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Kanski's Clinical Ophthalmology E-Book

Kanski's Clinical Ophthalmology E-Book

Jack J. Kanski | Brad Bowling

(2015)

Additional Information

Book Details

Abstract

Kanski’s Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systematic Approach is the classic specialty text providing the perfect ophthalmology foundation for trainees through to experienced practitioners. The famous visually dynamic and succinct format enables easy comprehension and focused guidance in the diagnosis and management of ophthalmic disorders.

  • Build the ultimate foundation in ophthalmology with this market-leading resource.
  • Benefit from guidance on examination, imaging, and the recognition of systemic conditions associated with ocular disease.
  • Completely revised by award-winning ophthalmic educator Brad Bowling, the eighth edition reflects the latest advances, making this an indispensable resource to enhance learning, aid exam preparation and guide clinical practice.
  • Designed for rapid reference and efficient recall, the concise but comprehensive chapters use crisp targeted text, bulleted lists, tables, and visual aids to highlight salient points across all ophthalmology subspecialties.
  • Features detailed updates on key evolving topics such as the spectrum of macular disease, with many new disorders added to this edition across a range of subspecialties.
  • Increased emphasis on practical investigation and management.
  • Includes 2,600 illustrations, images and artworks, with over 900 brand new for this edition, including ultra wide-field imaging, fundus autofluorescence, and high-resolution OCT.
  • Consult this title on your favourite e-reader.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover cover
IFC_Expert Consult page IFC1
Half title page i
Dedication ii
Kanski's Clinical Ophthalmology ii
Copyright Page iv
Table Of Contents v
Preface to the Eighth Edition viii
Abbreviations ix
1 Eyelids 1
Introduction 2
Anatomy 2
Epidermis 2
Dermis 2
Terminology 3
Clinical 3
Histological 3
General considerations 3
Non-Neoplastic Lesions 3
Chalazion 3
Pathogenesis 3
Diagnosis 5
Treatment 5
Other eyelid cysts 5
Xanthelasma 6
Introduction 6
Diagnosis 6
Treatment 7
Benign Epidermal Tumours 7
Squamous cell papilloma 7
Seborrhoeic keratosis 8
Actinic keratosis 8
Benign Pigmented Lesions 9
Freckle 9
Congenital melanocytic naevus 9
Acquired melanocytic naevus 9
Diagnosis 9
Treatment 10
Benign Adnexal Tumours 10
Syringoma 10
Pilomatricoma 10
Miscellaneous Benign Tumours 12
Capillary haemangioma 12
Port-wine stain 12
Introduction 12
Diagnosis 12
Treatment 12
Sturge–Weber syndrome 13
Pyogenic granuloma 13
Neurofibroma 13
Malignant Tumours 13
Rare predisposing conditions 13
Basal cell carcinoma 15
Introduction 15
Histopathology 15
Clinical features 15
Squamous cell carcinoma 17
Introduction 17
Histopathology 17
Clinical features 17
Keratoacanthoma 18
Introduction 18
Diagnosis 18
Treatment 18
Sebaceous gland carcinoma 19
2 Lacrimal drainage system 63
Introduction 64
Anatomy 64
Physiology 64
Causes of a watering eye 65
Evaluation 65
History 65
External examination 65
Fluorescein disappearance test 65
Lacrimal irrigation 65
Jones dye testing 67
Contrast dacryocystography 68
Nuclear lacrimal scintigraphy 69
CT and MRI 69
Internal nasal examination 69
Acquired Obstruction 69
Conjunctivochalasis 69
Primary punctal stenosis 69
Secondary punctal stenosis 70
Canalicular obstruction 70
Nasolacrimal duct obstruction 71
Dacryolithiasis 72
Congenital Obstruction 72
Nasolacrimal duct obstruction 72
Congenital dacryocoele 73
Chronic Canaliculitis 73
Dacryocystitis 73
Acute dacryocystitis 75
Chronic dacryocystitis 75
3 Orbit 77
Introduction 78
Anatomy 78
Clinical features 78
Symptoms 78
Soft tissue involvement 78
Proptosis 78
Enophthalmos 80
Ophthalmoplegia 80
Dynamic properties 80
Fundus changes 80
Investigation 81
Thyroid Eye Disease 82
4 Dry eye 119
Introduction 120
Definitions 120
Physiology 120
Tear film constituents 120
Spread of the tear film 120
Lipid layer 120
Aqueous layer 120
Mucous layer 121
Regulation of tear film components 121
Mechanism of disease 121
Classification 121
Aqueous-deficient 121
Evaporative 121
Effect of environmental factors 121
Sjögren Syndrome 121
Clinical Features 122
Symptoms 122
Signs 122
Investigation 124
Tear film break-up time 124
Schirmer test 124
Ocular surface staining 124
Other investigations 127
Treatment 127
Strategy 127
Level 1 127
Level 2 127
Level 3 127
Level 4 127
Tear substitutes 127
Punctal occlusion 128
Anti-inflammatory agents 129
Contact lenses 129
Optimization of environmental humidity 129
Miscellaneous options 129
5 Conjunctiva 131
Introduction 132
Anatomy 132
Histology 132
Clinical features of conjunctival inflammation 132
Symptoms 132
Discharge 132
Conjunctival reaction 132
Lymphadenopathy 134
Bacterial Conjunctivitis 135
Acute bacterial conjunctivitis 135
Diagnosis 135
Treatment 136
Giant fornix syndrome 136
Adult chlamydial conjunctivitis 136
Pathogenesis 136
Urogenital infection 136
Diagnosis 137
Treatment 137
Trachoma 137
Pathogenesis 137
Diagnosis 138
Management 140
Neonatal conjunctivitis 140
Causes 140
Diagnosis 140
Treatment 141
Viral Conjunctivitis 141
Introduction 141
Presentation 142
Signs 142
Investigation 142
Treatment 143
Allergic Conjunctivitis 144
Acute allergic conjunctivitis 144
Seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis 144
6 Cornea 167
Introduction 168
Anatomy and physiology 168
General 168
Dimensions 168
Structure 168
Signs of corneal disease 169
Superficial 169
Deep 170
Documentation of clinical signs 172
Specular microscopy 172
Corneal topography 173
Principles of treatment 173
Control of infection and inflammation 173
Promotion of epithelial healing 173
Bacterial Keratitis 175
Pathogenesis 175
Pathogens 175
Risk factors 175
Clinical features 175
Investigations 176
Treatment 178
General considerations 178
Local therapy 178
Systemic antibiotics 180
Management of apparent treatment failure 180
Perforation 180
Endophthalmitis 180
Visual rehabilitation 180
Fungal Keratitis 180
Introduction 180
Pathogenesis 180
Predisposing factors 181
Candidal and filamentous keratitis 181
Clinical features 181
Investigations 181
Treatment 181
Microsporidial keratitis 183
7 Corneal and refractive surgery 239
Keratoplasty 240
Introduction 240
General indications 240
Donor tissue 240
Recipient prognostic factors 241
Penetrating keratoplasty 241
Postoperative management 241
Postoperative complications 242
Corneal graft rejection 243
Superficial lamellar keratoplasty 244
Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty 244
Endothelial keratoplasty 244
Limbal stem cell grafting 245
Keratoprostheses 245
Refractive Procedures 246
Introduction 246
Correction of myopia 246
Correction of hypermetropia (hyperopia) 247
Correction of astigmatism 247
Correction of presbyopia 248
Laser refractive procedures 248
Laser in situ keratomileusis 248
Surface ablation procedures 251
Refractive lenticule extraction 251
8 Episclera and sclera 253
Anatomy 254
Episcleritis 254
Simple episcleritis 254
Nodular episcleritis 254
Immune-Mediated Scleritis 255
Anterior non-necrotizing scleritis 255
Diffuse 255
Nodular 256
Anterior necrotizing scleritis with inflammation 256
Clinical features 257
Investigations 257
Complications of anterior scleritis 258
Scleromalacia perforans 259
Posterior scleritis 259
Diagnosis 259
Differential diagnosis 260
Important systemic associations of scleritis 260
Rheumatoid arthritis 260
Wegener granulomatosis 261
Relapsing polychondritis 261
Polyarteritis nodosa 261
Treatment of immune-mediated scleritis 262
Infectious Scleritis 262
Causes 262
Treatment 262
Scleral Discoloration 262
Alkaptonuria 262
Haemochromatosis 262
Blue Sclera 262
Osteogenesis imperfecta 262
Ehlers–Danlos syndrome type VI 264
Miscellaneous Conditions 264
Congenital ocular melanocytosis 264
Idiopathic sclerochoroidal calcification 266
Scleral hyaline plaque and senile scleromalacia 267
9 Lens 269
Acquired Cataract 270
Age-related cataract 270
Subcapsular cataract 270
Nuclear sclerotic cataract 270
Cortical cataract 270
Christmas tree cataract 271
Cataract maturity 271
Cataract in systemic disease 271
Diabetes mellitus 271
Myotonic dystrophy 271
Atopic dermatitis 271
Neurofibromatosis type 2 271
Secondary cataract 273
Chronic anterior uveitis 273
Acute congestive angle closure 273
High myopia 273
Hereditary fundus dystrophies 273
Traumatic cataract 273
Management of Age-Related Cataract 273
Preoperative considerations 273
Indications for surgery 273
Systemic preoperative assessment 273
Ophthalmic preoperative assessment 277
Informed consent 277
Biometry 278
Postoperative refraction 278
Intraocular lenses 279
Positioning 279
Design 280
Anaesthesia 281
Manual cataract surgery 281
Phacoemulsification 281
Introduction 281
Phacodynamics 281
Pump type 282
Handpiece 282
Ophthalmic viscosurgical devices 284
Technique 284
Femtosecond lasers in cataract surgery 285
Operative complications 285
Rupture of the posterior lens capsule 285
Posterior loss of lens fragments 287
Posterior dislocation of IOL 288
Suprachoroidal haemorrhage 288
Acute postoperative endophthalmitis 288
Pathogenesis 288
Prophylaxis 289
Clinical features 290
Differential diagnosis 290
Identification of pathogens 290
Treatment 291
Subsequent management 292
Delayed-onset postoperative endophthalmitis 292
Pathogenesis 292
Diagnosis 292
Posterior capsular opacification 293
Diagnosis 293
Treatment 293
Anterior capsular fibrosis and contraction 294
Miscellaneous postoperative complications 295
Cystoid macular oedema 295
Dysphotopsia 295
Corneal decompensation 296
Ptosis 296
Malposition of the IOL 296
Retinal detachment 296
Congenital Cataract 297
Aetiology 297
Associated metabolic disorders 297
Galactosaemia 297
Lowe syndrome 297
Fabry disease 297
Mannosidosis 297
Other metabolic disorders 297
Associated intrauterine infections 297
Rubella 297
Toxoplasmosis 297
Cytomegalovirus infection 297
Varicella 297
Others 297
Other systemic associations 297
Down syndrome (trisomy 21) 297
Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18) 297
Miscellaneous 297
Management 298
Ocular assessment 298
Systemic investigations 298
Treatment 298
Postoperative complications 300
Visual rehabilitation 300
Ectopia Lentis 300
Introduction 300
Causes 300
Management 303
Abnormalities of Lens Shape 303
Anterior lenticonus 303
Posterior lenticonus 303
Lentiglobus 303
Microspherophakia and microphakia 303
Coloboma 303
10 Glaucoma 305
Introduction 306
Aqueous production 306
Aqueous outflow 306
Anatomy 306
Physiology 306
Intraocular pressure 307
Concept of normal intraocular pressure 307
Fluctuation 307
Overview of glaucoma 307
Definition 307
Classification 307
Epidemiology 307
Tonometry 307
Goldmann tonometry 307
Principles 307
Technique 308
Sources of error 309
Other forms of tonometry 309
Gonioscopy 309
Introduction 309
Overview 309
Optical principles 310
Disinfection 310
Indirect gonioscopy 310
Non-indentation gonioscopy 311
Indentation (dynamic, compression) gonioscopy 312
Direct gonioscopy 312
Identification of angle structures 313
Grading of angle width 315
Shaffer system 315
Other systems 315
Pathological findings 316
Evaluation of the Optic Nerve Head 316
Normal optic nerve head 316
Neuroretinal rim 316
Cup/disc (C/D) ratio 316
Optic disc size 316
Changes in glaucoma 316
Optic nerve head 317
Subtypes of glaucomatous damage 317
Non-specific signs of glaucomatous damage 317
Peripapillary changes 318
Retinal nerve fibre layer 318
Imaging in Glaucoma 320
Pachymetry 320
Stereo disc photography 320
Optical coherence tomography 320
Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy 321
Scanning laser polarimetry 322
Anterior chamber depth measurement 322
Perimetry 323
Definitions 323
Testing algorithms 325
Threshold 325
Suprathreshold 326
Fast algorithms 326
Testing patterns 326
Analysis 326
Reliability indices 326
Sensitivity values 326
Summary values 327
Computer analysis of serial fields 329
High-sensitivity field modalities 329
Sources of error 329
Medical Treatment of Glaucoma 330
11 Uveitis 395
Classification 396
Anterior Uveitis 396
Introduction 396
Clinical features 397
Investigation 400
Treatment 403
Uveitis in Spondyloarthropathies 404
Ankylosing spondylitis 405
Introduction 405
Systemic features 405
Ocular features 405
Reactive arthritis 406
Introduction 406
Systemic features 406
Ocular features 406
Psoriatic arthritis 407
12 Ocular tumours 467
Benign Epibulbar Tumours 468
Conjunctival naevus 468
Introduction 468
13 Retinal vascular disease 519
Retinal Circulation 520
Arterial system 520
Capillaries 520
Venous system 520
Diabetic Retinopathy 520
Introduction 520
Ophthalmic complications of diabetes 520
Prevalence 520
Risk factors 521
Pathogenesis 521
Classification 521
Signs 521
Microaneurysms 521
Retinal haemorrhages 521
Exudates 522
Diabetic macular oedema (DMO) 524
Ischaemic maculopathy 526
Clinically significant macular oedema 526
Cotton wool spots 526
Venous changes 527
Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities 527
Arterial changes 527
Proliferative retinopathy 529
Treatment 529
General 529
Treatment of diabetic macular oedema 529
Laser treatment for proliferative retinopathy 531
VEGF inhibition for proliferative retinopathy 535
Targeted retinal photocoagulation (TRP) 535
Advanced diabetic eye disease 536
Clinical features 536
Indications for pars plana vitrectomy 536
Diabetic papillopathy 537
Non-Diabetic Retinopathy 538
Retinal Venous Occlusive Disease 538
Introduction 538
Risk factors 538
Systemic assessment 538
All patients 538
Selected patients according to clinical indication 539
Branch retinal vein occlusion 539
Diagnosis 539
Management 539
Impending central retinal vein occlusion 541
Non-ischaemic central retinal vein occlusion 542
Diagnosis 542
Ischaemic central retinal vein occlusion 542
Diagnosis 543
Hemiretinal vein occlusion 544
Diagnosis 544
Treatment of the complications of CRVO 544
Systemic management in retinal vein occlusion 549
Papillophlebitis 549
Retinal Arterial Occlusive Disease 549
Aetiology 549
Systemic assessment 550
All patients 550
Selected patients 551
Amaurosis fugax 551
Branch retinal artery occlusion 551
Central retinal artery occlusion 552
Cilioretinal artery occlusion 552
Treatment of acute retinal artery occlusion 552
Systemic management following retinal arterial occlusion 555
Asymptomatic retinal embolus 556
Ocular Ischaemic Syndrome 556
Introduction 556
Diagnosis 556
Management 556
Hypertensive Eye Disease 557
Retinopathy 557
Choroidopathy 559
Sickle Cell Retinopathy 559
Sickling haemoglobinopathies 559
Anterior segment 560
Non-proliferative retinopathy 560
Proliferative retinopathy 560
Diagnosis 560
Treatment 560
Thalassaemia Retinopathy 561
Retinopathy of Prematurity 561
Introduction 561
Active disease 563
Location 563
Staging 563
Type 563
Screening 564
Treatment 565
Cicatricial disease 565
Retinal Artery Macroaneurysm 565
Diagnosis 565
Treatment 568
Primary Retinal Telangiectasia 569
Idiopathic macular telangiectasia 569
Coats disease 569
14 Acquired macular disorders 579
Introduction 580
Anatomical landmarks 580
Retinal pigment epithelium 581
Bruch membrane 581
Clinical Evaluation of Macular Disease 581
Symptoms 581
Visual acuity 582
Snellen visual acuity 582
Very poor visual acuity 582
LogMAR acuity 583
LogMAR charts 583
Contrast sensitivity 584
Near visual acuity 584
Amsler grid 585
Charts 585
Technique 585
Pupils 585
Colour vision 586
Plus lens test 586
Investigation of Macular Disease 586
Microperimetry 586
Fundus fluorescein angiography 587
Introduction 587
Technique 588
Angiographic phases 589
Causes of hyperfluorescence 589
Causes of hypofluorescence 592
Systematic approach to fluorescein angiogram analysis 592
Indocyanine green angiography 593
Introduction 593
Adverse effects 595
Diagnosis 596
Indications 597
Optical coherence tomography 597
Introduction 597
Applications 598
Normal appearance 598
Fundus autofluorescence 598
Wide-field imaging 598
Age-Related Macular Degeneration 598
Introduction 598
Classification 598
Epidemiology 598
Risk factors 600
Drusen 601
Histopathology 601
Clinical features 601
OCT 601
Fluorescein angiography 601
Differential diagnosis 601
Antioxidant supplementation 603
Introduction 603
AREDS2 603
Other considerations 604
Non-exudative (dry, non-neovascular) AMD 604
Diagnosis 604
Management 604
Retinal pigment epithelial detachment 606
Pathogenesis 606
Serous PED 606
Fibrovascular PED 607
Drusenoid PED 607
Haemorrhagic PED 608
Retinal pigment epithelial tear 608
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) 609
Introduction 609
Clinical features 609
Fluorescein angiography 609
Indocyanine green angiography 609
Optical coherence tomography 609
Treatment with anti-VEGF agents 609
Treatment with photodynamic therapy (PDT) 614
Combination and other experimental therapies 615
Laser 615
Haemorrhagic AMD 615
Retinal Angiomatous Proliferation 616
Diagnosis 616
Treatment 616
Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy 617
Introduction 617
Diagnosis 617
Treatment 617
Peripheral Exudative Haemorrhagic Chorioretinopathy 617
Idiopathic Choroidal Neovascularization 618
Vitreomacular Interface Disorders 618
Epiretinal membrane 618
15 Hereditary fundus dystrophies 641
16 Retinal detachment 681
Introduction 682
Anatomy of the peripheral retina 682
Pars plana 682
Ora serrata 682
Vitreous base 682
Innocuous peripheral retinal degenerations 682
Sites of vitreous adhesion 683
Physiological 683
Pathological 683
Definitions 683
Clinical examination 685
Head-mounted binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy 685
Slit lamp fundus examination 686
Fundus drawing 687
Ultrasonography 688
Introduction 688
Technique 688
Peripheral Lesions Predisposing to Retinal Detachment 688
Lattice degeneration 688
Snailtrack degeneration 689
Cystic retinal tuft 690
Degenerative retinoschisis 690
Zonular traction tuft 692
White with pressure and white without pressure 693
Myopic choroidal atrophy 693
Posterior Vitreous Detachment 694
Introduction 694
Clinical features 694
Management 695
Retinal Breaks 698
Introduction 698
Clinical features 698
Management 698
Treatment techniques 700
Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment 701
Introduction 701
Pathogenesis 701
Identification of retinal breaks 701
Symptoms 701
Signs 702
General 702
Fresh retinal detachment 703
Long-standing retinal detachment 704
Proliferative vitreoretinopathy 705
Differential diagnosis 706
Degenerative retinoschisis 706
Choroidal detachment 706
Uveal effusion syndrome 707
Surgery 707
Indications for urgent surgery 707
Pneumatic retinopexy 708
Principles of scleral buckling 708
Drainage of subretinal fluid 708
Complications of scleral buckling 709
Pars plana vitrectomy 711
Tractional Retinal Detachment 711
Pathogenesis of diabetic tractional retinal detachment 712
17 Vitreous opacities 721
Introduction 722
Muscae volitantes 722
Vitreous haemorrhage 722
Terson syndrome 722
Asteroid hyalosis 722
Synchysis scintillans 722
Amyloidosis 722
Vitreous cyst 726
Persistent fetal vasculature 726
18 Strabismus 727
Introduction 728
Definitions 728
Anatomy of the extraocular muscles 728
Principles 728
Horizontal recti 729
Vertical recti 729
Spiral of Tillaux 730
Oblique muscles 730
Muscle pulleys 731
Innervation 731
Ocular movements 731
Ductions 731
Versions 731
Vergences 732
Positions of gaze 732
Laws of ocular motility 733
Sensory considerations 733
Basic aspects 733
Sensory adaptations to strabismus 736
Motor adaptation to strabismus 737
Amblyopia 737
Classification 737
Diagnosis 738
Treatment 738
Clinical Evaluation 738
History 738
Visual acuity 739
Testing in preverbal children 739
Testing in verbal children 740
Tests for stereopsis 740
Titmus 740
TNO 740
Frisby 741
Lang 741
Tests for binocular fusion in infants without manifest squint 741
Base-out prism 741
Binocular convergence 742
Tests for sensory anomalies 742
Worth four-dot test 742
Bagolini striated glasses 742
4 Δ prism test 742
Synoptophore 743
Grades of binocular vision 743
Detection of abnormal retinal correspondence 745
Measurement of deviation 746
Hirschberg test 746
Krimsky and prism reflection tests 746
Cover–uncover test 746
Alternate cover test 748
Prism cover test 748
Maddox wing 748
Maddox rod 749
Motility tests 749
Ocular movements 749
Near point of convergence 750
Near point of accommodation 750
Fusional amplitudes 750
Postoperative diplopia test 750
Hess chart 751
Hess screen 751
Lees screen 751
Interpretation 751
Changes over time 751
Examples 752
Refraction and fundoscopy 752
Cycloplegia 755
Change of refraction with age in childhood 755
When to prescribe 755
Pseudostrabismus 755
Heterophoria 756
Vergence Abnormalities 756
Convergence insufficiency 756
Divergence insufficiency 756
Near reflex insufficiency 757
Spasm of the near reflex 757
Esotropia 757
Early-onset esotropia 757
Signs 757
Initial treatment 758
Subsequent treatment 759
Accommodative esotropia 760
Refractive accommodative esotropia 760
Non-refractive accommodative esotropia 760
Treatment 761
Microtropia 761
Treatment 762
Other esotropias 762
Near esotropia (non-accommodative convergence excess) 762
Distance esotropia 762
Acute (late-onset) esotropia 762
Secondary (sensory) esotropia 762
Consecutive esotropia 762
Cyclic esotropia 762
High myopia esotropia 762
Exotropia 762
Constant (early-onset) exotropia 762
Intermittent exotropia 762
Diagnosis 762
Classification 763
Treatment 763
Sensory exotropia 763
Consecutive exotropia 763
Congenital Cranial Dysinnervation Disorders 764
Duane retraction syndrome 764
Clinical features 764
Classification (Huber) 764
Treatment 764
Möbius syndrome 765
Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles 766
Strabismus fixus 766
Other CCDD syndromes with ophthalmic features 766
Monocular Elevation Deficiency 766
Brown Syndrome 766
Classification 766
Diagnosis 767
19 Neuro-ophthalmology 773
Neuroimaging 774
Computed tomography 774
Physics 774
Contrast enhancement 774
Indications 774
Magnetic resonance imaging 775
Physics 775
Basic sequences 775
Image enhancement 775
Limitations 775
Neuro-ophthalmic indications 775
Angiography 776
Magnetic resonance angiography 776
Magnetic resonance venography 778
Computed tomographic angiography 779
Computed tomographic venography 779
Conventional catheter angiography 779
Optic Nerve 779
Anatomy 779
General structure (Figs 19.5A, B and C) 779
Anatomical subdivisions 779
Visual evoked potential 779
Signs of optic nerve dysfunction 780
Classification of optic neuropathy by cause 781
Optic atrophy 781
Introduction 781
Primary optic atrophy 781
Secondary optic atrophy 781
Consecutive optic atrophy 781
Glaucomatous optic atrophy 782
Classification of optic neuritis 782
According to ophthalmoscopic appearance 782
According to aetiology 783
Demyelinating optic neuritis 783
Overview 783
Multiple sclerosis 783
Association between optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis 784
Clinical features of demyelinating optic neuritis 784
Treatment following demyelinating optic neuritis 784
Parainfectious optic neuritis 785
Infectious optic neuritis 785
Non-infectious optic neuritis 785
Sarcoidosis 785
Autoimmune 785
Neuroretinitis 785
Introduction 785
20 Ocular side effects of systemic medication 851
Cornea 852
Vortex keratopathy (cornea verticillata) 852
Clinical features 852
Causes 852
Chlorpromazine 853
Argyrosis 853
Chrysiasis 853
Amantadine 853
Ciliary Effusion 853
Topiramate 853
Lens 853
Steroids 853
Other drugs 854
Uveitis 854
Rifabutin 854
Cidofovir 854
Bisphosphonates 854
Sulfonamides 854
Fluoroquinolones 854
Tumour necrosis factor inhibitors 854
Retina 854
Antimalarials 854
Introduction 854
Diagnosis 854
Screening 855
Phenothiazines 856
Drug-induced crystalline maculopathies 856
Other drugs causing retinopathy 857
Optic Nerve 859
Ethambutol 859
Isoniazid 859
Amiodarone 859
Vigabatrin 859
Methotrexate 860
21 Trauma 861
Eyelid Trauma 862
Periocular haematoma 862
Laceration 862
Orbital Trauma 864
Orbital floor fracture 864
Introduction 864
Diagnosis 864
Treatment 865
Roof fracture 866
Index 887
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