BOOK
Vertigo and Imbalance: Clinical Neurophysiology of the Vestibular System E-Book
(2009)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Vertigo and Imbalance: Clinical Neurophysiology of the Vestibular System
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Vertigo and Imbalance: Clinical Neurophysiology of the Vestibular System | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Foreword | vii | ||
| List of Contributors | ix | ||
| Contents | xiii | ||
| Section I: Overview and General Considerations | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1: Overview of vestibular and balance disorders | 3 | ||
| Chapter 2: Overview of anatomy and physiology of the vestibular system | 5 | ||
| 2.1. Introduction | 5 | ||
| 2.2. Labyrinth embryogenesis | 5 | ||
| 2.3. Labyrinthine fluid | 5 | ||
| 2.4. Vestibular receptor cells | 6 | ||
| 2.5. Vestibular sensory epithelium | 8 | ||
| 2.6. Membranous labyrinth | 9 | ||
| 2.7. Bony labyrinth anatomy | 10 | ||
| 2.8. Blood supply to the vestibular labyrinth | 10 | ||
| 2.9. Labyrinthine innervation and the vestibular nerve | 11 | ||
| 2.10. Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) | 13 | ||
| 2.11. Vestibulospinal reflexes | 15 | ||
| 2.12. Vestibulothalamic projections | 16 | ||
| 2.13. Vestibular cortical perception | 16 | ||
| References | 16 | ||
| Chapter 3: Overview of anatomy and physiology of the ocular motor system | 18 | ||
| 3.1. Introduction | 18 | ||
| 3.2. Functional classes of eye movements | 18 | ||
| 3.3. Extraocular muscles | 20 | ||
| 3.4. Neuromuscular junction | 26 | ||
| 3.5. Ocular motoneurons (cranial nerves and nuclei) | 27 | ||
| 3.6. Internuclear | 29 | ||
| 3.7. Supranuclear | 30 | ||
| References | 35 | ||
| Chapter 4: Bedside assessment of the dizzy patient | 43 | ||
| 4.1. History | 43 | ||
| 4.2. Physical exam | 46 | ||
| References | 57 | ||
| Section II: Methodological Techniques of Assessment | 59 | ||
| Chapter 5: Eye movement measurement: electro-oculography\rand video-oculography | 61 | ||
| 5.1. Introduction | 61 | ||
| 5.2. Electro-oculography | 61 | ||
| 5.3. Video-oculography11To our knowledge, the term ``video-oculography´´ was introduced spontaneously by one of the autho... | 66 | ||
| 5.4. Outlook | 75 | ||
| References | 76 | ||
| Chapter 6: Magnetic scleral search coil | 80 | ||
| 6.1. Introduction | 80 | ||
| 6.2. History | 80 | ||
| 6.3. Desirable characteristics of eye-movement instrumentation | 81 | ||
| 6.4. Technical description | 82 | ||
| 6.5. Practical considerations | 84 | ||
| 6.6. Drawbacks of search coil systems | 84 | ||
| 6.7. Double magnetic induction | 85 | ||
| 6.8. \"Wireless\" coil systems | 86 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 86 | ||
| Glossary of selected terms | 86 | ||
| References | 87 | ||
| Chapter 7: Ocular motor testing techniques and interpretation | 88 | ||
| 7.1. Introduction | 88 | ||
| 7.2. Electronystagmography (ENG and EOG) | 89 | ||
| 7.3. Testing specific ocular motor functions | 92 | ||
| References | 100 | ||
| Chapter 8: Positioning and positional nystagmus testing | 101 | ||
| 8.1. Background | 101 | ||
| 8.2. Examination and recording methods | 101 | ||
| 8.3. Spontaneous nystagmus | 102 | ||
| 8.4. Testing methods for positional and positioning nystagmus | 102 | ||
| References | 109 | ||
| Chapter 9: Provocative maneuvers for vestibular disorders | 111 | ||
| 9.1. Introduction | 111 | ||
| 9.2. Maneuvers for diagnosing unilateral vestibular loss | 111 | ||
| 9.3. Vibration-induced nystagmus | 114 | ||
| 9.4. Maneuvers aimed at diagnosing pressure sensitivity | 117 | ||
| 9.5. Maneuvers for central conditions | 121 | ||
| 9.6. Maneuvers for cervical and vascular disorders | 126 | ||
| References | 129 | ||
| Chapter 10: Caloric testing:background, technique, and interpretation | 135 | ||
| 10.1. Background | 135 | ||
| 10.2. Technique | 135 | ||
| 10.3. Interpretation | 137 | ||
| 10.4. Future developments | 139 | ||
| References | 140 | ||
| Chapter 11: Rotational testing: background, technique and interpretation | 141 | ||
| 11.1. Introduction | 141 | ||
| 11.2. Earth-vertical axis rotation (EVAR) | 141 | ||
| 11.3. Off-vertical axis rotation (OVAR) | 144 | ||
| 11.4. Unilateral centrifugation/eccentric off-axis rotation | 146 | ||
| 11.5. Visual-vestibular interaction | 146 | ||
| 11.6. Head-only rotational testing | 147 | ||
| 11.7. Conclusion | 148 | ||
| References | 148 | ||
| Chapter 12: Head impulse testing: angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) | 150 | ||
| 12.1. Introduction | 150 | ||
| 12.2. Head impulse test of angular vestibulo-ocular reflex | 150 | ||
| 12.3. Head impulse test of semicircular canal function | 154 | ||
| 12.4. Summary | 162 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 162 | ||
| References | 162 | ||
| Chapter 13: Vestibulo-ocular responses to sound, vibration and galvanic stimulation | 165 | ||
| 13.1. Introduction | 165 | ||
| 13.2. Vestibular ocular responses to sound and vibration | 165 | ||
| 13.3. Vestibulo-ocular reflexes in response to galvanic vestibular stimulation | 174 | ||
| 13.4. Summary | 177 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 178 | ||
| References | 178 | ||
| Chapter 14: Computerized dynamic visual acuity test in the assessment of vestibular deficits | 181 | ||
| 14.1. Requirements of a good measure of dynamic visual acuity | 181 | ||
| 14.2. Clinical DVA testing | 182 | ||
| 14.3. Computerized DVA test | 184 | ||
| 14.4. Conclusions | 189 | ||
| References | 189 | ||
| Chapter 15: Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) | 191 | ||
| 15.1. Introduction | 191 | ||
| 15.2. Recording requirements | 191 | ||
| 15.3. Stimulus modalities | 193 | ||
| 15.4. Origin of the responses | 195 | ||
| 15.5. Interpretation of results | 197 | ||
| 15.6. Recent developments: ocular VEMPs (or OVEMPs) | 197 | ||
| Acknowledgement | 199 | ||
| References | 199 | ||
| Chapter 16: Otolith testing: roll plane disorders | 201 | ||
| 16.1. Introduction | 201 | ||
| 16.2. Ocular counterroll | 201 | ||
| 16.3. Subjective vertical and horizontal | 205 | ||
| References | 211 | ||
| Chapter 17: Otolith testing: the translational vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) | 217 | ||
| 17.1. Introduction | 217 | ||
| 17.2. History of tVOR studies | 217 | ||
| 17.3. Basic anatomy and physiology of otolith function | 218 | ||
| 17.4. The kinematics of eye movements required for compensating head translations | 219 | ||
| 17.5. Measurement and stimulation techniques | 220 | ||
| 17.6. Clinical testing of otolith function | 221 | ||
| 17.7. Ambulation | 225 | ||
| 17.8. Summary | 226 | ||
| References | 226 | ||
| Chapter 18: The cervico-ocular reflex | 230 | ||
| 18.1. Introduction | 230 | ||
| 18.2. Electrophysiological evidence | 231 | ||
| 18.3. Behavioral evidence in normal human vestibular function | 231 | ||
| 18.4. Animal studies in normal vestibular function | 233 | ||
| 18.5. Behavioral evidence in abnormal human vestibular function | 233 | ||
| 18.6. Animal lesion studies in abnormal vestibular function | 234 | ||
| 18.7. Non-rotational evidence for a cervical mediated ocular reflex | 236 | ||
| 18.8. Final thoughts | 236 | ||
| References | 236 | ||
| Chapter 19: Computerized postural control assessment1 | 238 | ||
| 19.1. Introduction | 238 | ||
| 19.2. Protocols | 242 | ||
| 19.3. Clinical utilization | 248 | ||
| References | 249 | ||
| Chapter 20: Evaluation of gait and turns | 252 | ||
| 20.1. Introduction | 252 | ||
| 20.2. Overview of methodology common to gait and turns | 252 | ||
| 20.3. Gait | 254 | ||
| 20.4. Turns | 255 | ||
| 20.5. Summary | 258 | ||
| References | 259 | ||
| Chapter 21: Auditory function in the dizzy patient | 262 | ||
| 21.1. Introduction | 262 | ||
| 21.2. Clinical case evaluations | 262 | ||
| 21.3. Summary and conclusions | 267 | ||
| References | 267 | ||
| Chapter 22: Electrocochleography | 268 | ||
| 22.1. Introduction | 268 | ||
| 22.2. Methods of performing electrocochleography | 268 | ||
| 22.3. Apparatus and methods | 268 | ||
| 22.4. Normal recordings | 270 | ||
| 22.5. \rElectrocochleography in conductive hearing loss | 273 | ||
| 22.6. Electrocochleography in sensory hearing loss | 273 | ||
| 22.7. Electrocochleography in auditory neuropathy | 273 | ||
| 22.8. \rElectrocochleography in Ménière's disease | 274 | ||
| 22.9. Conclusions | 278 | ||
| References | 279 | ||
| Chapter 23: Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) and intraoperative BAEP monitoring | 282 | ||
| 23.1. Types of auditory evoked potentials | 282 | ||
| 23.2. BAEP recording techniques | 283 | ||
| 23.3. The normal BAEP waveform | 288 | ||
| 23.4. Generator sources of the BAEPs | 290 | ||
| 23.5. Interpretation of extraoperative diagnostic BAEP studies | 292 | ||
| 23.6. Intraoperative BAEP monitoring | 295 | ||
| References | 299 | ||
| Chapter 24: Functional brain imaging of the vestibular system: fMRI and PET | 303 | ||
| 24.1. Functional imaging: fMRI and PET | 303 | ||
| 24.2. Functional imaging of the vestibular system | 305 | ||
| References | 311 | ||
| Section III: Diseases and Treatments | 313 | ||
| Chapter 25: Vestibular neuritis | 315 | ||
| 25.1. Introduction | 315 | ||
| 25.2. Clinical syndrome | 316 | ||
| 25.3. Epidemiology, spontaneous course, recurrences, and complications | 318 | ||
| 25.4. Laboratory examinations | 320 | ||
| 25.5. Pathophysiology and etiology | 321 | ||
| 25.6. Differential diagnosis and clinical problems | 325 | ||
| 25.7. Management | 327 | ||
| References | 329 | ||
| Chapter 26: Acquired bilateral peripheral vestibulopathy | 333 | ||
| 26.1. Introduction | 333 | ||
| 26.2. Definition and criteria | 334 | ||
| 26.3. Common etiologies and pathophysiology of acquired BVL | 335 | ||
| 26.4. Clinical history (symptoms) | 338 | ||
| 26.5. Physical examination | 340 | ||
| 26.6. Testing methods and documentation of BVL: quantitative assessment of vestibular function and the interaction with visua | 341 | ||
| 26.7. Imaging and the BVL patient | 347 | ||
| 26.8. Medical management | 347 | ||
| 26.9. Clinical significance | 348 | ||
| 26.10. Research considerations | 348 | ||
| 26.11. Summary | 349 | ||
| References | 349 | ||
| Chapter 27: Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo | 353 | ||
| 27.1. Introduction | 353 | ||
| 27.2. Epidemiology | 353 | ||
| 27.3. Symptoms | 354 | ||
| 27.4. Clinical features | 354 | ||
| 27.5. Etiology and pathophysiology | 358 | ||
| 27.6. Treatment | 363 | ||
| References | 368 | ||
| Chapter 28: Ménière's disease | 371 | ||
| 28.1. Introduction | 371 | ||
| 28.2. Pathogenesis and etiology | 371 | ||
| 28.3. Diagnosis | 373 | ||
| 28.4. Treatment | 375 | ||
| References | 378 | ||
| Chapter 29: Temporal bone and cerebellopontine angle tumors | 382 | ||
| 29.1. Introduction | 382 | ||
| 29.2. Benign temporal bone and cerebellopontine angle disorders | 382 | ||
| 29.3. Malignant lesions of the temporal bone and cerebellopontine angle | 401 | ||
| References | 406 | ||
| Chapter 30: Superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome and perilymphatic fistula | 415 | ||
| 30.1. Overview | 415 | ||
| 30.2. Perilymphatic fistula | 424 | ||
| References | 425 | ||
| Chapter 31: Autoimmune inner ear disease | 428 | ||
| 31.1. Introduction | 428 | ||
| 31.2. Pathophysiology | 428 | ||
| 31.3. Diagnosis | 429 | ||
| 31.4. Treatment | 430 | ||
| 31.5. The future | 430 | ||
| References | 430 | ||
| Chapter 32: Inherited vestibular and vestibulocerebellar disorders | 433 | ||
| 32.1. Introduction | 433 | ||
| 32.2. Clinical syndromes | 433 | ||
| Acknowledgement | 437 | ||
| References | 437 | ||
| Chapter 33: Migrainous vertigo | 440 | ||
| 33.1. Introduction | 440 | ||
| 33.2. Migraine and vertigo: more than just coincidence? | 440 | ||
| 33.3. Diagnostic criteria | 440 | ||
| 33.4. Clinical features | 441 | ||
| 33.5. Pathophysiology | 443 | ||
| 33.6. Treatment | 444 | ||
| 33.7. Links between migraine and other neurotological syndromes | 444 | ||
| 33.8. Vestibular testing in patients with migrainous vertigo | 446 | ||
| References | 448 | ||
| Chapter 34: Vestibular disorders in cerebrovascular disease | 451 | ||
| 34.1. Transient ischemic attack | 451 | ||
| 34.2. Labyrinthine infarction | 451 | ||
| 34.3. Brainstem stroke | 453 | ||
| 34.4. Cerebellar stroke | 463 | ||
| 34.5. Thalamic stroke | 469 | ||
| 34.6. Hemispheric stroke | 470 | ||
| 34.7. Vascular compression syndromes | 470 | ||
| References | 471 | ||
| Chapter 35: Vestibular testing and multiple sclerosis | 478 | ||
| 35.1. Introduction | 478 | ||
| 35.2. Clinical examination | 479 | ||
| 35.3. Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) | 481 | ||
| 35.4. Electro-oculography/electronystagmography | 482 | ||
| 35.5. Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials | 483 | ||
| 35.6. Neurogenic vestibular-evoked potentials | 484 | ||
| 35.7. Conclusion | 485 | ||
| References | 485 | ||
| Chapter 36: Post-traumatic dizziness: diagnosis, treatments and outcomes | 487 | ||
| 36.1. Introduction | 487 | ||
| 36.2. Classifications of post-traumatic dizziness | 487 | ||
| 36.3. Neurophysiologic tests in post-traumatic dizziness | 488 | ||
| 36.4. Treatment | 489 | ||
| 36.5. Outcome measures | 489 | ||
| 36.6. Conclusion | 490 | ||
| References | 490 | ||
| Chapter 37: Dizziness in older people | 491 | ||
| 37.1. Introduction | 491 | ||
| 37.2. Approach to the older patient with dizziness | 491 | ||
| 37.3. Clinical categories of dizziness | 494 | ||
| 37.4. Investigations | 496 | ||
| 37.5. Management | 498 | ||
| 37.6. Summary | 499 | ||
| References | 499 | ||
| Chapter 38: Psychological aspects of vestibular disorders | 502 | ||
| 38.1. Introduction | 502 | ||
| 38.2. Comorbidity of vestibular and psychological conditions | 503 | ||
| 38.3. Anxiety and depression in patients with neurotologic illness | 506 | ||
| 38.4. Hypersensitivity to motion stimuli | 507 | ||
| 38.5. Persistent dizziness in patients without obvious vestibular impairment | 508 | ||
| 38.6. Detection of psychological morbidity in patients with dizziness | 512 | ||
| 38.7. Emerging therapies | 516 | ||
| 38.8. Conclusions | 517 | ||
| Appendix. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) | 518 | ||
| References | 519 | ||
| Chapter 39: Visual symptoms and vertigo | 523 | ||
| 39.1. Diplopia in vestibular disease | 523 | ||
| 39.2. Oscillopsia | 525 | ||
| 39.3. Visual vertigo | 528 | ||
| 39.4. Unusual audio-visuo-vestibular symptoms | 529 | ||
| References | 531 | ||
| Section IV: The Future | 535 | ||
| Chapter 40: Vestibular and ocular motor function | 537 | ||
| 40.1. The history of vestibular and balance disorders | 537 | ||
| 40.2. Mathematical and computational modeling of vestibular and ocular motor disorders | 539 | ||
| 40.3. The application of artificial neural networks: a new diagnostic tool for balance disorders | 541 | ||
| 40.4. Biological inspirations for a technical eye: a head-mounted camera driven by eye movements | 546 | ||
| 40.5. Technical substitution of vestibular loss: vestibular prosthesis | 548 | ||
| 40.6. From the molecule to vestibular and ocular motor functions: new treatment options | 549 | ||
| References | 551 | ||
| Subject Index | 557 |