Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Using a unique collaborative care approach to adult health nursing, Medical-Surgical Nursing: Patient-Centered Collaborative Care, 8th Edition covers the essential knowledge you need to succeed at the RN level of practice. Easy-to-read content includes evidence-based treatment guidelines, an enhanced focus on QSEN competencies, and an emphasis on developing clinical judgment skills. This edition continues the book’s trendsetting tradition with increased LGBTQ content and a new Care of Transgender Patients chapter. Written by nursing education experts Donna Ignatavicius and M. Linda Workman, this bestselling text also features NCLEX® Exam-style challenge questions to prepare you for success on the NCLEX Exam. Cutting-edge coverage of the latest trends in nursing practice and nursing education prepares you not just for today’s nursing practice but also for tomorrow’s.
- UNIQUE! Collaborative care approach organizes all medical, surgical, nursing, and other interventions within the framework of the nursing process, mirroring the nurse’s role in the coordination/management of care in the real world of medical-surgical nursing.
- UNIQUE! A focus on nursing concepts relates concepts learned in Nursing Fundamentals with the disorders you will study in Medical-Surgical Nursing.
- Easy to read, direct-address writing style makes this one of the most readable medical-surgical nursing textbooks available.
- UNIQUE! A focus on QSEN emphasizes patient safety and evidence-based practice with Nursing Safety Priority boxes including Drug Alerts, Critical Rescues, and Action Alerts.
- UNIQUE! Emphasis on clinical judgment teaches you to develop skills in clinical reasoning and clinical decision-making when applying concepts to clinical situations, with Clinical Judgment Challenge questions throughout the chapters.
- An emphasis on prioritization stresses the most important patient problems and nursing interventions, with patient problems presented in a single prioritized list of nursing diagnoses and collaborative problems.
- UNIQUE! NCLEX preparation tools include chapter-opening Learning Outcomes and chapter-ending Get Ready for the NCLEX Examination! sections organized by NCLEX® Client Needs Categories, plus NCLEX Examination Challenge questions, with an answer key in the back of the book and on the Evolve companion website.
- Practical learning aids include NCLEX Examination Challenges, Clinical Judgment Challenges, Best Practice for Patient Safety & Quality Care charts, common examples of drug therapy, concept maps, laboratory profiles, and more.
- A clear alignment with the language of clinical practice reflects the real world of nursing practice with NANDA diagnostic labels where they make sense, and non-NANDA diagnostic labels when these are more common descriptions of patient problems.
- Student Resources on an Evolve companion website help you prepare for class, clinicals, or lab with video and audio clips, animations, case studies, a concept map creator, NCLEX exam-style review questions, and more.
- UNIQUE! Concentration on essential knowledge for the RN level of medical-surgical nursing practice focuses your attention on need-to-know content to pass the NCLEX Examination and practice safety as a beginning nurse.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Evolve page | endshee-2 | ||
| Brief TOC | endshee-3 | ||
| Endsheet 4 | endshee-4 | ||
| Medical-Surgical Nursing | i | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Consultants and Contributors | v | ||
| Reviewers | vii | ||
| Preface | viii | ||
| Key Themes for the 8th Edition | viii | ||
| Clinical Currency and Accuracy | ix | ||
| Outstanding Readability | x | ||
| Ease of Access | x | ||
| A Patient-Centered Collaborative Care Approach | x | ||
| Organization | xi | ||
| Multinational, Multicultural, Multigenerational Focus | xi | ||
| Additional Learning Aids | xi | ||
| An Integrated Multimedia Resource Based on Proven Strategies for Student Engagement and Learning | xii | ||
| Resources for Instructors | xii | ||
| Resources for Students | xiii | ||
| Dedication | xiv | ||
| About the Authors | xv | ||
| Acknowledgments | xvi | ||
| Table Of Contents | xvii | ||
| Guide to Special Features | xxvii | ||
| Best Practice for Patient Safety & Quality Care | xxvii | ||
| Common Examples of Drug Therapy | xxviii | ||
| Concept Map | xxviii | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | xxviii | ||
| Focused Assessment | xxix | ||
| Home Care Assessment | xxix | ||
| Key Features | xxix | ||
| Laboratory Profile | xxx | ||
| Nursing Focus on the Older Adult | xxx | ||
| Patient and Family Education: Preparing for Self-Management | xxx | ||
| Quality Improvement | xxxi | ||
| Unit I Foundations for Medical-Surgical Nursing | 1 | ||
| 1 Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing Practice | 1 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 1 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1 | ||
| Scope of Medical-Surgical Nursing Practice | 1 | ||
| Priority Focus on Safety and Quality of Care | 2 | ||
| Protecting Five Million Lives from Harm | 2 | ||
| Quality and Safety Education for Nurses Core Competencies | 3 | ||
| Patient-Centered Care | 3 | ||
| Ethical Principles. | 4 | ||
| Special Needs of the LGBTQ Population. | 4 | ||
| Teamwork and Collaboration | 4 | ||
| Communication. | 5 | ||
| Delegation and Supervision. | 6 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 6 | ||
| Quality Improvement | 6 | ||
| Informatics | 7 | ||
| Safety | 7 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 8 | ||
| Key Points | 8 | ||
| Safe and Effective Care Environment | 8 | ||
| 2 Common Health Problems of Older Adults | 9 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 9 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 9 | ||
| Overview | 9 | ||
| Health Issues for Older Adults in Community-Based Settings | 10 | ||
| Decreased Nutrition and Hydration | 10 | ||
| Decreased Mobility | 11 | ||
| Stress and Loss | 12 | ||
| Accidents | 13 | ||
| Fall Prevention | 13 | ||
| Driving Safety | 13 | ||
| Drug Use and Misuse | 13 | ||
| Effects of Drugs on Older Adults | 14 | ||
| Self-Administration of Drugs | 14 | ||
| Complementary and Alternative Therapies. | 15 | ||
| Medication Assessment and Health Teaching | 15 | ||
| Mental Health/Behavioral Health Problems | 16 | ||
| Depression | 16 | ||
| Dementia | 16 | ||
| Delirium | 18 | ||
| Alcohol Use and Abuse | 18 | ||
| Elder Neglect and Abuse | 19 | ||
| Health Care Issues for Older Adults in Hospitals and Long-Term Care Settings | 19 | ||
| Problems of Sleep, Nutrition, and Continence | 20 | ||
| Confusion, Falls, and Skin Breakdown | 20 | ||
| Care Transition from the Hospital or Long-Term Care Setting to Home | 22 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 23 | ||
| Key Points | 23 | ||
| Safe and Effective Care Environment | 23 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 23 | ||
| Psychosocial Integrity | 23 | ||
| Physiological Integrity | 23 | ||
| 3 Assessment and Care of Patients with Pain | 24 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 24 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 24 | ||
| Overview | 24 | ||
| Scope of the Problem | 25 | ||
| Definitions of Pain | 25 | ||
| Categorization of Pain by Duration | 25 | ||
| Acute Pain | 25 | ||
| Chronic Pain | 26 | ||
| Chronic Cancer Pain | 26 | ||
| Chronic Non-Cancer Pain | 26 | ||
| Categorization of Pain by Underlying Mechanisms | 26 | ||
| Nociceptive Pain | 26 | ||
| Neuropathic Pain | 28 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 28 | ||
| Pain Assessment | 28 | ||
| The Comprehensive Pain Assessment | 29 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment | 32 | ||
| Assessment Challenges | 33 | ||
| Pharmacologic Management of Pain | 34 | ||
| Multimodal Analgesia | 34 | ||
| Routes of Administration | 34 | ||
| Around-the-Clock Dosing | 34 | ||
| Patient-Controlled Analgesia | 35 | ||
| The Three Analgesic Groups | 35 | ||
| Non-opioid Analgesics. | 35 | ||
| Acetaminophen. | 35 | ||
| NSAIDs. | 37 | ||
| Health Teaching. | 37 | ||
| Opioid Analgesics. | 37 | ||
| Key Principles of Opioid Administration. | 38 | ||
| Physical Dependence, Tolerance, and Addiction. | 38 | ||
| Opioid Naïve versus Opioid Tolerant. | 40 | ||
| Equianalgesia. | 40 | ||
| Drug Formulation Terminology. | 40 | ||
| Selected Opioid Analgesics. | 41 | ||
| Dual Mechanism Analgesics. | 42 | ||
| Opioids to Avoid. | 42 | ||
| Intraspinal Analgesia. | 42 | ||
| Adverse Effects of Opioid Analgesics. | 43 | ||
| Adjuvant Analgesics. | 45 | ||
| Anticonvulsants and Antidepressants. | 45 | ||
| Local Anesthetics. | 45 | ||
| Use of Placebos | 45 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Management of Pain | 46 | ||
| Physical Modalities | 46 | ||
| Cognitive-Behavioral Strategies | 47 | ||
| Community-Based Care | 48 | ||
| Home Care Management | 48 | ||
| Self-Management Education | 48 | ||
| Health Care Resources | 48 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 49 | ||
| Key Points | 49 | ||
| Safe and Effective Care Environment | 49 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 49 | ||
| Psychosocial Integrity | 49 | ||
| Physiological Integrity | 49 | ||
| 4 Genetic and Genomic Concepts for Medical-Surgical Nursing | 51 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 51 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 51 | ||
| Genetic Biology Review | 51 | ||
| DNA | 52 | ||
| DNA Structure | 52 | ||
| DNA Replication | 53 | ||
| Chromosomes | 53 | ||
| Gene Structure and Function | 54 | ||
| Phenotype | 55 | ||
| Genotype | 55 | ||
| Gene Expression | 55 | ||
| Protein Synthesis | 55 | ||
| Mutations | 56 | ||
| Patterns of Inheritance | 56 | ||
| Pedigree | 57 | ||
| Autosomal Dominant Pattern of Inheritance | 57 | ||
| Penetrance | 58 | ||
| Expressivity | 58 | ||
| Autosomal Recessive Pattern of Inheritance | 58 | ||
| Sex-Linked Recessive Pattern of Inheritance | 58 | ||
| Complex Inheritance and Familial Clustering | 59 | ||
| Genetic Testing | 59 | ||
| Purpose of Genetic Testing | 59 | ||
| Benefits and Risks of Genetic Testing | 59 | ||
| Genetic Counseling | 60 | ||
| Ethical Issues | 61 | ||
| The Role of the Medical-Surgical Nurse in Genetic Counseling | 61 | ||
| Communication | 61 | ||
| Privacy and Confidentiality | 62 | ||
| Information Accuracy | 62 | ||
| Patient Advocacy and Support | 62 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 63 | ||
| Key Points | 63 | ||
| Safe and Effective Care Environment | 63 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 63 | ||
| Psychosocial Integrity | 63 | ||
| Physiological Integrity | 63 | ||
| 5 Evidence-Based Practice in Medical-Surgical Nursing | 64 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 64 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 64 | ||
| Overview | 64 | ||
| Definitions of Evidence-Based Practice | 64 | ||
| Steps of the Evidence-Based Practice Process | 65 | ||
| Asking “Burning” Clinical Questions | 65 | ||
| Qualitative Versus Quantitative Questions. | 65 | ||
| PICO(T) Format. | 65 | ||
| Finding the Best Evidence | 66 | ||
| Critically Appraising and Synthesizing Evidence | 67 | ||
| Making Recommendations to Improve Practice | 67 | ||
| Implementing Recommendations | 67 | ||
| Evaluating Outcomes | 68 | ||
| Models and Frameworks for Implementing Evidence-Based Practice | 68 | ||
| Iowa Model | 68 | ||
| Reavy and Tavernier Model | 69 | ||
| ARCC Model | 69 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice Improvement (EBPI) Model | 70 | ||
| Steps of the EBPI Model | 70 | ||
| Application of the EBPI Model to Clinical Practice: A Case Study | 70 | ||
| Describe the Practice Problem | 70 | ||
| Formulate a Focused Clinical Question | 71 | ||
| Search for Evidence | 71 | ||
| Appraise and Synthesize the Evidence | 71 | ||
| Develop the Aim Statement | 72 | ||
| Implement the PDSA Cycles | 72 | ||
| Disseminate Best Practices | 73 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 73 | ||
| Key Points | 73 | ||
| Safe and Effective Care Environment | 73 | ||
| 6 Rehabilitation Concepts for Chronic and Disabling Health Problems | 74 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 74 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 74 | ||
| Overview | 74 | ||
| Chronic and Disabling Health Problems | 74 | ||
| Rehabilitation Settings | 75 | ||
| The Rehabilitation Team | 75 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 77 | ||
| Assessment | 77 | ||
| History. | 77 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations. | 77 | ||
| Cardiovascular and Respiratory Assessment. | 77 | ||
| Gastrointestinal and Nutritional Assessment. | 78 | ||
| Renal and Urinary Assessment. | 78 | ||
| Neurologic and Musculoskeletal Assessment. | 78 | ||
| Skin Assessment. | 79 | ||
| Functional Assessment. | 79 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment. | 80 | ||
| Vocational Assessment. | 80 | ||
| Analysis | 80 | ||
| Planning and Implementation | 80 | ||
| Improving Physical Mobility | 80 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 80 | ||
| Interventions. | 80 | ||
| Safe Patient Handling Practices. | 80 | ||
| Gait Training. | 81 | ||
| Increasing Functional Ability | 84 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 84 | ||
| Interventions. | 84 | ||
| Maintaining Skin Integrity | 85 | ||
| Unit II Concepts of Emergency Care and Disaster Preparedness | 105 | ||
| 8 Concepts of Emergency and Trauma Nursing | 105 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 105 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 105 | ||
| The Emergency Department Environment of Care | 106 | ||
| Demographic Data and Vulnerable Populations | 106 | ||
| Special Nursing Teams | 106 | ||
| Interdisciplinary Team Collaboration | 106 | ||
| Staff and Patient Safety Considerations | 108 | ||
| Staff Safety | 108 | ||
| Patient Safety | 108 | ||
| Scope of Emergency Nursing Practice | 109 | ||
| Core Competencies | 110 | ||
| Training and Certification | 111 | ||
| Emergency Nursing Principles | 111 | ||
| Triage | 111 | ||
| Emergent, Urgent, and Nonurgent Categories | 111 | ||
| Other Multi-Tiered Models | 112 | ||
| Disposition | 112 | ||
| Case Management | 113 | ||
| Patient and Family Education | 113 | ||
| Death in the Emergency Department | 114 | ||
| The Impact of Homelessness | 114 | ||
| Trauma Nursing Principles | 114 | ||
| Trauma Centers and Trauma Systems | 115 | ||
| Trauma Centers | 115 | ||
| Trauma Systems | 116 | ||
| Mechanism of Injury | 116 | ||
| Primary Survey and Resuscitation Interventions | 116 | ||
| A: Airway/Cervical Spine | 116 | ||
| B: Breathing | 116 | ||
| C: Circulation | 117 | ||
| D: Disability | 117 | ||
| E: Exposure | 117 | ||
| The Secondary Survey and Resuscitation Interventions | 118 | ||
| Disposition | 118 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 118 | ||
| Key Points | 118 | ||
| Safe and Effective Care Environment | 118 | ||
| Psychosocial Integrity | 119 | ||
| Physiological Integrity | 119 | ||
| 9 Care of Patients with Common Environmental Emergencies | 120 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 120 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 120 | ||
| Heat-Related Illnesses | 120 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 121 | ||
| Heat Exhaustion | 121 | ||
| Unit III Management of Patients with Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances | 148 | ||
| 11 Assessment and Care of Patients with Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances | 148 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 148 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 148 | ||
| Homeostasis | 148 | ||
| Physiologic Influences on Fluid and Electrolyte Balance | 148 | ||
| Filtration | 149 | ||
| Physiologic Action | 149 | ||
| Clinical Significance | 149 | ||
| Diffusion | 150 | ||
| Physiologic Action | 150 | ||
| Clinical Significance | 150 | ||
| Osmosis | 151 | ||
| Physiologic Action | 151 | ||
| Clinical Significance | 151 | ||
| Fluid Balance | 152 | ||
| Body Fluids | 152 | ||
| Hormonal Regulation of Fluid Balance | 153 | ||
| Significance of Fluid Balance | 154 | ||
| The Renin-Angiotensin II Pathway | 154 | ||
| Clinical Application | 155 | ||
| Fluid Imbalances | 155 | ||
| Dehydration | 155 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 155 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 156 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 156 | ||
| Assessment | 156 | ||
| History. | 156 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations. | 156 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment. | 157 | ||
| Interventions | 157 | ||
| Fluid Overload | 158 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 158 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 158 | ||
| Assessment | 158 | ||
| Interventions | 158 | ||
| Electrolyte Balance and Imbalances | 160 | ||
| Sodium | 161 | ||
| Hyponatremia | 161 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 161 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 161 | ||
| Assessment | 161 | ||
| Interventions | 162 | ||
| Hypernatremia | 162 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 162 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 162 | ||
| Assessment | 162 | ||
| Interventions | 163 | ||
| Potassium | 163 | ||
| Hypokalemia | 163 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 163 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 164 | ||
| Assessment | 164 | ||
| Interventions | 164 | ||
| Hyperkalemia | 166 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 166 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 166 | ||
| Assessment | 166 | ||
| Interventions | 166 | ||
| Calcium | 167 | ||
| Hypocalcemia | 167 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 167 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 168 | ||
| Assessment | 168 | ||
| Unit IV Management of Perioperative Patients | 215 | ||
| 14 Care of Preoperative Patients | 215 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 215 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 215 | ||
| Overview | 216 | ||
| Categories and Purposes of Surgery | 217 | ||
| Surgical Settings | 218 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 219 | ||
| Assessment | 219 | ||
| History. | 219 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations. | 221 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment. | 222 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment. | 223 | ||
| Imaging Assessment. | 224 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Assessment. | 225 | ||
| Analysis | 225 | ||
| Planning and Implementation | 225 | ||
| Providing Information | 225 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 225 | ||
| Interventions. | 225 | ||
| Ensuring Informed Consent. | 226 | ||
| Patient Self-Determination. | 228 | ||
| Implementing Dietary Restrictions. | 228 | ||
| Administering Regularly Scheduled Drugs. | 228 | ||
| Intestinal Preparation. | 228 | ||
| Skin Preparation. | 228 | ||
| Preparing the Patient for Tubes, Drains, and Vascular Access. | 229 | ||
| Postoperative Procedures and Exercises. | 230 | ||
| Procedures and Exercises to Prevent Respiratory Complications. | 230 | ||
| Procedures and Exercises to Prevent Cardiovascular Complications. | 231 | ||
| Minimizing Anxiety | 233 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 233 | ||
| Interventions. | 233 | ||
| Preoperative Chart Review. | 233 | ||
| Preoperative Patient Preparation. | 234 | ||
| Preoperative Drugs. | 234 | ||
| Patient Transfer to the Surgical Suite. | 234 | ||
| Evaluation: Outcomes | 236 | ||
| Nursing Concepts and Clinical Judgment Review | 236 | ||
| Vital signs: | 236 | ||
| Physical assessment: | 236 | ||
| Psychological assessment: | 236 | ||
| Laboratory assessment: | 236 | ||
| Get Ready for the Nclex® Examination! | 236 | ||
| Key Points | 236 | ||
| Safe and Effective Care Environment | 236 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 236 | ||
| Psychosocial Integrity | 236 | ||
| Physiological Integrity | 237 | ||
| 15 Care of Intraoperative Patients | 238 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 238 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 238 | ||
| Overview | 238 | ||
| Members of the Surgical Team | 238 | ||
| Surgeon and Surgical Assistant | 238 | ||
| Anesthesia Providers | 239 | ||
| Perioperative Nursing Staff | 239 | ||
| Preparation of the Surgical Suite and Team Safety | 241 | ||
| Layout | 241 | ||
| Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery | 242 | ||
| Health and Hygiene of the Surgical Team | 242 | ||
| Surgical Attire | 243 | ||
| Surgical Scrub | 243 | ||
| Anesthesia | 244 | ||
| General Anesthesia | 245 | ||
| Stages of General Anesthesia. | 245 | ||
| Administration of General Anesthesia. | 245 | ||
| Complications of General Anesthesia. | 246 | ||
| Local or Regional Anesthesia | 248 | ||
| Local Anesthesia. | 248 | ||
| Regional Anesthesia. | 248 | ||
| Complications of Local or Regional Anesthesia. | 249 | ||
| Moderate Sedation | 249 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 250 | ||
| Assessment | 250 | ||
| History. | 250 | ||
| Medical Record Review. | 250 | ||
| Advance Directives and Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders. | 250 | ||
| Allergies and Previous Reactions to Anesthesia or Transfusions. | 251 | ||
| Autologous Blood Transfusion. | 251 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Test Results. | 251 | ||
| Medical History and Physical Examination Findings. | 251 | ||
| Analysis | 252 | ||
| Planning and Implementation | 252 | ||
| Preventing Injury | 252 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 252 | ||
| Interventions. | 252 | ||
| Preventing Infection | 253 | ||
| Unit V Problems of Protection: Management of Patients with Problems of the Immune System | 275 | ||
| Concept Overview | 274 | ||
| 17 Inflammation and Immunity | 275 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 275 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 275 | ||
| Overview | 275 | ||
| Self Versus Non-Self | 276 | ||
| Organization of the Immune System | 276 | ||
| Inflammation | 277 | ||
| Infection | 278 | ||
| Cell Types Involved in Inflammation | 278 | ||
| Neutrophils | 278 | ||
| Macrophages | 279 | ||
| Basophils | 279 | ||
| Eosinophils | 280 | ||
| Tissue Mast Cells | 280 | ||
| Phagocytosis | 280 | ||
| Sequence of Inflammation | 280 | ||
| Immunity | 281 | ||
| Antibody-Mediated Immunity | 281 | ||
| Antigen-Antibody Interactions | 281 | ||
| Antibody Classification | 284 | ||
| Acquiring Antibody-Mediated Immunity | 284 | ||
| Cell-Mediated Immunity | 285 | ||
| Cell Types Involved in Cell-Mediated Immunity | 285 | ||
| Cytokines | 286 | ||
| Protection Provided by Cell-Mediated Immunity | 286 | ||
| Transplant Rejection | 286 | ||
| Hyperacute Rejection | 286 | ||
| Acute Rejection | 287 | ||
| Chronic Rejection | 287 | ||
| Management of Transplant Rejection | 287 | ||
| Nursing Concepts and Clinical Judgment Review | 289 | ||
| Vital signs: | 289 | ||
| Physical assessment: | 289 | ||
| Laboratory assessment: | 289 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 289 | ||
| Key Points | 289 | ||
| Physiological Integrity | 289 | ||
| 18 Care of Patients with Arthritis and Other Connective Tissue Diseases | 290 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 290 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 290 | ||
| Osteoarthritis | 291 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 291 | ||
| Etiology and Genetic Risk | 291 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 291 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 292 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 292 | ||
| Assessment | 292 | ||
| History. | 292 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations. | 292 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment. | 293 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment. | 293 | ||
| Imaging Assessment. | 293 | ||
| Analysis | 293 | ||
| Planning and Implementation | 293 | ||
| Managing Chronic Pain | 293 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 293 | ||
| Interventions. | 293 | ||
| Nonsurgical Management. | 293 | ||
| Drug Therapy. | 293 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Interventions. | 294 | ||
| Complementary and Alternative Therapies. | 294 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 295 | ||
| Total Hip Arthroplasty. | 295 | ||
| Preoperative Care. | 296 | ||
| Operative Procedures. | 296 | ||
| Postoperative Care. | 297 | ||
| Preventing Hip Dislocation. | 297 | ||
| Preventing Venous Thromboembolism. | 298 | ||
| Preventing Infection. | 299 | ||
| Assessing for Bleeding and Managing Anemia. | 299 | ||
| Assessing for Neurovascular Compromise. | 299 | ||
| Managing Pain. | 299 | ||
| Promoting Mobility and Activity. | 299 | ||
| Promoting Self-Management. | 300 | ||
| Total Knee Arthroplasty. | 300 | ||
| Preoperative Care. | 300 | ||
| Operative Procedures. | 301 | ||
| Complementary and Alternative Therapies. | 301 | ||
| Postoperative Care. | 301 | ||
| Other Joint Arthroplasties. | 302 | ||
| Improving Mobility | 303 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 303 | ||
| Interventions. | 303 | ||
| Community-Based Care | 304 | ||
| Home Care Management. | 304 | ||
| Self-Management Education. | 304 | ||
| Health Care Resources. | 304 | ||
| Evaluation: Outcomes | 304 | ||
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | 304 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 304 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 305 | ||
| Assessment | 305 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations | 305 | ||
| Early Disease Manifestations. | 305 | ||
| Late Disease Manifestations. | 305 | ||
| Joint Involvement. | 306 | ||
| Systemic Complications and Associated Syndromes. | 306 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment. | 306 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment. | 307 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Assessment. | 307 | ||
| Interventions | 308 | ||
| Managing Inflammation and Pain. | 308 | ||
| Drug Therapy. | 308 | ||
| First-Line Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs. | 308 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs. | 310 | ||
| Biological Response Modifiers. | 310 | ||
| Other Drugs. | 311 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Interventions. | 311 | ||
| Complementary and Alternative Therapies. | 312 | ||
| Promoting Self-Management. | 312 | ||
| Managing Fatigue. | 312 | ||
| Enhancing Body Image. | 312 | ||
| Community-Based Care | 313 | ||
| Home Care Management. | 313 | ||
| Self-Management Education. | 313 | ||
| Health Care Resources. | 313 | ||
| Lupus Erythematosus | 313 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 313 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 314 | ||
| Assessment | 314 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations | 314 | ||
| Skin Involvement. | 314 | ||
| Other Manifestations. | 315 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment. | 315 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment. | 315 | ||
| Interventions | 315 | ||
| Managing Lupus with Drug Therapy. | 315 | ||
| Protecting the Skin. | 316 | ||
| Community-Based Care | 316 | ||
| Systemic Sclerosis | 317 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 317 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 317 | ||
| Assessment | 317 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations. | 317 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment. | 318 | ||
| Interventions | 318 | ||
| Community-Based Care | 319 | ||
| Gout | 319 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 319 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 319 | ||
| Assessment | 319 | ||
| Interventions | 320 | ||
| Drug Therapy. | 320 | ||
| Nutrition Therapy and Lifestyle Recommendations. | 320 | ||
| Infectious Arthritis | 320 | ||
| Lyme Disease | 320 | ||
| Psoriatic Arthritis | 321 | ||
| Fibromyalgia Syndrome | 321 | ||
| Chronic Fatigue Syndrome | 322 | ||
| Other Connective Tissue Diseases | 322 | ||
| Other Disease-Associated Arthritis | 322 | ||
| Mixed Connective Tissue Disease | 322 | ||
| Nursing Concepts and Clinical Judgment Review | 324 | ||
| Perform and interpret focused physical assessment findings, including: | 324 | ||
| Respond: | 324 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 324 | ||
| Key Points | 324 | ||
| Safe and Effective Care Environment | 324 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 324 | ||
| Psychosocial Integrity | 325 | ||
| Physiological Integrity | 325 | ||
| 19 Care of Patients with HIV Disease and Other Immune Deficiencies | 326 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 326 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 326 | ||
| Acquired (Secondary) Immune Deficiencies | 326 | ||
| HIV Infection and AIDS | 326 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 326 | ||
| Etiology and Genetic Risk | 326 | ||
| The HIV Infectious Process. | 327 | ||
| HIV Classification. | 328 | ||
| HIV Progression. | 328 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 328 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 329 | ||
| Sexual Transmission | 330 | ||
| Parenteral Transmission | 331 | ||
| Perinatal Transmission | 332 | ||
| Transmission and Health Care Workers | 332 | ||
| Testing | 332 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 333 | ||
| Assessment | 333 | ||
| History. | 333 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations. | 333 | ||
| Opportunistic Infections. | 333 | ||
| Malignancies. | 335 | ||
| Endocrine Complications. | 335 | ||
| Other Clinical Manifestations. | 336 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment. | 336 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment | 336 | ||
| Lymphocyte Counts. | 336 | ||
| Antibody Tests. | 336 | ||
| Viral Load Testing. | 337 | ||
| Other Laboratory Assessment. | 337 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Assessment. | 337 | ||
| Analysis | 337 | ||
| Planning and Implementation | 337 | ||
| Preventing Infection. | 337 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 338 | ||
| Interventions. | 338 | ||
| Drug Therapy. | 338 | ||
| Immune Enhancement. | 340 | ||
| Complementary and Alternative Therapies. | 340 | ||
| Enhancing Oxygenation | 340 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 340 | ||
| Interventions. | 340 | ||
| Managing Pain. | 340 | ||
| Unit VI Problems of Protection: Management of Patients with Problems of the Skin, Hair, and Nails | 415 | ||
| 24 Assessment of the Skin, Hair, and Nails | 415 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 415 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 415 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology Review | 415 | ||
| Structure of the Skin | 415 | ||
| Structure of the Skin Appendages | 417 | ||
| Functions of the Skin | 417 | ||
| Skin Changes Associated with Aging | 417 | ||
| Assessment Methods | 420 | ||
| Patient History | 420 | ||
| Nutrition Status | 420 | ||
| Family History and Genetic Risk | 421 | ||
| Current Health Problems | 421 | ||
| Skin Assessment | 421 | ||
| Inspection | 421 | ||
| Palpation | 424 | ||
| Hair Assessment | 424 | ||
| Nail Assessment | 425 | ||
| Skin Assessment Techniques for Patients with Darker Skin | 428 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment | 428 | ||
| Diagnostic Assessment | 429 | ||
| Laboratory Tests | 429 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Tests | 429 | ||
| Skin Biopsy. | 429 | ||
| Patient Preparation. | 429 | ||
| Procedure. | 429 | ||
| Follow-up Care. | 429 | ||
| Wood’s Light Examination. | 429 | ||
| Diascopy. | 429 | ||
| Nursing Concepts and Clinical Judgment Review | 430 | ||
| Vital signs: | 430 | ||
| Physical assessment: | 430 | ||
| Psychological assessment: | 430 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 430 | ||
| Key Points | 430 | ||
| Safe and Effective Care Environment | 430 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 430 | ||
| Psychosocial Integrity | 430 | ||
| Physiological Integrity | 430 | ||
| 25 Care of Patients with Skin Problems | 432 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 432 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 432 | ||
| Minor Skin Irritations | 432 | ||
| Pruritus | 432 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 432 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 433 | ||
| Urticaria | 433 | ||
| Trauma | 433 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 433 | ||
| Phases of Wound Healing | 433 | ||
| Mechanisms of Wound Healing | 435 | ||
| Partial-Thickness Wounds. | 435 | ||
| Full-Thickness Wounds. | 435 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 436 | ||
| Pressure Ulcers | 436 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 436 | ||
| Mechanical Forces | 437 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 437 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 437 | ||
| Identification of High-Risk Patients | 437 | ||
| Pressure-Relieving and Pressure-Reducing Techniques | 440 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 441 | ||
| Assessment | 441 | ||
| History. | 441 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations. | 441 | ||
| Wound Assessment. | 441 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment. | 443 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment. | 444 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Assessments. | 444 | ||
| Analysis | 444 | ||
| Planning and Implementation | 444 | ||
| Managing Wounds | 444 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 444 | ||
| Interventions. | 444 | ||
| Nonsurgical Management. | 444 | ||
| Dressings. | 444 | ||
| Physical Therapy. | 446 | ||
| Drug Therapy. | 446 | ||
| Nutrition Therapy. | 446 | ||
| New Technologies. | 446 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 447 | ||
| Preventing Infection and Wound Deterioration | 447 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 447 | ||
| Interventions. | 447 | ||
| Community-Based Care | 447 | ||
| Home Care Management. | 447 | ||
| Self-Management Education. | 449 | ||
| Health Care Resources. | 449 | ||
| Evaluation: Outcomes | 449 | ||
| Common Infections | 449 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 449 | ||
| Bacterial Infections | 450 | ||
| Viral Infections | 451 | ||
| Fungal Infections | 451 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 452 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 452 | ||
| Assessment | 452 | ||
| History. | 452 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations. | 452 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment. | 452 | ||
| Interventions | 452 | ||
| Cutaneous Anthrax | 453 | ||
| Parasitic Disorders | 453 | ||
| Pediculosis | 453 | ||
| Scabies | 454 | ||
| Bedbugs | 454 | ||
| Common Inflammations | 455 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 455 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 455 | ||
| Psoriasis | 456 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 456 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 456 | ||
| Assessment | 456 | ||
| History. | 456 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations. | 456 | ||
| Interventions | 456 | ||
| Topical Therapy. | 457 | ||
| Light Therapy. | 457 | ||
| Systemic Therapy. | 458 | ||
| Emotional Support. | 458 | ||
| Skin Cancer | 458 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 458 | ||
| Etiology and Genetic Risk | 458 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 460 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 460 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 460 | ||
| Assessment | 460 | ||
| Interventions | 460 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 460 | ||
| Nonsurgical Management. | 461 | ||
| Other Skin Disorders | 461 | ||
| Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis | 461 | ||
| Stevens-Johnson Syndrome | 461 | ||
| Plastic Surgery | 462 | ||
| Assessment | 462 | ||
| Interventions | 463 | ||
| Nursing Concepts and Clinical Judgment Review | 463 | ||
| Perform and interpret physical assessment, including: | 463 | ||
| Respond by: | 463 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 464 | ||
| Key Points | 464 | ||
| Safe and Effective Care Environment | 464 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 464 | ||
| Psychosocial Integrity | 464 | ||
| Physiological Integrity | 464 | ||
| 26 Care of Patients with Burns | 465 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 465 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 465 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Burn Injury | 465 | ||
| Skin Changes Resulting from Burn Injury | 465 | ||
| Anatomic Changes | 465 | ||
| Functional Changes | 466 | ||
| Depth of Burn Injury | 466 | ||
| Superficial-Thickness Wounds. | 467 | ||
| Partial-Thickness Wounds. | 467 | ||
| Full-Thickness Wounds. | 468 | ||
| Deep Full-Thickness Wounds. | 469 | ||
| Vascular Changes Resulting from Burn Injuries | 469 | ||
| Cardiac Changes Resulting from Burn Injury | 470 | ||
| Pulmonary Changes Resulting from Burn Injury | 470 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Changes Resulting from Burn Injury | 470 | ||
| Metabolic Changes Resulting from Burn Injury | 470 | ||
| Immunologic Changes Resulting from Burn Injury | 470 | ||
| Compensatory Responses to Burn Injury | 470 | ||
| Etiology of Burn Injury | 470 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence of Burn Injury | 472 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 472 | ||
| Resuscitation Phase of Burn Injury | 473 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 473 | ||
| Assessment | 473 | ||
| History. | 473 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations. | 473 | ||
| Respiratory Assessment. | 473 | ||
| Direct Airway Injury. | 473 | ||
| Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. | 474 | ||
| Thermal (Heat) Injury. | 474 | ||
| Smoke Poisoning. | 475 | ||
| Pulmonary Fluid Overload. | 475 | ||
| External Factors. | 475 | ||
| Cardiovascular Assessment. | 475 | ||
| Kidney/Urinary Assessment. | 475 | ||
| Skin Assessment. | 476 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Assessment. | 476 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment. | 476 | ||
| Imaging Assessment. | 476 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Assessment. | 476 | ||
| Analysis | 477 | ||
| Planning and Implementation | 477 | ||
| Supporting Oxygenation | 477 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 477 | ||
| Interventions. | 477 | ||
| Nonsurgical Management. | 477 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 478 | ||
| Preventing Hypovolemic Shock and Inadequate Oxygenation | 478 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 478 | ||
| Interventions. | 478 | ||
| Nonsurgical Management. | 478 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 479 | ||
| Managing Pain. | 479 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 479 | ||
| Interventions. | 479 | ||
| Nonsurgical Management. | 480 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 480 | ||
| Preventing Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 480 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcome. | 480 | ||
| Interventions. | 480 | ||
| Acute Phase of Burn Injury | 481 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 481 | ||
| Assessment | 481 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations | 481 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Assessment. | 481 | ||
| Neuroendocrine Assessment. | 481 | ||
| Immune Assessment. | 481 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Assessment. | 482 | ||
| Analysis | 482 | ||
| Planning and Implementation | 482 | ||
| Managing Wound Care | 482 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 482 | ||
| Interventions. | 482 | ||
| Nonsurgical Management. | 482 | ||
| Mechanical Débridement. | 482 | ||
| Enzymatic Débridement. | 483 | ||
| Dressing the Burn Wound. | 483 | ||
| Standard Wound Dressings. | 483 | ||
| Biologic Dressings. | 483 | ||
| Biosynthetic Wound Dressings. | 483 | ||
| Synthetic Dressings. | 483 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 483 | ||
| Surgical Excision. | 484 | ||
| Wound Covering. | 484 | ||
| Minimizing Infection. | 485 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 485 | ||
| Interventions. | 485 | ||
| Nonsurgical Management. | 485 | ||
| Drug Therapy for Infection Prevention. | 485 | ||
| Drug Therapy for Treatment of Infection. | 485 | ||
| Providing a Safe Environment. | 485 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 485 | ||
| Minimizing Weight Loss | 486 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 486 | ||
| Interventions. | 486 | ||
| Maintaining Mobility | 487 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 487 | ||
| Interventions. | 487 | ||
| Nonsurgical Management. | 487 | ||
| Unit VII Problems of Oxygenation: Management of Patients with Problems of the Respiratory Tract | 494 | ||
| Concept Overview | 492 | ||
| 27 Assessment of the Respiratory System | 494 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 494 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 494 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 494 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology Review | 496 | ||
| Upper Respiratory Tract | 496 | ||
| Nose and Sinuses | 496 | ||
| Pharynx | 497 | ||
| Larynx | 497 | ||
| Lower Respiratory Tract | 498 | ||
| Airways | 498 | ||
| Lungs | 499 | ||
| Accessory Muscles of Respiration | 499 | ||
| Oxygen Delivery and the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve | 499 | ||
| Respiratory Changes Associated with Aging | 500 | ||
| Assessment Methods | 500 | ||
| Patient History | 500 | ||
| Nutrition Status | 502 | ||
| Family History and Genetic Risk | 502 | ||
| Current Health Problems | 502 | ||
| Physical Assessment | 503 | ||
| Assessment of the Nose and Sinuses | 503 | ||
| Assessment of the Pharynx, Trachea, and Larynx | 503 | ||
| Assessment of the Lungs and Thorax | 503 | ||
| Inspection. | 503 | ||
| Palpation. | 504 | ||
| Percussion. | 504 | ||
| Auscultation. | 505 | ||
| Other Indicators of Respiratory Adequacy | 506 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment | 506 | ||
| Diagnostic Assessment | 507 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment | 507 | ||
| Imaging Assessment | 507 | ||
| Other Noninvasive Diagnostic Assessment | 508 | ||
| Pulse Oximetry. | 508 | ||
| Capnometry and Capnography. | 509 | ||
| Pulmonary Function Tests. | 509 | ||
| Patient Preparation. | 509 | ||
| Procedure. | 509 | ||
| Follow-up Care. | 509 | ||
| Exercise Testing. | 509 | ||
| Skin Tests. | 509 | ||
| Other Invasive Diagnostic Assessment | 509 | ||
| Endoscopic Examinations. | 509 | ||
| Patient Preparation. | 510 | ||
| Procedure. | 510 | ||
| Unit VIII Problems of Cardiac Output and Tissue Perfusion: Management of Patients with Problems of the Cardiovascular System | 627 | ||
| 33 Assessment of the Cardiovascular System | 627 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 627 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 627 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology Review | 627 | ||
| Heart | 627 | ||
| Structure | 627 | ||
| Function | 629 | ||
| Sequence of Events During the Cardiac Cycle. | 629 | ||
| Mechanical Properties of the Heart. | 630 | ||
| Vascular System | 631 | ||
| Arterial System | 631 | ||
| Venous System | 632 | ||
| Cardiovascular Changes Associated with Aging | 632 | ||
| Assessment Methods | 632 | ||
| Patient History | 632 | ||
| Nutrition History | 634 | ||
| Family History and Genetic Risk | 634 | ||
| Current Health Problems | 634 | ||
| Functional History | 636 | ||
| Physical Assessment | 636 | ||
| General Appearance | 637 | ||
| Skin | 637 | ||
| Extremities | 637 | ||
| Blood Pressure | 637 | ||
| Venous and Arterial Pulses | 638 | ||
| Precordium | 639 | ||
| Inspection. | 639 | ||
| Auscultation. | 639 | ||
| Normal Heart Sounds. | 639 | ||
| Abnormal Heart Sounds. | 640 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment | 640 | ||
| Diagnostic Assessment | 640 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment | 640 | ||
| Serum Markers of Myocardial Damage. | 640 | ||
| Serum Lipids. | 641 | ||
| Other Laboratory Tests. | 642 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Assessment | 642 | ||
| Cardiac Catheterization. | 643 | ||
| Patient Preparation. | 643 | ||
| Procedure. | 643 | ||
| Follow-up Care. | 644 | ||
| Electrocardiography. | 644 | ||
| Electrophysiologic Studies. | 645 | ||
| Exercise Electrocardiography (Stress Test). | 645 | ||
| Patient Preparation. | 645 | ||
| Procedure. | 645 | ||
| Follow-up Care. | 645 | ||
| Echocardiography. | 645 | ||
| Transesophageal Echocardiography. | 646 | ||
| Myocardial Nuclear Perfusion Imaging. | 646 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 647 | ||
| Nursing Concepts and Clinical Judgment Review | 647 | ||
| Physical assessment: | 647 | ||
| Diagnostic assessment: | 647 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 647 | ||
| Key Points | 647 | ||
| Safe and Effective Care Environment | 647 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 647 | ||
| Psychosocial Integrity | 647 | ||
| Physiological Integrity | 647 | ||
| 34 Care of Patients with Dysrhythmias | 649 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 649 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 649 | ||
| Review of Cardiac Conduction System | 649 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 650 | ||
| Lead Systems | 651 | ||
| Continuous Electrocardiographic Monitoring | 652 | ||
| Electrocardiographic Complexes, Segments, and Intervals | 652 | ||
| Determination of Heart Rate | 654 | ||
| Electrocardiographic Rhythm Analysis | 655 | ||
| Overview of Normal Cardiac Rhythms | 656 | ||
| Common Dysrhythmias | 656 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 656 | ||
| Etiology | 657 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 657 | ||
| Drug Classifications | 657 | ||
| Sinus Dysrhythmias | 662 | ||
| Sinus Tachycardia. | 662 | ||
| Sinus Bradycardia. | 663 | ||
| Assessment. | 664 | ||
| Interventions. | 664 | ||
| Temporary Pacing. | 664 | ||
| Permanent Pacemaker. | 664 | ||
| Atrial Dysrhythmias | 665 | ||
| Premature Atrial Complexes. | 665 | ||
| Supraventricular Tachycardia. | 665 | ||
| Assessment. | 665 | ||
| Interventions. | 665 | ||
| Atrial Fibrillation. | 666 | ||
| Assessment. | 666 | ||
| Interventions. | 667 | ||
| Drug Therapy. | 667 | ||
| Cardioversion. | 668 | ||
| Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation. | 668 | ||
| Other Nonsurgical Management. | 669 | ||
| Ventricular Dysrhythmias | 669 | ||
| Premature Ventricular Complexes. | 669 | ||
| Assessment. | 670 | ||
| Interventions. | 670 | ||
| Ventricular Tachycardia. | 670 | ||
| Ventricular Fibrillation. | 670 | ||
| Emergency Care: Ventricular Fibrillation. | 671 | ||
| Ventricular Asystole. | 671 | ||
| Assessment. | 671 | ||
| Interventions. | 671 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Defibrillation. | 671 | ||
| Automated External Defibrillation. | 672 | ||
| Implantable Cardioverter/Defibrillator. | 673 | ||
| Community-Based Care | 673 | ||
| Home Care Management. | 673 | ||
| Self-Management Education. | 673 | ||
| Health Care Resources. | 676 | ||
| Nursing Concepts and Clinical Judgment Review | 676 | ||
| Perform and interpret physical assessment, including: | 676 | ||
| Respond by: | 676 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 676 | ||
| Key Points | 676 | ||
| Safe and Effective Care Environment | 676 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 676 | ||
| Physiological Integrity | 677 | ||
| 35 Care of Patients with Cardiac Problems | 678 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 678 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 678 | ||
| Heart Failure | 678 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 679 | ||
| Types of Heart Failure | 679 | ||
| Classification and Staging of Heart Failure | 679 | ||
| Compensatory Mechanisms | 679 | ||
| Etiology | 681 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 681 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 681 | ||
| Assessment | 681 | ||
| History. | 681 | ||
| Unit IX Problems of Tissue Perfusion: Management of Patients with Problems of the Hematologic System | 785 | ||
| 39 Assessment of the Hematologic System | 785 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 785 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 785 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology Review | 785 | ||
| Bone Marrow | 785 | ||
| Blood Components | 786 | ||
| Accessory Organs of Blood Formation | 787 | ||
| Hemostasis and Blood Clotting | 787 | ||
| Anti-Clotting Forces | 788 | ||
| Hematologic Changes Associated with Aging | 788 | ||
| Assessment Methods | 788 | ||
| Patient History | 788 | ||
| Nutrition Status | 791 | ||
| Family History and Genetic Risk | 791 | ||
| Current Health Problems | 792 | ||
| Physical Assessment | 792 | ||
| Skin Assessment | 792 | ||
| Head and Neck Assessment | 792 | ||
| Respiratory Assessment | 792 | ||
| Cardiovascular Assessment | 792 | ||
| Kidney and Urinary Assessment | 792 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Assessment | 793 | ||
| Abdominal Assessment | 793 | ||
| Central Nervous System Assessment | 793 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment | 793 | ||
| Diagnostic Assessment | 793 | ||
| Laboratory Tests | 793 | ||
| Tests of Cell Number and Function. | 793 | ||
| Tests Measuring Bleeding and Coagulation. | 795 | ||
| Imaging Assessment | 795 | ||
| Bone Marrow Aspiration and Biopsy | 795 | ||
| Patient Preparation. | 795 | ||
| Procedure. | 796 | ||
| Follow-Up Care. | 796 | ||
| Nursing Concepts and Clinical Judgment Review | 796 | ||
| Vital signs: | 796 | ||
| Physical assessment: | 796 | ||
| Psychological assessment: | 796 | ||
| Laboratory assessment: | 796 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 797 | ||
| Key Points | 797 | ||
| Safe and Effective Care Environment | 797 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 797 | ||
| Psychosocial Integrity | 797 | ||
| Physiological Integrity | 797 | ||
| 40 Care of Patients with Hematologic Problems | 798 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 798 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 798 | ||
| Red Blood Cell Disorders | 798 | ||
| Anemias Resulting From Increased Destruction of Red Blood Cells | 799 | ||
| Sickle Cell Disease | 799 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 799 | ||
| Etiology and Genetic Risk | 800 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 800 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 800 | ||
| Assessment | 800 | ||
| History. | 800 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations. | 800 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment. | 801 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment. | 801 | ||
| Imaging Assessment. | 801 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Assessment. | 801 | ||
| Analysis | 801 | ||
| Interventions | 801 | ||
| Managing Pain. | 801 | ||
| Preventing Sepsis, Multiple Organ Dysfunction, and Death. | 802 | ||
| Community-Based Care | 803 | ||
| Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Anemia | 803 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 803 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 803 | ||
| Immunohemolytic Anemia | 803 | ||
| Anemias Resulting From Decreased Production of Red Blood Cells | 804 | ||
| Disorders of Excess Red Blood Cells or Iron | 805 | ||
| Polycythemia Vera | 805 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 805 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 805 | ||
| Hereditary Hemochromatosis | 806 | ||
| Myelodysplastic Syndromes | 806 | ||
| Unit X Problems of Mobility, Sensory Perception, and Cognition: Management of Patients with Problems of the Nervous System | 829 | ||
| Concept Overview | 828 | ||
| 41 Assessment of the Nervous System | 829 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 829 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 829 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology Review | 829 | ||
| Nervous System Cells: Structure and Function | 830 | ||
| Central Nervous System: Structure and Function | 830 | ||
| Brain | 830 | ||
| Major Parts of the Brain. | 830 | ||
| Circulation in the Brain. | 832 | ||
| Spinal Cord | 832 | ||
| Ascending Tracts. | 833 | ||
| Descending Tracts. | 833 | ||
| Peripheral Nervous System: Structure and Function | 833 | ||
| Autonomic Nervous System: Structure and Function | 835 | ||
| Neurologic Changes Associated with Aging | 836 | ||
| Assessment Methods | 837 | ||
| Patient History | 837 | ||
| Physical Assessment | 837 | ||
| Complete Neurologic Assessment | 837 | ||
| Assessment of Mental Status. | 838 | ||
| Assessment of Cranial Nerves. | 840 | ||
| Assessment of Motor Function. | 840 | ||
| Assessment of Reflex Activity. | 841 | ||
| Assessment of Sensory Function. | 841 | ||
| Assessment of Cerebellar Function. | 842 | ||
| Rapid Neurologic Assessment | 843 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment | 844 | ||
| Diagnostic Assessment | 844 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment | 844 | ||
| Imaging Assessment | 844 | ||
| Plain X-Rays. | 844 | ||
| Cerebral Angiography. | 845 | ||
| Computed Tomography. | 845 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 847 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography. | 848 | ||
| Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography. | 848 | ||
| Magnetoencephalography. | 848 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Assessment | 848 | ||
| Electromyography. | 848 | ||
| Electroencephalography. | 848 | ||
| Evoked Potentials. | 849 | ||
| Cerebral Blood Flow Evaluation. | 849 | ||
| Lumbar Puncture. | 849 | ||
| Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography. | 850 | ||
| Muscle and Nerve Biopsies. | 850 | ||
| Nursing Concepts and Clinical Judgment Review | 851 | ||
| Physical assessment: | 851 | ||
| Diagnostic assessment: | 851 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 851 | ||
| Key Points | 851 | ||
| Safe and Effective Care Environment | 851 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 851 | ||
| Psychosocial Integrity | 851 | ||
| Physiological Integrity | 851 | ||
| 42 Care of Patients with Problems of the Central Nervous System: | 853 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 853 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 853 | ||
| Headaches | 853 | ||
| Migraine Headache | 854 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 854 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 854 | ||
| Assessment | 854 | ||
| Interventions | 855 | ||
| Abortive Therapy. | 855 | ||
| Preventive Therapy. | 856 | ||
| Complementary and Alternative Therapies. | 856 | ||
| Cluster Headache | 857 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 857 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 857 | ||
| Assessment | 857 | ||
| Interventions | 857 | ||
| Seizures and Epilepsy | 858 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 858 | ||
| Types of Seizures | 858 | ||
| Etiology and Genetic Risk | 858 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 859 | ||
| Assessment | 859 | ||
| Interventions | 859 | ||
| Nonsurgical Management. | 859 | ||
| Drug Therapy. | 859 | ||
| Self-Management Education. | 859 | ||
| Seizure Precautions. | 860 | ||
| Seizure Management. | 861 | ||
| Emergency Care: Acute Seizure and Status Epilepticus Management. | 861 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 862 | ||
| Vagal Nerve Stimulation. | 862 | ||
| Conventional Surgical Procedures. | 862 | ||
| Infections | 863 | ||
| Meningitis | 863 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 863 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 863 | ||
| Assessment | 863 | ||
| Interventions | 864 | ||
| Encephalitis | 865 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 865 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 866 | ||
| Assessment | 866 | ||
| Interventions | 866 | ||
| Parkinson Disease | 867 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 867 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 867 | ||
| Assessment | 867 | ||
| Interventions | 868 | ||
| Nonsurgical Management. | 868 | ||
| Drug Therapy. | 868 | ||
| Other Interventions. | 870 | ||
| Psychosocial Support. | 870 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 871 | ||
| Stereotactic Pallidotomy/Thalamotomy. | 871 | ||
| Deep Brain Stimulation. | 871 | ||
| Fetal Tissue Transplantation. | 871 | ||
| Dementia | 871 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 871 | ||
| Etiology and Genetic Risk | 872 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 872 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 872 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 872 | ||
| Assessment | 872 | ||
| History. | 872 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations | 873 | ||
| Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease. | 873 | ||
| Changes in Cognition. | 873 | ||
| Changes in Behavior and Personality. | 874 | ||
| Changes in Self-Management Skills. | 874 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment. | 875 | ||
| Laboratory and Imaging Assessment. | 875 | ||
| Analysis | 875 | ||
| Planning and Implementation | 875 | ||
| Managing Chronic Confusion | 875 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 875 | ||
| Interventions. | 875 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Management. | 875 | ||
| Drug Therapy. | 877 | ||
| Preventing Injury | 878 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 878 | ||
| Interventions. | 878 | ||
| Managing Caregiver Role Strain | 879 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 879 | ||
| Interventions. | 879 | ||
| Community-Based Care | 879 | ||
| Home Care Management. | 879 | ||
| Self-Management Education. | 880 | ||
| Health Care Resources. | 880 | ||
| Evaluation: Outcomes | 880 | ||
| Huntington Disease | 881 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 881 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 881 | ||
| Nursing Concepts and Clinical Judgment Review | 882 | ||
| Perform and interpret physical assessment, including: | 882 | ||
| Respond by: | 882 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 882 | ||
| Key Points | 882 | ||
| Safe and Effective Care Environment | 882 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 883 | ||
| Psychosocial Integrity | 883 | ||
| Physiological Integrity | 883 | ||
| 43 Care of Patients with Problems of the Central Nervous System: | 884 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 884 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 884 | ||
| Back Pain | 885 | ||
| Low Back Pain (Lumbosacral Back Pain) | 885 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 885 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 886 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 886 | ||
| Assessment | 886 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations. | 886 | ||
| Imaging Assessment. | 886 | ||
| Interventions | 887 | ||
| Nonsurgical Management. | 887 | ||
| Acute Low Back Pain. | 887 | ||
| Chronic Low Back Pain. | 887 | ||
| Complementary and Alternative Therapies. | 888 | ||
| Surgical Management | 888 | ||
| Preoperative Care. | 888 | ||
| Operative Procedures. | 888 | ||
| Postoperative Care. | 889 | ||
| Minimally Invasive Surgery. | 889 | ||
| Conventional Open Surgery. | 889 | ||
| Community-Based Care | 890 | ||
| Home Care Management. | 890 | ||
| Self-Management Education. | 890 | ||
| Health Care Resources. | 891 | ||
| Cervical Neck Pain | 891 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 891 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 891 | ||
| Spinal Cord Injury | 892 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 892 | ||
| Mechanisms of Injury | 892 | ||
| Etiology | 894 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 894 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 894 | ||
| Assessment | 894 | ||
| History. | 894 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations | 894 | ||
| Initial Assessment. | 894 | ||
| Sensory and Motor Assessment. | 894 | ||
| Cardiovascular and Respiratory Assessment. | 895 | ||
| Gastrointestinal and Genitourinary Assessment. | 895 | ||
| Assessment of Patients for Long-Term Complications. | 895 | ||
| Laboratory and Imaging Assessment. | 895 | ||
| Analysis | 895 | ||
| Planning and Implementation | 896 | ||
| Managing the Airway and Improving Breathing | 896 | ||
| Unit XI Problems of Sensory Perception: Management of Patients with Problems of the Sensory System | 966 | ||
| 46 Assessment of the Eye and Vision | 966 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 966 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 966 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology Review | 966 | ||
| Structure | 966 | ||
| Layers of the Eyeball | 966 | ||
| Refractive Structures and Media | 967 | ||
| External Structures | 967 | ||
| Muscles, Nerves, and Blood Vessels | 967 | ||
| Function | 968 | ||
| Eye Changes Associated with Aging | 969 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 970 | ||
| Assessment Methods | 971 | ||
| Patient History | 971 | ||
| Nutrition History | 971 | ||
| Family History and Genetic Risk | 971 | ||
| Current Health Problems | 971 | ||
| Physical Assessment | 972 | ||
| Inspection | 972 | ||
| Vision Testing | 972 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment | 973 | ||
| Diagnostic Assessment | 973 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment | 973 | ||
| Imaging Assessment | 973 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Assessment | 973 | ||
| Nursing Concepts and Clinical Judgment Review | 976 | ||
| Physical assessment: | 976 | ||
| Psychological assessment: | 976 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 976 | ||
| Key Points | 976 | ||
| Safe and Effective Care Environment | 976 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 976 | ||
| Psychosocial Integrity | 976 | ||
| Physiological Integrity | 976 | ||
| 47 Care of Patients with Eye and Vision Problems | 977 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 977 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 977 | ||
| Eyelid Disorders | 977 | ||
| Entropion and Ectropion | 977 | ||
| Hordeolum | 978 | ||
| Chalazion | 978 | ||
| Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca | 978 | ||
| Conjunctival Disorders | 978 | ||
| Conjunctivitis | 979 | ||
| Trachoma | 980 | ||
| Corneal Disorders | 980 | ||
| Corneal Abrasion, Ulceration, and Infection | 980 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 980 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 980 | ||
| Keratoconus and Corneal Opacities | 981 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 981 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 981 | ||
| Cataract | 982 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 982 | ||
| Etiology and Genetic Risk | 982 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 982 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 982 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 982 | ||
| Assessment | 982 | ||
| History. | 982 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations. | 983 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment. | 983 | ||
| Planning and Implementation | 983 | ||
| Improving Vision | 983 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 983 | ||
| Interventions. | 983 | ||
| Preoperative Care. | 983 | ||
| Operative Procedures. | 983 | ||
| Postoperative Care. | 984 | ||
| Community-Based Care | 984 | ||
| Home Care Management. | 984 | ||
| Self-Management Education. | 984 | ||
| Health Care Resources. | 985 | ||
| Evaluation: Outcomes | 985 | ||
| Glaucoma | 985 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 985 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 985 | ||
| Assessment | 985 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations. | 985 | ||
| Diagnostic Assessment. | 985 | ||
| Interventions | 987 | ||
| Nonsurgical Management. | 987 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 988 | ||
| Retinal Disorders | 989 | ||
| Macular Degeneration | 989 | ||
| Unit XII Problems of Mobility: Management of Patients with Problems of the Musculoskeletal System | 1017 | ||
| 49 Assessment of the Musculoskeletal System | 1017 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 1017 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1017 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology Review | 1017 | ||
| Skeletal System | 1017 | ||
| Bones | 1017 | ||
| Types and Structure. | 1017 | ||
| Function. | 1018 | ||
| Joints | 1019 | ||
| Muscular System | 1019 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Changes Associated with Aging | 1020 | ||
| Assessment Methods | 1020 | ||
| Patient History | 1020 | ||
| Nutrition History | 1021 | ||
| Family History and Genetic Risk | 1021 | ||
| Current Health Problems | 1021 | ||
| Assessment of the Skeletal System | 1021 | ||
| General Inspection | 1021 | ||
| Posture and Gait. | 1021 | ||
| Mobility and Functional Assessment. | 1022 | ||
| Specific Assessments | 1023 | ||
| Neurovascular Assessment | 1023 | ||
| Assessment of the Muscular System | 1023 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment | 1024 | ||
| Diagnostic Assessment | 1024 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment | 1024 | ||
| Imaging Assessment | 1025 | ||
| Radiography. | 1025 | ||
| Nuclear Scans. | 1025 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 1025 | ||
| Ultrasonography. | 1026 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Assessment | 1026 | ||
| Biopsies. | 1026 | ||
| Electromyography. | 1026 | ||
| Arthroscopy. | 1026 | ||
| Patient Preparation. | 1026 | ||
| Procedure. | 1026 | ||
| Postprocedure Care. | 1027 | ||
| Nursing Concepts and Clinical Judgment Review | 1027 | ||
| Physical assessment: | 1027 | ||
| Diagnostic assessment: | 1027 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 1027 | ||
| Key Points | 1027 | ||
| Safe and Effective Care Environment | 1027 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 1027 | ||
| Psychosocial Integrity | 1028 | ||
| Physiological Integrity | 1028 | ||
| 50 Care of Patients with Musculoskeletal Problems | 1029 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 1029 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1029 | ||
| Metabolic Bone Diseases | 1029 | ||
| Osteoporosis | 1029 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1029 | ||
| Etiology and Genetic Risk | 1030 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 1031 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 1031 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1032 | ||
| Assessment | 1032 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations. | 1032 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment. | 1032 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment. | 1032 | ||
| Imaging Assessment. | 1033 | ||
| Analysis | 1033 | ||
| Planning and Implementation | 1033 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 1033 | ||
| Interventions. | 1033 | ||
| Nutrition Therapy. | 1033 | ||
| Lifestyle Changes. | 1033 | ||
| Drug Therapy. | 1034 | ||
| Calcium and Activated Vitamin D (D3). | 1034 | ||
| Bisphosphonates. | 1034 | ||
| Estrogen Agonist/Antagonists. | 1034 | ||
| Monoclonal Antibodies. | 1034 | ||
| Community-Based Care | 1036 | ||
| Osteomalacia | 1036 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1036 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 1036 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1037 | ||
| Assessment | 1037 | ||
| Interventions | 1037 | ||
| Paget’s Disease of the Bone | 1037 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1037 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1038 | ||
| Assessment | 1038 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations. | 1038 | ||
| Diagnostic Assessment. | 1038 | ||
| Interventions | 1039 | ||
| Drug Therapy. | 1039 | ||
| Other Interventions. | 1039 | ||
| Osteomyelitis | 1039 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1039 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1040 | ||
| Assessment | 1040 | ||
| Interventions | 1041 | ||
| Nonsurgical Management. | 1041 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 1041 | ||
| Benign Bone Tumors | 1042 | ||
| Unit XIII Problems of Digestion, Nutrition, and Elimination: Management of Patients with Problems of the Gastrointestinal System | 1084 | ||
| Concept Overview | 1082 | ||
| 52 Assessment of the Gastrointestinal System | 1084 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 1084 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1084 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology Review | 1084 | ||
| Structure | 1084 | ||
| Function | 1084 | ||
| Oral Cavity | 1085 | ||
| Esophagus | 1085 | ||
| Stomach | 1085 | ||
| Pancreas | 1086 | ||
| Liver and Gallbladder | 1086 | ||
| Small Intestine | 1087 | ||
| Large Intestine | 1087 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Changes Associated with Aging | 1087 | ||
| Assessment Methods | 1087 | ||
| Patient History | 1087 | ||
| Nutrition History | 1087 | ||
| Family History and Genetic Risk | 1089 | ||
| Current Health Problems | 1089 | ||
| Physical Assessment | 1089 | ||
| Inspection | 1090 | ||
| Auscultation | 1090 | ||
| Percussion | 1090 | ||
| Palpation | 1090 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment | 1091 | ||
| Diagnostic Assessment | 1091 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment | 1091 | ||
| Serum Tests. | 1091 | ||
| Urine Tests. | 1091 | ||
| Stool Tests. | 1091 | ||
| Imaging Assessment | 1093 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Assessment | 1093 | ||
| Esophagogastroduodenoscopy. | 1093 | ||
| Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography. | 1094 | ||
| Small Bowel Capsule Endoscopy. | 1095 | ||
| Colonoscopy. | 1095 | ||
| Patient Preparation. | 1095 | ||
| Procedure. | 1095 | ||
| Follow-Up Care. | 1095 | ||
| Virtual Colonoscopy. | 1096 | ||
| Sigmoidoscopy. | 1096 | ||
| Gastric Analysis. | 1097 | ||
| Ultrasonography. | 1097 | ||
| Endoscopic Ultrasonography. | 1097 | ||
| Liver-Spleen Scan. | 1097 | ||
| Nursing Concepts and Clinical Judgment Review | 1097 | ||
| Physical assessment: | 1097 | ||
| Diagnostic assessment: | 1097 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 1098 | ||
| Key Points | 1098 | ||
| Safe and Effective Care Environment | 1098 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 1098 | ||
| Psychosocial Integrity | 1098 | ||
| Physiological Integrity | 1098 | ||
| 53 Care of Patients with Oral Cavity Problems | 1099 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 1099 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1099 | ||
| Stomatitis | 1100 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1100 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1100 | ||
| Assessment | 1100 | ||
| Interventions | 1101 | ||
| Oral Tumors | 1102 | ||
| Premalignant Lesions | 1102 | ||
| Oral Cancer | 1102 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1102 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1103 | ||
| Assessment | 1103 | ||
| Interventions | 1104 | ||
| Nonsurgical Management. | 1104 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 1105 | ||
| Preoperative Care. | 1105 | ||
| Operative Procedures. | 1105 | ||
| Postoperative Care. | 1105 | ||
| Community-Based Care | 1106 | ||
| Home Care Management. | 1106 | ||
| Self-Management Education. | 1106 | ||
| Health Care Resources. | 1107 | ||
| Disorders of the Salivary Glands | 1107 | ||
| Acute Sialadenitis | 1107 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1107 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1108 | ||
| Post-Irradiation Sialadenitis | 1108 | ||
| Salivary Gland Tumors | 1108 | ||
| Nursing Concepts and Clinical Judgment Review | 1108 | ||
| Perform and interpret focused physical assessment findings, including: | 1108 | ||
| Respond by: | 1109 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 1109 | ||
| Key Points | 1109 | ||
| Safe and Effective Care Environment | 1109 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 1109 | ||
| Psychosocial Integrity | 1109 | ||
| Physiological Integrity | 1109 | ||
| 54 Care of Patients with Esophageal Problems | 1110 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 1110 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1110 | ||
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease | 1110 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1110 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1111 | ||
| Assessment | 1111 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations. | 1111 | ||
| Diagnostic Assessment. | 1112 | ||
| Interventions | 1112 | ||
| Nonsurgical Management. | 1112 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Interventions. | 1112 | ||
| Drug Therapy. | 1113 | ||
| Endoscopic Therapies. | 1114 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 1114 | ||
| Hiatal Hernia | 1114 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1114 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1115 | ||
| Assessment | 1115 | ||
| Interventions | 1115 | ||
| Nonsurgical Management. | 1115 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 1115 | ||
| Preoperative Care. | 1115 | ||
| Operative Procedures. | 1115 | ||
| Postoperative Care. | 1116 | ||
| Community-Based Care | 1117 | ||
| Esophageal Tumors | 1117 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1117 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1118 | ||
| Assessment | 1118 | ||
| History. | 1118 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations. | 1118 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment. | 1118 | ||
| Diagnostic Assessment. | 1118 | ||
| Analysis | 1118 | ||
| Planning and Implementation | 1118 | ||
| Promoting Nutrition | 1118 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 1118 | ||
| Interventions. | 1119 | ||
| Nonsurgical Management. | 1119 | ||
| Nutrition and Swallowing Therapy. | 1119 | ||
| Chemotherapy and Radiation. | 1119 | ||
| Other Therapies. | 1119 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 1120 | ||
| Preoperative Care. | 1120 | ||
| Operative Procedures. | 1120 | ||
| Postoperative Care. | 1121 | ||
| Community-Based Care | 1122 | ||
| Home Care Management. | 1122 | ||
| Self-Management Education. | 1122 | ||
| Health Care Resources. | 1122 | ||
| Evaluation: Expected Outcomes | 1123 | ||
| Esophageal Diverticula | 1123 | ||
| Esophageal Trauma | 1123 | ||
| Nursing Concepts and Clinical Judgment Review | 1124 | ||
| Perform and interpret focused physical findings, including: | 1124 | ||
| Respond by: | 1124 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 1124 | ||
| Key Points | 1124 | ||
| Safe and Effective Care Environment | 1124 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 1124 | ||
| Psychosocial Integrity | 1124 | ||
| Physiological Integrity | 1125 | ||
| 55 Care of Patients with Stomach Disorders | 1126 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 1126 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1126 | ||
| Gastritis | 1126 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1126 | ||
| Types of Gastritis | 1126 | ||
| Etiology and Genetic Risk | 1127 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 1127 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1127 | ||
| Assessment | 1127 | ||
| Interventions | 1128 | ||
| Peptic Ulcer Disease | 1128 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1129 | ||
| Types of Ulcers | 1129 | ||
| Complications of Ulcers | 1130 | ||
| Etiology and Genetic Risk | 1131 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 1131 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1131 | ||
| Assessment | 1131 | ||
| History. | 1131 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations. | 1131 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment. | 1131 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment. | 1132 | ||
| Imaging Assessment. | 1132 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Assessment. | 1132 | ||
| Analysis | 1132 | ||
| Planning and Implementation | 1132 | ||
| Managing Acute Pain or Chronic Pain | 1132 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 1132 | ||
| Interventions. | 1132 | ||
| Drug Therapy. | 1132 | ||
| Nutrition Therapy. | 1135 | ||
| Complementary and Alternative Therapies. | 1136 | ||
| Managing Upper GI Bleeding | 1136 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 1136 | ||
| Interventions. | 1136 | ||
| Nonsurgical Management. | 1136 | ||
| Emergency: Upper GI Bleeding. | 1136 | ||
| Nasogastric Tube Placement and Lavage. | 1136 | ||
| Endoscopic Therapy. | 1136 | ||
| Interventional Radiologic Procedures. | 1137 | ||
| Acid Suppression. | 1137 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 1137 | ||
| Community-Based Care | 1137 | ||
| Home Care Management. | 1137 | ||
| Self-Management Education. | 1138 | ||
| Health Care Resources. | 1138 | ||
| Evaluation: Outcomes | 1138 | ||
| Gastric Cancer | 1138 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1138 | ||
| Etiology and Genetic Risk | 1138 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 1139 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 1139 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1139 | ||
| Assessment | 1139 | ||
| Interventions | 1139 | ||
| Nonsurgical Management. | 1139 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 1139 | ||
| Preoperative Care. | 1140 | ||
| Operative Procedures. | 1140 | ||
| Postoperative Care. | 1140 | ||
| Community-Based Care | 1141 | ||
| Home Care Management. | 1141 | ||
| Self-Management Education. | 1142 | ||
| Health Care Resources. | 1142 | ||
| Nursing Concepts and Clinical Judgment Review | 1142 | ||
| Perform and interpret physical assessment, including: | 1142 | ||
| Respond by: | 1142 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 1142 | ||
| Key Points | 1142 | ||
| Safe and Effective Care Environment | 1142 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 1142 | ||
| Psychosocial Integrity | 1143 | ||
| Physiological Integrity | 1143 | ||
| 56 Care of Patients with Noninflammatory Intestinal Disorders | 1144 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 1144 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1144 | ||
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | 1144 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1144 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1145 | ||
| Assessment | 1145 | ||
| Interventions | 1145 | ||
| Complementary and Alternative Therapies. | 1146 | ||
| Herniation | 1146 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1146 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1147 | ||
| Assessment | 1147 | ||
| Interventions | 1147 | ||
| Nonsurgical Management. | 1147 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 1147 | ||
| Colorectal Cancer | 1148 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1148 | ||
| Etiology and Genetic Risk | 1149 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 1149 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 1149 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1150 | ||
| Assessment | 1150 | ||
| History. | 1150 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations. | 1150 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment. | 1151 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment. | 1151 | ||
| Imaging Assessment. | 1151 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Assessment. | 1151 | ||
| Analysis | 1151 | ||
| Planning and Implementation | 1151 | ||
| Preventing or Controlling Metastasis | 1151 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 1151 | ||
| Interventions. | 1151 | ||
| Nonsurgical Management. | 1151 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 1152 | ||
| Preoperative Care. | 1152 | ||
| Operative Procedures. | 1153 | ||
| Postoperative Care. | 1154 | ||
| Colostomy Management. | 1154 | ||
| Wound Management. | 1154 | ||
| Assisting with the Grieving Process | 1155 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 1155 | ||
| Interventions. | 1155 | ||
| Community-Based Care | 1155 | ||
| Home Care Management. | 1155 | ||
| Self-Management Education. | 1155 | ||
| Colostomy Care. | 1156 | ||
| Psychosocial Concerns. | 1156 | ||
| Health Care Resources. | 1157 | ||
| Evaluation: Outcomes | 1157 | ||
| Intestinal Obstruction | 1157 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1157 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1158 | ||
| Assessment | 1158 | ||
| History. | 1158 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations. | 1158 | ||
| Diagnostic Assessment. | 1159 | ||
| Interventions | 1159 | ||
| Nonsurgical Management. | 1159 | ||
| Nasogastric Tubes. | 1159 | ||
| Other Nonsurgical Interventions. | 1160 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 1160 | ||
| Preoperative Care. | 1160 | ||
| Operative Procedures. | 1160 | ||
| Postoperative Care. | 1160 | ||
| Community-Based Care | 1161 | ||
| Home Care Management. | 1161 | ||
| Self-Management Education. | 1161 | ||
| Health Care Resources. | 1161 | ||
| Abdominal Trauma | 1161 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1161 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1162 | ||
| Assessment | 1162 | ||
| Interventions | 1162 | ||
| Emergency Care: Abdominal Trauma. | 1162 | ||
| Intra-Abdominal Pressure Monitoring. | 1163 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 1163 | ||
| Polyps | 1163 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1163 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1163 | ||
| Hemorrhoids | 1164 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1164 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 1164 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1164 | ||
| Assessment | 1164 | ||
| Interventions | 1164 | ||
| Malabsorption Syndrome | 1165 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1165 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1165 | ||
| Assessment | 1165 | ||
| Interventions | 1166 | ||
| Nursing Concepts and Clinical Judgment Review | 1166 | ||
| Perform and interpret focused physical assessment findings, including: | 1166 | ||
| Respond by: | 1166 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 1167 | ||
| Key Points | 1167 | ||
| Safe and Effective Care Environment | 1167 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 1167 | ||
| Psychosocial Integrity | 1167 | ||
| Physiological Integrity | 1167 | ||
| 57 Care of Patients with Inflammatory Intestinal Disorders | 1168 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 1168 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1168 | ||
| Acute Inflammatory Bowel Disorders | 1168 | ||
| Appendicitis | 1168 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1168 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1169 | ||
| Assessment | 1169 | ||
| Interventions | 1169 | ||
| Nonsurgical Management. | 1169 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 1169 | ||
| Peritonitis | 1170 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1170 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1170 | ||
| Assessment | 1170 | ||
| Interventions | 1171 | ||
| Nonsurgical Management. | 1171 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 1171 | ||
| Community-Based Care | 1171 | ||
| Gastroenteritis | 1172 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1172 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 1172 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1172 | ||
| Assessment | 1172 | ||
| Interventions | 1173 | ||
| Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease | 1173 | ||
| Ulcerative Colitis | 1174 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1174 | ||
| Etiology and Genetic Risk | 1174 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 1174 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1175 | ||
| Assessment | 1175 | ||
| History. | 1175 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations. | 1175 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment. | 1175 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment. | 1175 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Assessment. | 1175 | ||
| Analysis | 1175 | ||
| Planning and Implementation | 1175 | ||
| Decreasing Diarrhea | 1175 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 1175 | ||
| Interventions. | 1175 | ||
| Nonsurgical Management. | 1175 | ||
| Drug Therapy. | 1176 | ||
| Nutrition Therapy and Rest. | 1177 | ||
| Complementary and Alternative Therapies. | 1177 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 1177 | ||
| Preoperative Care. | 1177 | ||
| Operative Procedures. | 1177 | ||
| Restorative Proctocolectomy with Ileo Pouch–Anal Anastomosis (RPC-IPAA). | 1177 | ||
| Total Proctocolectomy with a Permanent Ileostomy. | 1177 | ||
| Postoperative Care. | 1178 | ||
| Minimizing Pain | 1179 | ||
| Unit XIV Problems of Regulation and Metabolism: Management of Patients with Problems of the Endocrine System | 1255 | ||
| 61 Assessment of the Endocrine System | 1255 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 1255 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1255 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology Review | 1256 | ||
| Hypothalamus and Pituitary Glands | 1257 | ||
| Gonads | 1257 | ||
| Adrenal Glands | 1257 | ||
| Adrenal Cortex | 1258 | ||
| Adrenal Medulla | 1259 | ||
| Thyroid Gland | 1259 | ||
| Parathyroid Glands | 1260 | ||
| Pancreas | 1260 | ||
| Endocrine Changes Associated with Aging | 1260 | ||
| Assessment Methods | 1261 | ||
| Patient History | 1261 | ||
| Nutrition History | 1261 | ||
| Family History and Genetic Risk | 1262 | ||
| Current Health Problems | 1262 | ||
| Physical Assessment | 1262 | ||
| Inspection | 1262 | ||
| Palpation | 1262 | ||
| Auscultation | 1263 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment | 1263 | ||
| Diagnostic Assessment | 1263 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment | 1263 | ||
| Assays. | 1263 | ||
| Stimulation/Suppression Tests. | 1263 | ||
| Venous Sampling. | 1264 | ||
| Urine Tests. | 1264 | ||
| Tests for Glucose. | 1264 | ||
| Imaging Assessment | 1264 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Assessment | 1264 | ||
| Nursing Concepts and Clinical Judgment Review | 1264 | ||
| Vital signs: | 1264 | ||
| Physical assessment: | 1264 | ||
| Psychological assessment: | 1264 | ||
| Laboratory assessment: | 1264 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 1265 | ||
| Key Points | 1265 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 1265 | ||
| Psychosocial Integrity | 1265 | ||
| Physiological Integrity | 1265 | ||
| 62 Care of Patients with Pituitary and Adrenal Gland Problems | 1266 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 1266 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1266 | ||
| Disorders of the Anterior Pituitary Gland | 1266 | ||
| Hypopituitarism | 1266 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1266 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1267 | ||
| Assessment | 1267 | ||
| Interventions | 1268 | ||
| Hyperpituitarism | 1268 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1268 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1269 | ||
| Assessment | 1269 | ||
| Interventions | 1269 | ||
| Nonsurgical Management. | 1269 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 1270 | ||
| Preoperative Care. | 1270 | ||
| Operative Procedures. | 1270 | ||
| Postoperative Care. | 1270 | ||
| Disorders of the Posterior Pituitary Gland | 1271 | ||
| Diabetes Insipidus | 1271 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1271 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1271 | ||
| Assessment | 1271 | ||
| Interventions | 1271 | ||
| Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone | 1272 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1272 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1272 | ||
| Assessment | 1272 | ||
| Interventions | 1273 | ||
| Disorders of the Adrenal Gland | 1273 | ||
| Adrenal Gland Hypofunction | 1273 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1273 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1274 | ||
| Assessment | 1274 | ||
| History. | 1274 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations. | 1274 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment. | 1275 | ||
| Diagnostic Assessment. | 1275 | ||
| Imaging Assessment. | 1275 | ||
| Interventions | 1275 | ||
| Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction | 1276 | ||
| Hypercortisolism (Cushing’s Disease) | 1276 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1276 | ||
| Etiology | 1277 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 1277 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1277 | ||
| Assessment | 1277 | ||
| History. | 1277 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations. | 1277 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment. | 1278 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment. | 1278 | ||
| Imaging Assessment. | 1278 | ||
| Analysis | 1278 | ||
| Planning and Implementation | 1278 | ||
| Restoring Fluid Volume Balance | 1278 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 1278 | ||
| Interventions. | 1278 | ||
| Nonsurgical Management. | 1279 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 1279 | ||
| Preoperative Care. | 1279 | ||
| Operative Procedures. | 1279 | ||
| Postoperative Care. | 1280 | ||
| Preventing Injury. | 1280 | ||
| Unit XV Problems of Excretion: Management of Patients with Problems of the Renal/Urinary System | 1344 | ||
| Concept Overview | 1342 | ||
| 65 Assessment of the Renal/Urinary System | 1344 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 1344 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1344 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology Review | 1345 | ||
| Kidneys | 1345 | ||
| Structure | 1345 | ||
| Gross Anatomy. | 1345 | ||
| Microscopic Anatomy. | 1346 | ||
| Function | 1346 | ||
| Regulatory Functions. | 1346 | ||
| Hormonal Functions. | 1349 | ||
| Ureters | 1350 | ||
| Urinary Bladder | 1350 | ||
| Structure | 1350 | ||
| Function | 1350 | ||
| Urethra | 1350 | ||
| Kidney and Urinary System Changes Associated with Aging | 1351 | ||
| Kidney Changes | 1351 | ||
| Urinary Changes | 1351 | ||
| Assessment Methods | 1352 | ||
| Patient History | 1352 | ||
| Nutrition History | 1352 | ||
| Medication History | 1352 | ||
| Family History and Genetic Risk | 1353 | ||
| Current Health Problem | 1353 | ||
| Physical Assessment | 1353 | ||
| Assessment of the Kidneys, Ureters, and Bladder | 1353 | ||
| Assessment of the Urethra | 1354 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment | 1354 | ||
| Diagnostic Assessment | 1354 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment | 1354 | ||
| Blood Tests. | 1354 | ||
| Urine Tests | 1355 | ||
| Urinalysis. | 1355 | ||
| Urine for Culture and Sensitivity. | 1358 | ||
| Composite Urine Collections. | 1358 | ||
| Creatinine Clearance. | 1358 | ||
| Urine Electrolytes. | 1358 | ||
| Urine Osmolarity. | 1358 | ||
| Bedside Sonography/Bladder Scanners. | 1359 | ||
| Imaging Assessment | 1360 | ||
| Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder X-rays. | 1360 | ||
| Computed Tomography. | 1360 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Kidney. | 1361 | ||
| Kidney Ultrasonography. | 1361 | ||
| Renal Scan. | 1361 | ||
| Patient Preparation and Procedural Care. | 1361 | ||
| Renal Arteriography (Angiography). | 1361 | ||
| Cystoscopy and Cystourethroscopy | 1361 | ||
| Patient Preparation. | 1361 | ||
| Procedure. | 1362 | ||
| Follow-up Care. | 1362 | ||
| Cystography and Cystourethrography. | 1362 | ||
| Patient Preparation and Procedural Care. | 1362 | ||
| Retrograde Procedures. | 1362 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Assessments | 1362 | ||
| Urodynamic Studies. | 1362 | ||
| Kidney Biopsy | 1363 | ||
| Patient Preparation. | 1363 | ||
| Procedure. | 1363 | ||
| Follow-up Care. | 1363 | ||
| Nursing Concepts and Clinical Judgment Review | 1364 | ||
| Vital signs: | 1364 | ||
| Physical assessment: | 1364 | ||
| Psychological assessment: | 1364 | ||
| Laboratory assessment: | 1364 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 1364 | ||
| Key Points | 1364 | ||
| Safe and Effective Care Environment | 1364 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 1364 | ||
| Psychosocial Integrity | 1364 | ||
| Physiological Integrity | 1365 | ||
| 66 Care of Patients with Urinary Problems | 1366 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 1366 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1366 | ||
| Infectious Disorders | 1366 | ||
| Cystitis | 1367 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1367 | ||
| Etiology and Genetic Risk | 1367 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 1369 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 1369 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1369 | ||
| Assessment | 1369 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations. | 1369 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment. | 1369 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Assessment. | 1370 | ||
| Interventions | 1370 | ||
| Nonsurgical Management. | 1370 | ||
| Drug Therapy. | 1370 | ||
| Fluid Intake. | 1372 | ||
| Comfort Measures. | 1372 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 1372 | ||
| Community-Based Care | 1373 | ||
| Urethritis | 1373 | ||
| Unit XVI Problems of Reproduction: Management of Patients with Problems of the Reproductive System | 1449 | ||
| Concept Overview | 1448 | ||
| 69 Assessment of the Reproductive System | 1449 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 1449 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1449 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology Review | 1449 | ||
| Structure and Function of the Female Reproductive System | 1449 | ||
| External Genitalia | 1449 | ||
| Internal Genitalia | 1450 | ||
| Breasts | 1450 | ||
| Structure and Function of the Male Reproductive System | 1451 | ||
| Reproductive Changes Associated with Aging | 1452 | ||
| Assessment Methods | 1452 | ||
| Patient History | 1452 | ||
| Nutrition History | 1453 | ||
| Family History and Genetic Risk | 1453 | ||
| Current Health Problems | 1453 | ||
| Physical Assessment | 1454 | ||
| Assessment of the Female Reproductive System | 1454 | ||
| Assessment of the Male Reproductive System | 1454 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment | 1454 | ||
| Diagnostic Assessment | 1454 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment | 1454 | ||
| Imaging Assessment | 1456 | ||
| Computed Tomography. | 1456 | ||
| Hysterosalpingography. | 1456 | ||
| Mammography. | 1456 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Assessment | 1456 | ||
| Ultrasonography. | 1456 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 1457 | ||
| Endoscopic Studies | 1457 | ||
| Colposcopy. | 1457 | ||
| Laparoscopy. | 1457 | ||
| Hysteroscopy. | 1458 | ||
| Biopsy Studies | 1458 | ||
| Cervical Biopsy. | 1458 | ||
| Endometrial Biopsy. | 1458 | ||
| Breast Biopsy. | 1458 | ||
| Prostate Biopsy. | 1459 | ||
| Nursing Concepts and Clinical Judgment Review | 1459 | ||
| Physical assessment: | 1459 | ||
| Psychosocial assessment: | 1459 | ||
| Laboratory assessment: | 1459 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 1459 | ||
| Key Points | 1459 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 1459 | ||
| Psychosocial Integrity | 1459 | ||
| Physiological Integrity | 1459 | ||
| 70 Care of Patients with Breast Disorders | 1461 | ||
| Priority Concepts | 1461 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1461 | ||
| Benign Breast Disorders | 1461 | ||
| Fibroadenoma | 1461 | ||
| Fibrocystic Breast Condition | 1462 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1462 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1462 | ||
| Ductal Ectasia | 1462 | ||
| Intraductal Papilloma | 1463 | ||
| Issues of Large-Breasted Women | 1463 | ||
| Issues of Small-Breasted Women | 1463 | ||
| Gynecomastia | 1463 | ||
| Breast Cancer | 1464 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1464 | ||
| Noninvasive Breast Cancers | 1464 | ||
| Invasive Breast Cancers | 1464 | ||
| Breast Cancer in Men | 1465 | ||
| Breast Cancer in Young Women | 1465 | ||
| Etiology and Genetic Risk | 1465 | ||
| Incidence and Prevalence | 1465 | ||
| Health Promotion and Maintenance | 1465 | ||
| Mammography | 1467 | ||
| Breast Self-Awareness/Self-Examination | 1467 | ||
| Clinical Breast Examination | 1467 | ||
| Options for High-Risk Women | 1468 | ||
| Patient-Centered Collaborative Care | 1469 | ||
| Assessment | 1469 | ||
| History. | 1469 | ||
| Physical Assessment/Clinical Manifestations. | 1469 | ||
| Psychosocial Assessment. | 1469 | ||
| Laboratory Assessment. | 1470 | ||
| Imaging Assessment. | 1470 | ||
| Other Diagnostic Assessment. | 1470 | ||
| Analysis | 1470 | ||
| Planning and Implementation | 1470 | ||
| Developing Coping Strategies | 1470 | ||
| Planning: Expected Outcomes. | 1470 | ||
| Bibliography | 1546 | ||
| General References | 1546 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 1546 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 1546 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 1547 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 1548 | ||
| Chapter 5 | 1548 | ||
| Chapter 6 | 1549 | ||
| Chapter 7 | 1549 | ||
| Chapter 8 | 1550 | ||
| Chapter 9 | 1551 | ||
| Chapter 10 | 1552 | ||
| Chapter 11 | 1552 | ||
| Chapter 12 | 1552 | ||
| Chapter 13 | 1552 | ||
| Chapter 14 | 1553 | ||
| Chapter 15 | 1554 | ||
| Chapter 16 | 1555 | ||
| Chapter 17 | 1555 | ||
| Chapter 18 | 1555 | ||
| Chapter 19 | 1555 | ||
| Chapter 20 | 1556 | ||
| Chapter 21 | 1556 | ||
| Chapter 22 | 1556 | ||
| Chapter 23 | 1557 | ||
| Chapter 24 | 1558 | ||
| Chapter 25 | 1558 | ||
| Chapter 26 | 1559 | ||
| Chapter 27 | 1559 | ||
| Chapter 28 | 1560 | ||
| Chapter 29 | 1560 | ||
| Chapter 30 | 1560 | ||
| Chapter 31 | 1561 | ||
| Chapter 32 | 1562 | ||
| Chapter 33 | 1563 | ||
| Chapter 34 | 1563 | ||
| Chapter 35 | 1565 | ||
| Chapter 36 | 1565 | ||
| Chapter 37 | 1566 | ||
| Chapter 38 | 1566 | ||
| Chapter 39 | 1567 | ||
| Chapter 40 | 1567 | ||
| Chapter 41 | 1568 | ||
| Chapter 42 | 1568 | ||
| Chapter 43 | 1569 | ||
| Chapter 44 | 1570 | ||
| Chapter 45 | 1571 | ||
| Chapter 46 | 1571 | ||
| Chapter 47 | 1571 | ||
| Chapter 48 | 1571 | ||
| Chapter 49 | 1572 | ||
| Chapter 50 | 1572 | ||
| Chapter 51 | 1572 | ||
| Chapter 52 | 1573 | ||
| Chapter 53 | 1573 | ||
| Chapter 54 | 1574 | ||
| Chapter 55 | 1574 | ||
| Chapter 56 | 1574 | ||
| Chapter 57 | 1575 | ||
| Chapter 58 | 1575 | ||
| Chapter 59 | 1576 | ||
| Chapter 60 | 1576 | ||
| Chapter 61 | 1577 | ||
| Chapter 62 | 1577 | ||
| Chapter 63 | 1577 | ||
| Chapter 64 | 1577 | ||
| Chapter 65 | 1578 | ||
| Chapter 66 | 1579 | ||
| Chapter 67 | 1580 | ||
| Chapter 68 | 1580 | ||
| Chapter 69 | 1581 | ||
| Chapter 70 | 1581 | ||
| Chapter 71 | 1582 | ||
| Chapter 72 | 1583 | ||
| Chapter 73 | 1583 | ||
| Chapter 74 | 1584 | ||
| Glossary | 1586 | ||
| A | 1586 | ||
| B | 1589 | ||
| C | 1590 | ||
| D | 1594 | ||
| E | 1595 | ||
| F | 1597 | ||
| G | 1598 | ||
| H | 1599 | ||
| I | 1602 | ||
| J | 1603 | ||
| K | 1603 | ||
| L | 1603 | ||
| M | 1605 | ||
| N | 1607 | ||
| O | 1608 | ||
| P | 1609 | ||
| Q | 1613 | ||
| R | 1613 | ||
| S | 1614 | ||
| T | 1617 | ||
| U | 1619 | ||
| V | 1619 | ||
| W | 1620 | ||
| X | 1621 | ||
| NCLEX® Examination Challenges—Answer Key | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 2 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 3 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 4 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 6 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 7 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 8 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 9 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 10 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 11 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 12 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 13 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 14 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 15 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 16 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 17 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 18 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 19 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 20 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 21 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 22 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 23 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 24 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 25 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 26 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 27 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 28 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 29 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 30 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 31 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 32 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 33 | AK-1 | ||
| Chapter 34 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 35 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 36 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 37 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 38 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 39 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 40 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 41 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 42 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 43 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 44 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 45 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 46 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 47 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 48 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 49 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 50 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 51 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 52 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 53 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 54 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 55 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 56 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 57 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 58 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 59 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 60 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 61 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 62 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 63 | AK-2 | ||
| Chapter 64 | AK-3 | ||
| Chapter 65 | AK-3 | ||
| Chapter 66 | AK-3 | ||
| Chapter 67 | AK-3 | ||
| Chapter 68 | AK-3 | ||
| Chapter 69 | AK-3 | ||
| Chapter 70 | AK-3 | ||
| Chapter 71 | AK-3 | ||
| Chapter 72 | AK-3 | ||
| Chapter 73 | AK-3 | ||
| Chapter 74 | AK-3 | ||
| Illustration Credits | IC-1 | ||
| Chapter 1 | IC-1 | ||
| Chapter 2 | IC-1 | ||
| Chapter 3 | IC-1 | ||
| Chapter 4 | IC-1 | ||
| Chapter 5 | IC-1 | ||
| Chapter 6 | IC-1 | ||
| Chapter 7 | IC-1 | ||
| Chapter 9 | IC-1 | ||
| Chapter 10 | IC-1 | ||
| Chapter 11 | IC-1 | ||
| Chapter 12 | IC-1 | ||
| Chapter 13 | IC-1 | ||
| Chapter 14 | IC-1 | ||
| Chapter 15 | IC-1 | ||
| Chapter 16 | IC-1 | ||
| Chapter 17 | IC-1 | ||
| Chapter 18 | IC-1 | ||
| Chapter 19 | IC-1 | ||
| Chapter 20 | IC-2 | ||
| Chapter 22 | IC-2 | ||
| Chapter 23 | IC-2 | ||
| Chapter 24 | IC-2 | ||
| Chapter 25 | IC-2 | ||
| Chapter 26 | IC-2 | ||
| Chapter 27 | IC-2 | ||
| Chapter 28 | IC-2 | ||
| Chapter 29 | IC-2 | ||
| Chapter 30 | IC-2 | ||
| Chapter 31 | IC-2 | ||
| Chapter 32 | IC-2 | ||
| Chapter 33 | IC-2 | ||
| Chapter 34 | IC-2 | ||
| Chapter 35 | IC-2 | ||
| Chapter 36 | IC-2 | ||
| Chapter 38 | IC-2 | ||
| Chapter 40 | IC-2 | ||
| Chapter 41 | IC-2 | ||
| Chapter 42 | IC-2 | ||
| Chapter 43 | IC-2 | ||
| Chapter 45 | IC-2 | ||
| Chapter 46 | IC-3 | ||
| Chapter 47 | IC-3 | ||
| Chapter 50 | IC-3 | ||
| Chapter 51 | IC-3 | ||
| Chapter 53 | IC-3 | ||
| Chapter 56 | IC-3 | ||
| Chapter 57 | IC-3 | ||
| Chapter 58 | IC-3 | ||
| Chapter 60 | IC-3 | ||
| Chapter 61 | IC-3 | ||
| Chapter 62 | IC-3 | ||
| Chapter 64 | IC-3 | ||
| Chapter 65 | IC-3 | ||
| Chapter 66 | IC-3 | ||
| Chapter 67 | IC-3 | ||
| Chapter 68 | IC-3 | ||
| Chapter 70 | IC-3 | ||
| Chapter 72 | IC-3 | ||
| Chapter 74 | IC-3 | ||
| Index | I-1 | ||
| A | I-1 | ||
| B | I-5 | ||
| C | I-8 | ||
| D | I-15 | ||
| E | I-19 | ||
| F | I-22 | ||
| G | I-24 | ||
| H | I-25 | ||
| I | I-30 | ||
| J | I-34 | ||
| K | I-35 | ||
| L | I-35 | ||
| M | I-37 | ||
| N | I-40 | ||
| O | I-42 | ||
| P | I-44 | ||
| Q | I-52 | ||
| R | I-52 | ||
| S | I-55 | ||
| T | I-60 | ||
| U | I-62 | ||
| V | I-63 | ||
| W | I-65 | ||
| X | I-65 | ||
| Y | I-65 | ||
| Z | I-65 | ||
| Endsheets 5-7 | endshee-5 |