Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Now in full-color with over 750 vivid images located near their text descriptions, Small Animal Diagnostic Ultrasound, 3rd Edition is the must-have resource for coverage of the basic principles of ultrasonography in small animal medical care. Using a logical body-systems approach, where chapters are organized from "head to tail," this third edition offers completely revised and up-to-date information regarding the latest techniques, applications, and developments in ultrasonography — including expanded coverage of Doppler imaging principles and new gross anatomic and pathological specimen images. Also new to this edition are 100 video clips (housed on a companion website) that demonstrate normal and abnormal conditions as they appear in ultrasound scans.
"This is the book that any clinician that has interest in veterinary diagnostic imaging should have." Reviewed by Denis Novak on behalf of European Journal of Companion Animal Practice, June 2015
"There will be very few clinicians who will fail to learn something new within a few minutes of opening it." Reviewed by Louise McLean on behalf of Veterinary Record, July 2015
Video clips accessible on the accompanying website allows the ultrasonographer to visualise organs in motion. The real stuff!" Reviewed by Fabienne Dethioux on behalf of Royal Canin: Vets Today, July 2015
- Head-to-tail chapter organization makes finding specific information quick and easy.
- The most up-to-date ultrasound imaging techniques ensure you stay on top of the industry.
- Online glossary contains over 400 terms offer a more complete understanding of ultrasonography.
- NEW! Color Design includes over 750 images appearing near their text mentions.
- NEW! Approximately 100 video clips located on the companion website demonstrate conditions as they appear to an ultrasonographer.
- NEW! Updated and expanded coverage of Doppler imaging principles and applications, including non-cardiac organs and abdominal vasculature, keep you up to date in this critical area.
- NEW! Gross anatomic and pathological specimen images accompany the ultrasound images to help orient you to the tissues under study.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Endsheet 2 | IFC2 | ||
| Video Contents | IFC3 | ||
| Small Animal Diagnostic Ultrasound 3E | i | ||
| Copyright Page | ii | ||
| Dedication | iii | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Acknowledgments | ix | ||
| Table Of Contents | xi | ||
| 1 Fundamentals of Diagnostic Ultrasound | 1 | ||
| Basic Acoustic Principles | 1 | ||
| Wavelength and Frequency | 1 | ||
| Propagation of Sound | 1 | ||
| Reflection and Acoustic Impedance | 2 | ||
| Scattering and Speckle | 3 | ||
| Refraction | 4 | ||
| Attenuation | 4 | ||
| Instrumentation | 5 | ||
| Pulser | 5 | ||
| Transducer | 5 | ||
| Receiver | 5 | ||
| Scanner Controls | 5 | ||
| Power (Intensity, Output) Control | 8 | ||
| Overall Gain (Amplification) Control | 8 | ||
| Time-Gain (Depth-Gain) Compensation Controls | 8 | ||
| Dynamic Range | 11 | ||
| Gray-Scale Maps | 11 | ||
| Colorized Gray-Scale Maps | 11 | ||
| Modes of Image Display | 11 | ||
| A-Mode | 11 | ||
| B-Mode | 11 | ||
| M-Mode | 11 | ||
| Real-Time B-Mode | 11 | ||
| Types of Transducers | 11 | ||
| Mechanical Sector Scanners | 14 | ||
| Arrays | 14 | ||
| Linear Array | 14 | ||
| Curvilinear Array | 15 | ||
| Phased Array | 15 | ||
| Annular Array | 17 | ||
| Transducer Selection | 17 | ||
| Image Quality: Spatial Resolution | 17 | ||
| Special New Imaging Modes | 19 | ||
| Tissue Harmonic Imaging | 19 | ||
| Spatial Compounding | 20 | ||
| Extended Field of View | 21 | ||
| Three-Dimensional Ultrasound | 21 | ||
| Image Orientation and Labeling | 21 | ||
| Image Interpretation and Terminology | 24 | ||
| Imaging Pitfalls and Artifacts | 26 | ||
| Propagation Artifacts | 26 | ||
| Secondary Lobe Artifact | 26 | ||
| Slice Thickness Artifact | 27 | ||
| Reverberation, Ring-Down, and Comet-Tail Artifacts | 27 | ||
| Mirror Image Artifact (Multipath) | 29 | ||
| Refraction | 29 | ||
| Propagation Speed Error | 29 | ||
| Attenuation | 30 | ||
| Shadowing | 30 | ||
| Edge Shadowing | 31 | ||
| Enhancement | 32 | ||
| Doppler Ultrasonography | 32 | ||
| Principles of Doppler | 32 | ||
| Pulsed Wave Doppler Ultrasonography | 34 | ||
| Continuous Wave Doppler Ultrasonography | 35 | ||
| Interpretation of the Doppler Spectral Display | 35 | ||
| Color Doppler | 36 | ||
| Power Doppler | 39 | ||
| Instrumentation | 39 | ||
| Doppler Controls | 40 | ||
| Gain | 42 | ||
| Pulse Repetition Frequency | 42 | ||
| Doppler Transducer Frequency | 43 | ||
| Baseline Control | 43 | ||
| Persistence | 43 | ||
| Color Write Priority | 43 | ||
| Wall Filters | 45 | ||
| Important Doppler Artifacts | 45 | ||
| Aliasing and Range Ambiguity Artifact | 45 | ||
| Twinkling Artifact | 47 | ||
| Safety of Diagnostic Ultrasound | 47 | ||
| References | 48 | ||
| 2 Ultrasound-Guided Aspiration and Biopsy Procedures | 50 | ||
| Equipment | 50 | ||
| Preparation of the Patient | 50 | ||
| General Techniques | 51 | ||
| Indirect Guidance | 52 | ||
| Freehand Guidance | 52 | ||
| Needle Guidance Systems | 52 | ||
| Principles of Needle Selection and Biopsy | 54 | ||
| Needle Selection | 54 | ||
| Aspiration and Biopsy Technique | 56 | ||
| Potential Complications | 58 | ||
| Slide Preparation Techniques for Fine Needle Aspirates | 59 | ||
| Fine Needle Aspiration and Biopsy of Specific Organs and Locations | 59 | ||
| Brain and Spinal Cord | 59 | ||
| Periorbital tissues | 60 | ||
| Soft Tissues of the Cervical Region | 60 | ||
| Bone | 60 | ||
| Thorax | 62 | ||
| Abdomen | 63 | ||
| Liver | 64 | ||
| Gallbladder and Biliary Tract | 64 | ||
| Spleen | 66 | ||
| Pancreas | 67 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Tract | 68 | ||
| Kidney | 68 | ||
| Adrenal Masses | 71 | ||
| Urinary Bladder | 71 | ||
| Prostate | 71 | ||
| Abdominal Lymph Nodes and Masses | 72 | ||
| References | 74 | ||
| 3 Advanced Ultrasound Techniques | 78 | ||
| Ultrasound Guided Therapeutics | 78 | ||
| Chemical Ablation | 78 | ||
| Cervical Lesions | 78 | ||
| Abdominal Lesions | 78 | ||
| Radiofrequency Heat Ablation | 78 | ||
| Joint Injections | 79 | ||
| Advanced Diagnostics | 79 | ||
| Antegrade Pyelography and Pyelocentesis | 80 | ||
| Splenoportography | 80 | ||
| Ultrasound-Guided Computed Tomography and Radiographic Lymphography | 80 | ||
| Ultrasound-Guided Peritoneography | 81 | ||
| Endosonography | 82 | ||
| Elastography | 82 | ||
| Contrast Specific Imaging Techniques | 82 | ||
| Ultrasound Contrast Agents | 82 | ||
| Nonlinear Imaging Techniques | 83 | ||
| Harmonic Imaging | 84 | ||
| Contrast Agent Bioeffects | 87 | ||
| Drug Delivery | 87 | ||
| References | 91 | ||
| 4 Abdominal Ultrasound Scanning Techniques | 94 | ||
| Positioning of Sonographer, Patient, and Equipment | 94 | ||
| Preparation of the Patient | 94 | ||
| Getting Started | 94 | ||
| Transducer Motions | 99 | ||
| Liver | 99 | ||
| Falciform Fat | 104 | ||
| Spleen | 104 | ||
| Stomach and Duodenum | 110 | ||
| Pancreas | 112 | ||
| Kidneys | 113 | ||
| Adrenal Glands | 117 | ||
| Small Intestines and Colon | 117 | ||
| Urinary Bladder | 119 | ||
| Prostate | 120 | ||
| Uterus and Ovaries | 120 | ||
| Abdominal Lymph Nodes | 121 | ||
| Abdominal Vessels | 125 | ||
| References | 127 | ||
| 5 Eye | 128 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 128 | ||
| Examination Technique | 130 | ||
| Real-Time B-Mode Examination | 130 | ||
| Corneal Technique | 130 | ||
| Eyelid Technique | 130 | ||
| A-Mode Examination | 131 | ||
| Normal Ultrasound Anatomy | 131 | ||
| Real-Time B-Mode Examination | 131 | ||
| A-Mode Ultrasonography | 134 | ||
| Intraocular Masses | 134 | ||
| General Considerations | 134 | ||
| B-Mode Examination | 134 | ||
| Intraocular Neoplasms | 135 | ||
| Intraocular Hemorrhage and Inflammatory Masses | 136 | ||
| Intraocular Pointlike and Membranous Lesions | 137 | ||
| General Considerations | 137 | ||
| B-Mode Examination | 137 | ||
| Vitreous Chamber | 137 | ||
| Hemorrhage | 137 | ||
| Endophthalmitis | 138 | ||
| Vitreal Degeneration | 138 | ||
| Posterior Vitreal Detachment | 139 | ||
| Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous | 139 | ||
| Retina | 139 | ||
| Foreign Bodies | 140 | ||
| Cornea and Iris | 141 | ||
| Lens | 142 | ||
| Dislocation | 142 | ||
| Cataracts | 142 | ||
| Glaucoma | 144 | ||
| Retrobulbar Pathology | 145 | ||
| General Considerations | 145 | ||
| B-Mode Examination | 145 | ||
| Retrobulbar Masses | 145 | ||
| Optic Nerve Pathology | 149 | ||
| Orbital and Ocular Vasculature | 150 | ||
| Color Doppler Evaluation of the Ocular and Orbital Vasculature | 150 | ||
| References | 151 | ||
| 6 Neck | 155 | ||
| General Considerations | 155 | ||
| Carotid Artery and Jugular Vein | 155 | ||
| Jugular Vein Thrombosis | 158 | ||
| Carotid Arterial Thrombosis and Stenosis | 159 | ||
| Arteriovenous Malformations | 159 | ||
| Neoplasia | 159 | ||
| Nerves | 160 | ||
| Thyroid Gland | 161 | ||
| Thyroid Cysts | 164 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 164 | ||
| Thyroiditis | 164 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 164 | ||
| Neoplasia | 165 | ||
| Parathyroid Glands | 169 | ||
| Parathyroid Hyperplasia and Adenoma | 169 | ||
| Parathyroid Carcinoma | 171 | ||
| Lymph Nodes | 171 | ||
| Reactive Lymph Nodes and Lymph Node Abscess | 171 | ||
| Neoplasia Metastasis | 171 | ||
| Lymphoma | 174 | ||
| Salivary Glands | 175 | ||
| Salivary Cysts | 175 | ||
| Sialoliths | 175 | ||
| Sialitis and Salivary Gland Abscess | 175 | ||
| Salivary Gland Neoplasia | 175 | ||
| Larynx and Trachea | 176 | ||
| Tongue and Esophagus | 177 | ||
| Cervical Musculature | 180 | ||
| Miscellaneous Neck Masses | 180 | ||
| Neoplasia | 182 | ||
| Cysts | 182 | ||
| Hematomas | 182 | ||
| Cellulitis, Abscess, and Granuloma | 182 | ||
| References | 184 | ||
| 7 Thorax | 188 | ||
| Scanning Techniques | 188 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 190 | ||
| Body Wall and Lung Surface | 190 | ||
| Mediastinum | 190 | ||
| Diaphragm | 193 | ||
| Pleural Disease | 194 | ||
| Pleural Effusion | 194 | ||
| Pleural Surfaces | 196 | ||
| Pleural Masses | 196 | ||
| Pneumothorax | 198 | ||
| Mediastinal Disease | 198 | ||
| Inflammation | 198 | ||
| Mass Lesions | 198 | ||
| Cystic Lesions | 200 | ||
| Esophageal Lesions | 202 | ||
| Pulmonary Disease | 203 | ||
| Pulmonary Neoplasia | 204 | ||
| Consolidation | 204 | ||
| Pulmonary Abscesses | 204 | ||
| Pulmonary Cysts | 206 | ||
| Atelectasis | 206 | ||
| Thoracic Wall Lesions | 208 | ||
| Diaphragmatic Hernias | 208 | ||
| Interventional Procedures of the Thorax | 210 | ||
| Thoracentesis | 210 | ||
| Fine-Needle Aspirations and Biopsies of Mass Lesions | 212 | ||
| References | 215 | ||
| 8 Echocardiography | 217 | ||
| Overview of Echocardiography | 218 | ||
| Echocardiographic Formats | 218 | ||
| Diagnostic Information | 219 | ||
| Alternative Imaging | 219 | ||
| Limitations of Echocardiography | 219 | ||
| Overview of Instrumentation for Cardiac Studies | 220 | ||
| Transducers | 220 | ||
| Temporal Resolution | 221 | ||
| System Controls | 221 | ||
| Examination Technique | 224 | ||
| Patient Preparation | 224 | ||
| Transducer Management | 226 | ||
| Other Instrument Controls | 226 | ||
| Core Examination | 226 | ||
| Cardiac Imaging: Nomenclature and Display | 227 | ||
| Two-Dimensional Echocardiography | 228 | ||
| 2D Instrumentation | 228 | ||
| Long-Axis Images from the Right Side | 229 | ||
| Short-Axis Images from the Right Side | 231 | ||
| Two-Dimensional Images from the Left Side of the Thorax | 233 | ||
| Left Apical Images | 233 | ||
| Modified Apical Images | 234 | ||
| Left Cranial Images | 235 | ||
| Other Imaging Positions | 236 | ||
| M-Mode Echocardiographic Imaging | 236 | ||
| M-Mode Recording and Instrumentation | 236 | ||
| M-Mode: Normal Findings and Interpretation | 238 | ||
| Left Ventricle | 240 | ||
| LV Measurements. | 240 | ||
| LV Motion. | 241 | ||
| Mitral Valve | 241 | ||
| Aortic Valve/Left Atrium | 241 | ||
| Advanced 2D and 3D Echocardiographic Imaging Methods | 242 | ||
| Contrast Echocardiography | 242 | ||
| Transesophageal Echocardiography | 243 | ||
| Three-Dimensional Echocardiography | 243 | ||
| Cardiac Doppler Studies: Overview | 244 | ||
| Doppler Principles | 244 | ||
| Overview of Doppler Modalities | 245 | ||
| Doppler Examination Techniques | 245 | ||
| Doppler Transducers | 247 | ||
| Pulsed-Wave Doppler Echocardiography | 248 | ||
| Signal Aliasing | 248 | ||
| High PRF Doppler Echocardiography | 249 | ||
| Instrumentation in PW-Doppler | 249 | ||
| Instrumentation for TDI | 249 | ||
| Physiologic Basis for PW Doppler Velocity Spectra | 249 | ||
| Semilunar Valves | 250 | ||
| Atrioventricular Valves | 251 | ||
| Pulmonary Veins | 254 | ||
| Atrial Function | 254 | ||
| Normal Tissue Doppler Imaging | 254 | ||
| Clinical Applications of Pulse-Wave Doppler Echocardiography | 255 | ||
| Continuous-Wave Doppler Echocardiography | 255 | ||
| Hemodynamic Quantitation Using CW Doppler | 255 | ||
| Continuity Relationship | 258 | ||
| Bernoulli Relationship | 258 | ||
| Color Doppler Imaging | 259 | ||
| Color Mapping | 259 | ||
| Color Doppler Instrumentation | 261 | ||
| Normal Findings | 263 | ||
| Interpretation and Quantitation | 263 | ||
| Limitations and Pitfalls of CDI | 264 | ||
| Advanced Image Analyses | 264 | ||
| Assessment of Cardiac Chamber Size | 267 | ||
| Limitations and Suggested Approach | 267 | ||
| Left Atrial Size and Function | 270 | ||
| Atrial Functional Indices | 271 | ||
| M-Mode Methods | 271 | ||
| Long-Axis Methods | 271 | ||
| Short-Axis Methods | 273 | ||
| Volume Estimates | 274 | ||
| Left Ventricular Chamber Size | 274 | ||
| Models for Estimating Left Ventricular Volume | 274 | ||
| Subjective Methods | 276 | ||
| Ratios in Dogs | 276 | ||
| Measurements Indexed to Body Size in Dogs | 277 | ||
| Canine Breed-Specific Reference Values | 277 | ||
| Left Ventricular Measurements in Cats | 277 | ||
| Left Ventricular Mass in Dogs and Cats | 277 | ||
| Right-Sided Chambers | 278 | ||
| Great Vessels | 279 | ||
| Ventricular Function | 279 | ||
| Systolic Ventricular Function | 279 | ||
| Overview and Practical Considerations | 279 | ||
| Specific Systolic Function Indices | 282 | ||
| M-Mode Measurements and Indices. | 282 | ||
| Two-Dimensional Indices. | 283 | ||
| Intervals of Systole. | 284 | ||
| Doppler Methods for Assessment of LV Function. | 285 | ||
| Myocardial Strain, Twist, and Dyssynchrony. | 286 | ||
| Diastolic Ventricular Function | 286 | ||
| Overview and Practical Considerations | 286 | ||
| Specific Variables in Diastolic Dysfunction | 289 | ||
| Isovolumetric Relaxation Time. | 289 | ||
| Mitral Inflow Velocities. | 289 | ||
| Tissue Doppler Imaging. | 291 | ||
| Other Variables. | 291 | ||
| Valvular Regurgitation | 291 | ||
| Overview and Practical Considerations | 291 | ||
| Mitral Regurgitation | 293 | ||
| Morphologic Lesions and Motion Abnormalities | 293 | ||
| Cardiac Remodeling in Mitral Regurgitation | 294 | ||
| Color Doppler Assessment of Mitral Regurgitation | 295 | ||
| Systolic Function in Mitral Regurgitation | 296 | ||
| Spectral Doppler Findings in Mitral Regurgitation | 297 | ||
| Tricuspid Regurgitation | 297 | ||
| Morphologic Lesions | 297 | ||
| Doppler Assessment of Tricuspid Regurgitation | 298 | ||
| Aortic Regurgitation | 298 | ||
| Pulmonary Insufficiency | 299 | ||
| Valvular Stenosis | 299 | ||
| Overview and Practical Considerations | 299 | ||
| Aortic Stenosis | 299 | ||
| Pulmonic Stenosis | 301 | ||
| Dynamic Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction | 303 | ||
| Atrioventricular Valve Stenosis | 303 | ||
| Pulmonary Hypertension | 303 | ||
| Cardiomyopathy | 304 | ||
| Overview and Practical Considerations | 304 | ||
| Essential Imaging Characteristics | 305 | ||
| Other Assessments | 305 | ||
| Etiologies of Cardiomyopathy | 305 | ||
| Feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy | 307 | ||
| Diagnostic Criteria | 307 | ||
| 2D and M-Mode Examinations | 307 | ||
| Doppler Studies | 309 | ||
| Dilated Cardiomyopathy | 310 | ||
| Restrictive Cardiomyopathy | 311 | ||
| Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy | 311 | ||
| Pericardial Diseases and Cardiac Masses | 312 | ||
| Pericardial Effusion | 312 | ||
| Cardiac Related Neoplasms in Dogs | 312 | ||
| Congenital Shunts | 314 | ||
| Overview and Practical Considerations | 314 | ||
| Atrial Septal Defects | 314 | ||
| Ventricular Septal Defects | 316 | ||
| Patent Ductus Arteriosus | 316 | ||
| References | 317 | ||
| 9 Liver | 332 | ||
| Technique | 332 | ||
| Anatomy | 332 | ||
| Landmarks | 332 | ||
| Lobation and Vascular Anatomy | 333 | ||
| Size | 336 | ||
| Hepatic Parenchyma | 337 | ||
| Gallbladder and Biliary System | 338 | ||
| Doppler Evaluation of the Normal Liver | 338 | ||
| Caudal Vena Cava and Hepatic Veins | 338 | ||
| Portal Vein | 339 | ||
| Hepatic Arteries | 340 | ||
| Focal or Multifocal Disease | 340 | ||
| Nodular Hyperplasia | 340 | ||
| Cysts | 342 | ||
| Hematoma | 343 | ||
| Abscess | 343 | ||
| Necrosis | 346 | ||
| Trauma | 348 | ||
| Liver Lobe Torsion | 348 | ||
| Neoplasia | 348 | ||
| Doppler Evaluation of Focal Neoplasia | 355 | ||
| Contrast Evaluation of Focal Neoplasia | 357 | ||
| Diffuse Disease | 359 | ||
| Decreased Echogenicity | 359 | ||
| Increased Echogenicity | 359 | ||
| Inhomogeneous Echogenicity | 366 | ||
| Pulsed Doppler Evaluation | 366 | ||
| Quantitative Contrast Enhanced Imaging | 366 | ||
| Gallbladder and Biliary Tract | 366 | ||
| Congenital Disorders | 366 | ||
| Gallbladder Wall Thickening | 366 | ||
| Biliary Sludge and Calculi | 369 | ||
| Cholecystitis | 373 | ||
| Gallbladder Mucocele | 376 | ||
| Gallbladder Rupture | 378 | ||
| Cholecystocentesis | 379 | ||
| Extrahepatic Biliary Obstruction | 379 | ||
| Neoplasia | 382 | ||
| Vascular Abnormalities | 382 | ||
| Caudal Vena Cava and Hepatic Veins | 382 | ||
| Doppler Evaluation of the Caudal Vena Cava and Hepatic Veins | 383 | ||
| Portal Vein: Portosystemic Shunts | 385 | ||
| Congenital Portosystemic Shunts | 385 | ||
| Acquired Portosystemic Shunts | 388 | ||
| Other Portal Vein Abnormalities | 388 | ||
| Doppler Evaluation of the Portal Vein | 388 | ||
| Portal Vein Abnormalities with Passive Hepatic Congestion | 388 | ||
| Doppler Abnormalities with Portacaval Shunts | 389 | ||
| Doppler Abnormalities with Portal Vein Obstruction | 390 | ||
| Hepatic Artery Abnormalities | 390 | ||
| Hepatic Arteriovenous Fistulas | 390 | ||
| References | 391 | ||
| 10 Spleen | 400 | ||
| Examination Technique | 400 | ||
| Normal Anatomy and Appearance | 400 | ||
| Focal or Multifocal Disease | 403 | ||
| Hematoma | 404 | ||
| Focal Infarcts or Necrosis | 406 | ||
| Abscess | 407 | ||
| Nodular Hyperplasia | 409 | ||
| Neoplasia | 409 | ||
| Hyperechoic Foci | 423 | ||
| Diffuse Disease | 425 | ||
| Congestion | 425 | ||
| Splenic Vein Thrombosis | 425 | ||
| Splenic Torsion | 426 | ||
| Infectious or Inflammatory Disease | 428 | ||
| Diffuse Infiltrative Disease | 429 | ||
| Diffuse Nonneoplastic Disease | 429 | ||
| Diffuse Neoplastic Disease | 430 | ||
| Doppler Evaluation, Harmonics, and Contrast Ultrasound | 431 | ||
| References | 436 | ||
| 11 Pancreas | 438 | ||
| Indications for Pancreatic Ultrasonography | 438 | ||
| Examination Technique | 438 | ||
| Normal Anatomy and Ultrasound Appearance | 439 | ||
| Pathology | 442 | ||
| Nodular Hyperplasia | 442 | ||
| Acute Pancreatitis | 444 | ||
| Chronic Pancreatitis | 451 | ||
| Pancreatic Cysts | 451 | ||
| True Cysts | 451 | ||
| Pseudocysts | 451 | ||
| Retention Cysts | 453 | ||
| Pancreatic Bladder | 453 | ||
| Pancreatic Abscess | 453 | ||
| Pancreatic Neoplasia | 453 | ||
| References | 465 | ||
| 12 Gastrointestinal Tract | 468 | ||
| Examination Technique | 468 | ||
| Normal Ultrasound Appearance | 470 | ||
| Stomach | 470 | ||
| Small Intestine and Colon | 471 | ||
| Normal Wall Layers | 472 | ||
| Abnormalities of the Stomach | 472 | ||
| Dilation | 472 | ||
| Pyloric Obstruction | 472 | ||
| Gastric Foreign Bodies | 474 | ||
| Gastric Wall Thickening | 475 | ||
| Diffuse Wall Thickening | 475 | ||
| Focal Wall Thickening or Mass Lesions | 479 | ||
| Abnormalities of the Small Intestine | 480 | ||
| Corrugated Bowel Pattern | 480 | ||
| Dilation | 480 | ||
| Obstruction | 481 | ||
| Foreign Bodies | 482 | ||
| Intussusception | 482 | ||
| Intestinal Wall Thickening | 484 | ||
| Diffuse Wall Thickening | 484 | ||
| Focal Wall Thickening or Mass Lesions | 486 | ||
| Doppler Ultrasonography | 491 | ||
| Abnormalities of the Cecum and Colon | 493 | ||
| Intussusception | 493 | ||
| Wall Thickening | 493 | ||
| Diffuse Wall Thickening | 493 | ||
| Focal Wall Thickening | 496 | ||
| References | 497 | ||
| 13 Peritoneal Fluid, Lymph Nodes, Masses, Peritoneal Cavity, Great Vessel Thrombosis, and Focused Examinations | 501 | ||
| Scanning Technique | 501 | ||
| Peritoneal Fluid | 501 | ||
| Intraperitoneal Lymphadenopathy | 504 | ||
| Masses | 509 | ||
| Mesentery | 510 | ||
| Free Peritoneal Air | 513 | ||
| Thrombosis of the Abdominal Aorta and Caudal Vena Cava | 513 | ||
| Focused Sonographic Examinations | 513 | ||
| References | 516 | ||
| 14 Musculoskeletal System | 517 | ||
| Examination Technique | 517 | ||
| Skin, Subcutaneous Tissues, and Muscle | 517 | ||
| Normal Findings | 517 | ||
| Abnormal Findings | 517 | ||
| Cellulitis and Edema. | 517 | ||
| Cavitary Lesions: Seroma, Abscess, and Hematoma. | 517 | ||
| Draining Sinus. | 520 | ||
| Mass Lesions: Lipoma, Other Neoplasms, and Granulation Tissue. | 520 | ||
| Nerves | 522 | ||
| Abnormal Findings | 522 | ||
| Bone | 522 | ||
| Normal Findings | 522 | ||
| Abnormal Findings | 523 | ||
| Fractures. | 523 | ||
| Osteomyelitis. | 524 | ||
| Neoplasia. | 524 | ||
| Joints | 525 | ||
| Normal Findings | 525 | ||
| Shoulder. | 525 | ||
| Elbow. | 525 | ||
| Coxofemoral Joint. | 525 | ||
| Stifle Joint. | 525 | ||
| Tarsus. | 526 | ||
| Abnormal Findings | 526 | ||
| Osteochondrosis. | 526 | ||
| Elbow Dysplasia. | 526 | ||
| Hip Dysplasia. | 526 | ||
| Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head. | 526 | ||
| Osteoarthrosis. | 526 | ||
| Joint Effusions. | 526 | ||
| Neoplasia. | 526 | ||
| Tendons and Ligaments | 526 | ||
| Normal Findings | 526 | ||
| Abnormal Findings | 527 | ||
| Tendon Sheath Effusion. | 527 | ||
| Muscle, Tendon, and Ligament Trauma | 527 | ||
| Muscle | 527 | ||
| Tendon and Ligament | 528 | ||
| Individual Tendon Examinations | 530 | ||
| Biceps Brachii | 530 | ||
| Supraspinatus Tendon | 531 | ||
| Infraspinatus and Teres Minor Tendons | 532 | ||
| Carpal Canal. | 532 | ||
| Calcaneal Tendon | 532 | ||
| Cruciate Ligaments and Menisci. | 533 | ||
| Patellar Ligament and Quadriceps Tendon | 533 | ||
| Tarsal Soft Tissues. | 533 | ||
| Iliopsoas Muscle and Tendon | 533 | ||
| Abdominal Wall Trauma | 533 | ||
| Ultrasound-Guided Procedures Based on Needle Insertion Into Musculoskeletal Structures | 535 | ||
| Technical Considerations | 535 | ||
| Percutaneous Tissue Sampling | 536 | ||
| Biopsy of Bone Lesions | 536 | ||
| Fluid Collection | 536 | ||
| Ultrasound-Guided Arthrocentesis | 536 | ||
| Tendon Sheath and Bursae | 537 | ||
| Foreign Body Retrieval | 537 | ||
| References | 538 | ||
| 15 Adrenal Glands | 541 | ||
| Examination Technique | 541 | ||
| Normal Anatomy and Ultrasound Appearance | 541 | ||
| Left Adrenal Gland | 542 | ||
| Right Adrenal Gland | 542 | ||
| Normal Adrenal Gland Size | 542 | ||
| Adrenal Gland Enlargement and Masses | 545 | ||
| Reduced Adrenal Gland Size | 552 | ||
| Adrenal Gland Pathology in the Cat | 553 | ||
| Other Adrenal Lesions | 553 | ||
| References | 553 | ||
| 16 Urinary Tract | 557 | ||
| Kidneys and Proximal Ureters | 557 | ||
| Examination Technique | 557 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 557 | ||
| Kidney Echogenicity | 559 | ||
| Kidney and Ureteral Size | 559 | ||
| Absent or Ectopic Kidneys | 561 | ||
| Focal Abnormalities of the Renal Parenchyma | 561 | ||
| Renal Cysts | 561 | ||
| Solid Masses | 563 | ||
| Complex Masses | 563 | ||
| Focal Hyperechoic Areas in the Renal Cortex | 566 | ||
| Diffuse Abnormalities of the Renal Parenchyma | 566 | ||
| Abnormalities of the Renal Pelvis and Proximal Ureter | 569 | ||
| Pelvic and Ureteral Dilatation | 569 | ||
| Pyelonephritis | 571 | ||
| Hydronephrosis | 571 | ||
| Congenital or Idiopathic Disorders | 574 | ||
| Calculi and Blood Clots | 576 | ||
| Ruptured Ureter and Retroperitoneal Disease | 577 | ||
| Subcapsular Fluid or Thickening and Perirenal Fluid | 578 | ||
| Perinephric Pseudocysts | 580 | ||
| Doppler Evaluation of the Kidneys | 581 | ||
| Renal Vein Occlusion or Thrombosis | 581 | ||
| Renal Artery Occlusion and Infarcts | 582 | ||
| Acute Renal Failure | 582 | ||
| Obstructive versus Nonobstructive Pelvic Dilation | 582 | ||
| Renal Masses | 582 | ||
| Other Potential Uses of Renal Resistive Index | 583 | ||
| Renal Transplants | 583 | ||
| Distal Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra | 584 | ||
| Examination Technique | 584 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 586 | ||
| Distal Ureters | 587 | ||
| Antegrade Pyelography for Evaluating the Distal Ureters | 587 | ||
| Vesicoureteral Reflux | 587 | ||
| Acquired Ureterovaginal Fistula | 587 | ||
| Ectopic Ureter | 587 | ||
| Ruptured Ureter | 589 | ||
| Ureteral Obstruction | 589 | ||
| Ureteroceles | 589 | ||
| Bladder Pathology | 589 | ||
| Bladder Neck Position | 589 | ||
| Bladder Volume | 590 | ||
| Urachal Abnormalities and Acquired Diverticuli | 590 | ||
| Ruptured Bladder | 590 | ||
| Cystitis | 590 | ||
| Blood Clots and Hematomas | 593 | ||
| Cystic Calculi | 593 | ||
| Foreign Bodies | 594 | ||
| Bladder Neoplasia | 594 | ||
| Urethral Pathology | 597 | ||
| References | 601 | ||
| 17 Prostate and Testes | 608 | ||
| Examination Technique | 608 | ||
| Normal Prostate Gland | 609 | ||
| Pathology of the Prostate | 614 | ||
| Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia | 614 | ||
| Infection and Inflammation | 614 | ||
| Neoplasia | 616 | ||
| Cysts | 620 | ||
| Paraprostatic Cysts | 622 | ||
| Normal Testes | 622 | ||
| Testicular Pathology | 623 | ||
| Neoplasia | 625 | ||
| Orchitis | 626 | ||
| Atrophy | 628 | ||
| Torsion | 628 | ||
| Scrotum | 631 | ||
| References | 631 | ||
| 18 Ovaries and Uterus | 634 | ||
| Examination Technique | 634 | ||
| Normal Ovary | 634 | ||
| Ovarian Disease | 636 | ||
| Cystic Ovarian Disease | 636 | ||
| Neoplasia | 636 | ||
| Ovarian Stump Granuloma | 637 | ||
| Normal Uterus | 637 | ||
| Uterine Disease | 638 | ||
| Pyometra | 638 | ||
| Uterine Stump Pyometra | 641 | ||
| Neoplasia | 641 | ||
| Pregnancy Diagnosis and Fetal Development | 642 | ||
| Fetal Measurements and Estimation of Fetal Age | 647 | ||
| Postpartum Uterus | 649 | ||
| Abnormal Pregnancy | 650 | ||
| Mammary Gland | 651 | ||
| References | 653 | ||
| Glossary | e1 | ||
| Index | 655 | ||
| A | 655 | ||
| B | 656 | ||
| C | 656 | ||
| D | 658 | ||
| E | 658 | ||
| F | 659 | ||
| G | 659 | ||
| H | 660 | ||
| I | 660 | ||
| J | 661 | ||
| K | 661 | ||
| L | 661 | ||
| M | 662 | ||
| N | 662 | ||
| O | 662 | ||
| P | 663 | ||
| Q | 664 | ||
| R | 664 | ||
| S | 665 | ||
| T | 666 | ||
| U | 666 | ||
| V | 667 | ||
| W | 667 | ||
| X | 667 | ||
| Y | 667 | ||
| Z | 667 | ||
| Endsheets_5-7 | IBC5 |