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Introduction to Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology Textbook - E-Book

Introduction to Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology Textbook - E-Book

Victoria Aspinall | Melanie Cappello

(2015)

Additional Information

Book Details

Abstract

A sound knowledge of anatomy and physiology is an essential basis for the effective clinical treatment of companion animals. The new third edition Introduction to Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology Textbook offers clear and comprehensive of the common companion animal species. Updated throughout with a new section added on large companion animals, the new edition features augmented online learning resources with new questions and quizzes. Students can test their knowledge with multi-choice questions, drag and drop exercises and an image bank, while instructors can download questions, figures and exercises to use as teaching aids.

  • An essential first purchase for all those embarking upon a veterinary career
  • Includes augmented on-line resources with self-assessment tools and teaching aids
  • Comprehensive coverage of all major companion animal species
  • New large animal section added covering the cow, sheep and pig
  • 'Applied Anatomy' tips relate theory to clinical practice, showing the relationship between anatomy and physiology and the disease process

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover Cover
INTRODUCTION TO Veterinary Anatomy AND Physiology TEXTBOOK iii
Copyright iv
Contents v
Preface vii
About the authors ix
Acknowledgements ix
Section 1: The dog and cat 1
Chapter 1: Principles of cell biology 3
Animal classification 3
Anatomical definitions 4
The basic plan of the body 5
Structural systems 5
Coordinating systems 5
Visceral systems 5
The mammalian cell 5
Cell structure and function 5
Cell membrane 5
Cytoplasm 6
Nucleus 6
Organelles 6
Cell division 8
Mitosis 8
Meiosis 9
The chemistry of the body 11
Water content of the body 11
Diffusion 11
Osmosis 11
Fluid balance 12
Inorganic compounds 13
Minerals 13
Acids and bases 13
Organic compounds 13
Carbohydrates 13
Lipids 13
Proteins 14
Chemical reactions in the body 15
Chapter 2: Tissues and body cavities 17
Body tissues 17
Epithelial tissue 17
Glands 18
Connective tissue 19
Blood 20
Haemopoietic tissue 20
Areolar tissue 20
Adipose tissue 20
Dense connective tissue 20
Cartilage 21
Bone 23
Muscle tissue 23
Skeletal or striated muscle 23
Smooth muscle 24
Cardiac muscle 24
Nervous tissue 26
The body cavities 26
The thoracic cavity 27
The abdominal cavity 29
The pelvic cavity 29
Chapter 3: Skeletal system 31
Bone structure and function 31
Bone shape 31
Development of bone 31
Endochondral ossification 32
The skeleton 32
The axial skeleton 33
The skull 33
Cranium 33
Nasal chambers 34
Mandible 34
Hyoid apparatus 35
Skull shapes 35
The vertebrae 35
Basic plan of a vertebra 35
Regional variations 37
The ribs and sternum 38
The appendicular skeleton 39
Bones of the forelimb 39
Bones of the hind limb 40
Splanchnic skeleton 43
Joints 44
Fibrous joints 44
Cartilaginous joints 44
Synovial joints 44
Chapter 4: Muscular system 47
Muscle structure and function 47
Contraction 47
Muscle tone 47
Anatomy of a muscle 48
The skeletal muscles 49
Muscles of the head 49
Muscles of facial expression 49
Muscles of mastication 49
Muscles of the eye 49
Other muscles of the head include: 50
Muscles of the trunk 50
Muscles of the vertebral column 50
Muscles of the thorax 50
The diaphragm 50
Abdominal muscles 51
Muscles of the forelimb 51
Extrinsic group 51
Intrinsic group 52
Elbow region 52
Carpus and digits 52
Muscles of the hind limb 53
Muscles of the thigh 53
Muscles of the lower hind limb 54
Muscles of the hock and digits 54
Chapter 5: Nervous system and special senses 55
Nervous tissue 55
Neuron structure 55
Synapses 56
Generation of a nerve impulse 56
Classification of nerves 57
The central nervous system 58
The brain 58
Forebrain 58
Midbrain 59
Hindbrain 59
Protection of the brain 59
Cranium 59
Ventricular system 59
Meninges 60
Blood-brain barrier 60
The spinal cord 60
The peripheral nervous system 60
Cranial nerves 61
Spinal nerves 62
Examples of major peripheral nerve pathways within the limbs 62
Pectoral limb 62
Pelvic limb 63
Reflex arcs 63
Autonomic nervous system 63
Special senses 64
Taste buds: taste 65
Nasal mucosa: smell 65
The eye and sight 66
The eyeball 66
Sclera 66
Uvea 66
Retina 67
The extrinsic muscles 67
The eyelids 68
Formation of an image 68
The ear: hearing and balance 69
The external ear 69
The middle ear 69
The inner ear 70
Chapter 6: Endocrine system 73
Basic functions and hormones 73
Endocrine glands 73
Pituitary gland 73
Anterior pituitary gland 74
Posterior pituitary gland 74
Thyroid glands 74
Parathyroid glands 75
Pancreas 76
The ovary 76
The testis 77
Adrenal glands 77
Adrenal cortex 77
Adrenal medulla 78
Chapter 7: Blood vascular system 79
Blood 79
Functions 79
Transport 79
Regulation 79
Composition of blood 80
Plasma 80
Blood cells 81
Erythrocytes 81
Leucocytes 81
Granulocytes 82
Agranulocytes 82
Thrombocytes 82
Blood clotting 82
The heart 83
Heart valves 84
Circulation of blood through the heart 84
The conduction system of the heart 84
Circulatory system 85
Blood vessels 85
Arteries 85
Capillaries 86
Veins 86
The systemic circulation 86
Arterial circulation 86
Venous circulation 86
The hepatic portal system 88
Fetal circulation 88
The pulmonary circulation 88
The lymphatic system 88
Lymphatic capillaries 88
Lymphatic vessels 89
Lymphatic ducts 89
Lymph nodes 89
Lymphatic tissues 90
Spleen 90
Thymus 90
Tonsils 90
The immune system 90
Chapter 8: Respiratory system 91
Structure and function 91
Nose 91
Paranasal sinuses 92
Pharynx 92
Larynx 93
Trachea 93
Bronchi and bronchioles 93
Alveoli 93
Lungs 95
Thoracic cavity 96
The mechanics of respiration 96
Control of respiration 98
Respiratory definitions 98
Chapter 9: Digestive system 99
The oral cavity 99
The tongue 100
The teeth 100
Structure 100
Function 101
Dentition 101
Dental formulae 101
Salivary glands 101
Pharynx 103
Oesophagus 103
The abdominal part of the digestive system 104
Stomach 104
Structure of the stomach wall 104
Gastric emptying 106
Small intestine 107
Structure of the intestinal wall 107
The pancreas 107
The gall bladder 107
Digestion 108
Gastric juice 109
Pancreatic juice 109
Bile salts 109
Intestinal juice 109
Absorption 109
Large intestine 109
Defaecation 110
Composition of faeces 110
The liver 110
Chapter 10: Urinary system 113
The kidney 113
Macroscopic structure 113
Blood supply 114
Microscopic structure 114
Renal function: The formation of urine 115
Glomerulus 115
Proximal convoluted tubule 116
Loop of Henle 117
Distal convoluted tubule 117
Collecting duct 117
Osmoregulation: Control of renal function 118
Control of water loss 118
Control of sodium levels 119
Excretion 119
Other parts of the urinary system 120
The ureters 120
The bladder 120
The urethra 121
Micturition 121
Urinalysis 121
Chapter 11: Reproductive system 123
Male reproductive system 123
The testis 123
Testicular descent 126
Deferent duct 126
The penis 126
The dog 126
The tomcat 127
Accessory glands 127
Female reproductive system 128
The ovary 128
The uterine tube 128
The uterus 128
The cervix 129
Blood supply to the reproductive tract 129
The vagina and vestibule 130
The vulva 130
The mammary glands 130
Lactation 130
Composition of milk 130
The oestrous cycle 131
Ovary and reproductive tract 131
Hormonal changes 131
Behavioural changes and external signs 132
The bitch 132
The queen 133
Embryonic and fetal development 133
Definitions 133
Fertilisation and cell division 133
Implantation 134
Development of the germ cell layers 134
Development of the extra-embryonic membranes 134
Development of the embryo 134
The placenta 135
Fundamental genetics 136
Chromosomes 136
Sex determination 137
Genes 137
Mutations 138
Genetic nomenclature 138
Mendels laws of inheritance 138
Specialised types of gene 139
Sex-linked genes 139
Sex-limited genes 139
Lethal genes 139
Selective breeding 139
Monohybrid crosses 139
Back-crossing to the recessive 140
Dihybrid crosses 140
Breeding strategies 141
Congenital and inherited defects 141
Chapter 12: Common integument 143
The skin 143
Skin structure 143
Epidermis 144
Dermis 144
Hypodermis 144
Skin glands 145
Sebaceous glands 145
Sweat glands 145
Mammary glands 145
Hair 145
Moulting 145
Hair types 146
Footpads 146
Claws 147
Section 2: Comparative anatomy and physiology 149
Chapter 13: Birds 151
Musculoskeletal system 151
Main features 151
Bone structure 151
Skeletal modifications 151
Head 151
Leg and foot 151
Wing 152
Feathers 153
Moulting 153
Flight 154
Special senses 155
Main features 156
Sight 156
Hearing 156
Taste 156
Smell 156
Touch 157
Respiratory system 157
Respiration 158
Circulatory system 158
Main features 158
Heart 158
Circulation 158
Blood 159
Digestive system 159
Main features 159
Oral cavity 159
Oesophagus and crop 160
Stomach 160
Small intestine 160
Large intestine 161
Urinary system 161
Reproductive system 161
Female 161
Male 163
Sexual differentiation 163
Chapter 14: Small exotic mammals 165
The rabbit (Oryctolagus cunniculus) 165
Morphology 165
Musculoskeletal system 165
Digestive system 166
Oral cavity 167
Stomach 168
Small intestine 168
Large intestine 168
Digestion 169
Respiratory system 169
Urinary system 169
Urine 169
Reproductive system 169
Male 169
Female 169
Sexual differentiation 170
Small rodents 170
Myomorph group 171
Morphology 171
Mouse (Mus musculus) 171
Rat (Rattus norvegicus) 171
Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) 171
Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) 171
Digestive system of myomorphs 172
Dentition 172
Digestive tract 172
Reproductive system of myomorphs 172
Male 172
Female 172
Sexual differentiation of myomorphs 172
Sciuromorph group 173
Chipmunk (Tamias sibiricus) 173
References and recommended sources of further information 243
References 243
Web references 244
Further information 244
Appendix 1: Introduction to anatomical terminology 245
Appendix 2: Multiple choice questions and answers 247
Section1. The dog and cat 247
1. Principles of cell biology 247
2. The tissues and body cavities 247
3. The skeletal system 248
4. The muscular system 249
5. The nervous system and special senses 249
6. The endocrine system 250
7. The blood vascular system 250
8. The respiratory system 251
9. The digestive system 252
10. The urinary system 252
11. The reproductive system 253
12. The common integument 254
Section2. Comparative Anatomy and Physiology 254
13. Birds 254
14. Small mammals 255
15. Reptiles and fish 255
16. The horse 256
17. Farm animals 257
Multiple choice answers 258
Index 261