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Book Details
Abstract
The Human Body in Health & Disease - E-Book
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | Cover | ||
| Evolve learning system | IFC- | ||
| Anatomical directions | i | ||
| Front matter | iii | ||
| The human body in health & disease | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Scientific review panel | v | ||
| Reviewers of current edition | v | ||
| Reviewers of previous editions | vi | ||
| Preface | viii | ||
| Instructional design | viii | ||
| Unifying themes | viii | ||
| Organization and content | viii | ||
| Learning tools | ix | ||
| Digital learning tools | x | ||
| Online resources for instructors | x | ||
| TEACH instructor resource manual | x | ||
| Test bank | xi | ||
| Image collection | xi | ||
| Illustrations and page design | xi | ||
| Clear view of the human body | xi | ||
| Supplements | xi | ||
| Summary of changes to the sixth edition | xi | ||
| Global changes | xi | ||
| A word of thanks | xiii | ||
| How to use | xiv | ||
| Table of contents | xxiii | ||
| 1 An introduction to the structure and function of the body | 2 | ||
| Objectives | 2 | ||
| The scientific method | 6 | ||
| Structural levels of organization | 6 | ||
| Anatomical position | 9 | ||
| Anatomical directions | 9 | ||
| Planes or body sections | 10 | ||
| Body cavities | 10 | ||
| Body regions | 13 | ||
| The balance of body functions | 15 | ||
| The scientific method | 19 | ||
| Structural levels of organization | 19 | ||
| Anatomical position | 19 | ||
| Anatomical directions | 19 | ||
| Planes or body sections (figure 1-4) | 19 | ||
| Body cavities (figure 1-5) | 19 | ||
| Body regions (figure 1-9) | 20 | ||
| The balance of body functions | 20 | ||
| Review questions | 21 | ||
| Critical thinking | 21 | ||
| Chapter test | 21 | ||
| Case studies | 23 | ||
| 2 Chemistry of life | 24 | ||
| Objectives | 24 | ||
| Levels of chemical organization | 27 | ||
| Atoms | 27 | ||
| Elements, molecules, and compounds | 28 | ||
| Chemical bonding | 29 | ||
| Ionic bonds | 29 | ||
| Covalent bonds | 30 | ||
| Hydrogen bonds | 30 | ||
| Inorganic chemistry | 30 | ||
| Water | 31 | ||
| Acids, bases, and salts | 32 | ||
| Organic chemistry | 33 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 33 | ||
| Lipids | 34 | ||
| Proteins | 35 | ||
| Nucleic acids | 36 | ||
| Levels of chemical organization | 38 | ||
| Chemical bonding | 38 | ||
| Inorganic chemistry | 38 | ||
| Organic chemistry | 39 | ||
| Review questions | 40 | ||
| Critical thinking | 40 | ||
| Chapter test | 41 | ||
| Case studies | 41 | ||
| 3 Cells | 42 | ||
| Objectives | 42 | ||
| Cells | 45 | ||
| Size and shape | 45 | ||
| Composition | 45 | ||
| Parts of the cell | 45 | ||
| Plasma membrane | 45 | ||
| Cytoplasm | 46 | ||
| Ribosomes | 47 | ||
| Endoplasmic reticulum | 47 | ||
| Golgi apparatus | 48 | ||
| Mitochondria | 49 | ||
| Lysosomes | 49 | ||
| Centrosome | 50 | ||
| Cell extensions | 50 | ||
| Nucleus | 51 | ||
| Nucleolus. | 51 | ||
| Chromatin and chromosomes. | 51 | ||
| Relationship of cell structure and function | 52 | ||
| Movement of substances through cell membranes | 52 | ||
| Passive transport processes | 52 | ||
| Diffusion | 52 | ||
| Osmosis and dialysis. | 53 | ||
| Filtration | 54 | ||
| Active transport processes | 54 | ||
| Ion pumps | 55 | ||
| Phagocytosis and pinocytosis | 55 | ||
| Cell transport and disease | 56 | ||
| Cell reproduction and heredity | 57 | ||
| DNA molecule and genetic information | 57 | ||
| Genetic code | 58 | ||
| RNA molecules and protein synthesis | 59 | ||
| Transcription. | 59 | ||
| Translation. | 59 | ||
| Cells, genetics, and disease | 59 | ||
| Cell division | 60 | ||
| DNA replication | 60 | ||
| Prophase | 60 | ||
| Metaphase | 60 | ||
| Anaphase | 60 | ||
| Telophase | 60 | ||
| Results of cell division | 61 | ||
| Changes in cell growth and reproduction | 61 | ||
| Cells | 64 | ||
| Movements of substances through cell membranes | 65 | ||
| Cell reproduction and heredity | 65 | ||
| Review questions | 67 | ||
| Critical thinking | 67 | ||
| Chapter test | 67 | ||
| Case studies | 69 | ||
| 4 Tissues | 70 | ||
| Objectives | 70 | ||
| Introduction to tissues | 73 | ||
| Epithelial tissue | 73 | ||
| Shape of cells | 73 | ||
| Arrangement of cells | 73 | ||
| Simple squamous epithelium | 74 | ||
| Stratified squamous epithelium | 74 | ||
| Simple columnar epithelium | 75 | ||
| Pseudostratified epithelium | 76 | ||
| Stratified transitional epithelium | 77 | ||
| Cuboidal epithelium | 77 | ||
| Connective tissue | 77 | ||
| Areolar and adipose connective tissue | 78 | ||
| Dense fibrous connective tissue | 79 | ||
| Bone and cartilage | 79 | ||
| Blood and hematopoietic tissue | 79 | ||
| Muscle tissue | 80 | ||
| Skeletal muscle tissue | 80 | ||
| Cardiac muscle tissue | 81 | ||
| Smooth muscle tissue | 81 | ||
| Nervous tissue | 82 | ||
| Tissue repair | 82 | ||
| Tissues | 84 | ||
| Review questions | 85 | ||
| Critical thinking | 86 | ||
| Chapter test | 86 | ||
| Case studies | 87 | ||
| 5 Organ systems of the body | 88 | ||
| Objectives | 88 | ||
| Organ systems of the body | 91 | ||
| Integumentary system | 93 | ||
| Skeletal system | 93 | ||
| Muscular system | 94 | ||
| Nervous system | 94 | ||
| Endocrine system | 95 | ||
| Cardiovascular system | 96 | ||
| Lymphatic and immune systems | 96 | ||
| Respiratory system | 97 | ||
| Digestive system | 98 | ||
| Urinary system | 98 | ||
| Reproductive systems | 99 | ||
| Male reproductive system | 99 | ||
| Female reproductive system | 99 | ||
| Integration of body organ system functions | 100 | ||
| Organ replacement | 100 | ||
| Artificial organs | 100 | ||
| Organ transplantation | 102 | ||
| Organ systems of the body | 105 | ||
| Integration of body organ system functions | 107 | ||
| Organ replacement | 107 | ||
| Review questions | 107 | ||
| Critical thinking | 108 | ||
| Chapter test | 108 | ||
| Case studies | 109 | ||
| 6 Mechanisms of disease | 110 | ||
| Objectives | 110 | ||
| Studying disease | 114 | ||
| Disease terminology | 114 | ||
| Patterns of disease | 114 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 116 | ||
| Mechanisms of disease | 116 | ||
| Risk factors | 117 | ||
| Pathogenic organisms and particles | 117 | ||
| Viruses | 118 | ||
| SARS-CoV and flavivirus | 119 | ||
| Prions | 119 | ||
| Bacteria | 120 | ||
| Fungi | 122 | ||
| Protozoa | 123 | ||
| Pathogenic animals | 123 | ||
| Prevention and control | 124 | ||
| Tumors and cancer | 128 | ||
| Neoplasms | 128 | ||
| Causes of cancer | 129 | ||
| Pathogenesis of cancer | 130 | ||
| Inflammation | 133 | ||
| Inflammatory response | 133 | ||
| Inflammatory disease | 134 | ||
| Studying disease | 135 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 135 | ||
| Pathogenic organisms and particles | 135 | ||
| Prevention and control | 136 | ||
| Tumors and cancer | 136 | ||
| Inflammation | 137 | ||
| Review questions | 138 | ||
| Critical thinking | 138 | ||
| Chapter test | 138 | ||
| Case studies | 139 | ||
| 7 The integumentary system and body membranes | 140 | ||
| Objectives | 140 | ||
| Classification of body membranes | 144 | ||
| Epithelial membranes | 144 | ||
| Cutaneous membrane | 144 | ||
| Serous membranes | 144 | ||
| Mucous membranes | 145 | ||
| Connective tissue membranes | 145 | ||
| The skin | 145 | ||
| Structure of the skin | 145 | ||
| Epidermis | 146 | ||
| Skin pigment | 146 | ||
| Dermal-epidermal junction | 147 | ||
| Dermis | 150 | ||
| Papillary layer | 150 | ||
| Reticular layer | 150 | ||
| Subcutaneous tissue | 151 | ||
| Accessory structures of the skin | 151 | ||
| Hair | 151 | ||
| Receptors | 152 | ||
| Nails | 153 | ||
| Skin glands | 153 | ||
| Sweat glands | 153 | ||
| Sebaceous glands | 154 | ||
| Acne | 154 | ||
| Functions of the skin | 155 | ||
| Protection | 155 | ||
| Temperature regulation | 155 | ||
| Sense organ activity | 156 | ||
| Excretion | 156 | ||
| Synthesis of vitamin D | 156 | ||
| Disorders of the skin | 156 | ||
| Skin lesions | 156 | ||
| Burns | 157 | ||
| Classification and severity of burns | 157 | ||
| Depth classification. | 157 | ||
| Estimating body surface area. | 158 | ||
| Skin infections | 158 | ||
| Vascular and inflammatory skin disorders | 159 | ||
| Skin cancer | 161 | ||
| Classification of body membranes | 163 | ||
| The skin | 163 | ||
| Disorders of the skin | 165 | ||
| Review questions | 166 | ||
| Critical thinking | 166 | ||
| Chapter test | 167 | ||
| Case studies | 167 | ||
| 8 The skeletal system | 168 | ||
| Objectives | 168 | ||
| Functions of the skeletal system | 172 | ||
| Support | 172 | ||
| Protection | 172 | ||
| Movement | 172 | ||
| Storage | 172 | ||
| Hematopoiesis | 172 | ||
| Types of bones | 172 | ||
| Structure of long bones | 172 | ||
| Structure of flat bones (figure 8-2) | 173 | ||
| Microscopic structure of bone and cartilage | 173 | ||
| Bone formation and growth | 174 | ||
| Divisions of the skeleton | 177 | ||
| Axial skeleton | 179 | ||
| Skull | 179 | ||
| Spine (vertebral column) | 181 | ||
| Thorax | 184 | ||
| Appendicular skeleton | 185 | ||
| Upper extremity | 185 | ||
| Lower extremity | 185 | ||
| Differences between a man’s and a woman’s skeleton | 190 | ||
| Joints (articulations) | 191 | ||
| Joint types | 191 | ||
| Synarthroses | 191 | ||
| Amphiarthroses | 191 | ||
| Diarthroses | 191 | ||
| Structure. | 191 | ||
| Skeletal disorders | 194 | ||
| Tumors of bone and cartilage | 195 | ||
| Metabolic bone diseases | 196 | ||
| Osteoporosis | 196 | ||
| Rickets and osteomalacia | 196 | ||
| Paget disease | 197 | ||
| Bone infection | 197 | ||
| Bone fractures | 199 | ||
| Joint disorders | 200 | ||
| Noninflammatory joint disease | 200 | ||
| Inflammatory joint disease (arthritis) | 200 | ||
| Functions of the skeletal system | 203 | ||
| Types of bones | 203 | ||
| Microscopic structure of bone and cartilage | 203 | ||
| Bone formation and growth (figures 8-6 and 8-7) | 203 | ||
| Divisions of the skeleton (figure 8-9 and table 8-1) | 203 | ||
| Differences between a man’s and a woman’s skeleton | 204 | ||
| Joints (articulations) | 204 | ||
| Skeletal disorders | 204 | ||
| Review questions | 206 | ||
| Critical thinking | 206 | ||
| Chapter test | 206 | ||
| Case studies | 207 | ||
| 9 The muscular system | 208 | ||
| Objectives | 208 | ||
| Muscle tissue | 212 | ||
| Structure of skeletal muscle | 213 | ||
| Muscle organs | 213 | ||
| Microscopic structure and function | 213 | ||
| Function of skeletal muscle | 215 | ||
| Movement | 216 | ||
| Posture | 216 | ||
| Heat production | 216 | ||
| Fatigue | 217 | ||
| Role of other body systems in movement | 217 | ||
| Motor unit | 218 | ||
| Muscle stimulus | 218 | ||
| Types of skeletal muscle contraction | 218 | ||
| Twitch and tetanic contractions | 218 | ||
| Isotonic contraction | 219 | ||
| Isometric contraction | 219 | ||
| Effects of exercise on skeletal muscles | 220 | ||
| Movements produced by skeletal muscle contractions | 220 | ||
| Skeletal muscle groups | 223 | ||
| Muscles of the head and neck | 223 | ||
| Muscles that move the upper extremities | 226 | ||
| Muscles of the trunk | 226 | ||
| Muscles of the lower extremities | 227 | ||
| Major muscular disorders | 227 | ||
| Muscle injury | 227 | ||
| Muscle infections | 228 | ||
| Muscular dystrophy | 228 | ||
| Myasthenia gravis | 230 | ||
| 10 The nervous system | 238 | ||
| Objectives | 238 | ||
| Organs and divisions of the nervous system | 242 | ||
| Cells of the nervous system | 243 | ||
| Neurons | 243 | ||
| Glia | 244 | ||
| Disorders of nervous tissue | 244 | ||
| Multiple sclerosis | 244 | ||
| Tumors | 245 | ||
| Nerves | 245 | ||
| Reflex arcs | 246 | ||
| Nerve impulses | 247 | ||
| The synapse | 249 | ||
| Central nervous system | 251 | ||
| Divisions of the brain | 252 | ||
| Brainstem | 252 | ||
| Cerebellum | 252 | ||
| Structure. | 252 | ||
| Function. | 252 | ||
| Diencephalon | 252 | ||
| Hypothalamus. | 252 | ||
| Thalamus. | 253 | ||
| Pineal gland. | 254 | ||
| Cerebrum | 254 | ||
| Brain disorders | 254 | ||
| Destruction of brain tissue | 254 | ||
| Seizure disorders | 257 | ||
| Spinal cord | 259 | ||
| Structure | 259 | ||
| Functions | 259 | ||
| Coverings and fluid spaces of the brain and spinal cord | 260 | ||
| Peripheral nervous system | 263 | ||
| Cranial nerves | 263 | ||
| Spinal nerves | 266 | ||
| Structure | 266 | ||
| Functions | 266 | ||
| Peripheral nerve disorders | 266 | ||
| Autonomic nervous system | 268 | ||
| Functional anatomy | 268 | ||
| Autonomic conduction paths | 269 | ||
| Sympathetic nervous system | 269 | ||
| Structure | 269 | ||
| Functions of the sympathetic nervous system | 270 | ||
| Parasympathetic nervous system | 270 | ||
| Structure | 270 | ||
| Functions of the parasympathetic nervous system | 271 | ||
| Autonomic neurotransmitters | 271 | ||
| Autonomic nervous system as a whole | 271 | ||
| Disorders of the autonomic nervous system | 272 | ||
| Stress-induced disease | 272 | ||
| Neuroblastoma | 272 | ||
| Organs and divisions of the nervous system (figure 10-1) | 273 | ||
| Cells of the nervous system | 273 | ||
| Nerves | 273 | ||
| Reflex arcs | 273 | ||
| Nerve impulses | 273 | ||
| The synapse | 274 | ||
| Central nervous system (figure 10-11) | 274 | ||
| Peripheral nervous system | 275 | ||
| Autonomic nervous system | 275 | ||
| Review questions | 277 | ||
| Critical thinking | 277 | ||
| Chapter test | 278 | ||
| Case studies | 279 | ||
| 11 The senses | 280 | ||
| Objectives | 280 | ||
| Classification of sense organs | 283 | ||
| Converting a stimulus into a sensation | 284 | ||
| General sense organs | 285 | ||
| Special sense organs | 286 | ||
| The eye | 286 | ||
| Visual pathway | 289 | ||
| Visual disorders | 290 | ||
| Refraction disorders | 290 | ||
| Disorders of the retina | 292 | ||
| Disorders of the visual pathway | 294 | ||
| The ear | 294 | ||
| External ear | 294 | ||
| Middle ear | 295 | ||
| Inner ear | 296 | ||
| Hearing disorders | 297 | ||
| The taste receptors | 299 | ||
| The smell receptors | 299 | ||
| Classification of sense organs | 301 | ||
| Converting a stimulus into a sensation | 301 | ||
| General sense organs | 301 | ||
| Special sense organs | 301 | ||
| Review questions | 303 | ||
| Critical thinking | 304 | ||
| Chapter test | 304 | ||
| Case studies | 305 | ||
| 12 The endocrine system | 306 | ||
| Objectives | 306 | ||
| Mechanisms of hormone action | 310 | ||
| Nonsteroid hormones | 310 | ||
| Steroid hormones | 311 | ||
| Regulation of hormone secretion | 314 | ||
| Mechanisms of endocrine disease | 314 | ||
| Prostaglandins | 315 | ||
| Pituitary gland | 316 | ||
| Anterior pituitary gland hormones | 316 | ||
| Posterior pituitary gland hormones | 317 | ||
| Hypothalamus | 318 | ||
| Thyroid gland | 318 | ||
| Parathyroid glands | 320 | ||
| Adrenal glands | 321 | ||
| Adrenal cortex | 321 | ||
| Adrenal medulla | 322 | ||
| Adrenal abnormalities | 323 | ||
| Pancreatic islets | 324 | ||
| Female sex glands | 327 | ||
| Male sex glands | 327 | ||
| Thymus | 327 | ||
| Placenta | 327 | ||
| Pineal gland | 327 | ||
| Other endocrine structures | 327 | ||
| Mechanisms of hormone action | 329 | ||
| Regulation of hormone secretion | 329 | ||
| Mechanisms of endocrine disease (table 12-1) | 329 | ||
| Prostaglandins | 329 | ||
| Pituitary gland | 329 | ||
| Hypothalamus | 330 | ||
| Thyroid gland | 330 | ||
| Parathyroid glands | 330 | ||
| Adrenal glands | 330 | ||
| Pancreatic islets | 331 | ||
| Female sex glands | 331 | ||
| Male sex glands | 331 | ||
| Thymus | 332 | ||
| Placenta | 332 | ||
| Pineal gland | 332 | ||
| Other endocrine structures | 332 | ||
| Review questions | 333 | ||
| Critical thinking | 333 | ||
| Chapter test | 333 | ||
| Case studies | 335 | ||
| 13 Blood | 336 | ||
| Objectives | 336 | ||
| Blood composition | 340 | ||
| Blood tissue | 340 | ||
| Blood plasma | 340 | ||
| Formed elements | 341 | ||
| Mechanisms of blood disease | 342 | ||
| Red blood cells | 343 | ||
| RBC structure and function | 343 | ||
| RBC count | 343 | ||
| Hemoglobin | 344 | ||
| RBC abnormalities | 344 | ||
| Blood types | 345 | ||
| ABO system | 346 | ||
| Rh system | 347 | ||
| Red blood cell disorders | 348 | ||
| Polycythemia | 348 | ||
| Anemia | 348 | ||
| Hemorrhagic anemia | 349 | ||
| Aplastic anemia | 349 | ||
| Deficiency anemias | 349 | ||
| Hemolytic anemias | 350 | ||
| White blood cells | 351 | ||
| Introduction to WBCs | 351 | ||
| WBC count | 351 | ||
| WBC types | 352 | ||
| Granular leukocytes | 352 | ||
| Agranular leukocytes | 352 | ||
| White blood cell disorders | 353 | ||
| Multiple myeloma | 353 | ||
| Leukemia | 353 | ||
| Chronic lymphocytic leukemia | 353 | ||
| Acute lymphocytic leukemia | 354 | ||
| Chronic myeloid leukemia | 354 | ||
| Acute myeloid leukemia | 354 | ||
| Infectious mononucleosis | 355 | ||
| Platelets and blood clotting | 355 | ||
| Platelets | 355 | ||
| Blood clotting | 355 | ||
| Clotting disorders | 356 | ||
| Abnormal blood clots | 356 | ||
| Hemophilia | 357 | ||
| Thrombocytopenia | 358 | ||
| Vitamin K deficiency | 358 | ||
| Blood composition | 359 | ||
| Mechanisms of blood disease | 359 | ||
| Red blood cells | 359 | ||
| Blood types | 360 | ||
| Red blood cell disorders | 360 | ||
| White blood cells (leukocytes) | 361 | ||
| White blood cell disorders | 362 | ||
| Platelets and blood clotting | 363 | ||
| Clotting disorders | 363 | ||
| Review questions | 364 | ||
| Critical thinking | 364 | ||
| Chapter test | 364 | ||
| Case studies | 365 | ||
| 14 The heart | 366 | ||
| Objectives | 366 | ||
| Location, size, and position of the heart | 369 | ||
| Anatomy of the heart | 370 | ||
| Heart chambers | 370 | ||
| The pericardium and pericarditis | 371 | ||
| Heart action | 373 | ||
| Heart valves and valve disorders | 373 | ||
| Heart sounds | 373 | ||
| Blood flow through the heart | 374 | ||
| Coronary circulation and coronary heart disease | 374 | ||
| Cardiac cycle | 377 | ||
| Conduction system of the heart | 379 | ||
| Electrocardiography | 379 | ||
| Cardiac dysrhythmia | 380 | ||
| Cardiac output | 382 | ||
| Heart rate | 382 | ||
| Stroke volume | 382 | ||
| Heart failure | 383 | ||
| Location, size, and position of the heart | 385 | ||
| Anatomy of the heart | 385 | ||
| Heart sounds | 386 | ||
| Blood flow through the heart | 386 | ||
| Coronary circulation and coronary heart disease | 386 | ||
| Cardiac cycle | 386 | ||
| Conduction system of the heart | 386 | ||
| Cardiac output | 387 | ||
| Heart failure | 387 | ||
| Review questions | 388 | ||
| Critical thinking | 388 | ||
| Chapter test | 388 | ||
| Case studies | 389 | ||
| 15 The circulation of the blood | 390 | ||
| Objectives | 390 | ||
| Blood vessels | 393 | ||
| Types | 393 | ||
| Structure | 393 | ||
| Functions | 394 | ||
| Disorders of blood vessels | 394 | ||
| Disorders of arteries | 394 | ||
| Disorders of veins | 397 | ||
| Circulation of blood | 399 | ||
| Systemic and pulmonary circulation | 399 | ||
| Hepatic portal circulation | 400 | ||
| Fetal circulation | 401 | ||
| Blood pressure | 402 | ||
| Defining blood pressure | 402 | ||
| Factors that influence blood pressure | 403 | ||
| Blood volume | 403 | ||
| Strength of heart contractions | 404 | ||
| Heart rate | 404 | ||
| Blood viscosity | 404 | ||
| Resistance to blood flow | 405 | ||
| Fluctuations in blood pressure | 405 | ||
| Pulse | 406 | ||
| Hypertension | 407 | ||
| Circulatory shock | 408 | ||
| Blood vessels | 410 | ||
| Disorders of blood vessels | 410 | ||
| Circulation of blood | 410 | ||
| Blood pressure | 411 | ||
| Pulse | 411 | ||
| Hypertension (HTN) | 411 | ||
| Circulatory shock | 411 | ||
| Review questions | 412 | ||
| Critical thinking | 412 | ||
| Chapter test | 413 | ||
| Case studies | 413 | ||
| 16 The lymphatic system and immunity | 414 | ||
| Objectives | 414 | ||
| The lymphatic system | 417 | ||
| Lymph and lymphatic vessels | 417 | ||
| Lymphedema | 419 | ||
| Lymph nodes | 419 | ||
| Defense function: Biological filtration | 420 | ||
| Lymphoma | 422 | ||
| Thymus | 422 | ||
| Tonsils | 422 | ||
| Spleen | 423 | ||
| The immune system | 423 | ||
| Function of the immune system | 423 | ||
| Nonspecific immunity | 423 | ||
| Specific immunity | 424 | ||
| Immune system molecules | 425 | ||
| Antibodies | 425 | ||
| Definition | 425 | ||
| Functions | 425 | ||
| Complement proteins | 427 | ||
| Immune system cells | 428 | ||
| Phagocytes | 428 | ||
| Lymphocytes | 429 | ||
| B cells | 429 | ||
| Development of B cells | 429 | ||
| Function of B cells | 430 | ||
| T cells | 430 | ||
| Development of T cells | 430 | ||
| Functions of T cells | 430 | ||
| Hypersensitivity of the immune system | 431 | ||
| Allergy | 431 | ||
| Autoimmunity | 432 | ||
| Isoimmunity | 433 | ||
| Immune system deficiency | 434 | ||
| Congenital immune deficiency | 434 | ||
| Acquired immune deficiency | 435 | ||
| The lymphatic system | 436 | ||
| The immune system | 437 | ||
| Immune system molecules | 437 | ||
| Immune system cells | 437 | ||
| Hypersensitivity of the immune system | 438 | ||
| Immune system deficiency | 438 | ||
| Review questions | 439 | ||
| Critical thinking | 439 | ||
| Chapter test | 440 | ||
| Case studies | 441 | ||
| 17 The respiratory system | 442 | ||
| Objectives | 442 | ||
| Structural plan | 446 | ||
| Respiratory tract | 447 | ||
| Respiratory mucosa | 448 | ||
| Nose | 448 | ||
| Pharynx | 449 | ||
| Larynx | 451 | ||
| Disorders of the upper respiratory tract | 451 | ||
| Upper respiratory infection | 451 | ||
| Anatomical disorders | 452 | ||
| Trachea | 453 | ||
| Bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli | 453 | ||
| Respiratory distress | 455 | ||
| Infant respiratory distress | 455 | ||
| Adult respiratory distress | 455 | ||
| Lungs and pleura | 455 | ||
| Respiration | 457 | ||
| Mechanics of breathing | 457 | ||
| Inspiration | 457 | ||
| Expiration | 457 | ||
| Exchange of gases in lungs | 457 | ||
| Exchange of gases in tissues | 458 | ||
| Blood transportation of gases | 459 | ||
| Transport of oxygen | 460 | ||
| Transport of carbon dioxide | 460 | ||
| Volumes of air exchanged in pulmonary ventilation | 461 | ||
| Regulation of respiration | 462 | ||
| Brainstem | 462 | ||
| Cerebral cortex | 462 | ||
| Receptors influencing respiration | 463 | ||
| Chemoreceptors | 463 | ||
| Pulmonary stretch receptors | 463 | ||
| Breathing patterns | 463 | ||
| Disorders of the lower respiratory tract | 464 | ||
| Lower respiratory infection | 464 | ||
| Restrictive pulmonary disorders | 466 | ||
| Obstructive pulmonary disorders | 466 | ||
| Lung cancer | 467 | ||
| Structural plan | 468 | ||
| Respiratory tract | 468 | ||
| Respiratory mucosa | 468 | ||
| Nose | 468 | ||
| Pharynx | 468 | ||
| Larynx | 468 | ||
| Disorders of the upper respiratory tract | 469 | ||
| Trachea | 469 | ||
| Bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli | 469 | ||
| Lungs and pleura | 469 | ||
| Respiration | 469 | ||
| Blood transportation of gases | 470 | ||
| Regulation of respiration | 470 | ||
| Breathing patterns | 471 | ||
| Disorders of the lower respiratory tract | 471 | ||
| Review questions | 472 | ||
| Critical thinking | 472 | ||
| Chapter test | 472 | ||
| Case studies | 473 | ||
| 18 The digestive system | 474 | ||
| Objectives | 474 | ||
| Mouth | 479 | ||
| Teeth | 480 | ||
| Types of teeth | 480 | ||
| Typical tooth | 481 | ||
| Disorders of the mouth and teeth | 482 | ||
| Salivary glands | 484 | ||
| Pharynx | 485 | ||
| Wall of the digestive tract | 486 | ||
| Esophagus | 486 | ||
| Stomach | 487 | ||
| Disorders of the stomach | 489 | ||
| Small intestine | 490 | ||
| Disorders of the small intestine | 492 | ||
| Liver and gallbladder | 492 | ||
| Disorders of the liver and gallbladder | 493 | ||
| Pancreas | 494 | ||
| Large intestine | 496 | ||
| Disorders of the large intestine | 496 | ||
| Appendix and appendicitis | 498 | ||
| Peritoneum | 499 | ||
| Extensions | 499 | ||
| Peritonitis | 499 | ||
| Ascites | 500 | ||
| Digestion | 500 | ||
| Enzymes and chemical digestion | 501 | ||
| Carbohydrate digestion | 501 | ||
| Protein digestion | 501 | ||
| Fat digestion | 501 | ||
| Absorption | 501 | ||
| Surface area and absorption | 502 | ||
| Structures of the digestive system (figure 18-1) | 503 | ||
| Mouth | 503 | ||
| Teeth | 503 | ||
| Disorders of the mouth and teeth | 504 | ||
| Salivary glands (figure 18-9) | 504 | ||
| Pharynx | 504 | ||
| Wall of the digestive tract (figure 18-11) | 504 | ||
| Esophagus | 504 | ||
| Stomach (figure 18-15) | 505 | ||
| Small intestine (figure 18-17) | 505 | ||
| Liver and gallbladder (figure 18-18) | 505 | ||
| Pancreas (figure 18-18) | 506 | ||
| Large intestine (figure 18-22) | 506 | ||
| Appendix and appendicitis | 506 | ||
| Peritoneum (figure 18-23) | 506 | ||
| Digestion (table 18-2) | 506 | ||
| Absorption | 507 | ||
| Review questions | 508 | ||
| Critical thinking | 508 | ||
| Chapter test | 508 | ||
| Case studies | 509 | ||
| 19 Nutrition and metabolism | 510 | ||
| Objectives | 510 | ||
| Metabolic function of the liver | 513 | ||
| Nutrient metabolism | 513 | ||
| Carbohydrate metabolism | 513 | ||
| Fat metabolism | 515 | ||
| Protein metabolism | 516 | ||
| Vitamins and minerals | 517 | ||
| Metabolic rates | 518 | ||
| Metabolic and eating disorders | 520 | ||
| Body temperature | 521 | ||
| Abnormal body temperature | 522 | ||
| Definitions | 524 | ||
| Metabolic functions of the liver | 524 | ||
| Nutrient metabolism | 524 | ||
| Vitamins and minerals | 524 | ||
| Metabolic rates | 525 | ||
| Metabolic and eating disorders | 525 | ||
| Body temperature | 525 | ||
| Review questions | 526 | ||
| Critical thinking | 526 | ||
| Chapter test | 526 | ||
| Case studies | 527 | ||
| 20 The urinary system | 528 | ||
| Objectives | 528 | ||
| Kidneys | 531 | ||
| Location of the kidneys | 531 | ||
| Gross structure of the kidney | 532 | ||
| Microscopic structure of the kidney | 533 | ||
| Kidney function | 534 | ||
| Ureters | 536 | ||
| Urinary bladder | 537 | ||
| Urethra | 537 | ||
| Micturition | 538 | ||
| Renal physiology | 539 | ||
| Filtration | 539 | ||
| Reabsorption | 540 | ||
| Secretion | 541 | ||
| Control of urine volume | 542 | ||
| Urinalysis | 543 | ||
| Renal and urinary disorders | 543 | ||
| Obstructive disorders | 545 | ||
| Renal calculi | 545 | ||
| Tumors | 546 | ||
| Urinary tract infections | 546 | ||
| Urethritis | 546 | ||
| Cystitis | 546 | ||
| Pyelonephritis | 547 | ||
| Glomerular disorders | 547 | ||
| Nephrotic syndrome | 547 | ||
| Acute glomerulonephritis | 547 | ||
| Chronic glomerulonephritis | 547 | ||
| Kidney failure | 547 | ||
| Acute renal failure | 547 | ||
| Chronic renal failure | 547 | ||
| Kidneys | 551 | ||
| Ureters | 551 | ||
| Urinary bladder | 551 | ||
| Urethra | 551 | ||
| Micturition | 552 | ||
| Renal physiology | 552 | ||
| Urinalysis | 552 | ||
| Renal and urinary disorders | 552 | ||
| Review questions | 554 | ||
| Critical thinking | 554 | ||
| Chapter test | 554 | ||
| Case studies | 555 | ||
| 21 Fluid and electrolyte balance | 556 | ||
| Objectives | 556 | ||
| Body fluid volumes | 558 | ||
| Body fluid compartments | 559 | ||
| Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance | 560 | ||
| Regulation of fluid output | 561 | ||
| Regulation of fluid intake | 561 | ||
| Exchange of fluids by blood | 563 | ||
| Fluid imbalances | 563 | ||
| Dehydration | 563 | ||
| Overhydration | 563 | ||
| Importance of electrolytes in body fluids | 564 | ||
| Electrolytes | 564 | ||
| Ions | 564 | ||
| Electrolyte functions | 564 | ||
| Electrolyte imbalances | 566 | ||
| Sodium imbalance | 566 | ||
| Potassium imbalance | 566 | ||
| Calcium imbalance | 567 | ||
| Body fluid volumes | 568 | ||
| Body fluid compartments | 568 | ||
| Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance | 568 | ||
| Fluid imbalances | 569 | ||
| Importance of electrolytes in body fluids | 569 | ||
| Electrolyte imbalances | 569 | ||
| Review questions | 570 | ||
| Critical thinking | 571 | ||
| Chapter test | 571 | ||
| Case studies | 571 | ||
| 22 Acid-base balance | 572 | ||
| Objectives | 572 | ||
| pH of body fluids | 574 | ||
| Using the pH scale | 574 | ||
| The pH unit | 574 | ||
| Mechanisms that control pH of body fluids | 575 | ||
| Factors that affect pH | 575 | ||
| Buffers | 576 | ||
| Respiratory mechanism of pH control | 578 | ||
| Urinary mechanism of pH control | 578 | ||
| pH imbalances | 580 | ||
| Metabolic and respiratory disturbances | 582 | ||
| pH of body fluids | 584 | ||
| Mechanisms that control pH of body fluids | 584 | ||
| pH imbalances | 584 | ||
| Review questions | 585 | ||
| Critical thinking | 586 | ||
| Chapter test | 586 | ||
| Case studies | 587 | ||
| 23 The reproductive systems | 588 | ||
| Objectives | 588 | ||
| Sexual reproduction | 592 | ||
| Common structural and functional characteristics between the sexes | 593 | ||
| Male reproductive system | 593 | ||
| Structural plan | 593 | ||
| Essential organs | 593 | ||
| Accessory organs | 593 | ||
| Testes | 593 | ||
| Structure and location | 593 | ||
| Testis functions | 595 | ||
| Spermatogenesis. | 595 | ||
| Sperm. | 596 | ||
| Production of testosterone. | 597 | ||
| Reproductive ducts | 597 | ||
| Epididymis | 597 | ||
| Vas deferens | 597 | ||
| Ejaculatory duct and urethra | 598 | ||
| Accessory or supportive sex glands | 598 | ||
| Seminal vesicles | 598 | ||
| Prostate gland | 598 | ||
| Bulbourethral glands | 598 | ||
| External genitals | 598 | ||
| Disorders of the male reproductive system | 599 | ||
| Disorders of the testes | 599 | ||
| Disorders of the prostate | 600 | ||
| Disorders of the penis and scrotum | 600 | ||
| Female reproductive system | 602 | ||
| Structural plan | 602 | ||
| Essential organs | 602 | ||
| Accessory organs | 602 | ||
| Ovaries | 602 | ||
| Structure and location | 602 | ||
| Ovary functions | 603 | ||
| Oogenesis. | 603 | ||
| Production of estrogen and progesterone. | 603 | ||
| Reproductive ducts | 604 | ||
| Uterine tubes | 604 | ||
| Uterus | 604 | ||
| Vagina | 605 | ||
| Accessory or supportive sex glands | 605 | ||
| Vestibular glands | 605 | ||
| Breasts | 605 | ||
| External genitals | 606 | ||
| Menstrual cycle | 607 | ||
| Phases and events | 607 | ||
| Control of menstrual cycle changes | 609 | ||
| Disorders of the female reproductive system | 609 | ||
| Hormonal and menstrual disorders | 609 | ||
| Infection and inflammation | 611 | ||
| Tumors and related conditions | 611 | ||
| Infertility | 613 | ||
| Summary of male and female reproductive systems | 613 | ||
| Sexually transmitted diseases | 614 | ||
| Sexual reproduction | 616 | ||
| Common structural and functional characteristics between the sexes | 616 | ||
| Male reproductive system | 616 | ||
| Disorders of the male reproductive system | 617 | ||
| Female reproductive system | 617 | ||
| Disorders of the female reproductive system | 618 | ||
| Summary of male and female reproductive systems | 619 | ||
| Sexually transmitted diseases | 619 | ||
| Review questions | 620 | ||
| Critical thinking | 620 | ||
| Chapter test | 620 | ||
| Case studies | 621 | ||
| 24 Growth and development | 622 | ||
| Objectives | 622 | ||
| Prenatal period | 625 | ||
| Fertilization to implantation | 625 | ||
| Periods of development | 628 | ||
| Formation of the primary germ layers | 628 | ||
| Histogenesis and organogenesis | 629 | ||
| Birth or parturition | 630 | ||
| Stages of labor | 630 | ||
| Multiple births | 632 | ||
| Disorders of pregnancy | 633 | ||
| Implantation disorders | 633 | ||
| Preeclampsia | 633 | ||
| Fetal death | 633 | ||
| Birth defects | 634 | ||
| Postpartum disorders | 634 | ||
| Postnatal period | 635 | ||
| Infancy | 636 | ||
| Childhood | 637 | ||
| Adolescence | 637 | ||
| Adulthood | 638 | ||
| Older adulthood | 638 | ||
| Effects of aging | 639 | ||
| Aging | 639 | ||
| Integumentary system (skin) | 640 | ||
| Skeletal system | 640 | ||
| Central nervous system | 640 | ||
| Special senses | 640 | ||
| Cardiovascular system | 641 | ||
| Respiratory system | 641 | ||
| Urinary system | 641 | ||
| Reproductive systems | 641 | ||
| Prenatal period | 643 | ||
| Birth or parturition | 643 | ||
| Disorders of pregnancy | 643 | ||
| Postnatal period | 644 | ||
| Effects of aging (figure 24-15) | 645 | ||
| Review questions | 646 | ||
| Critical thinking | 646 | ||
| Chapter test | 646 | ||
| Case studies | 647 | ||
| 25 Genetics and genetic diseases | 648 | ||
| Objectives | 648 | ||
| Genetics and human disease | 651 | ||
| Chromosomes and genes | 651 | ||
| Mechanisms of gene function | 651 | ||
| The human genome | 651 | ||
| Distribution of chromosomes to offspring | 652 | ||
| Gene expression | 653 | ||
| Hereditary traits | 653 | ||
| Sex-linked traits | 654 | ||
| Genetic mutations | 655 | ||
| Genetic diseases | 656 | ||
| Mechanisms of genetic disease | 656 | ||
| Single-gene diseases | 657 | ||
| Epigenetic conditions | 658 | ||
| Chromosomal diseases | 659 | ||
| Prevention and treatment of genetic diseases | 660 | ||
| Genetic counseling | 660 | ||
| Pedigree | 661 | ||
| Punnett square | 661 | ||
| Karyotype | 661 | ||
| Treating genetic diseases | 663 | ||
| Treating symptoms | 663 | ||
| Gene therapy | 663 | ||
| RNA interference | 666 | ||
| Genetics and human disease | 666 | ||
| Chromosomes and genes | 666 | ||
| Gene expression | 666 | ||
| Genetic diseases | 667 | ||
| Prevention and treatment of genetic diseases | 667 | ||
| Review questions | 668 | ||
| Critical thinking | 668 | ||
| Chapter test | 669 | ||
| Case studies | 669 | ||
| Appendix A Examples of pathological conditions | 671 | ||
| Appendix B Medical terminology | 684 | ||
| Hints for learning and using medical terms | 684 | ||
| Appendix C Clinical and laboratory values | 694 | ||
| Conversion factors to international system of units (SI units) | 700 | ||
| Glossary | 703 | ||
| A | 703 | ||
| B | 707 | ||
| C | 708 | ||
| D | 713 | ||
| E | 715 | ||
| F | 718 | ||
| G | 719 | ||
| H | 720 | ||
| I | 723 | ||
| J | 724 | ||
| K | 724 | ||
| L | 725 | ||
| M | 726 | ||
| N | 729 | ||
| O | 730 | ||
| P | 731 | ||
| Q | 735 | ||
| R | 735 | ||
| S | 737 | ||
| T | 741 | ||
| U | 743 | ||
| V | 743 | ||
| W | 744 | ||
| Y | 744 | ||
| Z | 744 | ||
| Illustration/photo credits | 745 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 745 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 745 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 745 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 745 | ||
| Chapter 5 | 745 | ||
| Chapter 6 | 745 | ||
| Chapter 7 | 745 | ||
| Chapter 8 | 746 | ||
| Chapter 9 | 746 | ||
| Chapter 10 | 746 | ||
| Chapter 11 | 746 | ||
| Chapter 12 | 746 | ||
| Chapter 13 | 746 | ||
| Chapter 14 | 747 | ||
| Chapter 15 | 747 | ||
| Chapter 16 | 747 | ||
| Chapter 17 | 747 | ||
| Chapter 18 | 747 | ||
| Chapter 19 | 747 | ||
| Chapter 20 | 748 | ||
| Chapter 21 | 748 | ||
| Chapter 22 | 748 | ||
| Chapter 23 | 748 | ||
| Chapter 24 | 748 | ||
| Chapter 25 | 748 | ||
| Clear view of the human body | 1 | ||
| Introduction | 1 | ||
| Hints for using the clear view of the body | 1 | ||
| Key | 2 | ||
| Index | 749 | ||
| A | 749 | ||
| B | 749 | ||
| C | 752 | ||
| D | 754 | ||
| E | 755 | ||
| F | 756 | ||
| G | 757 | ||
| H | 757 | ||
| I | 758 | ||
| J | 759 | ||
| K | 759 | ||
| L | 760 | ||
| M | 760 | ||
| N | 761 | ||
| O | 762 | ||
| P | 763 | ||
| Q | 764 | ||
| R | 765 | ||
| S | 766 | ||
| T | 768 | ||
| U | 769 | ||
| V | 769 | ||
| W | 770 | ||
| X | 770 | ||
| Y | 770 | ||
| Z | 770 | ||
| Pageburst | IBC-1 |