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Abstract
The Human Body in Health & Disease - E-Book
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Front cover | Cover | ||
Evolve learning system | IFC- | ||
Anatomical directions | i | ||
Front matter | iii | ||
The human body in health & disease | iii | ||
Copyright | iv | ||
Contributors | v | ||
Scientific review panel | v | ||
Reviewers of current edition | v | ||
Reviewers of previous editions | vi | ||
Preface | viii | ||
Instructional design | viii | ||
Unifying themes | viii | ||
Organization and content | viii | ||
Learning tools | ix | ||
Digital learning tools | x | ||
Online resources for instructors | x | ||
TEACH instructor resource manual | x | ||
Test bank | xi | ||
Image collection | xi | ||
Illustrations and page design | xi | ||
Clear view of the human body | xi | ||
Supplements | xi | ||
Summary of changes to the sixth edition | xi | ||
Global changes | xi | ||
A word of thanks | xiii | ||
How to use | xiv | ||
Table of contents | xxiii | ||
1 An introduction to the structure and function of the body | 2 | ||
Objectives | 2 | ||
The scientific method | 6 | ||
Structural levels of organization | 6 | ||
Anatomical position | 9 | ||
Anatomical directions | 9 | ||
Planes or body sections | 10 | ||
Body cavities | 10 | ||
Body regions | 13 | ||
The balance of body functions | 15 | ||
The scientific method | 19 | ||
Structural levels of organization | 19 | ||
Anatomical position | 19 | ||
Anatomical directions | 19 | ||
Planes or body sections (figure 1-4) | 19 | ||
Body cavities (figure 1-5) | 19 | ||
Body regions (figure 1-9) | 20 | ||
The balance of body functions | 20 | ||
Review questions | 21 | ||
Critical thinking | 21 | ||
Chapter test | 21 | ||
Case studies | 23 | ||
2 Chemistry of life | 24 | ||
Objectives | 24 | ||
Levels of chemical organization | 27 | ||
Atoms | 27 | ||
Elements, molecules, and compounds | 28 | ||
Chemical bonding | 29 | ||
Ionic bonds | 29 | ||
Covalent bonds | 30 | ||
Hydrogen bonds | 30 | ||
Inorganic chemistry | 30 | ||
Water | 31 | ||
Acids, bases, and salts | 32 | ||
Organic chemistry | 33 | ||
Carbohydrates | 33 | ||
Lipids | 34 | ||
Proteins | 35 | ||
Nucleic acids | 36 | ||
Levels of chemical organization | 38 | ||
Chemical bonding | 38 | ||
Inorganic chemistry | 38 | ||
Organic chemistry | 39 | ||
Review questions | 40 | ||
Critical thinking | 40 | ||
Chapter test | 41 | ||
Case studies | 41 | ||
3 Cells | 42 | ||
Objectives | 42 | ||
Cells | 45 | ||
Size and shape | 45 | ||
Composition | 45 | ||
Parts of the cell | 45 | ||
Plasma membrane | 45 | ||
Cytoplasm | 46 | ||
Ribosomes | 47 | ||
Endoplasmic reticulum | 47 | ||
Golgi apparatus | 48 | ||
Mitochondria | 49 | ||
Lysosomes | 49 | ||
Centrosome | 50 | ||
Cell extensions | 50 | ||
Nucleus | 51 | ||
Nucleolus. | 51 | ||
Chromatin and chromosomes. | 51 | ||
Relationship of cell structure and function | 52 | ||
Movement of substances through cell membranes | 52 | ||
Passive transport processes | 52 | ||
Diffusion | 52 | ||
Osmosis and dialysis. | 53 | ||
Filtration | 54 | ||
Active transport processes | 54 | ||
Ion pumps | 55 | ||
Phagocytosis and pinocytosis | 55 | ||
Cell transport and disease | 56 | ||
Cell reproduction and heredity | 57 | ||
DNA molecule and genetic information | 57 | ||
Genetic code | 58 | ||
RNA molecules and protein synthesis | 59 | ||
Transcription. | 59 | ||
Translation. | 59 | ||
Cells, genetics, and disease | 59 | ||
Cell division | 60 | ||
DNA replication | 60 | ||
Prophase | 60 | ||
Metaphase | 60 | ||
Anaphase | 60 | ||
Telophase | 60 | ||
Results of cell division | 61 | ||
Changes in cell growth and reproduction | 61 | ||
Cells | 64 | ||
Movements of substances through cell membranes | 65 | ||
Cell reproduction and heredity | 65 | ||
Review questions | 67 | ||
Critical thinking | 67 | ||
Chapter test | 67 | ||
Case studies | 69 | ||
4 Tissues | 70 | ||
Objectives | 70 | ||
Introduction to tissues | 73 | ||
Epithelial tissue | 73 | ||
Shape of cells | 73 | ||
Arrangement of cells | 73 | ||
Simple squamous epithelium | 74 | ||
Stratified squamous epithelium | 74 | ||
Simple columnar epithelium | 75 | ||
Pseudostratified epithelium | 76 | ||
Stratified transitional epithelium | 77 | ||
Cuboidal epithelium | 77 | ||
Connective tissue | 77 | ||
Areolar and adipose connective tissue | 78 | ||
Dense fibrous connective tissue | 79 | ||
Bone and cartilage | 79 | ||
Blood and hematopoietic tissue | 79 | ||
Muscle tissue | 80 | ||
Skeletal muscle tissue | 80 | ||
Cardiac muscle tissue | 81 | ||
Smooth muscle tissue | 81 | ||
Nervous tissue | 82 | ||
Tissue repair | 82 | ||
Tissues | 84 | ||
Review questions | 85 | ||
Critical thinking | 86 | ||
Chapter test | 86 | ||
Case studies | 87 | ||
5 Organ systems of the body | 88 | ||
Objectives | 88 | ||
Organ systems of the body | 91 | ||
Integumentary system | 93 | ||
Skeletal system | 93 | ||
Muscular system | 94 | ||
Nervous system | 94 | ||
Endocrine system | 95 | ||
Cardiovascular system | 96 | ||
Lymphatic and immune systems | 96 | ||
Respiratory system | 97 | ||
Digestive system | 98 | ||
Urinary system | 98 | ||
Reproductive systems | 99 | ||
Male reproductive system | 99 | ||
Female reproductive system | 99 | ||
Integration of body organ system functions | 100 | ||
Organ replacement | 100 | ||
Artificial organs | 100 | ||
Organ transplantation | 102 | ||
Organ systems of the body | 105 | ||
Integration of body organ system functions | 107 | ||
Organ replacement | 107 | ||
Review questions | 107 | ||
Critical thinking | 108 | ||
Chapter test | 108 | ||
Case studies | 109 | ||
6 Mechanisms of disease | 110 | ||
Objectives | 110 | ||
Studying disease | 114 | ||
Disease terminology | 114 | ||
Patterns of disease | 114 | ||
Pathophysiology | 116 | ||
Mechanisms of disease | 116 | ||
Risk factors | 117 | ||
Pathogenic organisms and particles | 117 | ||
Viruses | 118 | ||
SARS-CoV and flavivirus | 119 | ||
Prions | 119 | ||
Bacteria | 120 | ||
Fungi | 122 | ||
Protozoa | 123 | ||
Pathogenic animals | 123 | ||
Prevention and control | 124 | ||
Tumors and cancer | 128 | ||
Neoplasms | 128 | ||
Causes of cancer | 129 | ||
Pathogenesis of cancer | 130 | ||
Inflammation | 133 | ||
Inflammatory response | 133 | ||
Inflammatory disease | 134 | ||
Studying disease | 135 | ||
Pathophysiology | 135 | ||
Pathogenic organisms and particles | 135 | ||
Prevention and control | 136 | ||
Tumors and cancer | 136 | ||
Inflammation | 137 | ||
Review questions | 138 | ||
Critical thinking | 138 | ||
Chapter test | 138 | ||
Case studies | 139 | ||
7 The integumentary system and body membranes | 140 | ||
Objectives | 140 | ||
Classification of body membranes | 144 | ||
Epithelial membranes | 144 | ||
Cutaneous membrane | 144 | ||
Serous membranes | 144 | ||
Mucous membranes | 145 | ||
Connective tissue membranes | 145 | ||
The skin | 145 | ||
Structure of the skin | 145 | ||
Epidermis | 146 | ||
Skin pigment | 146 | ||
Dermal-epidermal junction | 147 | ||
Dermis | 150 | ||
Papillary layer | 150 | ||
Reticular layer | 150 | ||
Subcutaneous tissue | 151 | ||
Accessory structures of the skin | 151 | ||
Hair | 151 | ||
Receptors | 152 | ||
Nails | 153 | ||
Skin glands | 153 | ||
Sweat glands | 153 | ||
Sebaceous glands | 154 | ||
Acne | 154 | ||
Functions of the skin | 155 | ||
Protection | 155 | ||
Temperature regulation | 155 | ||
Sense organ activity | 156 | ||
Excretion | 156 | ||
Synthesis of vitamin D | 156 | ||
Disorders of the skin | 156 | ||
Skin lesions | 156 | ||
Burns | 157 | ||
Classification and severity of burns | 157 | ||
Depth classification. | 157 | ||
Estimating body surface area. | 158 | ||
Skin infections | 158 | ||
Vascular and inflammatory skin disorders | 159 | ||
Skin cancer | 161 | ||
Classification of body membranes | 163 | ||
The skin | 163 | ||
Disorders of the skin | 165 | ||
Review questions | 166 | ||
Critical thinking | 166 | ||
Chapter test | 167 | ||
Case studies | 167 | ||
8 The skeletal system | 168 | ||
Objectives | 168 | ||
Functions of the skeletal system | 172 | ||
Support | 172 | ||
Protection | 172 | ||
Movement | 172 | ||
Storage | 172 | ||
Hematopoiesis | 172 | ||
Types of bones | 172 | ||
Structure of long bones | 172 | ||
Structure of flat bones (figure 8-2) | 173 | ||
Microscopic structure of bone and cartilage | 173 | ||
Bone formation and growth | 174 | ||
Divisions of the skeleton | 177 | ||
Axial skeleton | 179 | ||
Skull | 179 | ||
Spine (vertebral column) | 181 | ||
Thorax | 184 | ||
Appendicular skeleton | 185 | ||
Upper extremity | 185 | ||
Lower extremity | 185 | ||
Differences between a man’s and a woman’s skeleton | 190 | ||
Joints (articulations) | 191 | ||
Joint types | 191 | ||
Synarthroses | 191 | ||
Amphiarthroses | 191 | ||
Diarthroses | 191 | ||
Structure. | 191 | ||
Skeletal disorders | 194 | ||
Tumors of bone and cartilage | 195 | ||
Metabolic bone diseases | 196 | ||
Osteoporosis | 196 | ||
Rickets and osteomalacia | 196 | ||
Paget disease | 197 | ||
Bone infection | 197 | ||
Bone fractures | 199 | ||
Joint disorders | 200 | ||
Noninflammatory joint disease | 200 | ||
Inflammatory joint disease (arthritis) | 200 | ||
Functions of the skeletal system | 203 | ||
Types of bones | 203 | ||
Microscopic structure of bone and cartilage | 203 | ||
Bone formation and growth (figures 8-6 and 8-7) | 203 | ||
Divisions of the skeleton (figure 8-9 and table 8-1) | 203 | ||
Differences between a man’s and a woman’s skeleton | 204 | ||
Joints (articulations) | 204 | ||
Skeletal disorders | 204 | ||
Review questions | 206 | ||
Critical thinking | 206 | ||
Chapter test | 206 | ||
Case studies | 207 | ||
9 The muscular system | 208 | ||
Objectives | 208 | ||
Muscle tissue | 212 | ||
Structure of skeletal muscle | 213 | ||
Muscle organs | 213 | ||
Microscopic structure and function | 213 | ||
Function of skeletal muscle | 215 | ||
Movement | 216 | ||
Posture | 216 | ||
Heat production | 216 | ||
Fatigue | 217 | ||
Role of other body systems in movement | 217 | ||
Motor unit | 218 | ||
Muscle stimulus | 218 | ||
Types of skeletal muscle contraction | 218 | ||
Twitch and tetanic contractions | 218 | ||
Isotonic contraction | 219 | ||
Isometric contraction | 219 | ||
Effects of exercise on skeletal muscles | 220 | ||
Movements produced by skeletal muscle contractions | 220 | ||
Skeletal muscle groups | 223 | ||
Muscles of the head and neck | 223 | ||
Muscles that move the upper extremities | 226 | ||
Muscles of the trunk | 226 | ||
Muscles of the lower extremities | 227 | ||
Major muscular disorders | 227 | ||
Muscle injury | 227 | ||
Muscle infections | 228 | ||
Muscular dystrophy | 228 | ||
Myasthenia gravis | 230 | ||
10 The nervous system | 238 | ||
Objectives | 238 | ||
Organs and divisions of the nervous system | 242 | ||
Cells of the nervous system | 243 | ||
Neurons | 243 | ||
Glia | 244 | ||
Disorders of nervous tissue | 244 | ||
Multiple sclerosis | 244 | ||
Tumors | 245 | ||
Nerves | 245 | ||
Reflex arcs | 246 | ||
Nerve impulses | 247 | ||
The synapse | 249 | ||
Central nervous system | 251 | ||
Divisions of the brain | 252 | ||
Brainstem | 252 | ||
Cerebellum | 252 | ||
Structure. | 252 | ||
Function. | 252 | ||
Diencephalon | 252 | ||
Hypothalamus. | 252 | ||
Thalamus. | 253 | ||
Pineal gland. | 254 | ||
Cerebrum | 254 | ||
Brain disorders | 254 | ||
Destruction of brain tissue | 254 | ||
Seizure disorders | 257 | ||
Spinal cord | 259 | ||
Structure | 259 | ||
Functions | 259 | ||
Coverings and fluid spaces of the brain and spinal cord | 260 | ||
Peripheral nervous system | 263 | ||
Cranial nerves | 263 | ||
Spinal nerves | 266 | ||
Structure | 266 | ||
Functions | 266 | ||
Peripheral nerve disorders | 266 | ||
Autonomic nervous system | 268 | ||
Functional anatomy | 268 | ||
Autonomic conduction paths | 269 | ||
Sympathetic nervous system | 269 | ||
Structure | 269 | ||
Functions of the sympathetic nervous system | 270 | ||
Parasympathetic nervous system | 270 | ||
Structure | 270 | ||
Functions of the parasympathetic nervous system | 271 | ||
Autonomic neurotransmitters | 271 | ||
Autonomic nervous system as a whole | 271 | ||
Disorders of the autonomic nervous system | 272 | ||
Stress-induced disease | 272 | ||
Neuroblastoma | 272 | ||
Organs and divisions of the nervous system (figure 10-1) | 273 | ||
Cells of the nervous system | 273 | ||
Nerves | 273 | ||
Reflex arcs | 273 | ||
Nerve impulses | 273 | ||
The synapse | 274 | ||
Central nervous system (figure 10-11) | 274 | ||
Peripheral nervous system | 275 | ||
Autonomic nervous system | 275 | ||
Review questions | 277 | ||
Critical thinking | 277 | ||
Chapter test | 278 | ||
Case studies | 279 | ||
11 The senses | 280 | ||
Objectives | 280 | ||
Classification of sense organs | 283 | ||
Converting a stimulus into a sensation | 284 | ||
General sense organs | 285 | ||
Special sense organs | 286 | ||
The eye | 286 | ||
Visual pathway | 289 | ||
Visual disorders | 290 | ||
Refraction disorders | 290 | ||
Disorders of the retina | 292 | ||
Disorders of the visual pathway | 294 | ||
The ear | 294 | ||
External ear | 294 | ||
Middle ear | 295 | ||
Inner ear | 296 | ||
Hearing disorders | 297 | ||
The taste receptors | 299 | ||
The smell receptors | 299 | ||
Classification of sense organs | 301 | ||
Converting a stimulus into a sensation | 301 | ||
General sense organs | 301 | ||
Special sense organs | 301 | ||
Review questions | 303 | ||
Critical thinking | 304 | ||
Chapter test | 304 | ||
Case studies | 305 | ||
12 The endocrine system | 306 | ||
Objectives | 306 | ||
Mechanisms of hormone action | 310 | ||
Nonsteroid hormones | 310 | ||
Steroid hormones | 311 | ||
Regulation of hormone secretion | 314 | ||
Mechanisms of endocrine disease | 314 | ||
Prostaglandins | 315 | ||
Pituitary gland | 316 | ||
Anterior pituitary gland hormones | 316 | ||
Posterior pituitary gland hormones | 317 | ||
Hypothalamus | 318 | ||
Thyroid gland | 318 | ||
Parathyroid glands | 320 | ||
Adrenal glands | 321 | ||
Adrenal cortex | 321 | ||
Adrenal medulla | 322 | ||
Adrenal abnormalities | 323 | ||
Pancreatic islets | 324 | ||
Female sex glands | 327 | ||
Male sex glands | 327 | ||
Thymus | 327 | ||
Placenta | 327 | ||
Pineal gland | 327 | ||
Other endocrine structures | 327 | ||
Mechanisms of hormone action | 329 | ||
Regulation of hormone secretion | 329 | ||
Mechanisms of endocrine disease (table 12-1) | 329 | ||
Prostaglandins | 329 | ||
Pituitary gland | 329 | ||
Hypothalamus | 330 | ||
Thyroid gland | 330 | ||
Parathyroid glands | 330 | ||
Adrenal glands | 330 | ||
Pancreatic islets | 331 | ||
Female sex glands | 331 | ||
Male sex glands | 331 | ||
Thymus | 332 | ||
Placenta | 332 | ||
Pineal gland | 332 | ||
Other endocrine structures | 332 | ||
Review questions | 333 | ||
Critical thinking | 333 | ||
Chapter test | 333 | ||
Case studies | 335 | ||
13 Blood | 336 | ||
Objectives | 336 | ||
Blood composition | 340 | ||
Blood tissue | 340 | ||
Blood plasma | 340 | ||
Formed elements | 341 | ||
Mechanisms of blood disease | 342 | ||
Red blood cells | 343 | ||
RBC structure and function | 343 | ||
RBC count | 343 | ||
Hemoglobin | 344 | ||
RBC abnormalities | 344 | ||
Blood types | 345 | ||
ABO system | 346 | ||
Rh system | 347 | ||
Red blood cell disorders | 348 | ||
Polycythemia | 348 | ||
Anemia | 348 | ||
Hemorrhagic anemia | 349 | ||
Aplastic anemia | 349 | ||
Deficiency anemias | 349 | ||
Hemolytic anemias | 350 | ||
White blood cells | 351 | ||
Introduction to WBCs | 351 | ||
WBC count | 351 | ||
WBC types | 352 | ||
Granular leukocytes | 352 | ||
Agranular leukocytes | 352 | ||
White blood cell disorders | 353 | ||
Multiple myeloma | 353 | ||
Leukemia | 353 | ||
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia | 353 | ||
Acute lymphocytic leukemia | 354 | ||
Chronic myeloid leukemia | 354 | ||
Acute myeloid leukemia | 354 | ||
Infectious mononucleosis | 355 | ||
Platelets and blood clotting | 355 | ||
Platelets | 355 | ||
Blood clotting | 355 | ||
Clotting disorders | 356 | ||
Abnormal blood clots | 356 | ||
Hemophilia | 357 | ||
Thrombocytopenia | 358 | ||
Vitamin K deficiency | 358 | ||
Blood composition | 359 | ||
Mechanisms of blood disease | 359 | ||
Red blood cells | 359 | ||
Blood types | 360 | ||
Red blood cell disorders | 360 | ||
White blood cells (leukocytes) | 361 | ||
White blood cell disorders | 362 | ||
Platelets and blood clotting | 363 | ||
Clotting disorders | 363 | ||
Review questions | 364 | ||
Critical thinking | 364 | ||
Chapter test | 364 | ||
Case studies | 365 | ||
14 The heart | 366 | ||
Objectives | 366 | ||
Location, size, and position of the heart | 369 | ||
Anatomy of the heart | 370 | ||
Heart chambers | 370 | ||
The pericardium and pericarditis | 371 | ||
Heart action | 373 | ||
Heart valves and valve disorders | 373 | ||
Heart sounds | 373 | ||
Blood flow through the heart | 374 | ||
Coronary circulation and coronary heart disease | 374 | ||
Cardiac cycle | 377 | ||
Conduction system of the heart | 379 | ||
Electrocardiography | 379 | ||
Cardiac dysrhythmia | 380 | ||
Cardiac output | 382 | ||
Heart rate | 382 | ||
Stroke volume | 382 | ||
Heart failure | 383 | ||
Location, size, and position of the heart | 385 | ||
Anatomy of the heart | 385 | ||
Heart sounds | 386 | ||
Blood flow through the heart | 386 | ||
Coronary circulation and coronary heart disease | 386 | ||
Cardiac cycle | 386 | ||
Conduction system of the heart | 386 | ||
Cardiac output | 387 | ||
Heart failure | 387 | ||
Review questions | 388 | ||
Critical thinking | 388 | ||
Chapter test | 388 | ||
Case studies | 389 | ||
15 The circulation of the blood | 390 | ||
Objectives | 390 | ||
Blood vessels | 393 | ||
Types | 393 | ||
Structure | 393 | ||
Functions | 394 | ||
Disorders of blood vessels | 394 | ||
Disorders of arteries | 394 | ||
Disorders of veins | 397 | ||
Circulation of blood | 399 | ||
Systemic and pulmonary circulation | 399 | ||
Hepatic portal circulation | 400 | ||
Fetal circulation | 401 | ||
Blood pressure | 402 | ||
Defining blood pressure | 402 | ||
Factors that influence blood pressure | 403 | ||
Blood volume | 403 | ||
Strength of heart contractions | 404 | ||
Heart rate | 404 | ||
Blood viscosity | 404 | ||
Resistance to blood flow | 405 | ||
Fluctuations in blood pressure | 405 | ||
Pulse | 406 | ||
Hypertension | 407 | ||
Circulatory shock | 408 | ||
Blood vessels | 410 | ||
Disorders of blood vessels | 410 | ||
Circulation of blood | 410 | ||
Blood pressure | 411 | ||
Pulse | 411 | ||
Hypertension (HTN) | 411 | ||
Circulatory shock | 411 | ||
Review questions | 412 | ||
Critical thinking | 412 | ||
Chapter test | 413 | ||
Case studies | 413 | ||
16 The lymphatic system and immunity | 414 | ||
Objectives | 414 | ||
The lymphatic system | 417 | ||
Lymph and lymphatic vessels | 417 | ||
Lymphedema | 419 | ||
Lymph nodes | 419 | ||
Defense function: Biological filtration | 420 | ||
Lymphoma | 422 | ||
Thymus | 422 | ||
Tonsils | 422 | ||
Spleen | 423 | ||
The immune system | 423 | ||
Function of the immune system | 423 | ||
Nonspecific immunity | 423 | ||
Specific immunity | 424 | ||
Immune system molecules | 425 | ||
Antibodies | 425 | ||
Definition | 425 | ||
Functions | 425 | ||
Complement proteins | 427 | ||
Immune system cells | 428 | ||
Phagocytes | 428 | ||
Lymphocytes | 429 | ||
B cells | 429 | ||
Development of B cells | 429 | ||
Function of B cells | 430 | ||
T cells | 430 | ||
Development of T cells | 430 | ||
Functions of T cells | 430 | ||
Hypersensitivity of the immune system | 431 | ||
Allergy | 431 | ||
Autoimmunity | 432 | ||
Isoimmunity | 433 | ||
Immune system deficiency | 434 | ||
Congenital immune deficiency | 434 | ||
Acquired immune deficiency | 435 | ||
The lymphatic system | 436 | ||
The immune system | 437 | ||
Immune system molecules | 437 | ||
Immune system cells | 437 | ||
Hypersensitivity of the immune system | 438 | ||
Immune system deficiency | 438 | ||
Review questions | 439 | ||
Critical thinking | 439 | ||
Chapter test | 440 | ||
Case studies | 441 | ||
17 The respiratory system | 442 | ||
Objectives | 442 | ||
Structural plan | 446 | ||
Respiratory tract | 447 | ||
Respiratory mucosa | 448 | ||
Nose | 448 | ||
Pharynx | 449 | ||
Larynx | 451 | ||
Disorders of the upper respiratory tract | 451 | ||
Upper respiratory infection | 451 | ||
Anatomical disorders | 452 | ||
Trachea | 453 | ||
Bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli | 453 | ||
Respiratory distress | 455 | ||
Infant respiratory distress | 455 | ||
Adult respiratory distress | 455 | ||
Lungs and pleura | 455 | ||
Respiration | 457 | ||
Mechanics of breathing | 457 | ||
Inspiration | 457 | ||
Expiration | 457 | ||
Exchange of gases in lungs | 457 | ||
Exchange of gases in tissues | 458 | ||
Blood transportation of gases | 459 | ||
Transport of oxygen | 460 | ||
Transport of carbon dioxide | 460 | ||
Volumes of air exchanged in pulmonary ventilation | 461 | ||
Regulation of respiration | 462 | ||
Brainstem | 462 | ||
Cerebral cortex | 462 | ||
Receptors influencing respiration | 463 | ||
Chemoreceptors | 463 | ||
Pulmonary stretch receptors | 463 | ||
Breathing patterns | 463 | ||
Disorders of the lower respiratory tract | 464 | ||
Lower respiratory infection | 464 | ||
Restrictive pulmonary disorders | 466 | ||
Obstructive pulmonary disorders | 466 | ||
Lung cancer | 467 | ||
Structural plan | 468 | ||
Respiratory tract | 468 | ||
Respiratory mucosa | 468 | ||
Nose | 468 | ||
Pharynx | 468 | ||
Larynx | 468 | ||
Disorders of the upper respiratory tract | 469 | ||
Trachea | 469 | ||
Bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli | 469 | ||
Lungs and pleura | 469 | ||
Respiration | 469 | ||
Blood transportation of gases | 470 | ||
Regulation of respiration | 470 | ||
Breathing patterns | 471 | ||
Disorders of the lower respiratory tract | 471 | ||
Review questions | 472 | ||
Critical thinking | 472 | ||
Chapter test | 472 | ||
Case studies | 473 | ||
18 The digestive system | 474 | ||
Objectives | 474 | ||
Mouth | 479 | ||
Teeth | 480 | ||
Types of teeth | 480 | ||
Typical tooth | 481 | ||
Disorders of the mouth and teeth | 482 | ||
Salivary glands | 484 | ||
Pharynx | 485 | ||
Wall of the digestive tract | 486 | ||
Esophagus | 486 | ||
Stomach | 487 | ||
Disorders of the stomach | 489 | ||
Small intestine | 490 | ||
Disorders of the small intestine | 492 | ||
Liver and gallbladder | 492 | ||
Disorders of the liver and gallbladder | 493 | ||
Pancreas | 494 | ||
Large intestine | 496 | ||
Disorders of the large intestine | 496 | ||
Appendix and appendicitis | 498 | ||
Peritoneum | 499 | ||
Extensions | 499 | ||
Peritonitis | 499 | ||
Ascites | 500 | ||
Digestion | 500 | ||
Enzymes and chemical digestion | 501 | ||
Carbohydrate digestion | 501 | ||
Protein digestion | 501 | ||
Fat digestion | 501 | ||
Absorption | 501 | ||
Surface area and absorption | 502 | ||
Structures of the digestive system (figure 18-1) | 503 | ||
Mouth | 503 | ||
Teeth | 503 | ||
Disorders of the mouth and teeth | 504 | ||
Salivary glands (figure 18-9) | 504 | ||
Pharynx | 504 | ||
Wall of the digestive tract (figure 18-11) | 504 | ||
Esophagus | 504 | ||
Stomach (figure 18-15) | 505 | ||
Small intestine (figure 18-17) | 505 | ||
Liver and gallbladder (figure 18-18) | 505 | ||
Pancreas (figure 18-18) | 506 | ||
Large intestine (figure 18-22) | 506 | ||
Appendix and appendicitis | 506 | ||
Peritoneum (figure 18-23) | 506 | ||
Digestion (table 18-2) | 506 | ||
Absorption | 507 | ||
Review questions | 508 | ||
Critical thinking | 508 | ||
Chapter test | 508 | ||
Case studies | 509 | ||
19 Nutrition and metabolism | 510 | ||
Objectives | 510 | ||
Metabolic function of the liver | 513 | ||
Nutrient metabolism | 513 | ||
Carbohydrate metabolism | 513 | ||
Fat metabolism | 515 | ||
Protein metabolism | 516 | ||
Vitamins and minerals | 517 | ||
Metabolic rates | 518 | ||
Metabolic and eating disorders | 520 | ||
Body temperature | 521 | ||
Abnormal body temperature | 522 | ||
Definitions | 524 | ||
Metabolic functions of the liver | 524 | ||
Nutrient metabolism | 524 | ||
Vitamins and minerals | 524 | ||
Metabolic rates | 525 | ||
Metabolic and eating disorders | 525 | ||
Body temperature | 525 | ||
Review questions | 526 | ||
Critical thinking | 526 | ||
Chapter test | 526 | ||
Case studies | 527 | ||
20 The urinary system | 528 | ||
Objectives | 528 | ||
Kidneys | 531 | ||
Location of the kidneys | 531 | ||
Gross structure of the kidney | 532 | ||
Microscopic structure of the kidney | 533 | ||
Kidney function | 534 | ||
Ureters | 536 | ||
Urinary bladder | 537 | ||
Urethra | 537 | ||
Micturition | 538 | ||
Renal physiology | 539 | ||
Filtration | 539 | ||
Reabsorption | 540 | ||
Secretion | 541 | ||
Control of urine volume | 542 | ||
Urinalysis | 543 | ||
Renal and urinary disorders | 543 | ||
Obstructive disorders | 545 | ||
Renal calculi | 545 | ||
Tumors | 546 | ||
Urinary tract infections | 546 | ||
Urethritis | 546 | ||
Cystitis | 546 | ||
Pyelonephritis | 547 | ||
Glomerular disorders | 547 | ||
Nephrotic syndrome | 547 | ||
Acute glomerulonephritis | 547 | ||
Chronic glomerulonephritis | 547 | ||
Kidney failure | 547 | ||
Acute renal failure | 547 | ||
Chronic renal failure | 547 | ||
Kidneys | 551 | ||
Ureters | 551 | ||
Urinary bladder | 551 | ||
Urethra | 551 | ||
Micturition | 552 | ||
Renal physiology | 552 | ||
Urinalysis | 552 | ||
Renal and urinary disorders | 552 | ||
Review questions | 554 | ||
Critical thinking | 554 | ||
Chapter test | 554 | ||
Case studies | 555 | ||
21 Fluid and electrolyte balance | 556 | ||
Objectives | 556 | ||
Body fluid volumes | 558 | ||
Body fluid compartments | 559 | ||
Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance | 560 | ||
Regulation of fluid output | 561 | ||
Regulation of fluid intake | 561 | ||
Exchange of fluids by blood | 563 | ||
Fluid imbalances | 563 | ||
Dehydration | 563 | ||
Overhydration | 563 | ||
Importance of electrolytes in body fluids | 564 | ||
Electrolytes | 564 | ||
Ions | 564 | ||
Electrolyte functions | 564 | ||
Electrolyte imbalances | 566 | ||
Sodium imbalance | 566 | ||
Potassium imbalance | 566 | ||
Calcium imbalance | 567 | ||
Body fluid volumes | 568 | ||
Body fluid compartments | 568 | ||
Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance | 568 | ||
Fluid imbalances | 569 | ||
Importance of electrolytes in body fluids | 569 | ||
Electrolyte imbalances | 569 | ||
Review questions | 570 | ||
Critical thinking | 571 | ||
Chapter test | 571 | ||
Case studies | 571 | ||
22 Acid-base balance | 572 | ||
Objectives | 572 | ||
pH of body fluids | 574 | ||
Using the pH scale | 574 | ||
The pH unit | 574 | ||
Mechanisms that control pH of body fluids | 575 | ||
Factors that affect pH | 575 | ||
Buffers | 576 | ||
Respiratory mechanism of pH control | 578 | ||
Urinary mechanism of pH control | 578 | ||
pH imbalances | 580 | ||
Metabolic and respiratory disturbances | 582 | ||
pH of body fluids | 584 | ||
Mechanisms that control pH of body fluids | 584 | ||
pH imbalances | 584 | ||
Review questions | 585 | ||
Critical thinking | 586 | ||
Chapter test | 586 | ||
Case studies | 587 | ||
23 The reproductive systems | 588 | ||
Objectives | 588 | ||
Sexual reproduction | 592 | ||
Common structural and functional characteristics between the sexes | 593 | ||
Male reproductive system | 593 | ||
Structural plan | 593 | ||
Essential organs | 593 | ||
Accessory organs | 593 | ||
Testes | 593 | ||
Structure and location | 593 | ||
Testis functions | 595 | ||
Spermatogenesis. | 595 | ||
Sperm. | 596 | ||
Production of testosterone. | 597 | ||
Reproductive ducts | 597 | ||
Epididymis | 597 | ||
Vas deferens | 597 | ||
Ejaculatory duct and urethra | 598 | ||
Accessory or supportive sex glands | 598 | ||
Seminal vesicles | 598 | ||
Prostate gland | 598 | ||
Bulbourethral glands | 598 | ||
External genitals | 598 | ||
Disorders of the male reproductive system | 599 | ||
Disorders of the testes | 599 | ||
Disorders of the prostate | 600 | ||
Disorders of the penis and scrotum | 600 | ||
Female reproductive system | 602 | ||
Structural plan | 602 | ||
Essential organs | 602 | ||
Accessory organs | 602 | ||
Ovaries | 602 | ||
Structure and location | 602 | ||
Ovary functions | 603 | ||
Oogenesis. | 603 | ||
Production of estrogen and progesterone. | 603 | ||
Reproductive ducts | 604 | ||
Uterine tubes | 604 | ||
Uterus | 604 | ||
Vagina | 605 | ||
Accessory or supportive sex glands | 605 | ||
Vestibular glands | 605 | ||
Breasts | 605 | ||
External genitals | 606 | ||
Menstrual cycle | 607 | ||
Phases and events | 607 | ||
Control of menstrual cycle changes | 609 | ||
Disorders of the female reproductive system | 609 | ||
Hormonal and menstrual disorders | 609 | ||
Infection and inflammation | 611 | ||
Tumors and related conditions | 611 | ||
Infertility | 613 | ||
Summary of male and female reproductive systems | 613 | ||
Sexually transmitted diseases | 614 | ||
Sexual reproduction | 616 | ||
Common structural and functional characteristics between the sexes | 616 | ||
Male reproductive system | 616 | ||
Disorders of the male reproductive system | 617 | ||
Female reproductive system | 617 | ||
Disorders of the female reproductive system | 618 | ||
Summary of male and female reproductive systems | 619 | ||
Sexually transmitted diseases | 619 | ||
Review questions | 620 | ||
Critical thinking | 620 | ||
Chapter test | 620 | ||
Case studies | 621 | ||
24 Growth and development | 622 | ||
Objectives | 622 | ||
Prenatal period | 625 | ||
Fertilization to implantation | 625 | ||
Periods of development | 628 | ||
Formation of the primary germ layers | 628 | ||
Histogenesis and organogenesis | 629 | ||
Birth or parturition | 630 | ||
Stages of labor | 630 | ||
Multiple births | 632 | ||
Disorders of pregnancy | 633 | ||
Implantation disorders | 633 | ||
Preeclampsia | 633 | ||
Fetal death | 633 | ||
Birth defects | 634 | ||
Postpartum disorders | 634 | ||
Postnatal period | 635 | ||
Infancy | 636 | ||
Childhood | 637 | ||
Adolescence | 637 | ||
Adulthood | 638 | ||
Older adulthood | 638 | ||
Effects of aging | 639 | ||
Aging | 639 | ||
Integumentary system (skin) | 640 | ||
Skeletal system | 640 | ||
Central nervous system | 640 | ||
Special senses | 640 | ||
Cardiovascular system | 641 | ||
Respiratory system | 641 | ||
Urinary system | 641 | ||
Reproductive systems | 641 | ||
Prenatal period | 643 | ||
Birth or parturition | 643 | ||
Disorders of pregnancy | 643 | ||
Postnatal period | 644 | ||
Effects of aging (figure 24-15) | 645 | ||
Review questions | 646 | ||
Critical thinking | 646 | ||
Chapter test | 646 | ||
Case studies | 647 | ||
25 Genetics and genetic diseases | 648 | ||
Objectives | 648 | ||
Genetics and human disease | 651 | ||
Chromosomes and genes | 651 | ||
Mechanisms of gene function | 651 | ||
The human genome | 651 | ||
Distribution of chromosomes to offspring | 652 | ||
Gene expression | 653 | ||
Hereditary traits | 653 | ||
Sex-linked traits | 654 | ||
Genetic mutations | 655 | ||
Genetic diseases | 656 | ||
Mechanisms of genetic disease | 656 | ||
Single-gene diseases | 657 | ||
Epigenetic conditions | 658 | ||
Chromosomal diseases | 659 | ||
Prevention and treatment of genetic diseases | 660 | ||
Genetic counseling | 660 | ||
Pedigree | 661 | ||
Punnett square | 661 | ||
Karyotype | 661 | ||
Treating genetic diseases | 663 | ||
Treating symptoms | 663 | ||
Gene therapy | 663 | ||
RNA interference | 666 | ||
Genetics and human disease | 666 | ||
Chromosomes and genes | 666 | ||
Gene expression | 666 | ||
Genetic diseases | 667 | ||
Prevention and treatment of genetic diseases | 667 | ||
Review questions | 668 | ||
Critical thinking | 668 | ||
Chapter test | 669 | ||
Case studies | 669 | ||
Appendix A Examples of pathological conditions | 671 | ||
Appendix B Medical terminology | 684 | ||
Hints for learning and using medical terms | 684 | ||
Appendix C Clinical and laboratory values | 694 | ||
Conversion factors to international system of units (SI units) | 700 | ||
Glossary | 703 | ||
A | 703 | ||
B | 707 | ||
C | 708 | ||
D | 713 | ||
E | 715 | ||
F | 718 | ||
G | 719 | ||
H | 720 | ||
I | 723 | ||
J | 724 | ||
K | 724 | ||
L | 725 | ||
M | 726 | ||
N | 729 | ||
O | 730 | ||
P | 731 | ||
Q | 735 | ||
R | 735 | ||
S | 737 | ||
T | 741 | ||
U | 743 | ||
V | 743 | ||
W | 744 | ||
Y | 744 | ||
Z | 744 | ||
Illustration/photo credits | 745 | ||
Chapter 1 | 745 | ||
Chapter 2 | 745 | ||
Chapter 3 | 745 | ||
Chapter 4 | 745 | ||
Chapter 5 | 745 | ||
Chapter 6 | 745 | ||
Chapter 7 | 745 | ||
Chapter 8 | 746 | ||
Chapter 9 | 746 | ||
Chapter 10 | 746 | ||
Chapter 11 | 746 | ||
Chapter 12 | 746 | ||
Chapter 13 | 746 | ||
Chapter 14 | 747 | ||
Chapter 15 | 747 | ||
Chapter 16 | 747 | ||
Chapter 17 | 747 | ||
Chapter 18 | 747 | ||
Chapter 19 | 747 | ||
Chapter 20 | 748 | ||
Chapter 21 | 748 | ||
Chapter 22 | 748 | ||
Chapter 23 | 748 | ||
Chapter 24 | 748 | ||
Chapter 25 | 748 | ||
Clear view of the human body | 1 | ||
Introduction | 1 | ||
Hints for using the clear view of the body | 1 | ||
Key | 2 | ||
Index | 749 | ||
A | 749 | ||
B | 749 | ||
C | 752 | ||
D | 754 | ||
E | 755 | ||
F | 756 | ||
G | 757 | ||
H | 757 | ||
I | 758 | ||
J | 759 | ||
K | 759 | ||
L | 760 | ||
M | 760 | ||
N | 761 | ||
O | 762 | ||
P | 763 | ||
Q | 764 | ||
R | 765 | ||
S | 766 | ||
T | 768 | ||
U | 769 | ||
V | 769 | ||
W | 770 | ||
X | 770 | ||
Y | 770 | ||
Z | 770 | ||
Pageburst | IBC-1 |