BOOK
Merrill's Atlas of Radiographic Positioning and Procedures - E-Book
Bruce W. Long | Jeannean Hall Rollins | Barbara J. Smith
(2015)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
More than 400 projections make it easier to learn anatomy, properly position the patient, set exposures, and take high-quality radiographs! With Merrill's Atlas of Radiographic Positioning & Procedures, 13th Edition, you will develop the skills to produce clear radiographic images to help physicians make accurate diagnoses. It separates anatomy and positioning information by bone groups — using full-color illustrations to show anatomical anatomy, and CT scans and MRI images to help you learn cross-section anatomy. Written by radiologic imaging experts Bruce Long, Jeannean Hall Rollins, and Barbara Smith, Merrill's Atlas is not just the gold standard in radiographic positioning references, and the most widely used, but also an excellent review in preparing for ARRT and certification exams!
- Comprehensive, full-color coverage of anatomy and positioning makes Merrill's Atlas the most in-depth text and reference available for radiography students and practitioners.
- Frequently performed projections are identified with a special icon to help you focus on what you need to know as an entry-level radiographer.
- Numerous CT and MRI images enhance your comprehension of cross-sectional anatomy and help you prepare for the Registry examination.
- UNIQUE! Collimation sizes and other key information are provided for each relevant projection.
- Bulleted lists provide clear instructions on how to correctly position the patient and body part when performing procedures.
- Summary tables provide quick access to projection overviews, guides to anatomy, pathology tables for bone groups and body systems, and exposure technique charts.
- NEW! Coverage of the latest advances in digital imaging also includes more digital radiographs with greater contrast resolution of pertinent anatomy.
- NEW positioning photos show current digital imaging equipment and technology.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Endsheet 2 | IFC2 | ||
| Endsheet 3 | IFC3 | ||
| half-title page | i | ||
| Merrill's Atlas of Radiographic Positioning and Procedures | iii | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Previous Authors | v | ||
| The Merrill’s Team | vi | ||
| Advisory Board | vii | ||
| Chapter Content Experts | viii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Learning and Perfecting Positioning Skills | ix | ||
| New to This Edition | ix | ||
| New Patient Photography | ix | ||
| Revised Image Evaluation Criteria | ix | ||
| Working with the Obese Patient | ix | ||
| Fully Revised Pediatric Chapter | ix | ||
| Updated Geriatric Chapter | ix | ||
| Consolidated Cranial Chapters | ix | ||
| Digital Radiography Collimation | ix | ||
| English/Metric IR Sizes | x | ||
| Integration of CT and MRI | x | ||
| New Illustrations | x | ||
| Digital Radiography Updated | x | ||
| Computed Radiography | x | ||
| Obsolete Projections Deleted | x | ||
| New Radiographs | x | ||
| Learning Aids for the Student | x | ||
| Pocket Guide to Radiography | x | ||
| Radiographic Anatomy, Positioning, and Procedures Workbook | x | ||
| Teaching Aids for the Instructor | x | ||
| Evolve Instructor Electronic Resources | x | ||
| Mosby’s Radiography Online | x | ||
| Evolve—Online Course Management | x | ||
| Acknowledgments | xii | ||
| Contributors | xii | ||
| Table of Contents | xiii | ||
| 1 Preliminary Steps in Radiography | 1 | ||
| Outline | 1 | ||
| The Radiographer | 2 | ||
| Ethics in Radiologic Technology | 2 | ||
| American Society of Radiologic Technologists Code of Ethics | 2 | ||
| Canadian Association of Medical Radiation Technologists Code of Ethics | 2 | ||
| Patient Respect and Dignity | 2 | ||
| Patient-Centered Care and Safety | 3 | ||
| Fairness, Accountability, and Integrity | 3 | ||
| Image Receptor | 3 | ||
| Radiograph | 5 | ||
| Display of Radiographs | 8 | ||
| Anatomic Position | 8 | ||
| Posteroanterior and Anteroposterior Radiographs | 10 | ||
| Lateral Radiographs | 11 | ||
| Oblique Radiographs | 12 | ||
| Other Radiographs | 12 | ||
| Clinical History | 13 | ||
| Advanced Clinical Practice | 14 | ||
| Initial Examination | 14 | ||
| Diagnosis and the Radiographer | 14 | ||
| Care of the Radiographic Room | 14 | ||
| Standard Precautions | 15 | ||
| Control of Pathogen Contamination | 16 | ||
| Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | 16 | ||
| Operating Room | 16 | ||
| Minor Surgical Procedures in the Radiology Department | 17 | ||
| Procedure Book | 17 | ||
| Bowel Preparation | 18 | ||
| Motion and Its Control | 18 | ||
| Involuntary Muscles | 18 | ||
| Reducing Involuntary Muscle Motion on Images | 19 | ||
| Voluntary Muscles | 19 | ||
| Reducing Voluntary Muscle Motion on Images | 19 | ||
| Patient’s Attire, Ornaments, and Surgical Dressings | 20 | ||
| Interacting with Patients | 21 | ||
| Ill or Injured Patients | 22 | ||
| Age-Specific Competencies | 23 | ||
| Identification of Radiographs | 25 | ||
| Anatomic Markers | 27 | ||
| Placement and Orientation of Anatomy on the Image Receptor | 28 | ||
| English/Metric Conversion and IR Sizes | 30 | ||
| IR Sizes in This Atlas | 30 | ||
| Direction of Central Ray | 31 | ||
| Source–to–Image Receptor Distance (SID) | 31 | ||
| Source–to–Image Receptor Distance in This Atlas | 31 | ||
| Source–to–Skin Distance | 32 | ||
| Collimation of X-Ray Beam | 32 | ||
| Gonad Shielding | 33 | ||
| Bone Marrow Dose | 35 | ||
| Gonad Dose | 35 | ||
| Digital Imaging | 36 | ||
| Kilovoltage | 37 | ||
| Part Centering | 38 | ||
| Split Cassettes | 38 | ||
| Collimation | 38 | ||
| Grids | 38 | ||
| Digital Imaging in This Atlas | 38 | ||
| Digital Imaging | 38 | ||
| Foundation Exposure Techniques and Charts | 38 | ||
| Adaptation of Exposure Technique to Patients | 40 | ||
| Preexposure Instructions | 41 | ||
| Technical Factors | 42 | ||
| Kilovoltage in This Atlas | 42 | ||
| Automatic Exposure Control in This Atlas | 42 | ||
| Working Effectively with Obese Patients | 44 | ||
| Equipment | 44 | ||
| Transportation | 46 | ||
| Communication | 47 | ||
| Imaging Challenges | 47 | ||
| Landmarks | 49 | ||
| Oblique and Lateral Projections | 49 | ||
| Image Receptor Sizes and Collimation | 50 | ||
| Field light size | 50 | ||
| Exposure Factors | 50 | ||
| Focal Spot | 51 | ||
| Bucky and Grid | 51 | ||
| Automatic Exposure Control and Anatomically Programmed Radiography Systems | 52 | ||
| Mobile Radiography | 52 | ||
| Radiation Dose | 52 | ||
| 2 Compensating Filters | 53 | ||
| Outline | 53 | ||
| Introduction | 54 | ||
| Physical Principles | 57 | ||
| Shape | 57 | ||
| Composition | 57 | ||
| Placement | 58 | ||
| Specific Applications | 60 | ||
| Compensating Filters in This Atlas | 64 | ||
| 3 General Anatomy and Radiographic Positioning Terminology | 65 | ||
| Outline | 65 | ||
| General Anatomy | 66 | ||
| Body Planes | 66 | ||
| Sagittal Plane | 66 | ||
| Coronal Plane | 66 | ||
| Horizontal Plane | 66 | ||
| Oblique Plane | 67 | ||
| Special Planes | 68 | ||
| Interiliac Plane | 68 | ||
| Occlusal Plane | 68 | ||
| Body Cavities | 68 | ||
| Thoracic Cavity | 69 | ||
| Abdominal Cavity | 69 | ||
| Divisions of the Abdomen | 70 | ||
| Quadrants | 70 | ||
| Regions | 70 | ||
| Superior | 70 | ||
| Middle | 70 | ||
| Inferior | 70 | ||
| Surface Landmarks | 71 | ||
| Body Habitus | 72 | ||
| Osteology | 75 | ||
| General Bone Features | 76 | ||
| Bone Vessels and Nerves | 77 | ||
| Bone Development | 77 | ||
| Intermembranous Ossification | 77 | ||
| Endochondral Ossification | 77 | ||
| Primary Ossification | 77 | ||
| Secondary Ossification | 78 | ||
| Classification of Bones | 79 | ||
| Long Bones | 79 | ||
| Short Bones | 79 | ||
| Flat Bones | 79 | ||
| Irregular Bones | 79 | ||
| Sesamoid Bones | 79 | ||
| Arthrology | 80 | ||
| Functional Classification | 81 | ||
| Structural Classification | 81 | ||
| Fibrous Joints | 81 | ||
| Cartilaginous Joints | 81 | ||
| Synovial Joints | 82 | ||
| Bone Markings and Features | 84 | ||
| Processes or Projections | 84 | ||
| Depressions | 84 | ||
| Fractures | 84 | ||
| Anatomic Relationship Terms | 85 | ||
| Radiographic Positioning Terminology | 85 | ||
| Projection | 86 | ||
| Anteroposterior Projection | 86 | ||
| Posteroanterior Projection | 86 | ||
| Axial Projection | 87 | ||
| Tangential Projection | 87 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 88 | ||
| Oblique Projection | 88 | ||
| Complex Projections | 88 | ||
| True Projections | 89 | ||
| In-Profile | 89 | ||
| Position | 89 | ||
| General Body Positions | 90 | ||
| Lateral Position | 91 | ||
| Oblique Position | 92 | ||
| Decubitus Position | 94 | ||
| Lordotic Position | 94 | ||
| Note to Educators, Students, and Clinicians | 95 | ||
| View | 95 | ||
| Method | 95 | ||
| Body Movement Terminology | 96 | ||
| Medical Terminology | 98 | ||
| 4 Upper Limb | 99 | ||
| Outline | 99 | ||
| Summary of Projections | 100 | ||
| Anatomy | 101 | ||
| Hand | 101 | ||
| Digits | 101 | ||
| Metacarpals | 101 | ||
| Wrist | 102 | ||
| Carpal Sulcus | 102 | ||
| Forearm | 102 | ||
| Ulna | 103 | ||
| Radius | 103 | ||
| Arm | 104 | ||
| Upper Limb Articulations | 105 | ||
| Fat Pads | 107 | ||
| Radiography | 110 | ||
| Digits (Second Through Fifth) | 110 | ||
| General Procedures | 110 | ||
| Digits (Second Through Fifth) | 110 | ||
| PA Projections | 110 | ||
| Position of patient | 110 | ||
| Position of part | 110 | ||
| Central ray | 111 | ||
| Collimation | 111 | ||
| Computed Radiography | 111 | ||
| Structures shown | 111 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 112 | ||
| Lateromedial or mediolateral | 112 | ||
| Position of patient | 112 | ||
| Position of part | 112 | ||
| Central ray | 113 | ||
| Collimation | 113 | ||
| Structures shown | 113 | ||
| PA Oblique Projection | 114 | ||
| Lateral rotation | 114 | ||
| Position of patient | 114 | ||
| Position of part | 114 | ||
| Central ray | 114 | ||
| Collimation | 114 | ||
| Structures shown | 114 | ||
| First Digit (Thumb) | 116 | ||
| AP, PA, Lateral, and PA Oblique Projections | 116 | ||
| AP projection | 116 | ||
| 5 Shoulder Girdle | 173 | ||
| Outline | 173 | ||
| Summary of Projections | 174 | ||
| Anatomy | 175 | ||
| Shoulder Girdle | 175 | ||
| Clavicle | 175 | ||
| Scapula | 176 | ||
| Humerus | 177 | ||
| Shoulder Girdle Articulations | 178 | ||
| Scapulohumeral Articulation | 178 | ||
| Acromioclavicular Articulation | 181 | ||
| Sternoclavicular Articulation | 181 | ||
| Radiography | 183 | ||
| 6 Lower Limb | 225 | ||
| Outline | 225 | ||
| Summary of Projections | 226 | ||
| Anatomy | 228 | ||
| Foot | 228 | ||
| Phalanges | 228 | ||
| Metatarsals | 229 | ||
| Tarsals | 229 | ||
| Sesamoid Bones | 230 | ||
| Leg | 230 | ||
| Tibia | 230 | ||
| Fibula | 231 | ||
| Femur | 232 | ||
| Patella | 233 | ||
| Knee Joint | 234 | ||
| Lower Limb Articulations | 236 | ||
| Radiography | 242 | ||
| 7 Pelvis and Proximal Femora | 325 | ||
| Outline | 325 | ||
| Summary of Projections | 326 | ||
| Anatomy | 327 | ||
| Hip Bone | 327 | ||
| Ilium | 328 | ||
| Pubis | 328 | ||
| Ischium | 328 | ||
| Proximal Femur | 329 | ||
| Articulations of the Pelvis | 331 | ||
| Pelvis | 332 | ||
| Localizing Anatomic Structures | 333 | ||
| Alternative Positioning Landmark | 334 | ||
| Radiography | 336 | ||
| Radiation Protection | 336 | ||
| Pelvis and Proximal Femora | 337 | ||
| AP Projection | 337 | ||
| Position of patient | 337 | ||
| Position of part | 337 | ||
| Central ray | 338 | ||
| Collimation | 338 | ||
| Structures shown | 339 | ||
| Congenital dislocation of the hip | 339 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 340 | ||
| Right or left position | 340 | ||
| Position of patient | 340 | ||
| Position of part | 340 | ||
| Recumbent position | 340 | ||
| Upright position | 341 | ||
| Central ray | 341 | ||
| Structures shown | 341 | ||
| Femoral Necks | 342 | ||
| AP Oblique Projection | 342 | ||
| Modified Cleaves Method | 342 | ||
| Position of patient | 342 | ||
| Position of part | 342 | ||
| Bilateral projection | 342 | ||
| Step 1 | 342 | ||
| Step 2 | 342 | ||
| Step 3 | 342 | ||
| Unilateral projection | 342 | ||
| Central ray | 343 | ||
| Collimation | 343 | ||
| Structures shown | 343 | ||
| Axiolateral Projection | 344 | ||
| Original Cleaves Method | 344 | ||
| Position of patient | 344 | ||
| Position of part | 344 | ||
| Central ray | 344 | ||
| Structures shown | 345 | ||
| Congenital dislocation of the hip | 345 | ||
| Hip | 346 | ||
| AP Projection | 346 | ||
| Position of patient | 346 | ||
| Position of part | 346 | ||
| Central ray | 346 | ||
| Collimation | 346 | ||
| Structures shown | 347 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 348 | ||
| Position of patient | 348 | ||
| Position of part | 348 | ||
| Central ray | 348 | ||
| Collimation | 348 | ||
| Structures shown | 348 | ||
| Axiolateral Projection | 350 | ||
| Danelius-Miller Method | 350 | ||
| Position of patient | 350 | ||
| Position of part | 350 | ||
| Position of IR | 351 | ||
| Central ray | 351 | ||
| Collimation | 351 | ||
| Compensating Filter | 351 | ||
| Structures shown | 351 | ||
| Modified Axiolateral Projection | 352 | ||
| Clements-Nakayama Modification | 352 | ||
| Position of patient | 352 | ||
| Position of part | 352 | ||
| Central ray | 353 | ||
| Structures shown | 353 | ||
| Acetabulum | 354 | ||
| PA Axial Oblique Projection | 354 | ||
| Position of patient | 354 | ||
| Position of part | 354 | ||
| Central ray | 355 | ||
| Structures shown | 355 | ||
| AP Oblique Projection | 356 | ||
| Internal oblique | 356 | ||
| 8 Vertebral Column | 363 | ||
| Outline | 363 | ||
| Summary of Projections | 364 | ||
| Anatomy | 366 | ||
| Vertebral Column | 366 | ||
| Vertebral Curvature | 367 | ||
| Typical Vertebra | 368 | ||
| Cervical Vertebrae | 369 | ||
| Atlas | 369 | ||
| Axis | 369 | ||
| Seventh Vertebra | 370 | ||
| Typical Cervical Vertebra | 370 | ||
| Thoracic Vertebrae | 372 | ||
| Lumbar Vertebrae | 374 | ||
| Sacrum | 376 | ||
| Coccyx | 377 | ||
| Vertebral Articulations | 378 | ||
| Radiography | 382 | ||
| AP Projection | 383 | ||
| Fuchs Method | 383 | ||
| Position of patient | 383 | ||
| Position of part | 383 | ||
| Central ray | 383 | ||
| Collimation | 383 | ||
| Structures shown | 383 | ||
| PA Projection | 383 | ||
| Judd Method | 383 | ||
| Atlas and Axis | 384 | ||
| AP Projection | 384 | ||
| Open-mouth | 384 | ||
| Position of patient | 384 | ||
| Position of part | 384 | ||
| Central ray | 385 | ||
| Collimation | 385 | ||
| Structures shown | 385 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 386 | ||
| R or L position | 386 | ||
| Position of patient | 386 | ||
| Position of part | 386 | ||
| Central ray | 386 | ||
| Structures shown | 386 | ||
| Cervical Vertebrae | 387 | ||
| AP Axial Projection | 387 | ||
| Position of patient | 387 | ||
| Position of part | 387 | ||
| Central ray | 387 | ||
| Collimation | 388 | ||
| Structures shown | 388 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 389 | ||
| Position of patient | 389 | ||
| Position of part | 389 | ||
| Central ray | 390 | ||
| Collimation | 390 | ||
| Structures shown | 390 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 391 | ||
| Position of patient | 391 | ||
| Position of part | 391 | ||
| Hyperflexion | 391 | ||
| Hyperextension | 391 | ||
| Central ray | 392 | ||
| Collimation | 392 | ||
| Structures shown | 392 | ||
| Cervical Intervertebral Foramina | 393 | ||
| AP Axial Oblique Projection | 393 | ||
| RPO and LPO positions | 393 | ||
| Position of patient | 393 | ||
| Position of part | 393 | ||
| Upright posterior oblique position | 393 | ||
| Recumbent posterior oblique position | 393 | ||
| Central ray | 394 | ||
| Collimation | 394 | ||
| Structures shown | 394 | ||
| AP Oblique Projection | 394 | ||
| Hyperflexion and hyperextension | 394 | ||
| PA Axial Oblique Projection | 395 | ||
| RAO and LAO positions | 395 | ||
| Position of patient | 395 | ||
| Position of part | 395 | ||
| Central ray | 395 | ||
| Collimation | 395 | ||
| Structures shown | 395 | ||
| Cervical Vertebrae | 397 | ||
| AP Projection | 397 | ||
| Ottonello Method | 397 | ||
| Position of patient | 397 | ||
| Position of part | 397 | ||
| Central ray | 398 | ||
| Collimation | 398 | ||
| Structures shown | 398 | ||
| Cervical and Upper Thoracic Vertebrae | 399 | ||
| Vertebral Arch (Pillars) | 399 | ||
| AP Axial Projection | 399 | ||
| Position of patient | 399 | ||
| Position of part | 399 | ||
| Central ray | 400 | ||
| Structures shown | 400 | ||
| Vertebral Arch (Pillars) | 401 | ||
| AP Axial Oblique Projection | 401 | ||
| R and L head rotations | 401 | ||
| Position of patient | 401 | ||
| Position of part | 401 | ||
| Central ray | 401 | ||
| Structures shown | 401 | ||
| Cervicothoracic Region | 402 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 402 | ||
| Position of patient | 402 | ||
| Position of part | 402 | ||
| Central ray | 402 | ||
| Collimation | 403 | ||
| Compensating Filter | 403 | ||
| Structures shown | 403 | ||
| Thoracic Vertebrae | 404 | ||
| AP Projection | 404 | ||
| Position of patient | 404 | ||
| Position of part | 404 | ||
| Central ray | 404 | ||
| Collimation | 404 | ||
| Structures shown | 405 | ||
| Compensating Filter | 406 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 407 | ||
| R or L position | 407 | ||
| Position of patient | 407 | ||
| Position of part | 407 | ||
| Central ray | 408 | ||
| Collimation | 409 | ||
| Improving radiographic quality | 409 | ||
| Structures shown | 409 | ||
| Thoracic Zygapophyseal Joints | 410 | ||
| AP or PA Oblique Projection | 410 | ||
| Upright position | 410 | ||
| Position of patient | 410 | ||
| Position of part | 410 | ||
| Recumbent position | 411 | ||
| Position of patient | 411 | ||
| Position of part | 411 | ||
| Central ray | 411 | ||
| Collimation | 411 | ||
| Structures shown | 412 | ||
| Lumbar-Lumbosacral Vertebrae | 413 | ||
| AP Projection | 413 | ||
| PA projection (optional) | 413 | ||
| Special positioning | 414 | ||
| Position of patient | 414 | ||
| Position of part | 414 | ||
| Central ray | 414 | ||
| Collimation | 414 | ||
| Structures shown, AP and PA | 415 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 417 | ||
| R or L position | 417 | ||
| Position of patient | 417 | ||
| Position of part | 417 | ||
| Central ray | 417 | ||
| Collimation | 417 | ||
| Structures shown | 417 | ||
| Improving radiographic quality | 418 | ||
| L5-S1 Lumbosacral Junction | 419 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 419 | ||
| R or L position | 419 | ||
| Position of patient | 419 | ||
| Position of part | 419 | ||
| Central ray | 420 | ||
| Collimation | 420 | ||
| Structures shown | 420 | ||
| Lumbar Zygapophyseal Joints | 421 | ||
| AP Oblique Projection | 421 | ||
| RPO and LPO positions | 421 | ||
| Position of patient | 421 | ||
| Position of part | 421 | ||
| Central ray | 421 | ||
| Lumbar region | 421 | ||
| L5-S1 zygapophyseal joint | 421 | ||
| Collimation | 421 | ||
| Structures shown | 421 | ||
| PA Oblique Projection | 423 | ||
| RAO and LAO positions | 423 | ||
| Position of patient | 423 | ||
| Position of part | 423 | ||
| Central ray | 423 | ||
| Lumbar region | 423 | ||
| L5-S1 zygapophyseal joint | 423 | ||
| Collimation | 423 | ||
| Structures shown | 423 | ||
| Lumbosacral Junction and Sacroiliac Joints | 425 | ||
| AP or PA Axial Projection | 425 | ||
| Ferguson Method | 425 | ||
| Position of patient | 425 | ||
| Position of part | 425 | ||
| Central ray | 425 | ||
| Collimation | 425 | ||
| Structures shown | 425 | ||
| Sacroiliac Joints | 427 | ||
| AP Oblique Projection | 427 | ||
| RPO and LPO positions | 427 | ||
| Position of patient | 427 | ||
| Position of part | 427 | ||
| Central ray | 428 | ||
| Collimation | 428 | ||
| Structures shown | 428 | ||
| PA Oblique Projection | 429 | ||
| RAO and LAO positions | 429 | ||
| Position of patient | 429 | ||
| Position of part | 429 | ||
| Central ray | 430 | ||
| Structures shown | 430 | ||
| Sacrum and Coccyx | 431 | ||
| AP and PA Axial Projections | 431 | ||
| Position of patient | 431 | ||
| Position of part | 431 | ||
| Central ray | 431 | ||
| Sacrum | 431 | ||
| Coccyx | 432 | ||
| Collimation | 432 | ||
| Structures shown | 432 | ||
| Radiation protection | 432 | ||
| Lateral Projections | 433 | ||
| R or L position | 433 | ||
| Position of patient | 433 | ||
| Position of part | 433 | ||
| Central ray | 434 | ||
| Sacrum | 434 | ||
| Coccyx | 434 | ||
| Collimation | 434 | ||
| Structures shown | 434 | ||
| Improving radiographic quality | 434 | ||
| Lumbar Intervertebral Disks | 435 | ||
| PA Projection | 435 | ||
| Position of patient | 435 | ||
| Position of part | 435 | ||
| Central ray | 435 | ||
| Structures shown | 436 | ||
| Radiation protection | 436 | ||
| Thoracolumbar Spine: Scoliosis | 437 | ||
| PA and Lateral Projections | 437 | ||
| Frank et al. Method | 437 | ||
| Digital imaging | 437 | ||
| Collimation | 437 | ||
| Radiation protection | 438 | ||
| Structures shown | 438 | ||
| PA Projection | 439 | ||
| Ferguson Method | 439 | ||
| Position of patient | 439 | ||
| Position of part | 439 | ||
| First radiograph | 439 | ||
| Second radiograph | 439 | ||
| Central ray | 439 | ||
| Collimation | 439 | ||
| Structures shown | 439 | ||
| Lumbar Spine: Spinal Fusion | 441 | ||
| AP Projection | 441 | ||
| R and L bending | 441 | ||
| Position of patient | 441 | ||
| Position of part | 441 | ||
| Central ray | 442 | ||
| Structures shown | 442 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 443 | ||
| Position of patient | 443 | ||
| Position of part | 443 | ||
| Central ray | 444 | ||
| Structures shown | 444 | ||
| 9 Bony Thorax | 445 | ||
| Outline | 445 | ||
| Summary of Projections | 446 | ||
| Anatomy | 447 | ||
| Bony Thorax | 447 | ||
| Sternum | 447 | ||
| Ribs | 448 | ||
| Bony Thorax Articulations | 449 | ||
| Respiratory Movement | 451 | ||
| Diaphragm | 452 | ||
| Body Position | 453 | ||
| Trauma Patients | 453 | ||
| Radiography | 456 | ||
| 10 Thoracic Viscera | 477 | ||
| Outline | 477 | ||
| Summary of Projections | 478 | ||
| Anatomy | 479 | ||
| Body Habitus | 479 | ||
| Thoracic Cavity | 479 | ||
| Respiratory System | 479 | ||
| Trachea | 480 | ||
| Alveoli | 481 | ||
| Lungs | 481 | ||
| Mediastinum | 483 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 484 | ||
| Radiography | 488 | ||
| General Positioning Considerations | 488 | ||
| PA Criteria | 488 | ||
| Lateral Criteria | 488 | ||
| Oblique Criteria | 488 | ||
| Breathing Instructions | 490 | ||
| Technical Procedure | 490 | ||
| Trachea | 492 | ||
| Radiation Protection | 492 | ||
| AP Projection | 492 | ||
| Position of patient | 492 | ||
| Position of part | 492 | ||
| Central ray | 493 | ||
| Structures shown | 493 | ||
| Trachea and Superior Mediastinum | 494 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 494 | ||
| R or L position | 494 | ||
| Position of patient | 494 | ||
| Position of part | 494 | ||
| Central ray | 495 | ||
| Structures shown | 495 | ||
| Chest | 496 | ||
| Lungs and Heart | 496 | ||
| PA Projection | 496 | ||
| Position of patient | 496 | ||
| Position of part | 496 | ||
| Central ray | 498 | ||
| Collimation | 499 | ||
| Structures shown | 499 | ||
| Cardiac studies with barium | 499 | ||
| Lungs and Heart | 500 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 500 | ||
| R or L position | 500 | ||
| Position of patient | 500 | ||
| Position of part | 500 | ||
| Central ray | 501 | ||
| Collimation | 502 | ||
| Structures shown | 502 | ||
| Cardiac studies with barium | 503 | ||
| Lungs and Heart | 504 | ||
| PA Oblique Projection | 504 | ||
| RAO and LAO positions | 504 | ||
| Position of patient | 504 | ||
| Position of part | 505 | ||
| LAO position | 505 | ||
| RAO position | 505 | ||
| Central ray | 505 | ||
| Collimation | 506 | ||
| Structures shown | 506 | ||
| Barium studies | 507 | ||
| Lungs and Heart | 508 | ||
| AP Oblique Projection | 508 | ||
| RPO and LPO positions | 508 | ||
| Position of patient | 508 | ||
| Position of part | 508 | ||
| Central ray | 509 | ||
| Collimation | 509 | ||
| Structures shown | 509 | ||
| AP Projection* | 510 | ||
| Position of patient | 510 | ||
| Position of part | 510 | ||
| Central ray | 510 | ||
| Collimation | 511 | ||
| Structures shown | 511 | ||
| Pulmonary Apices | 512 | ||
| AP Axial Projection | 512 | ||
| Position of patient | 512 | ||
| Position of part | 512 | ||
| Lordotic position | 512 | ||
| Oblique lordotic positions—LPO or RPO | 512 | ||
| Central ray | 513 | ||
| Collimation | 513 | ||
| Structures shown | 513 | ||
| Lordotic position | 513 | ||
| Oblique lordotic position | 513 | ||
| PA Axial Projection | 514 | ||
| Position of patient | 514 | ||
| Position of part | 514 | ||
| Central ray | 514 | ||
| Inspiration | 514 | ||
| Expiration (optional) | 514 | ||
| Collimation | 514 | ||
| Structures shown | 514 | ||
| AP Axial Projection | 515 | ||
| Position of patient | 515 | ||
| Position of part | 515 | ||
| Central ray | 515 | ||
| Collimation | 515 | ||
| Structures shown | 515 | ||
| Lungs and Pleurae | 516 | ||
| AP or PA Projection* | 516 | ||
| R or L lateral decubitus positions | 516 | ||
| Position of patient | 516 | ||
| Position of part | 516 | ||
| Central ray | 516 | ||
| Collimation | 516 | ||
| Structures shown | 516 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 518 | ||
| Position of patient | 518 | ||
| Position of part | 518 | ||
| Central ray | 518 | ||
| Collimation | 518 | ||
| Structures shown | 518 | ||
| Addendum A Summary of Abbreviations Volume One | 521 | ||
| Index | I-1 | ||
| A | I-1 | ||
| B | I-4 | ||
| C | I-6 | ||
| D | I-13 | ||
| E | I-15 | ||
| F | I-17 | ||
| G | I-19 | ||
| H | I-20 | ||
| I | I-22 | ||
| J | I-24 | ||
| K | I-24 | ||
| L | I-24 | ||
| M | I-27 | ||
| N | I-30 | ||
| O | I-31 | ||
| P | I-32 | ||
| Q | I-35 | ||
| R | I-35 | ||
| S | I-38 | ||
| T | I-43 | ||
| U | I-46 | ||
| V | I-47 | ||
| W | I-49 | ||
| X | I-49 | ||
| Y | I-49 | ||
| Z | I-49 | ||
| Index | e1 | ||
| A | e1 | ||
| B | e2 | ||
| C | e2 | ||
| D | e4 | ||
| E | e4 | ||
| F | e5 | ||
| G | e6 | ||
| H | e6 | ||
| I | e7 | ||
| J | e7 | ||
| K | e7 | ||
| L | e7 | ||
| M | e8 | ||
| N | e9 | ||
| O | e9 | ||
| P | e9 | ||
| Q | e10 | ||
| R | e10 | ||
| S | e11 | ||
| T | e13 | ||
| U | e14 | ||
| V | e14 | ||
| W | e14 | ||
| X | e15 | ||
| Y | e15 | ||
| Z | e15 | ||
| Endsheet 6 | IBC6 | ||
| Endsheet 7 | IBC7 |