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Book Details
Abstract
Kanski’s Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systematic Approach is the classic specialty text providing the perfect ophthalmology foundation for trainees through to experienced practitioners. The famous visually dynamic and succinct format enables easy comprehension and focused guidance in the diagnosis and management of ophthalmic disorders.
- Build the ultimate foundation in ophthalmology with this market-leading resource.
- Benefit from guidance on examination, imaging, and the recognition of systemic conditions associated with ocular disease.
- Completely revised by award-winning ophthalmic educator Brad Bowling, the eighth edition reflects the latest advances, making this an indispensable resource to enhance learning, aid exam preparation and guide clinical practice.
- Designed for rapid reference and efficient recall, the concise but comprehensive chapters use crisp targeted text, bulleted lists, tables, and visual aids to highlight salient points across all ophthalmology subspecialties.
- Features detailed updates on key evolving topics such as the spectrum of macular disease, with many new disorders added to this edition across a range of subspecialties.
- Increased emphasis on practical investigation and management.
- Includes 2,600 illustrations, images and artworks, with over 900 brand new for this edition, including ultra wide-field imaging, fundus autofluorescence, and high-resolution OCT.
- Consult this title on your favourite e-reader.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| IFC_Expert Consult page | IFC1 | ||
| Half title page | i | ||
| Dedication | ii | ||
| Kanski's Clinical Ophthalmology | ii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Table Of Contents | v | ||
| Preface to the Eighth Edition | viii | ||
| Abbreviations | ix | ||
| 1 Eyelids | 1 | ||
| Introduction | 2 | ||
| Anatomy | 2 | ||
| Epidermis | 2 | ||
| Dermis | 2 | ||
| Terminology | 3 | ||
| Clinical | 3 | ||
| Histological | 3 | ||
| General considerations | 3 | ||
| Non-Neoplastic Lesions | 3 | ||
| Chalazion | 3 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 3 | ||
| Diagnosis | 5 | ||
| Treatment | 5 | ||
| Other eyelid cysts | 5 | ||
| Xanthelasma | 6 | ||
| Introduction | 6 | ||
| Diagnosis | 6 | ||
| Treatment | 7 | ||
| Benign Epidermal Tumours | 7 | ||
| Squamous cell papilloma | 7 | ||
| Seborrhoeic keratosis | 8 | ||
| Actinic keratosis | 8 | ||
| Benign Pigmented Lesions | 9 | ||
| Freckle | 9 | ||
| Congenital melanocytic naevus | 9 | ||
| Acquired melanocytic naevus | 9 | ||
| Diagnosis | 9 | ||
| Treatment | 10 | ||
| Benign Adnexal Tumours | 10 | ||
| Syringoma | 10 | ||
| Pilomatricoma | 10 | ||
| Miscellaneous Benign Tumours | 12 | ||
| Capillary haemangioma | 12 | ||
| Port-wine stain | 12 | ||
| Introduction | 12 | ||
| Diagnosis | 12 | ||
| Treatment | 12 | ||
| Sturge–Weber syndrome | 13 | ||
| Pyogenic granuloma | 13 | ||
| Neurofibroma | 13 | ||
| Malignant Tumours | 13 | ||
| Rare predisposing conditions | 13 | ||
| Basal cell carcinoma | 15 | ||
| Introduction | 15 | ||
| Histopathology | 15 | ||
| Clinical features | 15 | ||
| Squamous cell carcinoma | 17 | ||
| Introduction | 17 | ||
| Histopathology | 17 | ||
| Clinical features | 17 | ||
| Keratoacanthoma | 18 | ||
| Introduction | 18 | ||
| Diagnosis | 18 | ||
| Treatment | 18 | ||
| Sebaceous gland carcinoma | 19 | ||
| 2 Lacrimal drainage system | 63 | ||
| Introduction | 64 | ||
| Anatomy | 64 | ||
| Physiology | 64 | ||
| Causes of a watering eye | 65 | ||
| Evaluation | 65 | ||
| History | 65 | ||
| External examination | 65 | ||
| Fluorescein disappearance test | 65 | ||
| Lacrimal irrigation | 65 | ||
| Jones dye testing | 67 | ||
| Contrast dacryocystography | 68 | ||
| Nuclear lacrimal scintigraphy | 69 | ||
| CT and MRI | 69 | ||
| Internal nasal examination | 69 | ||
| Acquired Obstruction | 69 | ||
| Conjunctivochalasis | 69 | ||
| Primary punctal stenosis | 69 | ||
| Secondary punctal stenosis | 70 | ||
| Canalicular obstruction | 70 | ||
| Nasolacrimal duct obstruction | 71 | ||
| Dacryolithiasis | 72 | ||
| Congenital Obstruction | 72 | ||
| Nasolacrimal duct obstruction | 72 | ||
| Congenital dacryocoele | 73 | ||
| Chronic Canaliculitis | 73 | ||
| Dacryocystitis | 73 | ||
| Acute dacryocystitis | 75 | ||
| Chronic dacryocystitis | 75 | ||
| 3 Orbit | 77 | ||
| Introduction | 78 | ||
| Anatomy | 78 | ||
| Clinical features | 78 | ||
| Symptoms | 78 | ||
| Soft tissue involvement | 78 | ||
| Proptosis | 78 | ||
| Enophthalmos | 80 | ||
| Ophthalmoplegia | 80 | ||
| Dynamic properties | 80 | ||
| Fundus changes | 80 | ||
| Investigation | 81 | ||
| Thyroid Eye Disease | 82 | ||
| 4 Dry eye | 119 | ||
| Introduction | 120 | ||
| Definitions | 120 | ||
| Physiology | 120 | ||
| Tear film constituents | 120 | ||
| Spread of the tear film | 120 | ||
| Lipid layer | 120 | ||
| Aqueous layer | 120 | ||
| Mucous layer | 121 | ||
| Regulation of tear film components | 121 | ||
| Mechanism of disease | 121 | ||
| Classification | 121 | ||
| Aqueous-deficient | 121 | ||
| Evaporative | 121 | ||
| Effect of environmental factors | 121 | ||
| Sjögren Syndrome | 121 | ||
| Clinical Features | 122 | ||
| Symptoms | 122 | ||
| Signs | 122 | ||
| Investigation | 124 | ||
| Tear film break-up time | 124 | ||
| Schirmer test | 124 | ||
| Ocular surface staining | 124 | ||
| Other investigations | 127 | ||
| Treatment | 127 | ||
| Strategy | 127 | ||
| Level 1 | 127 | ||
| Level 2 | 127 | ||
| Level 3 | 127 | ||
| Level 4 | 127 | ||
| Tear substitutes | 127 | ||
| Punctal occlusion | 128 | ||
| Anti-inflammatory agents | 129 | ||
| Contact lenses | 129 | ||
| Optimization of environmental humidity | 129 | ||
| Miscellaneous options | 129 | ||
| 5 Conjunctiva | 131 | ||
| Introduction | 132 | ||
| Anatomy | 132 | ||
| Histology | 132 | ||
| Clinical features of conjunctival inflammation | 132 | ||
| Symptoms | 132 | ||
| Discharge | 132 | ||
| Conjunctival reaction | 132 | ||
| Lymphadenopathy | 134 | ||
| Bacterial Conjunctivitis | 135 | ||
| Acute bacterial conjunctivitis | 135 | ||
| Diagnosis | 135 | ||
| Treatment | 136 | ||
| Giant fornix syndrome | 136 | ||
| Adult chlamydial conjunctivitis | 136 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 136 | ||
| Urogenital infection | 136 | ||
| Diagnosis | 137 | ||
| Treatment | 137 | ||
| Trachoma | 137 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 137 | ||
| Diagnosis | 138 | ||
| Management | 140 | ||
| Neonatal conjunctivitis | 140 | ||
| Causes | 140 | ||
| Diagnosis | 140 | ||
| Treatment | 141 | ||
| Viral Conjunctivitis | 141 | ||
| Introduction | 141 | ||
| Presentation | 142 | ||
| Signs | 142 | ||
| Investigation | 142 | ||
| Treatment | 143 | ||
| Allergic Conjunctivitis | 144 | ||
| Acute allergic conjunctivitis | 144 | ||
| Seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis | 144 | ||
| 6 Cornea | 167 | ||
| Introduction | 168 | ||
| Anatomy and physiology | 168 | ||
| General | 168 | ||
| Dimensions | 168 | ||
| Structure | 168 | ||
| Signs of corneal disease | 169 | ||
| Superficial | 169 | ||
| Deep | 170 | ||
| Documentation of clinical signs | 172 | ||
| Specular microscopy | 172 | ||
| Corneal topography | 173 | ||
| Principles of treatment | 173 | ||
| Control of infection and inflammation | 173 | ||
| Promotion of epithelial healing | 173 | ||
| Bacterial Keratitis | 175 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 175 | ||
| Pathogens | 175 | ||
| Risk factors | 175 | ||
| Clinical features | 175 | ||
| Investigations | 176 | ||
| Treatment | 178 | ||
| General considerations | 178 | ||
| Local therapy | 178 | ||
| Systemic antibiotics | 180 | ||
| Management of apparent treatment failure | 180 | ||
| Perforation | 180 | ||
| Endophthalmitis | 180 | ||
| Visual rehabilitation | 180 | ||
| Fungal Keratitis | 180 | ||
| Introduction | 180 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 180 | ||
| Predisposing factors | 181 | ||
| Candidal and filamentous keratitis | 181 | ||
| Clinical features | 181 | ||
| Investigations | 181 | ||
| Treatment | 181 | ||
| Microsporidial keratitis | 183 | ||
| 7 Corneal and refractive surgery | 239 | ||
| Keratoplasty | 240 | ||
| Introduction | 240 | ||
| General indications | 240 | ||
| Donor tissue | 240 | ||
| Recipient prognostic factors | 241 | ||
| Penetrating keratoplasty | 241 | ||
| Postoperative management | 241 | ||
| Postoperative complications | 242 | ||
| Corneal graft rejection | 243 | ||
| Superficial lamellar keratoplasty | 244 | ||
| Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty | 244 | ||
| Endothelial keratoplasty | 244 | ||
| Limbal stem cell grafting | 245 | ||
| Keratoprostheses | 245 | ||
| Refractive Procedures | 246 | ||
| Introduction | 246 | ||
| Correction of myopia | 246 | ||
| Correction of hypermetropia (hyperopia) | 247 | ||
| Correction of astigmatism | 247 | ||
| Correction of presbyopia | 248 | ||
| Laser refractive procedures | 248 | ||
| Laser in situ keratomileusis | 248 | ||
| Surface ablation procedures | 251 | ||
| Refractive lenticule extraction | 251 | ||
| 8 Episclera and sclera | 253 | ||
| Anatomy | 254 | ||
| Episcleritis | 254 | ||
| Simple episcleritis | 254 | ||
| Nodular episcleritis | 254 | ||
| Immune-Mediated Scleritis | 255 | ||
| Anterior non-necrotizing scleritis | 255 | ||
| Diffuse | 255 | ||
| Nodular | 256 | ||
| Anterior necrotizing scleritis with inflammation | 256 | ||
| Clinical features | 257 | ||
| Investigations | 257 | ||
| Complications of anterior scleritis | 258 | ||
| Scleromalacia perforans | 259 | ||
| Posterior scleritis | 259 | ||
| Diagnosis | 259 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 260 | ||
| Important systemic associations of scleritis | 260 | ||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 260 | ||
| Wegener granulomatosis | 261 | ||
| Relapsing polychondritis | 261 | ||
| Polyarteritis nodosa | 261 | ||
| Treatment of immune-mediated scleritis | 262 | ||
| Infectious Scleritis | 262 | ||
| Causes | 262 | ||
| Treatment | 262 | ||
| Scleral Discoloration | 262 | ||
| Alkaptonuria | 262 | ||
| Haemochromatosis | 262 | ||
| Blue Sclera | 262 | ||
| Osteogenesis imperfecta | 262 | ||
| Ehlers–Danlos syndrome type VI | 264 | ||
| Miscellaneous Conditions | 264 | ||
| Congenital ocular melanocytosis | 264 | ||
| Idiopathic sclerochoroidal calcification | 266 | ||
| Scleral hyaline plaque and senile scleromalacia | 267 | ||
| 9 Lens | 269 | ||
| Acquired Cataract | 270 | ||
| Age-related cataract | 270 | ||
| Subcapsular cataract | 270 | ||
| Nuclear sclerotic cataract | 270 | ||
| Cortical cataract | 270 | ||
| Christmas tree cataract | 271 | ||
| Cataract maturity | 271 | ||
| Cataract in systemic disease | 271 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 271 | ||
| Myotonic dystrophy | 271 | ||
| Atopic dermatitis | 271 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis type 2 | 271 | ||
| Secondary cataract | 273 | ||
| Chronic anterior uveitis | 273 | ||
| Acute congestive angle closure | 273 | ||
| High myopia | 273 | ||
| Hereditary fundus dystrophies | 273 | ||
| Traumatic cataract | 273 | ||
| Management of Age-Related Cataract | 273 | ||
| Preoperative considerations | 273 | ||
| Indications for surgery | 273 | ||
| Systemic preoperative assessment | 273 | ||
| Ophthalmic preoperative assessment | 277 | ||
| Informed consent | 277 | ||
| Biometry | 278 | ||
| Postoperative refraction | 278 | ||
| Intraocular lenses | 279 | ||
| Positioning | 279 | ||
| Design | 280 | ||
| Anaesthesia | 281 | ||
| Manual cataract surgery | 281 | ||
| Phacoemulsification | 281 | ||
| Introduction | 281 | ||
| Phacodynamics | 281 | ||
| Pump type | 282 | ||
| Handpiece | 282 | ||
| Ophthalmic viscosurgical devices | 284 | ||
| Technique | 284 | ||
| Femtosecond lasers in cataract surgery | 285 | ||
| Operative complications | 285 | ||
| Rupture of the posterior lens capsule | 285 | ||
| Posterior loss of lens fragments | 287 | ||
| Posterior dislocation of IOL | 288 | ||
| Suprachoroidal haemorrhage | 288 | ||
| Acute postoperative endophthalmitis | 288 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 288 | ||
| Prophylaxis | 289 | ||
| Clinical features | 290 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 290 | ||
| Identification of pathogens | 290 | ||
| Treatment | 291 | ||
| Subsequent management | 292 | ||
| Delayed-onset postoperative endophthalmitis | 292 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 292 | ||
| Diagnosis | 292 | ||
| Posterior capsular opacification | 293 | ||
| Diagnosis | 293 | ||
| Treatment | 293 | ||
| Anterior capsular fibrosis and contraction | 294 | ||
| Miscellaneous postoperative complications | 295 | ||
| Cystoid macular oedema | 295 | ||
| Dysphotopsia | 295 | ||
| Corneal decompensation | 296 | ||
| Ptosis | 296 | ||
| Malposition of the IOL | 296 | ||
| Retinal detachment | 296 | ||
| Congenital Cataract | 297 | ||
| Aetiology | 297 | ||
| Associated metabolic disorders | 297 | ||
| Galactosaemia | 297 | ||
| Lowe syndrome | 297 | ||
| Fabry disease | 297 | ||
| Mannosidosis | 297 | ||
| Other metabolic disorders | 297 | ||
| Associated intrauterine infections | 297 | ||
| Rubella | 297 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis | 297 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus infection | 297 | ||
| Varicella | 297 | ||
| Others | 297 | ||
| Other systemic associations | 297 | ||
| Down syndrome (trisomy 21) | 297 | ||
| Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18) | 297 | ||
| Miscellaneous | 297 | ||
| Management | 298 | ||
| Ocular assessment | 298 | ||
| Systemic investigations | 298 | ||
| Treatment | 298 | ||
| Postoperative complications | 300 | ||
| Visual rehabilitation | 300 | ||
| Ectopia Lentis | 300 | ||
| Introduction | 300 | ||
| Causes | 300 | ||
| Management | 303 | ||
| Abnormalities of Lens Shape | 303 | ||
| Anterior lenticonus | 303 | ||
| Posterior lenticonus | 303 | ||
| Lentiglobus | 303 | ||
| Microspherophakia and microphakia | 303 | ||
| Coloboma | 303 | ||
| 10 Glaucoma | 305 | ||
| Introduction | 306 | ||
| Aqueous production | 306 | ||
| Aqueous outflow | 306 | ||
| Anatomy | 306 | ||
| Physiology | 306 | ||
| Intraocular pressure | 307 | ||
| Concept of normal intraocular pressure | 307 | ||
| Fluctuation | 307 | ||
| Overview of glaucoma | 307 | ||
| Definition | 307 | ||
| Classification | 307 | ||
| Epidemiology | 307 | ||
| Tonometry | 307 | ||
| Goldmann tonometry | 307 | ||
| Principles | 307 | ||
| Technique | 308 | ||
| Sources of error | 309 | ||
| Other forms of tonometry | 309 | ||
| Gonioscopy | 309 | ||
| Introduction | 309 | ||
| Overview | 309 | ||
| Optical principles | 310 | ||
| Disinfection | 310 | ||
| Indirect gonioscopy | 310 | ||
| Non-indentation gonioscopy | 311 | ||
| Indentation (dynamic, compression) gonioscopy | 312 | ||
| Direct gonioscopy | 312 | ||
| Identification of angle structures | 313 | ||
| Grading of angle width | 315 | ||
| Shaffer system | 315 | ||
| Other systems | 315 | ||
| Pathological findings | 316 | ||
| Evaluation of the Optic Nerve Head | 316 | ||
| Normal optic nerve head | 316 | ||
| Neuroretinal rim | 316 | ||
| Cup/disc (C/D) ratio | 316 | ||
| Optic disc size | 316 | ||
| Changes in glaucoma | 316 | ||
| Optic nerve head | 317 | ||
| Subtypes of glaucomatous damage | 317 | ||
| Non-specific signs of glaucomatous damage | 317 | ||
| Peripapillary changes | 318 | ||
| Retinal nerve fibre layer | 318 | ||
| Imaging in Glaucoma | 320 | ||
| Pachymetry | 320 | ||
| Stereo disc photography | 320 | ||
| Optical coherence tomography | 320 | ||
| Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy | 321 | ||
| Scanning laser polarimetry | 322 | ||
| Anterior chamber depth measurement | 322 | ||
| Perimetry | 323 | ||
| Definitions | 323 | ||
| Testing algorithms | 325 | ||
| Threshold | 325 | ||
| Suprathreshold | 326 | ||
| Fast algorithms | 326 | ||
| Testing patterns | 326 | ||
| Analysis | 326 | ||
| Reliability indices | 326 | ||
| Sensitivity values | 326 | ||
| Summary values | 327 | ||
| Computer analysis of serial fields | 329 | ||
| High-sensitivity field modalities | 329 | ||
| Sources of error | 329 | ||
| Medical Treatment of Glaucoma | 330 | ||
| 11 Uveitis | 395 | ||
| Classification | 396 | ||
| Anterior Uveitis | 396 | ||
| Introduction | 396 | ||
| Clinical features | 397 | ||
| Investigation | 400 | ||
| Treatment | 403 | ||
| Uveitis in Spondyloarthropathies | 404 | ||
| Ankylosing spondylitis | 405 | ||
| Introduction | 405 | ||
| Systemic features | 405 | ||
| Ocular features | 405 | ||
| Reactive arthritis | 406 | ||
| Introduction | 406 | ||
| Systemic features | 406 | ||
| Ocular features | 406 | ||
| Psoriatic arthritis | 407 | ||
| 12 Ocular tumours | 467 | ||
| Benign Epibulbar Tumours | 468 | ||
| Conjunctival naevus | 468 | ||
| Introduction | 468 | ||
| 13 Retinal vascular disease | 519 | ||
| Retinal Circulation | 520 | ||
| Arterial system | 520 | ||
| Capillaries | 520 | ||
| Venous system | 520 | ||
| Diabetic Retinopathy | 520 | ||
| Introduction | 520 | ||
| Ophthalmic complications of diabetes | 520 | ||
| Prevalence | 520 | ||
| Risk factors | 521 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 521 | ||
| Classification | 521 | ||
| Signs | 521 | ||
| Microaneurysms | 521 | ||
| Retinal haemorrhages | 521 | ||
| Exudates | 522 | ||
| Diabetic macular oedema (DMO) | 524 | ||
| Ischaemic maculopathy | 526 | ||
| Clinically significant macular oedema | 526 | ||
| Cotton wool spots | 526 | ||
| Venous changes | 527 | ||
| Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities | 527 | ||
| Arterial changes | 527 | ||
| Proliferative retinopathy | 529 | ||
| Treatment | 529 | ||
| General | 529 | ||
| Treatment of diabetic macular oedema | 529 | ||
| Laser treatment for proliferative retinopathy | 531 | ||
| VEGF inhibition for proliferative retinopathy | 535 | ||
| Targeted retinal photocoagulation (TRP) | 535 | ||
| Advanced diabetic eye disease | 536 | ||
| Clinical features | 536 | ||
| Indications for pars plana vitrectomy | 536 | ||
| Diabetic papillopathy | 537 | ||
| Non-Diabetic Retinopathy | 538 | ||
| Retinal Venous Occlusive Disease | 538 | ||
| Introduction | 538 | ||
| Risk factors | 538 | ||
| Systemic assessment | 538 | ||
| All patients | 538 | ||
| Selected patients according to clinical indication | 539 | ||
| Branch retinal vein occlusion | 539 | ||
| Diagnosis | 539 | ||
| Management | 539 | ||
| Impending central retinal vein occlusion | 541 | ||
| Non-ischaemic central retinal vein occlusion | 542 | ||
| Diagnosis | 542 | ||
| Ischaemic central retinal vein occlusion | 542 | ||
| Diagnosis | 543 | ||
| Hemiretinal vein occlusion | 544 | ||
| Diagnosis | 544 | ||
| Treatment of the complications of CRVO | 544 | ||
| Systemic management in retinal vein occlusion | 549 | ||
| Papillophlebitis | 549 | ||
| Retinal Arterial Occlusive Disease | 549 | ||
| Aetiology | 549 | ||
| Systemic assessment | 550 | ||
| All patients | 550 | ||
| Selected patients | 551 | ||
| Amaurosis fugax | 551 | ||
| Branch retinal artery occlusion | 551 | ||
| Central retinal artery occlusion | 552 | ||
| Cilioretinal artery occlusion | 552 | ||
| Treatment of acute retinal artery occlusion | 552 | ||
| Systemic management following retinal arterial occlusion | 555 | ||
| Asymptomatic retinal embolus | 556 | ||
| Ocular Ischaemic Syndrome | 556 | ||
| Introduction | 556 | ||
| Diagnosis | 556 | ||
| Management | 556 | ||
| Hypertensive Eye Disease | 557 | ||
| Retinopathy | 557 | ||
| Choroidopathy | 559 | ||
| Sickle Cell Retinopathy | 559 | ||
| Sickling haemoglobinopathies | 559 | ||
| Anterior segment | 560 | ||
| Non-proliferative retinopathy | 560 | ||
| Proliferative retinopathy | 560 | ||
| Diagnosis | 560 | ||
| Treatment | 560 | ||
| Thalassaemia Retinopathy | 561 | ||
| Retinopathy of Prematurity | 561 | ||
| Introduction | 561 | ||
| Active disease | 563 | ||
| Location | 563 | ||
| Staging | 563 | ||
| Type | 563 | ||
| Screening | 564 | ||
| Treatment | 565 | ||
| Cicatricial disease | 565 | ||
| Retinal Artery Macroaneurysm | 565 | ||
| Diagnosis | 565 | ||
| Treatment | 568 | ||
| Primary Retinal Telangiectasia | 569 | ||
| Idiopathic macular telangiectasia | 569 | ||
| Coats disease | 569 | ||
| 14 Acquired macular disorders | 579 | ||
| Introduction | 580 | ||
| Anatomical landmarks | 580 | ||
| Retinal pigment epithelium | 581 | ||
| Bruch membrane | 581 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation of Macular Disease | 581 | ||
| Symptoms | 581 | ||
| Visual acuity | 582 | ||
| Snellen visual acuity | 582 | ||
| Very poor visual acuity | 582 | ||
| LogMAR acuity | 583 | ||
| LogMAR charts | 583 | ||
| Contrast sensitivity | 584 | ||
| Near visual acuity | 584 | ||
| Amsler grid | 585 | ||
| Charts | 585 | ||
| Technique | 585 | ||
| Pupils | 585 | ||
| Colour vision | 586 | ||
| Plus lens test | 586 | ||
| Investigation of Macular Disease | 586 | ||
| Microperimetry | 586 | ||
| Fundus fluorescein angiography | 587 | ||
| Introduction | 587 | ||
| Technique | 588 | ||
| Angiographic phases | 589 | ||
| Causes of hyperfluorescence | 589 | ||
| Causes of hypofluorescence | 592 | ||
| Systematic approach to fluorescein angiogram analysis | 592 | ||
| Indocyanine green angiography | 593 | ||
| Introduction | 593 | ||
| Adverse effects | 595 | ||
| Diagnosis | 596 | ||
| Indications | 597 | ||
| Optical coherence tomography | 597 | ||
| Introduction | 597 | ||
| Applications | 598 | ||
| Normal appearance | 598 | ||
| Fundus autofluorescence | 598 | ||
| Wide-field imaging | 598 | ||
| Age-Related Macular Degeneration | 598 | ||
| Introduction | 598 | ||
| Classification | 598 | ||
| Epidemiology | 598 | ||
| Risk factors | 600 | ||
| Drusen | 601 | ||
| Histopathology | 601 | ||
| Clinical features | 601 | ||
| OCT | 601 | ||
| Fluorescein angiography | 601 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 601 | ||
| Antioxidant supplementation | 603 | ||
| Introduction | 603 | ||
| AREDS2 | 603 | ||
| Other considerations | 604 | ||
| Non-exudative (dry, non-neovascular) AMD | 604 | ||
| Diagnosis | 604 | ||
| Management | 604 | ||
| Retinal pigment epithelial detachment | 606 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 606 | ||
| Serous PED | 606 | ||
| Fibrovascular PED | 607 | ||
| Drusenoid PED | 607 | ||
| Haemorrhagic PED | 608 | ||
| Retinal pigment epithelial tear | 608 | ||
| Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) | 609 | ||
| Introduction | 609 | ||
| Clinical features | 609 | ||
| Fluorescein angiography | 609 | ||
| Indocyanine green angiography | 609 | ||
| Optical coherence tomography | 609 | ||
| Treatment with anti-VEGF agents | 609 | ||
| Treatment with photodynamic therapy (PDT) | 614 | ||
| Combination and other experimental therapies | 615 | ||
| Laser | 615 | ||
| Haemorrhagic AMD | 615 | ||
| Retinal Angiomatous Proliferation | 616 | ||
| Diagnosis | 616 | ||
| Treatment | 616 | ||
| Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy | 617 | ||
| Introduction | 617 | ||
| Diagnosis | 617 | ||
| Treatment | 617 | ||
| Peripheral Exudative Haemorrhagic Chorioretinopathy | 617 | ||
| Idiopathic Choroidal Neovascularization | 618 | ||
| Vitreomacular Interface Disorders | 618 | ||
| Epiretinal membrane | 618 | ||
| 15 Hereditary fundus dystrophies | 641 | ||
| 16 Retinal detachment | 681 | ||
| Introduction | 682 | ||
| Anatomy of the peripheral retina | 682 | ||
| Pars plana | 682 | ||
| Ora serrata | 682 | ||
| Vitreous base | 682 | ||
| Innocuous peripheral retinal degenerations | 682 | ||
| Sites of vitreous adhesion | 683 | ||
| Physiological | 683 | ||
| Pathological | 683 | ||
| Definitions | 683 | ||
| Clinical examination | 685 | ||
| Head-mounted binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy | 685 | ||
| Slit lamp fundus examination | 686 | ||
| Fundus drawing | 687 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 688 | ||
| Introduction | 688 | ||
| Technique | 688 | ||
| Peripheral Lesions Predisposing to Retinal Detachment | 688 | ||
| Lattice degeneration | 688 | ||
| Snailtrack degeneration | 689 | ||
| Cystic retinal tuft | 690 | ||
| Degenerative retinoschisis | 690 | ||
| Zonular traction tuft | 692 | ||
| White with pressure and white without pressure | 693 | ||
| Myopic choroidal atrophy | 693 | ||
| Posterior Vitreous Detachment | 694 | ||
| Introduction | 694 | ||
| Clinical features | 694 | ||
| Management | 695 | ||
| Retinal Breaks | 698 | ||
| Introduction | 698 | ||
| Clinical features | 698 | ||
| Management | 698 | ||
| Treatment techniques | 700 | ||
| Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment | 701 | ||
| Introduction | 701 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 701 | ||
| Identification of retinal breaks | 701 | ||
| Symptoms | 701 | ||
| Signs | 702 | ||
| General | 702 | ||
| Fresh retinal detachment | 703 | ||
| Long-standing retinal detachment | 704 | ||
| Proliferative vitreoretinopathy | 705 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 706 | ||
| Degenerative retinoschisis | 706 | ||
| Choroidal detachment | 706 | ||
| Uveal effusion syndrome | 707 | ||
| Surgery | 707 | ||
| Indications for urgent surgery | 707 | ||
| Pneumatic retinopexy | 708 | ||
| Principles of scleral buckling | 708 | ||
| Drainage of subretinal fluid | 708 | ||
| Complications of scleral buckling | 709 | ||
| Pars plana vitrectomy | 711 | ||
| Tractional Retinal Detachment | 711 | ||
| Pathogenesis of diabetic tractional retinal detachment | 712 | ||
| 17 Vitreous opacities | 721 | ||
| Introduction | 722 | ||
| Muscae volitantes | 722 | ||
| Vitreous haemorrhage | 722 | ||
| Terson syndrome | 722 | ||
| Asteroid hyalosis | 722 | ||
| Synchysis scintillans | 722 | ||
| Amyloidosis | 722 | ||
| Vitreous cyst | 726 | ||
| Persistent fetal vasculature | 726 | ||
| 18 Strabismus | 727 | ||
| Introduction | 728 | ||
| Definitions | 728 | ||
| Anatomy of the extraocular muscles | 728 | ||
| Principles | 728 | ||
| Horizontal recti | 729 | ||
| Vertical recti | 729 | ||
| Spiral of Tillaux | 730 | ||
| Oblique muscles | 730 | ||
| Muscle pulleys | 731 | ||
| Innervation | 731 | ||
| Ocular movements | 731 | ||
| Ductions | 731 | ||
| Versions | 731 | ||
| Vergences | 732 | ||
| Positions of gaze | 732 | ||
| Laws of ocular motility | 733 | ||
| Sensory considerations | 733 | ||
| Basic aspects | 733 | ||
| Sensory adaptations to strabismus | 736 | ||
| Motor adaptation to strabismus | 737 | ||
| Amblyopia | 737 | ||
| Classification | 737 | ||
| Diagnosis | 738 | ||
| Treatment | 738 | ||
| Clinical Evaluation | 738 | ||
| History | 738 | ||
| Visual acuity | 739 | ||
| Testing in preverbal children | 739 | ||
| Testing in verbal children | 740 | ||
| Tests for stereopsis | 740 | ||
| Titmus | 740 | ||
| TNO | 740 | ||
| Frisby | 741 | ||
| Lang | 741 | ||
| Tests for binocular fusion in infants without manifest squint | 741 | ||
| Base-out prism | 741 | ||
| Binocular convergence | 742 | ||
| Tests for sensory anomalies | 742 | ||
| Worth four-dot test | 742 | ||
| Bagolini striated glasses | 742 | ||
| 4 Δ prism test | 742 | ||
| Synoptophore | 743 | ||
| Grades of binocular vision | 743 | ||
| Detection of abnormal retinal correspondence | 745 | ||
| Measurement of deviation | 746 | ||
| Hirschberg test | 746 | ||
| Krimsky and prism reflection tests | 746 | ||
| Cover–uncover test | 746 | ||
| Alternate cover test | 748 | ||
| Prism cover test | 748 | ||
| Maddox wing | 748 | ||
| Maddox rod | 749 | ||
| Motility tests | 749 | ||
| Ocular movements | 749 | ||
| Near point of convergence | 750 | ||
| Near point of accommodation | 750 | ||
| Fusional amplitudes | 750 | ||
| Postoperative diplopia test | 750 | ||
| Hess chart | 751 | ||
| Hess screen | 751 | ||
| Lees screen | 751 | ||
| Interpretation | 751 | ||
| Changes over time | 751 | ||
| Examples | 752 | ||
| Refraction and fundoscopy | 752 | ||
| Cycloplegia | 755 | ||
| Change of refraction with age in childhood | 755 | ||
| When to prescribe | 755 | ||
| Pseudostrabismus | 755 | ||
| Heterophoria | 756 | ||
| Vergence Abnormalities | 756 | ||
| Convergence insufficiency | 756 | ||
| Divergence insufficiency | 756 | ||
| Near reflex insufficiency | 757 | ||
| Spasm of the near reflex | 757 | ||
| Esotropia | 757 | ||
| Early-onset esotropia | 757 | ||
| Signs | 757 | ||
| Initial treatment | 758 | ||
| Subsequent treatment | 759 | ||
| Accommodative esotropia | 760 | ||
| Refractive accommodative esotropia | 760 | ||
| Non-refractive accommodative esotropia | 760 | ||
| Treatment | 761 | ||
| Microtropia | 761 | ||
| Treatment | 762 | ||
| Other esotropias | 762 | ||
| Near esotropia (non-accommodative convergence excess) | 762 | ||
| Distance esotropia | 762 | ||
| Acute (late-onset) esotropia | 762 | ||
| Secondary (sensory) esotropia | 762 | ||
| Consecutive esotropia | 762 | ||
| Cyclic esotropia | 762 | ||
| High myopia esotropia | 762 | ||
| Exotropia | 762 | ||
| Constant (early-onset) exotropia | 762 | ||
| Intermittent exotropia | 762 | ||
| Diagnosis | 762 | ||
| Classification | 763 | ||
| Treatment | 763 | ||
| Sensory exotropia | 763 | ||
| Consecutive exotropia | 763 | ||
| Congenital Cranial Dysinnervation Disorders | 764 | ||
| Duane retraction syndrome | 764 | ||
| Clinical features | 764 | ||
| Classification (Huber) | 764 | ||
| Treatment | 764 | ||
| Möbius syndrome | 765 | ||
| Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles | 766 | ||
| Strabismus fixus | 766 | ||
| Other CCDD syndromes with ophthalmic features | 766 | ||
| Monocular Elevation Deficiency | 766 | ||
| Brown Syndrome | 766 | ||
| Classification | 766 | ||
| Diagnosis | 767 | ||
| 19 Neuro-ophthalmology | 773 | ||
| Neuroimaging | 774 | ||
| Computed tomography | 774 | ||
| Physics | 774 | ||
| Contrast enhancement | 774 | ||
| Indications | 774 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging | 775 | ||
| Physics | 775 | ||
| Basic sequences | 775 | ||
| Image enhancement | 775 | ||
| Limitations | 775 | ||
| Neuro-ophthalmic indications | 775 | ||
| Angiography | 776 | ||
| Magnetic resonance angiography | 776 | ||
| Magnetic resonance venography | 778 | ||
| Computed tomographic angiography | 779 | ||
| Computed tomographic venography | 779 | ||
| Conventional catheter angiography | 779 | ||
| Optic Nerve | 779 | ||
| Anatomy | 779 | ||
| General structure (Figs 19.5A, B and C) | 779 | ||
| Anatomical subdivisions | 779 | ||
| Visual evoked potential | 779 | ||
| Signs of optic nerve dysfunction | 780 | ||
| Classification of optic neuropathy by cause | 781 | ||
| Optic atrophy | 781 | ||
| Introduction | 781 | ||
| Primary optic atrophy | 781 | ||
| Secondary optic atrophy | 781 | ||
| Consecutive optic atrophy | 781 | ||
| Glaucomatous optic atrophy | 782 | ||
| Classification of optic neuritis | 782 | ||
| According to ophthalmoscopic appearance | 782 | ||
| According to aetiology | 783 | ||
| Demyelinating optic neuritis | 783 | ||
| Overview | 783 | ||
| Multiple sclerosis | 783 | ||
| Association between optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis | 784 | ||
| Clinical features of demyelinating optic neuritis | 784 | ||
| Treatment following demyelinating optic neuritis | 784 | ||
| Parainfectious optic neuritis | 785 | ||
| Infectious optic neuritis | 785 | ||
| Non-infectious optic neuritis | 785 | ||
| Sarcoidosis | 785 | ||
| Autoimmune | 785 | ||
| Neuroretinitis | 785 | ||
| Introduction | 785 | ||
| 20 Ocular side effects of systemic medication | 851 | ||
| Cornea | 852 | ||
| Vortex keratopathy (cornea verticillata) | 852 | ||
| Clinical features | 852 | ||
| Causes | 852 | ||
| Chlorpromazine | 853 | ||
| Argyrosis | 853 | ||
| Chrysiasis | 853 | ||
| Amantadine | 853 | ||
| Ciliary Effusion | 853 | ||
| Topiramate | 853 | ||
| Lens | 853 | ||
| Steroids | 853 | ||
| Other drugs | 854 | ||
| Uveitis | 854 | ||
| Rifabutin | 854 | ||
| Cidofovir | 854 | ||
| Bisphosphonates | 854 | ||
| Sulfonamides | 854 | ||
| Fluoroquinolones | 854 | ||
| Tumour necrosis factor inhibitors | 854 | ||
| Retina | 854 | ||
| Antimalarials | 854 | ||
| Introduction | 854 | ||
| Diagnosis | 854 | ||
| Screening | 855 | ||
| Phenothiazines | 856 | ||
| Drug-induced crystalline maculopathies | 856 | ||
| Other drugs causing retinopathy | 857 | ||
| Optic Nerve | 859 | ||
| Ethambutol | 859 | ||
| Isoniazid | 859 | ||
| Amiodarone | 859 | ||
| Vigabatrin | 859 | ||
| Methotrexate | 860 | ||
| 21 Trauma | 861 | ||
| Eyelid Trauma | 862 | ||
| Periocular haematoma | 862 | ||
| Laceration | 862 | ||
| Orbital Trauma | 864 | ||
| Orbital floor fracture | 864 | ||
| Introduction | 864 | ||
| Diagnosis | 864 | ||
| Treatment | 865 | ||
| Roof fracture | 866 | ||
| Index | 887 | ||
| IBC_blank page | IBC1 |