BOOK
Crash Course Pathology: Updated Edition E-book
Philip Xiu | Daniel Horton-Szar | Sebastian Lucas
(2015)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Crash Course – your effective every day study companion PLUS the perfect antidote for exam stress! Save time and be assured you have all the information you need in one place to excel on your course and achieve exam success.
A winning formula now for over 15 years, each series volume has been fine tuned and fully updated, with an improved layout tailored to make your life easier. Especially written by senior medical students or recent graduates – those who have just been in the exam situation – with all information thoroughly checked and quality assured by expert faculty advisers, the result are books which exactly meet your needs and you know you can trust.
Pathology is the study of disease and is therefore central to all of medicine. This volume clearly introduces the principles of pathology, then goes on to examine the specific pathology of all of the major body systems. It provides full coverage of the curriculum whilst avoiding unnecessary and often confusing detail. Related topics are integrated throughout and this book will certainly help you in all aspects of your medical course. A fully revised self-assessment section matching the latest exam formats is also included.
- More than 130 illustrations present clinical, diagnostic and practical information in an easy-to-follow manner
- Friendly and accessible approach to the subject makes learning especially easy
- Written by students for students - authors who understand exam pressures
- Contains ‘Hints and Tips’ boxes, and other useful aide-mémoires
- Succinct coverage of the subject enables ‘sharp focus’ and efficient use of time during exam preparation
- Contains a fully updated self-assessment section - ideal for honing exam skills and self-testing
- Self-assessment section fully updated to reflect current exam requirements
- Contains ‘common exam pitfalls’ as advised by faculty
- Crash Courses also available electronically!
- Online self-assessment bank also available - content edited by Dan Horton-Szar!
Now celebrating over 10 years of success - Crash Course has been specially devised to help you get through your exams with ease.
Completely revised throughout, the new edition of Crash Course is perfectly tailored to meet your needs by providing everything you need to know in one place. Clearly presented in a tried and trusted, easy-to-use, format, each book in the series gives complete coverage of the subject in a no-nonsense, user-friendly fashion.
Commencing with 'Learning Objectives', each chapter guides you succinctly through the topic, giving full coverage of the curriculum whilst avoiding unnecessary and often confusing detail. Each chapter is also supported by a full artwork programme, and features the ever popular 'Hints and Tips' boxes as well as other useful aide-mémoires. All volumes contain an up-to-date self-assessment section which allows you to test your knowledge and hone your exam skills.
Authored by students or junior doctors - working under close faculty supervision - each volume has been prepared by someone who has recently been in the exam situation and so relates closely to your needs. So whether you need to get out of a fix or aim for distinction Crash Course is for you!!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Crash Course: Pathology | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Series editor foreword | v | ||
| Prefaces | vi | ||
| Acknowledgements | vii | ||
| Dedication | viii | ||
| Contents | ix | ||
| Part I: Principles of pathology | 01 | ||
| Chapter 1: Introduction to pathology | 1 | ||
| Diseases | 1 | ||
| Pathology | 1 | ||
| Divisions of pathology | 1 | ||
| Classification of disease | 1 | ||
| Congenital | 1 | ||
| Acquired | 1 | ||
| How pathology is covered in this book | 2 | ||
| Part I: Principles of pathology | 2 | ||
| Part II: Systematic pathology | 2 | ||
| Chapter 2: Inflammation, repair and cell death | 3 | ||
| Inflammation | 3 | ||
| Definition | 3 | ||
| Purpose | 3 | ||
| Causes of acute inflammation | 3 | ||
| Causes of chronic inflammation | 3 | ||
| Acute inflammation | 3 | ||
| Classic signs of acute inflammation | 3 | ||
| Vascular response | 4 | ||
| Vasodilatation | 4 | ||
| Increased vascular permeability | 4 | ||
| Inflammatory oedema | 4 | ||
| Advantages of inflammatory oedema | 4 | ||
| Cellular events | 4 | ||
| Phagocytosis and intracellular killing | 5 | ||
| Chemical mediators of inflammation | 5 | ||
| The complement system | 6 | ||
| Kinins | 7 | ||
| Arachidonic acid, prostaglandins and leukotrienes | 7 | ||
| Platelet activation factors | 7 | ||
| Vasoactive amines | 7 | ||
| Cytokines | 7 | ||
| Nitric oxide | 7 | ||
| Acute-phase proteins | 7 | ||
| Chronic inflammation | 8 | ||
| Mononuclear infiltration and granulation tissue | 8 | ||
| Wound healing | 8 | ||
| Nature of cells | 8 | ||
| 1. Healing by first intention | 9 | ||
| 2. Healing by second intention | 9 | ||
| Scar formation | 9 | ||
| Patterns of inflammation | 9 | ||
| Fibrinous inflammation | 9 | ||
| Suppurative inflammation | 9 | ||
| Haemorrhagic inflammation | 10 | ||
| Granulomatous inflammation | 10 | ||
| Systemic effects of inflammation | 10 | ||
| Cell death | 10 | ||
| Mechanisms of cell death | 10 | ||
| Necrosis | 10 | ||
| Histological types of necrosis | 10 | ||
| Coagulative necrosis | 10 | ||
| Liquefactive necrosis | 12 | ||
| Caseous necrosis (caseation) | 12 | ||
| Fibrinoid necrosis | 12 | ||
| Fat necrosis | 12 | ||
| Apoptosis | 12 | ||
| Mechanisms of apoptosis | 12 | ||
| Chapter 3: Cancer | 15 | ||
| Definitions and nomenclature | 15 | ||
| Definitions | 15 | ||
| Tumour | 15 | ||
| Dysplasia | 15 | ||
| Metaplasia | 15 | ||
| Hyperplasia | 15 | ||
| Hypertrophy | 15 | ||
| Benign versus malignant | 16 | ||
| Nomenclature of tumours | 16 | ||
| Classification of carcinomas | 16 | ||
| Intraepithelial neoplasia | 17 | ||
| Carcinoma in situ | 17 | ||
| Invasive carcinoma | 17 | ||
| Epidemiological aspects of cancer | 17 | ||
| Cancer in the UK | 17 | ||
| Cancer worldwide | 17 | ||
| Molecular basis of cancer | 18 | ||
| Oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes | 18 | ||
| Proto-oncogenes | 18 | ||
| Tumour suppressor genes | 18 | ||
| Multistage model of tumour progression | 19 | ||
| Tumour growth and spread | 19 | ||
| Kinetics of tumour growth and angiogenesis | 19 | ||
| Mechanisms and pathways of invasion and metastasis | 20 | ||
| Invasion | 20 | ||
| Metastasis | 21 | ||
| Main routes of metastasis | 21 | ||
| Carcinogenic agents | 22 | ||
| Chemical carcinogens | 22 | ||
| Stages of chemical carcinogenesis | 22 | ||
| Radiation | 22 | ||
| Ultraviolet radiation | 22 | ||
| Ionizing radiation | 23 | ||
| X-ray radiation | 23 | ||
| Radioisotopes | 23 | ||
| Nuclear radiation | 23 | ||
| DNA repair mechanisms and their failure | 23 | ||
| Viruses | 24 | ||
| Mechanism of viral carcinogenesis | 24 | ||
| Host defences against cancer | 24 | ||
| Innate immunity | 24 | ||
| Adaptive immunity | 24 | ||
| Humoral | 24 | ||
| Cell-mediated immunity | 24 | ||
| Clinical cancer pathology | 25 | ||
| Chapter 4: Infectious disease | 27 | ||
| General principles of infection | 27 | ||
| Infection and colonization | 27 | ||
| Pathogens and commensals | 27 | ||
| Other characteristics of microorganisms | 27 | ||
| Pathogenicity | 27 | ||
| Virulence | 27 | ||
| Opportunistic infection | 28 | ||
| Categories of infectious agent | 28 | ||
| Viruses | 28 | ||
| Pathogenesis of cell injury | 29 | ||
| Bacteria | 29 | ||
| Fungi | 30 | ||
| Protozoa | 30 | ||
| Helminths and ectoparasites | 30 | ||
| Chlamydiae, Rickettsiae and Mycoplasmas | 31 | ||
| Prions | 32 | ||
| Mechanisms of pathogenicity | 32 | ||
| Host defences and routes of entry | 32 | ||
| Virus infections | 33 | ||
| Viral replication cycles | 33 | ||
| Release of new virus particles | 33 | ||
| Cell lysis (cytolysis) | 33 | ||
| Budding | 33 | ||
| Immune reaction to virally infected cells | 33 | ||
| Bacterial infections | 33 | ||
| Adherence | 33 | ||
| Exotoxins and endotoxins | 34 | ||
| Exotoxins | 34 | ||
| Endotoxins | 34 | ||
| Aggressins | 34 | ||
| Avoiding death by phagocytosis | 35 | ||
| Antibiotic resistance and plasmids | 35 | ||
| Hospital-acquired infection | 35 | ||
| Sepsis | 35 | ||
| Inflammatory responses to infection | 36 | ||
| Suppurative polymorphonuclear inflammation | 36 | ||
| Chronic inflammation and scarring | 36 | ||
| Granulomatous mononuclear inflammation | 36 | ||
| Necrotizing inflammation | 36 | ||
| Gangrene | 36 | ||
| Part II: Systemic Pathology | 03 | ||
| Chapter 5: Pathology of the nervous system | 37 | ||
| Disorders of the central nervous system | 37 | ||
| Common pathological features | 37 | ||
| Intracranial herniation | 37 | ||
| Cerebral oedema | 37 | ||
| Hydrocephalus | 37 | ||
| Non-communicating (obstructive hydrocephalus) | 37 | ||
| Communicating hydrocephalus | 37 | ||
| Secondary or compensatory hydrocephalus | 38 | ||
| Malformations, developmental disease and perinatal injury | 38 | ||
| Neural tube defects and posterior fossa abnormalities | 38 | ||
| Syringomyelia and hydromyelia | 38 | ||
| Perinatal injury | 39 | ||
| Cerebral palsy | 39 | ||
| Ischaemia and hypoxia | 40 | ||
| Traumatic injuries to the central nervous system | 40 | ||
| Skull fractures | 40 | ||
| Parenchymal damage | 40 | ||
| Concussion | 40 | ||
| Contusions and lacerations | 40 | ||
| Diffuse axonal injury | 40 | ||
| Traumatic vascular injury | 41 | ||
| Extradural (epidural) haemorrhage | 41 | ||
| Subdural haemorrhage | 41 | ||
| Subarachnoid haemorrhage | 41 | ||
| Intracerebral haemorrhage | 41 | ||
| Spinal cord injuries | 41 | ||
| Open injuries | 41 | ||
| Closed injuries | 41 | ||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 41 | ||
| Hypoxia, ischaemia and infarction | 42 | ||
| Mechanisms of ischaemia | 42 | ||
| Atraumatic haemorrhage | 43 | ||
| Intracerebral haemorrhage | 43 | ||
| Subarachnoid haemorrhage | 43 | ||
| Hypertensive cerebrovascular disease | 43 | ||
| Infections of the central nervous system | 44 | ||
| Aseptic (viral) meningitis | 44 | ||
| Common causative organisms | 44 | ||
| Acute pyogenic (bacterial) meningitis | 44 | ||
| Brain abscess | 44 | ||
| Subdural empyema | 45 | ||
| Chronic meningoencephalitis | 45 | ||
| Tuberculous meningitis | 45 | ||
| Neurosyphilis | 45 | ||
| Lyme disease | 45 | ||
| Viral encephalitis | 45 | ||
| Fungal infections | 45 | ||
| Protozoal infection toxoplasmosis | 46 | ||
| Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy | 46 | ||
| Subacute sclerosing panencephalopathy | 46 | ||
| Spongiform encephalitis (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) | 46 | ||
| Demyelinating diseases | 46 | ||
| Multiple sclerosis | 46 | ||
| Degenerative disorders | 47 | ||
| Cortical Alzheimer's disease | 47 | ||
| Basal ganglia | 47 | ||
| Parkinsonism | 47 | ||
| Parkinson's disease | 47 | ||
| Motor neurons | 48 | ||
| Motor neuron disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) | 48 | ||
| Metabolic disorders and toxins | 48 | ||
| Vitamin deficiencies | 48 | ||
| Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency | 48 | ||
| Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) deficiency | 48 | ||
| Iodine deficiency | 48 | ||
| Toxins | 48 | ||
| Carbon monoxide | 48 | ||
| Methanol | 49 | ||
| Ethanol | 49 | ||
| Neoplasms of the CNS | 49 | ||
| Gliomas | 49 | ||
| Astrocytoma | 49 | ||
| Oligodendrogliomas | 50 | ||
| Ependymoma | 50 | ||
| Medulloblastoma | 50 | ||
| Other tumours | 50 | ||
| Metastatic tumours | 50 | ||
| Meningiomas | 50 | ||
| Disorders of the peripheral nervous system | 50 | ||
| Hereditary neuropathies | 50 | ||
| Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies (HMSN) | 50 | ||
| Peroneal muscular atrophy (HMSN I+II; Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease) | 50 | ||
| Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathies (HSAN) | 50 | ||
| Traumatic neuropathies | 50 | ||
| Laceration | 50 | ||
| Avulsion | 51 | ||
| Compression/entrapment neuropathy | 51 | ||
| Carpal tunnel syndrome | 52 | ||
| Inflammatory neuropathies | 52 | ||
| Guillain-Barré syndrome (acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy) | 52 | ||
| Infectious neuropathies | 52 | ||
| Leprosy (Hansen's disease) | 52 | ||
| Varicella-zoster virus | 52 | ||
| Metabolic and toxic neuropathies | 52 | ||
| Peripheral neuropathy of diabetes mellitus | 52 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 52 | ||
| Metabolic and nutritional causes | 53 | ||
| Uraemic neuropathy in renal failure | 53 | ||
| Toxic neuropathies | 53 | ||
| Neuropathies associated with malignancy (metastatic neuropathy) | 53 | ||
| Neoplasms of peripheral nerves | 53 | ||
| Disorders of the autonomic nervous system | 53 | ||
| Disorders of the sympathetic nervous system | 53 | ||
| Horner's syndrome | 53 | ||
| Trauma/surgical section of the sympathetic trunk | 54 | ||
| Phaeochromocytoma | 54 | ||
| Diseases of the parasympathetic nervous system | 54 | ||
| Effects of ablation of parasympathetic innervation | 54 | ||
| Chapter 6: Pathology of the cardiovascular system | 55 | ||
| Congenital abnormalities of the heart | 55 | ||
| Epidemiology | 55 | ||
| Causes | 55 | ||
| Sporadic | 55 | ||
| Maternal factors | 55 | ||
| Genetic or chromosomal abnormalities | 55 | ||
| Clinical features | 55 | ||
| Classification | 55 | ||
| Fetal circulation | 55 | ||
| Left-to-right shunts | 56 | ||
| Ventricular septal defect | 56 | ||
| Atrial septal defect | 57 | ||
| Patent (persistent) ductus arteriosus | 57 | ||
| Eisenmenger's syndrome | 58 | ||
| Right-to-left shunts | 58 | ||
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 58 | ||
| Transposition of the great arteries | 58 | ||
| Persistent truncus arteriosus | 58 | ||
| Obstructive congenital defects | 59 | ||
| Coarctation of the aorta | 59 | ||
| Pulmonary artery stenosis or atresia with intact ventricular septum | 59 | ||
| Aortic stenosis and atresia | 59 | ||
| Atherosclerosis, hypertension and thrombosis | 60 | ||
| Definitions and concepts | 60 | ||
| Arteriosclerosis | 60 | ||
| Consequences of arteriosclerosis | 60 | ||
| Atherosclerosis | 60 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 61 | ||
| Stages of development in atherosclerosis | 61 | ||
| Arterial remodelling | 62 | ||
| Hypertension | 63 | ||
| Functional or operational definition | 63 | ||
| Aetiological classification | 63 | ||
| Pathological classification | 63 | ||
| Benign hypertension | 63 | ||
| Malignant hypertension | 64 | ||
| Complications and effects of hypertension | 64 | ||
| Vascular effects | 64 | ||
| Heart | 64 | ||
| Brain | 64 | ||
| Kidneys | 65 | ||
| Retina | 65 | ||
| Pulmonary hypertension | 65 | ||
| Definition and causes | 65 | ||
| Effects of pulmonary hypertension | 65 | ||
| Effects of diabetes mellitus on the vessels | 65 | ||
| Thrombosis | 66 | ||
| Arterial thrombosis | 66 | ||
| Venous thrombosis | 66 | ||
| Affected sites | 66 | ||
| Outcomes | 67 | ||
| Complications | 67 | ||
| Virchow's triad | 67 | ||
| Hypercoagulability | 67 | ||
| Primary (hereditary) | 67 | ||
| Secondary (acquired) | 67 | ||
| Endothelial injury | 68 | ||
| Alterations to blood flow | 68 | ||
| Ischaemic heart disease and heart failure | 68 | ||
| Classification | 68 | ||
| Angina pectoris | 68 | ||
| Cardiac referred pain | 68 | ||
| Types of angina | 68 | ||
| Stable angina | 68 | ||
| Unstable angina | 69 | ||
| Prinzmetal's angina (vasospastic angina) | 69 | ||
| Management of angina | 69 | ||
| Myocardial infarction | 69 | ||
| Regional infarcts | 69 | ||
| ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI) and non-STEMI (NSTEMI) | 69 | ||
| Histological changes following myocardial infarction | 70 | ||
| Sequelae of myocardial infarction | 70 | ||
| Short-term complications | 70 | ||
| Long-term complications | 71 | ||
| Sudden cardiac death | 71 | ||
| Heart failure | 71 | ||
| Classification | 71 | ||
| Left-sided heart failure | 71 | ||
| Right-sided heart failure | 71 | ||
| Disorders of the heart valves | 72 | ||
| Concepts of heart valve disease | 72 | ||
| Types of valve disorder | 72 | ||
| Commonly affected valves | 72 | ||
| Abnormalities of flow and their effects | 72 | ||
| Degenerative valve disease | 72 | ||
| Calcific aortic stenosis | 72 | ||
| Effects | 72 | ||
| Mitral annular calcification | 72 | ||
| Mitral valve prolapse (`floppy valve syndrome´) | 72 | ||
| Rheumatic heart disease | 72 | ||
| Epidemiology | 72 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 73 | ||
| Aschoff's nodules | 73 | ||
| Acute rheumatic heart disease | 73 | ||
| Chronic rheumatic heart disease | 74 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 74 | ||
| Infective endocarditis | 74 | ||
| Morphological features | 74 | ||
| Causative organisms | 74 | ||
| Bacteria | 74 | ||
| Fungi | 74 | ||
| Infection of structurally normal valves | 74 | ||
| Infection of structurally abnormal heart valves | 74 | ||
| Types of infective endocarditis | 75 | ||
| Acute | 75 | ||
| Subacute | 75 | ||
| Sequelae | 75 | ||
| Non-bacterial thrombotic (marantic) endocarditis | 75 | ||
| Endocarditis of systemic lupus erythematosus (Libman-Sacks disease) | 76 | ||
| Carcinoid heart disease | 76 | ||
| Complications of artificial heart valves | 76 | ||
| Prosthetic valve diseases | 76 | ||
| Precautions necessary to avoid complications of artificial heart valves | 76 | ||
| Diseases of the myocardium | 76 | ||
| Concepts of myocardial disease | 76 | ||
| Cardiomyopathy | 76 | ||
| Effects of cardiomyopathy | 76 | ||
| Classification | 76 | ||
| Primary idiopathic cardiomyopathy | 76 | ||
| Dilated (congestive) cardiomyopathy | 76 | ||
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | 76 | ||
| Restrictive cardiomyopathy | 77 | ||
| Secondary cardiomyopathies | 77 | ||
| Myocarditis | 77 | ||
| Aetiology | 77 | ||
| Other secondary cardiomyopathies | 77 | ||
| Neoplasms of the heart | 77 | ||
| Diseases of the pericardium | 77 | ||
| Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac | 77 | ||
| Pericardial effusion | 77 | ||
| Haemopericardium | 78 | ||
| Cardiac tamponade | 78 | ||
| Diagnosis | 78 | ||
| Pericarditis | 78 | ||
| Acute pericarditis | 78 | ||
| Clinical features | 78 | ||
| Chronic pericarditis | 79 | ||
| Adhesive pericarditis | 79 | ||
| Constrictive pericarditis | 79 | ||
| Clinical features | 79 | ||
| Rheumatic disease of the pericardium | 79 | ||
| Aneurysms | 79 | ||
| Definitions and concepts | 79 | ||
| Aneurysm | 79 | ||
| True aneurysm morphology | 79 | ||
| Main causes of aneurysms | 80 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 80 | ||
| Main complications | 80 | ||
| Abdominal aortic aneurysms | 80 | ||
| Symptoms and signs | 80 | ||
| Self-assessment | 305 | ||
| Single best answer questions (SBAs) | 307 | ||
| Extended matching questions (EMQs) | 315 | ||
| SBA answers | 319 | ||
| EMQ answers | 325 | ||
| Glossary | 327 | ||
| Index | 329 |