | 102 | ||
| Prior Dismissal of the Mind | 102 | ||
| Power of Placebo | 103 | ||
| Early Placebo Studies | 103 | ||
| The Placebo Effect | 103 | ||
| Evolution of the Art | 104 | ||
| Range of Effects | 105 | ||
| The Symbolism Behind the Placebo | 105 | ||
| Surgical Placebo | 105 | ||
| Drug Benefits | 105 | ||
| Nocebos | 106 | ||
| The Power of Intent | 106 | ||
| More on Patient Expectations | 107 | ||
| Provider Expectation | 107 | ||
| Patient Characteristics | 107 | ||
| Conditioned Responses | 108 | ||
| Other Possible Factors | 108 | ||
| Placebos in Research | 109 | ||
| Clinical Practice | 110 | ||
| Legal and Ethical Issues | 110 | ||
| Placebo and Complementary/Alternative Medicine | 111 | ||
| Summary | 111 | ||
| References | 112 | ||
| Further Readings | 113 | ||
| 10 Mind–Body Therapies, Stress, and Psychometrics | 114 | ||
| Psychotherapy | 114 | ||
| Methods of Psychotherapy | 114 | ||
| Cost Effectiveness | 115 | ||
| Social Support and Psychological Counseling | 116 | ||
| Social Support and Mortality | 117 | ||
| Understanding Stress Reduction | 118 | ||
| Stress Reduction and Relaxation Therapies | 118 | ||
| Stress Management | 118 | ||
| The Subjective Nature of Stress | 119 | ||
| Relaxation Response | 120 | ||
| Exercise | 121 | ||
| Meditation | 121 | ||
| Asian Techniques and Transcendental Meditation | 122 | ||
| Western Techniques and Mindfulness Meditation | 123 | ||
| Hypnosis | 124 | ||
| Hypnotic Suggestibility and Susceptibility | 124 | ||
| Hypnotic States | 124 | ||
| Clinical Applications | 125 | ||
| Preoperative and Postoperative Therapy | 125 | ||
| Pain Control | 125 | ||
| Dentistry | 126 | ||
| Pregnancy and Delivery | 126 | ||
| Anxiety | 126 | ||
| Allergies and Asthma | 126 | ||
| Biofeedback | 126 | ||
| Five Common Forms of Biofeedback Therapy | 127 | ||
| Applications | 127 | ||
| Research and Cost-Effectiveness Considerations | 127 | ||
| Guided Imagery | 128 | ||
| Clinical Applications | 129 | ||
| Self-Directed Imagery | 129 | ||
| Research Considerations | 129 | ||
| Mental Healing | 130 | ||
| Implications of Nonlocality | 131 | ||
| Spirituality and Healing | 131 | ||
| Power of Prayer | 132 | ||
| Combined Approaches | 134 | ||
| Psychometric Approach to Selecting CAM Therapies | 134 | ||
| Personality Type, Susceptibility to Chronic Illness, and Appropriate Complementary and Alternative Medicine Treatments | 135 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 136 | ||
| References | 136 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 139 | ||
| 11 Prayer, Religion, and Spirituality | 141 | ||
| Introduction | 141 | ||
| Spirituality and Religion in America | 141 | ||
| Chronic Diseases and Cancer in America | 142 | ||
| Chronic Diseases and Cancer among Religious Groups | 142 | ||
| Judaism | 142 | ||
| Seventh-Day Adventists | 143 | ||
| Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints | 143 | ||
| Hutterites | 144 | ||
| Religious Commitment | 144 | ||
| Development | 144 | ||
| Religion and Coping | 145 | ||
| Religious Patterns of Coping | 146 | ||
| Biological Mediating Factors | 148 | ||
| Stress, Neuroendocrine, and Immune Status | 148 | ||
| Religion, Stress, and the Immune System | 149 | ||
| Genetic Factors and Religion | 150 | ||
| Breast Cancer | 150 | ||
| Religion and Negative Health Outcomes | 150 | ||
| Clinical Implications | 151 | ||
| Spiritual Dialogue | 152 | ||
| Referrals to Chaplains | 152 | ||
| Efficacy of Clinicians as Healers | 153 | ||
| Summary and Conclusion | 153 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 154 | ||
| References | 154 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 156 | ||
| 12 Creative and Expressive Arts Therapies | 157 | ||
| Arts in Health Care, Expressive Art Therapy, and Creative Arts Therapies | 157 | ||
| Arts in Health Care | 158 | ||
| Expressive Arts Therapy | 158 | ||
| The Creative Arts Therapies | 158 | ||
| Theoretical Foundations | 158 | ||
| American Dance Therapy Association | 160 | ||
| American Art Therapy Association | 160 | ||
| American Music Therapy Association | 160 | ||
| National Association for Poetry Therapy | 160 | ||
| North American Drama Therapy Association | 160 | ||
| American Society of Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama | 161 | ||
| National Coalition of Creative Arts Therapies Associations | 161 | ||
| Clinical and Research Literature | 161 | ||
| Trauma and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder | 161 | ||
| Children and Adolescents | 163 | ||
| Mental Health | 164 | ||
| Medical Settings | 168 | ||
| Scope of Studies and Practice | 171 | ||
| References | 171 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 174 | ||
| 13 Humor, Health, and Wellness | 175 | ||
| Wellness—Recognizing Whole Potential | 175 | ||
| Health | 176 | ||
| Nutrition | 176 | ||
| Exercise | 177 | ||
| Emotional Life | 177 | ||
| Faith | 177 | ||
| Nature | 178 | ||
| Creativity | 178 | ||
| Service | 178 | ||
| Synergy | 178 | ||
| Humor and Laughter | 179 | ||
| History | 179 | ||
| Research | 180 | ||
| Context | 180 | ||
| Humor as Therapy | 182 | ||
| Humor Therapy in Practice | 182 | ||
| Big Apple Circus Clown Care Unit | 182 | ||
| In the Beginning | 183 | ||
| Resident Hospital Programs | 183 | ||
| Laughing Spirit Listening Circles | 183 | ||
| Laugh Mobile Program | 184 | ||
| The Growing World of Humor | 184 | ||
| Three Myths About Laughter That Keep US From Laughing | 186 | ||
| A Definition of Humor | 187 | ||
| It May be Serious, but It Needn’t be Solemn | 188 | ||
| Humor in Health Care | 188 | ||
| Humor—Antidote for Stress | 189 | ||
| Health care Humor in Today’s World—Update From the Field | 190 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 190 | ||
| References | 190 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 191 | ||
| Health and Humor Resources: Individuals, Organizations, and Publications | 192 | ||
| Three Energetics, Manual Healing, Bodywork, and Yoga | 195 | ||
| Section 3_text | 195 | ||
| 14 Energy Medicine | 197 | ||
| Energy and Energy Medicine | 197 | ||
| Subtle and Vital Energy | 198 | ||
| Standards and Quality | 199 | ||
| How Good is Good Enough? | 200 | ||
| Orthodoxies and Placebo | 201 | ||
| Magnetic Therapy | 201 | ||
| Distant Healing | 202 | ||
| Therapeutic Touch, Healing Touch, and Energy Therapies | 203 | ||
| Light, Healing, and Biophotons | 206 | ||
| The Quantum Enigma | 206 | ||
| Inverse Square Law | 208 | ||
| Homeopathy as Energy Medicine | 208 | ||
| Placebo and Biofield | 209 | ||
| References | 210 | ||
| 15 Biophysics: | 213 | ||
| Western Schools of Thought and Practice | 213 | ||
| Individual Practitioners | 214 | ||
| Empirical Assumptions of Biophysically Based Modalities | 214 | ||
| Light | 214 | ||
| The Identity of Light | 216 | ||
| The Effects of Light | 217 | ||
| Tissue Optical Properties | 218 | ||
| Penetration, Pain, and Thresholds | 218 | ||
| Effects on Cellular Functions | 218 | ||
| Animal Studies | 219 | ||
| Human Trials | 219 | ||
| Carpal tunnel syndrome | 219 | ||
| Other nerve pain | 220 | ||
| Arthritis | 220 | ||
| Sports medicine | 220 | ||
| Low back pain | 221 | ||
| Cerebral circulation, migraine, and auditory and vestibular function | 221 | ||
| Lower limbs | 221 | ||
| Precautions | 221 | ||
| Appeal of Phototherapy | 221 | ||
| Sound | 222 | ||
| Magnetism | 223 | ||
| The Word Magnet | 223 | ||
| Herculean Stones | 223 | ||
| Medieval Myths | 224 | ||
| Enlightenment about Magnetism | 224 | ||
| Benjamin Franklin Again | 224 | ||
| Back to Europe | 224 | ||
| Revolutionary Developments | 225 | ||
| Amping up Research | 225 | ||
| Magnetic Healing in the United States | 225 | ||
| Post-WW II Research Worldwide | 225 | ||
| Modern Medical Magnetism | 225 | ||
| Terminology and Principles | 226 | ||
| The Chemistry of Magnetism | 226 | ||
| Magnetic Fields | 226 | ||
| Biologic Effects and Pain | 227 | ||
| Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields | 229 | ||
| Bone Repair | 229 | ||
| Pain Relief | 229 | ||
| Mechanism of action | 230 | ||
| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation | 230 | ||
| Neurological Disorders and Procedures | 230 | ||
| Side Effects | 231 | ||
| Professionalization | 231 | ||
| Noninvasive Devices for Diagnosis and Treatment | 232 | ||
| Electrical and Magnetic Devices Used Conventionally in Biomedicine | 232 | ||
| Conventional Biomedical Devices in Innovative Applications | 232 | ||
| Conventional Devices Used for Treatment in Both Biomedicine and Biophysical Medicine | 232 | ||
| Superconducting quantum interference device | 233 | ||
| Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation unit | 233 | ||
| Electro-Acuscope | 233 | ||
| Diapulse | 233 | ||
| Unconventional Devices Used in Biophysical Medicine | 233 | ||
| Electroacupuncture Devices | 233 | ||
| Dermatron | 233 | ||
| Vega | 233 | ||
| Mora | 233 | ||
| Other devices | 233 | ||
| Devices Using Light and Sound Energy | 233 | ||
| Cymatic instruments | 233 | ||
| Sound probe | 233 | ||
| Light beam generator | 233 | ||
| Infratronic QGM | 233 | ||
| Teslar watch | 233 | ||
| Kirlian camera | 234 | ||
| References | 234 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 238 | ||
| Resources | 239 | ||
| Professional Organizations | 239 | ||
| Websites | 239 | ||
| 16 Principles of Bodywork | 240 | ||
| Concepts of Bodywork and Manual Healing | 240 | ||
| Concept 1: Bilateral Symmetry | 240 | ||
| Concept 2: Gravity | 240 | ||
| Concept 3: Tensegrity | 241 | ||
| Concept 4: Postural Maintenance and Coordinated Movement | 241 | ||
| Concept 5: Connective Tissue (Fascia) | 241 | ||
| Concept 6: Segmentation (Functional Spinal Unit) | 242 | ||
| Concept 7: Reflexes and Autonomic Nervous System | 243 | ||
| Concept 8: Pain and Guarding, Muscle Spasm, and Facilitation | 244 | ||
| Concept 9: Compensation and Decompensation | 244 | ||
| Concept 10: Range of Motion and Barrier Concept | 245 | ||
| Concept 11: Active Versus Passive and Direct Versus Indirect | 245 | ||
| Summary | 245 | ||
| References | 246 | ||
| 17 Massage, Bodywork, and Touch Therapies | 247 | ||
| The Body’s Matrix—Fascia | 247 | ||
| Massage Application | 248 | ||
| Development of Essential Theories of Massage | 250 | ||
| Massage Techniques | 250 | ||
| Variations in Application of Techniques | 252 | ||
| Acupressure and Jin Shin Do | 254 | ||
| Ayurvedic Manipulation | 255 | ||
| Craniosacral Therapy | 256 | ||
| Energy Work | 257 | ||
| Feldenkrais Method® (Awareness Through Movement, Functional Integration) | 259 | ||
| Hydrotherapy and Thermal Therapy | 259 | ||
| Special Applications (Infant, Elderly, Oncology, and Hospice-Care Massage) | 260 | ||
| Lymph Drainage Techniques | 261 | ||
| Muscle Energy Technique | 262 | ||
| Myofascial Release | 263 | ||
| Myofascial–Soft Tissue Technique | 263 | ||
| Neural Mobilization/Manipulation | 263 | ||
| Neuromuscular Therapy (Neuromuscular Techniques) | 264 | ||
| Orthopedic Massage/ Medical Massage | 265 | ||
| Reflexology | 266 | ||
| Rolfing and Other Structural Integration Methods | 266 | ||
| Shiatsu (Zen Shiatsu) | 267 | ||
| Sports Massage | 268 | ||
| Strain-Counterstrain (Positional Release Technique) | 269 | ||
| Spa-Resort Therapies | 269 | ||
| The Trager Approach® (Psychophysical Integration and Mentastics®) | 269 | ||
| Tui Na | 270 | ||
| Visceral Manipulation | 271 | ||
| Osseous Techniques | 271 | ||
| Articulatory Technique | 271 | ||
| Cranial Osteopathy | 271 | ||
| High-Velocity Low-Amplitude Technique | 272 | ||
| Practice Settings | 272 | ||
| Summary | 272 | ||
| References | 273 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 274 | ||
| 18 Osteopathy | 275 | ||
| Central Concept | 278 | ||
| Offshoots of Osteopathy | 279 | ||
| Osteopathic Philosophy | 280 | ||
| Classical Osteopathy | 280 | ||
| Evolution | 282 | ||
| Contemporary Osteopathy | 283 | ||
| Osteopathic Principles | 284 | ||
| Osteopathic Techniques | 285 | ||
| Soft Tissue and Lymphatic Treatments | 285 | ||
| High-Velocity Low-Amplitude Thrust | 286 | ||
| Articulatory Technique | 286 | ||
| Still Technique and Facilitated Positional Release (FPR) | 286 | ||
| Muscle Energy Technique | 286 | ||
| Counterstrain Technique | 286 | ||
| Myofascial Release | 286 | ||
| Osteopathy in the Cranial Field | 286 | ||
| Visceral Techniques | 287 | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment | 287 | ||
| Manipulation | 288 | ||
| Levels of Implementation | 289 | ||
| Current Status | 290 | ||
| Practice Regulations | 290 | ||
| Requirements for Matriculation | 290 | ||
| U.S. Osteopathic Medical Schools | 291 | ||
| Postgraduate Education | 293 | ||
| Research | 294 | ||
| Clinical Trials Research | 295 | ||
| International Impact | 295 | ||
| United Kingdom | 296 | ||
| France and Quebec | 296 | ||
| International Diversity | 296 | ||
| Summary and Conclusion | 298 | ||
| References | 299 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 299 | ||
| 19 Chiropractic | 300 | ||
| Historical Roots, Evolutionary Process | 300 | ||
| Precursors in Western Traditions | 300 | ||
| Beginnings of a New Profession | 301 | ||
| Putting Down of Hands | 302 | ||
| Legacy of Contention with Allopathic Medicine | 303 | ||
| Interprofessional Cooperation | 303 | ||
| AHCPR Guidelines: Historic Breakthrough | 304 | ||
| Intellectual Foundations | 305 | ||
| Divergent Interpretations: Traditionalists and Modernists | 305 | ||
| Theoretical Constructs and Practical Applications | 306 | ||
| Bone-out-of-Place Theory | 306 | ||
| Motion Theory and Segmental Dysfunction | 306 | ||
| Segmental Facilitation | 307 | ||
| Rationale for Chiropractic Adjustment | 307 | ||
| Indications and Contraindications | 307 | ||
| Types of Manual Interventions Used by Chiropractors | 308 | ||
| Clinical Settings and Methodologie | 308 | ||
| Movements Toward “Integration” | 308 | ||
| Diagnostic Logic | 310 | ||
| Chiropractic and Medical Approaches to Pain | 310 | ||
| Regional and Whole-Body Context: Neurology and Biomechanics | 310 | ||
| Criteria for Referral to Medical Physicians | 311 | ||
| Ethics of Referral | 311 | ||
| Research | 311 | ||
| University of Colorado Project | 311 | ||
| Low Back Pain | 311 | ||
| Evidence for Manual Methods: A Basis for Referral to Chiropractors | 311 | ||
| Preventing Acute Cases from Becoming Chronic | 313 | ||
| Benefits of SMT for Low Back Pain Patients with Leg Pain | 314 | ||
| Maintenance Spinal Manipulation | 314 | ||
| Cost Effectiveness of Spinal Manipulation for Low Back Pain | 315 | ||
| Neck Pain | 315 | ||
| World Health Organization Bone and Joint Decade Report (2008) | 315 | ||
| Neck Pain Research: Key Studies | 315 | ||
| Headaches | 316 | ||
| Extremity Conditions | 316 | ||
| Shoulder | 317 | ||
| Hip | 317 | ||
| Knee | 317 | ||
| Ankle | 317 | ||
| Somatovisceral Disorders | 317 | ||
| Infantile Colic | 318 | ||
| Hypertension | 318 | ||
| Other Visceral Disorders | 318 | ||
| Methodological Challenges in Chiropractic Research | 318 | ||
| What Constitutes an Appropriate Placebo? | 318 | ||
| Active Controls | 319 | ||
| Safety of Spinal Manipulation | 319 | ||
| Research on Stroke | 320 | ||
| Chiropractic in the Health Care System | 320 | ||
| References | 321 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 324 | ||
| Resources | 324 | ||
| Other Informative Websites | 325 | ||
| 20 Reflexology | 326 | ||
| Theory | 326 | ||
| Conventional Zone Theory | 326 | ||
| Internal Organs and the Three-Dimensional Body | 327 | ||
| Exception to the Zone Theory | 327 | ||
| Zone-Related Referral | 327 | ||
| Negative Feedback Loop | 327 | ||
| Benefits and Scope | 330 | ||
| Adverse Effects | 330 | ||
| Credentialing and Training | 330 | ||
| Summary | 331 | ||
| References | 331 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 331 | ||
| 21 Yoga | 332 | ||
| Philosophy of Yoga | 332 | ||
| Patanjali’s Yoga Sutra | 332 | ||
| Branches (Schools) of Yoga | 333 | ||
| Energy Anatomy | 334 | ||
| Nadis | 334 | ||
| Vayus | 334 | ||
| Chakras | 334 | ||
| Locks (Bandhas) and Mudras | 335 | ||
| Energy Flow | 335 | ||
| Elements of Physical Yoga Practice | 336 | ||
| Postures (Asanas) | 336 | ||
| Control of Prana through Breathing Practices (Pranayama) | 336 | ||
| Long Deep Breathing | 336 | ||
| Individual Nostril Breathing/Alternate Nostril Breathing | 337 | ||
| Fast Breathing | 338 | ||
| Other Breathing Techniques | 338 | ||
| Meditation | 338 | ||
| Mantra | 339 | ||
| Yoga Therapy and Health Benefits | 339 | ||
| Summary | 341 | ||
| References | 341 | ||
| Four Natural and Alternative Western Therapies | 345 | ||
| Section 4_text | 345 | ||
| 22 Nature Cure, Naturopathy, and Natural Medicine | 347 | ||
| History of “Regular” Medicine and Naturopathic Medicine* | 347 | ||
| “Regular” Medicine | 347 | ||
| Emergence of Naturopathic Medicine Proper | 350 | ||
| Founding of Naturopathy | 351 | ||
| Benedict Lust | 351 | ||
| Schools of Thought: Philosophical Basis Of Naturopathy | 353 | ||
| Hippocratic School | 354 | ||
| Hydrotherapy | 354 | ||
| Nature Cure | 355 | ||
| The Hygienic System | 355 | ||
| Influence on Public Health | 357 | ||
| Autotoxicity and Autointoxication | 357 | ||
| Thomsonianism | 357 | ||
| Eclectic School of Medicine | 358 | ||
| Homeopathic Medicine | 358 | ||
| Manipulative Therapies: Osteopathy and Chiropractic | 359 | ||
| Christian Science and the Role of Belief and Spirituality | 359 | ||
| Physical Culture | 359 | ||
| Halcyon Days | 359 | ||
| Suppression and Decline | 360 | ||
| Re-emergence | 361 | ||
| Recent Influences | 362 | ||
| Therapeutic Nutrition | 362 | ||
| Functional Medicine | 362 | ||
| Environmental Medicine and Clinical Ecology | 362 | ||
| Spirituality, Health, and Medicine | 363 | ||
| Contemporary Laboratory Methods | 363 | ||
| Genomics and Epigenetics | 363 | ||
| Conclusion | 363 | ||
| References | 364 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 365 | ||
| 23 Contemporary Naturopathic Medicine | 366 | ||
| Principles | 367 | ||
| The Healing Power of Nature (vis Medicatrix Naturae) | 368 | ||
| First Do No Harm (Primum Non Nocere) | 368 | ||
| Find the Cause (Tolle Causam) | 369 | ||
| Treat the Whole Person (Holism) | 369 | ||
| Preventive Medicine | 369 | ||
| Wellness and Health Promotion (Emerging Principle) | 370 | ||
| Doctor as Teacher (Docere) | 370 | ||
| Contemporary Practice | 370 | ||
| Unifying Theory: Healing Power of Nature and Therapeutic Order | 371 | ||
| Diagnosis | 372 | ||
| Case Analysis and Management | 372 | ||
| Therapeutic Modalities | 373 | ||
| Therapeutic Approach | 375 | ||
| Respect Nature | 375 | ||
| Naturopathic Approaches to Disease | 376 | ||
| Cervical Dysplasia | 376 | ||
| Migraine Headache | 376 | ||
| Hypertension | 377 | ||
| Accountability | 377 | ||
| Scope of Practice, Licensing, and Organization | 377 | ||
| Meaningful Integration | 378 | ||
| Integrative Steps | 378 | ||
| Reimbursement: “Every Category of Provider” Law, Medicaid Coverage, Loan Forgiveness, Inclusion in Medical Homes, and Non-Discrimination | 379 | ||
| Health Professional Loan Repayment and Scholarship Programs: Oregon and Washington | 379 | ||
| King County, Washington, Natural Medicine Clinic | 379 | ||
| Co-management and Integrative Health Care | 379 | ||
| Residency Training | 380 | ||
| Hospitals and Hospital Networks | 380 | ||
| Education | 380 | ||
| Research | 381 | ||
| Naturopathic Medicine in the Healthcare System | 383 | ||
| References | 384 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 386 | ||
| 24 Ethnobotany and Western Herbalism | 387 | ||
| Definitions | 387 | ||
| Classifications of Herbalists | 389 | ||
| Professional Herbalist | 389 | ||
| Lay Herbalist | 390 | ||
| Plant Gatherer, Plant Grower, and Medicine Maker | 390 | ||
| Herbs and Medicinal Plants | 390 | ||
| Characteristics and Composition | 390 | ||
| Physiological Activities | 390 | ||
| Herbal Therapeutics | 391 | ||
| Safety | 392 | ||
| Pregnancy and Breastfeeding | 394 | ||
| Children | 394 | ||
| Aging | 394 | ||
| General Considerations | 394 | ||
| Research | 396 | ||
| Economic Issues | 396 | ||
| Summary | 397 | ||
| Appendix: Mainstream Research on Herbal Remedies | 399 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 410 | ||
| References | 397 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 398 | ||
| Websites | 399 | ||
| 25 Aromatherapy and Plant Essential Oils | 411 | ||
| Theoretical Foundations | 411 | ||
| Evolving Therapy | 412 | ||
| Holistic Aromatherapy | 412 | ||
| The Holistic Aromatherapist | 412 | ||
| Medical Aromatherapy (Aromatic Medicine) | 413 | ||
| The Medical Aromatherapist | 413 | ||
| Clinical Aromatherapy | 413 | ||
| The Clinical Aromatherapist | 413 | ||
| Aesthetic Aromatherapy | 414 | ||
| Therapeutic Potential | 414 | ||
| Evaluation | 416 | ||
| Clinical Applications | 416 | ||
| Midwifery | 416 | ||
| Cancer and Palliative Care | 417 | ||
| Elder Care | 417 | ||
| Special Needs | 418 | ||
| Mental Health | 418 | ||
| Safety | 419 | ||
| Risks | 419 | ||
| Risk to the Therapist | 419 | ||
| Quality | 419 | ||
| Potential Conflict with Medications | 420 | ||
| Individuals at Higher Risk | 420 | ||
| Future Potential | 420 | ||
| Public Policy | 421 | ||
| References | 421 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 426 | ||
| 26 Nutrition, Hydration, and Diet Therapies | 427 | ||
| Eating Habits of Early Humans | 427 | ||
| Modern Era: Fooling Mother Nature | 428 | ||
| Agriculture and Farming | 428 | ||
| East-West Cultural Comparison | 429 | ||
| Foods, Nutrition, and Diet | 430 | ||
| Four Sacred Grains | 430 | ||
| Adding a Fifth “Grain” | 430 | ||
| Diet As Therapy | 431 | ||
| Digestion | 431 | ||
| Food or Herbal Medicine? | 432 | ||
| The Five Flavors | 432 | ||
| Four Natures, Directions, And Channel Propensity | 432 | ||
| Seasonality | 432 | ||
| Preparation | 433 | ||
| Diseases of Western Affluence and Diet | 433 | ||
| What are We Eating? | 434 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 434 | ||
| Proteins | 435 | ||
| Fats | 435 | ||
| Vitamins | 437 | ||
| Vitamin C Controversies | 438 | ||
| Vitamin A | 438 | ||
| Vitamin A metabolism | 438 | ||
| Toxicity | 439 | ||
| Micronutrient interactions | 439 | ||
| B Vitamins | 441 | ||
| Vitamin C | 441 | ||
| Vitamin D | 441 | ||
| Versatility of vitamin D | 442 | ||
| Vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols) | 445 | ||
| Minerals | 445 | ||
| Hydration: Water, Fluid and Electrolyte Balance | 446 | ||
| A Unique Liquid | 446 | ||
| Vibrational Energy and “Memory of Water” | 446 | ||
| The Fluid of the Body | 446 | ||
| Cellular Hydration | 447 | ||
| Nitrogen | 447 | ||
| Water Loss | 447 | ||
| Diet as Therapy | 448 | ||
| Chinese Medicine | 448 | ||
| Ayurveda | 448 | ||
| Nature Cure and Naturopathic Medicine | 448 | ||
| Macrobiotics | 448 | ||
| Reversal of Heart Disease | 448 | ||
| Vegetarian and Vegan Diets | 449 | ||
| Raw Foods | 449 | ||
| Detoxification | 449 | ||
| High-Protein Diet | 449 | ||
| The “Zone” Diet | 449 | ||
| Food or Drug? | 449 | ||
| Teas and Infusions | 450 | ||
| Food Allergies | 450 | ||
| Start With the Usual Suspects | 451 | ||
| Functional Foods | 451 | ||
| Nutrition Versus Nourishment | 451 | ||
| References | 452 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 452 | ||
| 27 Ecological Pharmacy: Molecular Biology to Systems Theory | 455 | ||
| Gaia Theory: Interdependence of Organism and Environment | 455 | ||
| Coherent Coupling, Expanding the Coevolution Construct, Adaptation to the Environment | 458 | ||
| Coupling of Humans with Phytochemistry: Plant–Human Coalitions | 459 | ||
| Hormesis and Xenohormesis—Adaptation to the Phytochemical Environment | 461 | ||
| Hormesis Defined | 461 | ||
| History of Hormesis: Politically Suspect but Scientifically Solid | 462 | ||
| Utility of Hormesis: Understanding Humans and Relations to the Environment | 463 | ||
| Xenohormesis | 464 | ||
| Danger of a Second Rejection by the Politics of Science | 465 | ||
| Ecological Pharmacy and the Basis of Pharmacology | 465 | ||
| Molecular Models of Activity | 466 | ||
| Cellular Membrane and Signal Transduction | 466 | ||
| Cooperative Binding by Receptors: Receptor Mosaics | 467 | ||
| Shifts in Membrane Electronics and/or Shape: Nonspecific Membrane Interactions by Exogenous Molecules | 467 | ||
| Polyvalent Activity: Biochemical Convergence | 468 | ||
| Summary and Conclusion | 470 | ||
| References | 471 | ||
| Five Global Ethnomedical Systems: Asia and the Middle East | 475 | ||
| Section 5_text | 475 | ||
| 28 Traditional Medicine of China and East Asia | 477 | ||
| China’s Traditional Medicine in Cultural Perspective | 477 | ||
| Dynastic Medicine | 479 | ||
| Legendary and Semi-Mythical Origins | 480 | ||
| Ancient Medicine: 2205 to 206 bc | 480 | ||
| Flowering of Chinese Medicine: 206 bc to ad 907 | 481 | ||
| Learned Medicine and Systematic Therapeutics: ad 960 to 1368 | 482 | ||
| Medicine in Ming and Qing Dynasties: ad 1368 to 1911 | 483 | ||
| So-Called Chinese Medicine | 483 | ||
| Fundamental Concepts | 484 | ||
| Yin and Yang | 484 | ||
| The Inner Classic on Yin and Yang | 484 | ||
| The Five Phases | 485 | ||
| Qi and the Essential Substances of the Body | 485 | ||
| Essence and Spirit | 486 | ||
| Viscera and Bowels (Zang and Fu) | 487 | ||
| Causes of Disease | 488 | ||
| Diagnostics | 489 | ||
| Therapeutic Concepts | 492 | ||
| Therapeutic Methods | 492 | ||
| Acupuncture and Moxibustion | 492 | ||
| Moxibustion (Jiu Fa) | 493 | ||
| Combined Therapy with Acupuncture | 494 | ||
| Cupping and Bleeding | 495 | ||
| Chinese Massage (Tui Na) | 495 | ||
| Qi Cultivation (Qigong) | 496 | ||
| Fundamental Concepts | 496 | ||
| Chinese Herbal Medicine (Zhong Yao) | 497 | ||
| Dietetics | 498 | ||
| East Asia: Chinese Medicine “Overseas” | 498 | ||
| Chinese Medicine in Korea | 498 | ||
| Chinese Medicine in Japan | 499 | ||
| Chinese Medicine in Europe | 499 | ||
| Chinese Medicine in the United States | 500 | ||
| Practice Settings | 500 | ||
| Research and Evaluation | 501 | ||
| Research into Specific Areas of Chinese Medicine | 501 | ||
| Materia Medica and Traditional Pharmacology | 502 | ||
| Acupuncture | 503 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 503 | ||
| References | 504 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 505 | ||
| 29 Classical Acupuncture | 508 | ||
| The Idea of Acupuncture | 508 | ||
| Core Acupuncture Theory and Practice | 509 | ||
| Channel and Network Theory | 509 | ||
| Functions of the Channel and Network System | 509 | ||
| Structure of the Channel and Network System | 509 | ||
| The 12 Regular Channels | 509 | ||
| Pathology and treatment of the 12 regular channels | 512 | ||
| The 12 Cutaneous Regions | 513 | ||
| The 12 Channel Sinews | 514 | ||
| The 12 Channel Divergences | 514 | ||
| The Eight Extraordinary Vessels | 515 | ||
| The Network Vessels | 516 | ||
| Network divergences | 516 | ||
| Grandchild network vessels | 516 | ||
| Summing Up Channel Theory | 516 | ||
| Acupuncture Point Categories, Groupings, and Associations | 518 | ||
| Special Point Categories and Groups | 518 | ||
| Five transport points (five-phase points) | 518 | ||
| Alarm mu points | 521 | ||
| Back transport points | 522 | ||
| Acupuncture Treatment Planning | 522 | ||
| Point Selection | 524 | ||
| Adjunctive Techniques | 525 | ||
| Moxibustion | 525 | ||
| Cupping | 525 | ||
| Gua sha | 526 | ||
| Bleeding | 526 | ||
| Electroacupuncture | 526 | ||
| Plum blossom needling (seven-star needling) | 526 | ||
| Tui na | 526 | ||
| Microsystems | 526 | ||
| Auricular Acupuncture | 527 | ||
| Scalp Acupuncture | 527 | ||
| Traditions, Schools, Styles, and Systems | 527 | ||
| Chinese Acupuncture Styles and Systems | 528 | ||
| Japanese Acupuncture Schools and Systems | 529 | ||
| Meridian Therapy | 529 | ||
| Toyohari | 529 | ||
| Yoshio Manaka | 529 | ||
| Korean Schools and Systems | 529 | ||
| Western European Traditions and Styles | 530 | ||
| French Energetic Acupuncture | 530 | ||
| Five-Element Acupuncture | 530 | ||
| Acupuncture Research | 531 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology of Acupuncture Effects | 531 | ||
| Are Channels and Points “Real”? | 532 | ||
| How Does Acupuncture Work? | 534 | ||
| Safety of Acupuncture | 535 | ||
| Clinical Efficacy of Acupuncture | 536 | ||
| Acupuncture and Pain | 538 | ||
| Other Clinical Applications | 539 | ||
| What Acupuncture Can Treat | 539 | ||
| Looking Forward | 540 | ||
| References | 541 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 543 | ||
| 30 Tibetan Medicine | 544.e1 | ||
| Perspective | 544.e1 | ||
| Buddhism and the Four Tantras | 544.e4 | ||
| The Four Tantras in Tibet | 544.e6 | ||
| Organization and Content of the Four Tantras | 544.e7 | ||
| Later Developments | 544.e7 | ||
| A Culture in Exile | 544.e8 | ||
| Theory and Practice | 544.e9 | ||
| The Five Elements: Sources of Phenomena | 544.e9 | ||
| The Situation of the Body | 544.e11 | ||
| Other Features of Traditional Anatomy and Physiology | 544.e13 | ||
| The Two Flowers and Three Fruits | 544.e13 | ||
| The Body in Disorder | 544.e13 | ||
| The Root of Recognizing Signs: Diagnosis | 544.e17 | ||
| Observation of Urine | 544.e17 | ||
| Pulse Diagnosis | 544.e19 | ||
| Questioning | 544.e21 | ||
| Therapeutics: The Root of Healing | 544.e21 | ||
| Foods | 544.e22 | ||
| Behavior | 544.e22 | ||
| Medicines | 544.e23 | ||
| Tastes, Powers, Potencies, and Qualities | 544.e23 | ||
| External Therapeutics | 544.e27 | ||
| Contemporary Practice and Training | 544.e28 | ||
| Research and Evaluation | 544.e30 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 544.e30 | ||
| References | 544.e31 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 544.e31 | ||
| Websites | 544.e31 | ||
| 31 Traditional Medicines of India: Ayurveda and Siddha | 545 | ||
| The Science of Life | 545 | ||
| Four Phases | 545 | ||
| The Five Elements | 546 | ||
| The Three Doshas | 546 | ||
| The Seven Dhatus | 546 | ||
| The Three Malas | 547 | ||
| The Importance of Digestion | 547 | ||
| The Three Agnis | 547 | ||
| Ama | 548 | ||
| The Thirteen Kinds of Srotas | 548 | ||
| Constitutional Types | 548 | ||
| Prakriti | 548 | ||
| Mental States | 549 | ||
| The Naming of Disease | 549 | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment | 550 | ||
| Feeling the Pulse: Snake, Frog, and Bird | 550 | ||
| Urine Examination: The Shapes of Drops | 550 | ||
| Examining the Body | 550 | ||
| Five Steps | 550 | ||
| Continuous Healing | 551 | ||
| Purification: The Five Actions | 551 | ||
| Herbal Remedies | 551 | ||
| Compounding | 552 | ||
| Siddha Medicine of South India | 553 | ||
| Southern Sources | 553 | ||
| Middle East Connections | 554 | ||
| Buddhist Connections | 554 | ||
| Divine Sources | 554 | ||
| Shiva and Shakti | 554 | ||
| Diagnosis: The Eight Features | 555 | ||
| Treatment | 556 | ||
| General Medicine | 556 | ||
| Toxicology | 556 | ||
| Ophthalmology | 557 | ||
| Rejuvenation Therapy | 557 | ||
| Pharmacopoeia | 557 | ||
| Plant Products | 559 | ||
| Animal Products | 559 | ||
| Herbs Commonly Used in South and Southeast Asia | 559 | ||
| Allium sativum (Garlic) | 559 | ||
| Bosweillia serrata (Frankincense) | 560 | ||
| Capsicum annuum (Chili Pepper) | 560 | ||
| Curcuma longa (Tumeric) | 560 | ||
| Withania somnifera (Winter Cherry) | 560 | ||
| Zingiber officinale (Ginger) | 560 | ||
| Memory, Cognitive Improvement, and “Anti-Aging” Effects | 561 | ||
| Clinical Treatments | 561 | ||
| Allergies and Asthma | 561 | ||
| Arthritis | 561 | ||
| Cancer | 562 | ||
| Headache | 563 | ||
| High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) | 563 | ||
| Fever | 564 | ||
| Peptic Ulcer (Stomach and Duodenum) | 564 | ||
| Individualized Medical Profile According to Ayuveda | 564 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 565 | ||
| References | 565 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 565 | ||
| 32 Unani Medicine | 567 | ||
| Theoretical Basis of Unani Medicine | 568 | ||
| The Naturals of Unani (Tabie’iat) | 568 | ||
| The Elements or Phases (Arkan) | 568 | ||
| The Temperaments (Mizaj) | 569 | ||
| The Humors (Akhlat) | 569 | ||
| The Organs (A’dha) | 570 | ||
| The Spirits: Life Energies (Arwah) | 570 | ||
| The Faculties (Quwa): Psychophysical Drives | 570 | ||
| The Functions (Af ’al) | 571 | ||
| Unani View of Disease | 571 | ||
| Causes (Mousabibat/Alasbab) | 571 | ||
| Signs of Imbalance (‘Alamat) | 572 | ||
| Imbalance of temperaments (dystemperament). | 572 | ||
| Imbalance of humors. | 572 | ||
| Practical Basis of Unani Medicine | 573 | ||
| Unani Diagnosis (Tashkhees) | 573 | ||
| Determination of the Patient’s Temperament | 573 | ||
| Examination of Bodily Functions | 573 | ||
| Pulse (nabd). | 574 | ||
| Tongue (lisan). | 574 | ||
| Urine (boul). | 574 | ||
| Feces or Stool (bouraz). | 575 | ||
| Pain (waja’). | 575 | ||
| Fever (homa [sing.], homiat [pl.]). | 575 | ||
| Health Maintenance, Prevention, and Treatment of Disease | 576 | ||
| Exercise (Riyadhah) | 577 | ||
| Diet for Health and Healing (Alghitha’) | 577 | ||
| Medicinal products (Dawa’) | 577 | ||
| Applied and Manual Therapy (‘elaj) | 577 | ||
| Unani View on Tumors (Awram) and Cancer (Saratan) | 578 | ||
| Unani Medicine, Cam and Contemporary Biomedical Science | 579 | ||
| Summary and Conclusion | 579 | ||
| References | 580 | ||
| 33 Sufism and Healing in The Middle East | 581 | ||
| Sufism and Rapid Healing | 581 | ||
| No One Knows | 582 | ||
| Early Research | 582 | ||
| “Others Healing” Phenomenon | 582 | ||
| Suggestibility | 583 | ||
| Laboratory Studies | 583 | ||
| Field Investigations | 583 | ||
| Biomedical Perspectives | 584 | ||
| Experience of Rapid Wound Healing | 585 | ||
| Biophysical Perspectives | 585 | ||
| Current Research | 586 | ||
| Tariqa Kasnazaniyah Spiritual Healing (Clinical Applications of Sufi Rapid Healing without DCBD) | 586 | ||
| Meditation | 587 | ||
| Water and Healing | 587 | ||
| How Does Sufism Explain How Spiritual Healing Can Occur? | 587 | ||
| Sufism and Complementary and Alternative Medicine | 588 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 588 | ||
| References | 588 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 589 | ||
| Six Global Ethnomedical Systems: Africa, the Americas, and the Pacific | 591 | ||
| 34 Traditional Healing: | 593 | ||
| Scientific Study of Ethnomedicine and Shamanism | 593 | ||
| Study of “Pre-Historic” Practices | 593 | ||
| Capturing Cultural Traditions | 594 | ||
| Theory and Methodology | 594 | ||
| Applying Medical Anthropology | 595 | ||
| Alternative Medicine as Ethnomedicine | 595 | ||
| Mind–Body Singularity Versus Dualism | 596 | ||
| Health Care as a Social–Cultural System | 596 | ||
| Hierarchy of Resort | 597 | ||
| Medical Pluralism | 597 | ||
| Government-Industrialized Medicine as an Economic System | 598 | ||
| Origins of Shamanism: Central Asia and Ancient China | 599 | ||
| References | 601 | ||
| 35 Southeast Asia: | 602 | ||
| Introduction | 602 | ||
| (Hemi) Spheres of Influence | 603 | ||
| Going Dutch (and Other Europeans) | 603 | ||
| Persistent Influences of China | 604 | ||
| The Malay Peninsula | 604 | ||
| Natural Boundaries: The Wallace Line | 604 | ||
| Malay Peninsula and Indonesian Archipelago | 605 | ||
| Written on the Wind | 605 | ||
| Healers and Healing Rituals | 606 | ||
| Healing Sounds in the Rainforest | 606 | ||
| Indonesia | 607 | ||
| The Persistent Influences of Ayurveda and Islam | 607 | ||
| Vietnam | 607 | ||
| Turning Back to Find a Way Forward | 607 | ||
| Appropriate Medical Technology | 609 | ||
| References | 609 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 609 | ||
| 36 Blending of Chinese, Ayurvedic, Islamic, and Shamanic Healings: | 611 | ||
| Burma | 611 | ||
| On the Burmese–Thai Border | 611 | ||
| Thailand | 612 | ||
| Thai Medical Concepts | 612 | ||
| Thai Herbalism: Treating the Body | 613 | ||
| Thai Massage: Treating the Energy | 614 | ||
| Combining Formal and Folk Practices | 615 | ||
| Nepal | 616 | ||
| Traditional Healing Versus Allopathic Medicine in Rural Nepal | 619 | ||
| References | 622 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 622 | ||
| 37 Native North American Healing and Herbal Remedies | 623 | ||
| Ancient Lifeways and Medicine in the Americas | 623 | ||
| Early Descriptions of Native American Healing | 624 | ||
| Healers and Nature | 627 | ||
| Healing Practices | 628 | ||
| The Circle is Broken | 630 | ||
| Plagues and Epidemics | 631 | ||
| Native American Medicine in the “New Age” | 632 | ||
| Native American Medicinal Plants | 632 | ||
| Treating Disease, Illness and Injury | 634 | ||
| Botanical Pharmacopeia | 635 | ||
| Abundance | 635 | ||
| Distribution | 635 | ||
| Growth Habits and Forms | 635 | ||
| Flavor | 635 | ||
| Showiness | 635 | ||
| Common Native American Medicinal Plants | 636 | ||
| Daucus carota (Queen Anne’s Lace) | 636 | ||
| Echinacea angustifolia (Coneflower) | 636 | ||
| Geranium maculatum (Wild Geranium) | 636 | ||
| Serenoa repens (Saw Palmetto) | 636 | ||
| Toxicodendron radicans (Poison Ivy) | 637 | ||
| Note on Further Reading | 637 | ||
| References | 637 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 638 | ||
| 38 Central and South American Healing and Herbal Remedies | 639 | ||
| Peyote | 639 | ||
| Ayahuasca of the Rain Forest | 640 | ||
| Healing Interactions | 640 | ||
| Brain, biology, and chemistry | 641 | ||
| Tale of the Shaman’s Apprentice | 641 | ||
| References | 641 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 642 | ||
| 39 Latin American Curanderismo | 643 | ||
| Natural and Supernatural | 644 | ||
| Three Levels | 645 | ||
| Natural Illnesses and Natural Cures | 646 | ||
| Supernatural Illnesses and Ceremonial Cures | 646 | ||
| Sweeping, “Smoking,” and Conjuring | 646 | ||
| The Spiritual Level (Nivel Espiritual) | 648 | ||
| The Mental Level | 649 | ||
| Where Healing Happens | 650 | ||
| Home Remedies | 650 | ||
| Four Common Folk Illnesses | 651 | ||
| References | 651 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 652 | ||
| 40 Hawaii, South Pacific, and Philippine Islands; Alaska and Pacific Northwest | 653 | ||
| Hawaii | 653 | ||
| Samoa | 653 | ||
| The Philippine Islands | 655 | ||
| Spanish and Roman Catholic Syncretism | 655 | ||
| Spiritual Healing | 655 | ||
| Skin Deep | 656 | ||
| Healing Rituals | 656 | ||
| Healing Herbs | 656 | ||
| Alaska and the Pacific Northwest | 657 | ||
| The Land Bridge | 657 | ||
| At the Edge of the World | 657 | ||
| The “Lost Expedition” | 657 | ||
| The Lost “Noble Savage” | 658 | ||
| Revolutionary Developments | 658 | ||
| Reference | 659 | ||
| Suggested Reading | 659 | ||
| 41 African Healing and Becoming a Traditional Healer | 660 | ||
| Concepts of Health, Illness, and Healing | 660 | ||
| Origins | 660 | ||
| Traditional Healing Processes | 661 | ||
| The Call to Become a Healer | 662 | ||
| Apprenticeship | 663 | ||
| Gathering Together | 664 | ||
| The Archetypal Healer | 665 | ||
| Spiritual Context | 665 | ||
| Psychosocial Relations | 665 | ||
| Lifelong Healing | 666 | ||
| Hardship and Humility | 666 | ||
| References | 666 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 666 | ||
| 42 Magico-Religious Traditions and Neo-Shamanism | 667 | ||
| The Ambiguity of Djambe | 667 | ||
| Balance, Potency and Power | 668 | ||
| Image of Limited Good | 669 | ||
| Magic and “Anti-Witchcraft” | 669 | ||
| Ritual and Religion | 669 | ||
| Sorcery and Witchcraft in the West | 670 | ||
| Perceptions of Shamanism in the West | 671 | ||
| The Meanings of Shamanism | 672 | ||
| “Neo-Shamanism” | 672 | ||
| References | 673 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 673 | ||
| 43 Modern Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the Pacific | 674 | ||
| The Americas | 674 | ||
| National Crises | 675 | ||
| Africa | 676 | ||
| AIDS | 676 | ||
| Malaria | 677 | ||
| Drug resistance, synergism, and traditional medicines | 677 | ||
| World Health Organization | 677 | ||
| Conserving International Biodiversity | 678 | ||
| Global Ethnomedicine in the Twenty-First Century | 679 | ||
| References | 679 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 680 | ||
| Website | 681 | ||
| Index | 682 | ||
| A | 682 | ||
| B | 684 | ||
| C | 685 | ||
| D | 687 | ||
| E | 688 | ||
| F | 689 | ||
| G | 690 | ||
| H | 690 | ||
| I | 691 | ||
| J | 692 | ||
| K | 692 | ||
| L | 692 | ||
| M | 693 | ||
| N | 694 | ||
| O | 696 | ||
| P | 696 | ||
| Q | 697 | ||
| R | 697 | ||
| S | 698 | ||
| T | 699 | ||
| U | 700 | ||
| V | 701 | ||
| W | 701 | ||
| X | 701 | ||
| Y | 701 | ||
| Z | 702 |