Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Orbital Imaging, by Dr. F. Allan Midyett and Dr. Suresh K. Mukherji, covers the majority of orbital pathologic entities you’re likely to encounter in daily practice or during board examination. Radiologists and ophthalmologists alike will benefit from the concise focus on pertinent imaging modalities emphasizing CT and MR of the globe and orbit, presented with bulleted lists and fast facts for quick clinical correlation. This unique, compact reference is the one you’ll consistently reach for, whether you’re learning orbital imaging for the first time, in need of a quick review, studying for exams, or looking up cases in the reading room.
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Consult this title on your favorite e-reader, conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability.
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Easy to digest format promotes quick navigation to zero in on what is important:
- Key Chapter Points give a "bird’s eye view" of a particular pathologic process
- Classic Clues sum up pathologic processes and indicate when you can expect to see those findings
- Content snapshots get to the point, including fast facts, epidemiology and pathology, data overviews on treatment and prognosis, and quick tips on the most frequently seen CT and MRI features.
- Differential Diagnosis sections tell you exactly which features to critically compare, that at first glance may look identical.
- Superb illustrations depict important and fascinating diagnostic dilemmas.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | Cover | ||
| Inside front cover | 1 | ||
| Orbital imaging | i | ||
| Copyright | ii | ||
| Dedication | iii | ||
| Preface | iv | ||
| Acknowledgments | v | ||
| Table of contents | vi | ||
| I Trauma and surgery | 1 | ||
| 1 Medial blowout fracture | 3 | ||
| Key points | 3 | ||
| Imaging | 3 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 3 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 3 | ||
| Clinical issues | 3 | ||
| Presentation | 3 | ||
| Natural history | 3 | ||
| Treatment | 4 | ||
| Surgery | 4 | ||
| Complications | 4 | ||
| Infection | 4 | ||
| Entrapment and ocular motility impairment | 4 | ||
| Enophthalmos | 4 | ||
| Pathology | 4 | ||
| Hydraulic theory | 4 | ||
| Buckling theory | 4 | ||
| Protective process | 4 | ||
| Current consensus | 4 | ||
| A closer look | 4 | ||
| Historical highlights | 5 | ||
| References | 5 | ||
| 2 Blowout orbital floor fracture | 9 | ||
| Key points | 9 | ||
| Imaging | 9 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 9 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 9 | ||
| Plain films | 9 | ||
| Clinical issues | 10 | ||
| Presentation | 10 | ||
| Natural history | 10 | ||
| Treatment | 10 | ||
| Surgery | 10 | ||
| Complications | 10 | ||
| Infection | 10 | ||
| Entrapment and ocular motility impairment | 10 | ||
| Enophthalmos | 11 | ||
| Pathology | 11 | ||
| Hydraulic theory | 11 | ||
| Buckling theory | 11 | ||
| Protective process | 11 | ||
| Current consensus | 11 | ||
| A closer look | 11 | ||
| Historical highlights | 11 | ||
| References | 12 | ||
| 3 Orbital exenteration | 14 | ||
| Key points | 14 | ||
| Imaging | 14 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 14 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 14 | ||
| Clinical issues | 14 | ||
| Presentation | 14 | ||
| Treatment | 14 | ||
| Surgery | 14 | ||
| Prognosis | 14 | ||
| Pathology | 14 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 14 | ||
| 1. anophthalmia | 14 | ||
| 2. microphthalmia | 15 | ||
| 3. enucleation | 15 | ||
| 4. evisceration | 15 | ||
| A closer look | 15 | ||
| Historic highlights | 15 | ||
| References | 15 | ||
| 4 Orbital floor mesh | 18 | ||
| Key points | 18 | ||
| Imaging | 18 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 18 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 18 | ||
| Clinical issues | 18 | ||
| Symptoms | 18 | ||
| A closer look | 18 | ||
| References | 18 | ||
| 5 Anterior chamber perforation | 20 | ||
| Key points | 20 | ||
| Imaging | 20 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 20 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 20 | ||
| Ultrasound features | 20 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 20 | ||
| 1. traumatic corneal perforation | 20 | ||
| Corneal ulcerations | 20 | ||
| Clinical issues | 20 | ||
| Presentation | 20 | ||
| Treatment | 20 | ||
| A closer look | 21 | ||
| References | 21 | ||
| 6 Ocular lens displacement | 23 | ||
| Key points | 23 | ||
| Imaging | 23 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 23 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 23 | ||
| Ultrasound features | 23 | ||
| Clinical issues | 23 | ||
| Presentation | 23 | ||
| Epidemiology | 23 | ||
| Causes | 23 | ||
| Primary hereditary old | 23 | ||
| Secondary causes of old | 23 | ||
| Associations | 23 | ||
| Cardiovascular diseases | 23 | ||
| Family history | 24 | ||
| Treatment | 24 | ||
| Pathology | 24 | ||
| A closer look | 24 | ||
| Historical highlights | 24 | ||
| References | 24 | ||
| 7 Ruptured globe | 26 | ||
| Key points | 26 | ||
| Imaging | 26 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 26 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 26 | ||
| Ultrasound features | 26 | ||
| Clinical issues | 26 | ||
| Presentation | 26 | ||
| Prognosis | 26 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 27 | ||
| 1. vitreous hemorrhage | 27 | ||
| 2. retinal detachment | 27 | ||
| 3. corneal laceration | 27 | ||
| A closer look | 27 | ||
| References | 27 | ||
| 8 Phthisis bulbi | 29 | ||
| Key points | 29 | ||
| Imaging | 29 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 29 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 29 | ||
| Clinical issues | 29 | ||
| Presentation | 29 | ||
| Epidemiology | 29 | ||
| Treatment | 30 | ||
| Pathology | 30 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 30 | ||
| 1. retinoblastoma | 30 | ||
| 2. persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous | 30 | ||
| 3. coats disease | 30 | ||
| 4. retinopathy of prematurity | 30 | ||
| 5. ocular toxocariasis | 30 | ||
| A closer look | 31 | ||
| References | 31 | ||
| 9 Ocular prosthesis | 32 | ||
| Key points | 32 | ||
| Imaging | 32 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 32 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 32 | ||
| Implant types | 32 | ||
| Nonporous, nonintegrated implants | 32 | ||
| Porous integrated implants | 32 | ||
| A closer look | 33 | ||
| Historical highlights | 33 | ||
| References | 33 | ||
| 10 Retinal detachment | 35 | ||
| Key points | 35 | ||
| Imaging | 35 | ||
| General imaging features | 35 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 35 | ||
| II Benign tumors | 39 | ||
| 11 Orbital cavernous hemangioma | 41 | ||
| Key points | 41 | ||
| Imaging | 41 | ||
| CT findings | 41 | ||
| CT recommendations | 41 | ||
| MRI findings | 41 | ||
| MRI recommendations | 41 | ||
| Ultrasound findings | 41 | ||
| Clinical issues | 41 | ||
| Presentation | 41 | ||
| Natural history | 42 | ||
| Treatment | 42 | ||
| Prognosis | 42 | ||
| Pathology | 42 | ||
| General | 42 | ||
| Gross pathology | 42 | ||
| Microscopic pathology | 42 | ||
| Differential diagnosis: Intraconal mass | 42 | ||
| 1. Optic nerve glioma (ONG) | 42 | ||
| 2. Optic nerve meningioma (ONM) | 42 | ||
| 3. Lymphangioma | 42 | ||
| 4. Orbital pseudotumor | 42 | ||
| 5. Varix | 42 | ||
| 6. Lymphoma and metastasis | 42 | ||
| A closer look | 42 | ||
| References | 43 | ||
| 12 Optic nerve glioma | 44 | ||
| Key points | 44 | ||
| Imaging | 44 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 44 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 44 | ||
| Clinical issues | 44 | ||
| Presentation | 44 | ||
| Childhood ong | 44 | ||
| Adult mog | 44 | ||
| Epidemiology | 45 | ||
| Optic pathway gliomas are subdivided into: | 45 | ||
| Treatment | 45 | ||
| III Malignant tumors | 63 | ||
| 18 Ocular melanoma | 71 | ||
| Key points | 71 | ||
| Imaging computed tomography | 71 | ||
| Features | 71 | ||
| Computed tomography recommendations | 71 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 71 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging recommendations | 71 | ||
| Ultrasound features | 71 | ||
| Clinical issues | 72 | ||
| Presentation | 72 | ||
| Natural history | 72 | ||
| Treatment | 72 | ||
| Surgery | 72 | ||
| Prognosis | 72 | ||
| Pathology | 72 | ||
| General | 72 | ||
| Gross pathology | 72 | ||
| Microscopic pathology | 72 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 72 | ||
| Choroidal metastasis | 72 | ||
| Choroidal hematoma | 73 | ||
| Choroidal or retinal effusions | 73 | ||
| Inflammatory uveitis | 73 | ||
| A closer look | 73 | ||
| References | 73 | ||
| 19 Retinoblastoma | 76 | ||
| Key points | 76 | ||
| Imaging | 76 | ||
| Usual imaging appearance | 76 | ||
| Computed tomography | 76 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging | 76 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 76 | ||
| 76 | |||
| Clinical issues | 77 | ||
| Presentation | 77 | ||
| Natural history | 77 | ||
| Five patterns of spread: | 77 | ||
| Staging systems | 77 | ||
| Treatment | 77 | ||
| Prognosis | 77 | ||
| Pathology | 78 | ||
| General | 78 | ||
| Gross pathology | 78 | ||
| Microscopic pathology | 78 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 78 | ||
| 1. Retinoblastoma | 78 | ||
| 2. Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous | 78 | ||
| 3. Coats disease | 78 | ||
| 4. Toxocariasis | 78 | ||
| 5. Congenital cataract | 78 | ||
| 6. Retinal detachment | 78 | ||
| 7. Retinopathy of prematurity | 78 | ||
| A closer look | 78 | ||
| References | 79 | ||
| 20 Orbital leukemia | 80 | ||
| Key points | 80 | ||
| Imaging | 80 | ||
| General imaging features | 80 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 80 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 80 | ||
| Nuclear medicine features | 81 | ||
| Clinical issues | 81 | ||
| Presentation | 81 | ||
| Epidemiology | 81 | ||
| Treatment | 81 | ||
| Pathology | 82 | ||
| General | 82 | ||
| Gross and microscopic pathology | 82 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 82 | ||
| 1. rhabdomyosarcoma (rms) | 82 | ||
| 2. lacrimal gland lymphoma (lgl) | 82 | ||
| 3. myositic pseudotumor/idiopathic orbital inflammation (ioi) | 82 | ||
| 4. subperiosteal abscess | 83 | ||
| 5. langerhans cell histiocytosis (lch) | 83 | ||
| 6. solitary bone plasmacytoma (sbp) | 84 | ||
| 7. extramedullary plasmacytoma (emp) | 84 | ||
| A closer look | 84 | ||
| Fast facts | 84 | ||
| Historic highlights | 84 | ||
| References | 84 | ||
| 21 Optic nerve metastasis | 87 | ||
| Key points | 87 | ||
| Imaging | 87 | ||
| General imaging features | 87 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 87 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 87 | ||
| Ultrasound features | 87 | ||
| Clinical issues | 87 | ||
| Presentation: Signs and symptoms | 87 | ||
| Epidemiology and pathology | 87 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 87 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 88 | ||
| 1. optic nerve meningioma | 88 | ||
| 2. optic nerve neuritis | 88 | ||
| 3. metastatic lung cancer | 88 | ||
| 4. sarcoidosis | 88 | ||
| 5. idiopathic orbital inflammation/pseudotumor | 89 | ||
| 6. optic nerve leukemia | 89 | ||
| 7. optic nerve lymphoma | 89 | ||
| A closer look | 89 | ||
| Fast facts | 89 | ||
| References | 89 | ||
| 22 Esthesioneuroblastoma | 91 | ||
| Key points | 91 | ||
| Imaging | 91 | ||
| General imaging features | 91 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 91 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 91 | ||
| Nuclear medicine features | 91 | ||
| Clinical issues | 91 | ||
| Presentation | 91 | ||
| A. Ophthalmologic | 92 | ||
| B. Ear symptoms | 92 | ||
| C. Nasal symptoms | 92 | ||
| D. Neurologic symptoms | 92 | ||
| E. Oral symptoms | 92 | ||
| F. Facial symptoms | 92 | ||
| G. Cervical symptoms | 92 | ||
| Epidemiology | 92 | ||
| Treatment | 92 | ||
| Prognosis | 92 | ||
| Pathology | 93 | ||
| General pathology | 93 | ||
| Gross and microscopic pathology | 93 | ||
| Staging | 93 | ||
| Kadish | 93 | ||
| Tnm | 93 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 93 | ||
| 1. Olfactory groove meningioma | 93 | ||
| 2. Inverted papilloma | 94 | ||
| 3. Rhabdomyosarcoma | 94 | ||
| 4. Primary paranasal sinus tumors | 94 | ||
| 5. Antrochoanal polyp | 94 | ||
| 6. Wegener granulomatosis | 94 | ||
| A closer look | 95 | ||
| Fast facts | 95 | ||
| Historic highlights | 95 | ||
| References | 95 | ||
| 23 Rhabdomyosarcoma | 99 | ||
| Key points | 99 | ||
| Imaging | 99 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 99 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 99 | ||
| Clinical issues | 99 | ||
| Presentation | 99 | ||
| Epidemiology | 99 | ||
| Prognosis | 100 | ||
| Pathology | 100 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 100 | ||
| 1. Venous lymphatic malformation | 100 | ||
| 2. Orbital cavernous hemangioma | 100 | ||
| 3. Lymphoma | 100 | ||
| 4. Lacrimal gland dermoid | 100 | ||
| 5. Pseudotumor | 101 | ||
| 6. Orbital cellulitis and abscess | 101 | ||
| 7. Leukemia | 101 | ||
| 8. Langerhans cell histiocytosis | 101 | ||
| 9. Orbital aspergillus | 101 | ||
| A closer look | 101 | ||
| References | 101 | ||
| 17 Ocular adnexal lymphoma | 63 | ||
| Key points | 65 | ||
| Imaging | 65 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 65 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 65 | ||
| Positron emission tomography features | 65 | ||
| Clinical issues | 65 | ||
| Presentation | 65 | ||
| Epidemiology | 66 | ||
| Treatment | 66 | ||
| Prognosis | 66 | ||
| Pathology | 66 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 66 | ||
| 1. wegener granulomatosis (wg) | 66 | ||
| 2. rhabdomyosarcoma | 66 | ||
| 3. sarcoidosis | 66 | ||
| 4. minor salivary gland tumors | 66 | ||
| 5. lacrimal gland lymphoma (lgl) | 67 | ||
| 6. idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor | 67 | ||
| 7. graves orbitopathy (go) | 67 | ||
| 8. orbital aspergillus | 67 | ||
| 9. venous lymphatic malformation (vlm) | 67 | ||
| 10. orbital cellulitis and abscess | 67 | ||
| 11. leukemia | 68 | ||
| A closer look | 68 | ||
| Fast facts | 68 | ||
| References | 68 | ||
| IV Congenital | 103 | ||
| 24 Coloboma | 105 | ||
| Key points | 105 | ||
| Imaging | 105 | ||
| Computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and ultrasound features | 105 | ||
| Clinical issues | 105 | ||
| Presentation | 105 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 105 | ||
| Epidemiology and pathology | 105 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 106 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 106 | ||
| 1. Posterior staphyloma | 106 | ||
| 2. Axial myopia | 106 | ||
| 3. Apparent enlargement | 106 | ||
| 4. buphthalmos | 106 | ||
| 5. connective tissue disorders | 106 | ||
| 6. proteus syndrome | 107 | ||
| 7. retrobulbar duplication cyst | 107 | ||
| A closer look | 107 | ||
| Fast facts | 107 | ||
| Associated syndromes | 107 | ||
| Coloboma can be seen in several syndromes | 107 | ||
| 3.trisomies: 13 and 18 | 107 | ||
| 4. sundry syndromes: Goldenhar, rubinstein-taybi, lenz, and waardenburg | 107 | ||
| 5. morning glory syndrome (mgs) | 107 | ||
| Historic highlights | 107 | ||
| References | 108 | ||
| 25 Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous | 112 | ||
| Key points | 112 | ||
| Imaging computed tomography features | 112 | ||
| V Vascular | 125 | ||
| 28 Carotid-cavernous fistula | 127 | ||
| Key points | 127 | ||
| Imaging | 127 | ||
| General imaging features | 127 | ||
| Type I: Direct ccf | 127 | ||
| Types II, III, IV: Dural ccf | 127 | ||
| Features | 127 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 127 | ||
| Ultrasound features | 128 | ||
| Cta/dsa features | 128 | ||
| Clinical issues | 128 | ||
| Presentation | 128 | ||
| Symptoms | 128 | ||
| Epidemiology | 128 | ||
| Trauma | 128 | ||
| Spontaneous | 128 | ||
| Treatment | 128 | ||
| Conservative treatment | 128 | ||
| Carotid compression | 128 | ||
| Endovascular treatment | 128 | ||
| Surgical treatment | 129 | ||
| Prognosis | 129 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 129 | ||
| 1. cavernous sinus thrombosis (cst) | 129 | ||
| 2. orbital varix | 129 | ||
| 3. graves orbitopathy | 129 | ||
| 4. tolosa-hunt syndrome | 130 | ||
| 5. cavernous sinus schwannoma | 130 | ||
| 6. cavernous sinus hemangioma | 130 | ||
| 7. lymphoma and leukemia | 130 | ||
| 8. other cavernous sinus tumors | 130 | ||
| A closer look | 130 | ||
| Fast facts | 131 | ||
| Historic highlights | 131 | ||
| References | 131 | ||
| 29 Cavernous sinus thrombosis | 133 | ||
| Key points | 133 | ||
| Imaging | 133 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 133 | ||
| CT and CT venography recommendations | 133 | ||
| 133 | |||
| A. acute stage | 133 | ||
| B. subacute stage | 133 | ||
| C. chronic stage | 134 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance venogram recommendations | 134 | ||
| Cerebral angiography | 134 | ||
| Orbital venography | 134 | ||
| CT venography | 134 | ||
| Clinical issues | 134 | ||
| Presentation | 134 | ||
| Systemic | 134 | ||
| Ocular | 134 | ||
| Orbital | 134 | ||
| Central nervous system | 134 | ||
| Epidemiology | 134 | ||
| Treatment | 134 | ||
| Complications | 135 | ||
| Myth busters | 135 | ||
| Pathology | 135 | ||
| Bacterial | 135 | ||
| Fungal | 135 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 135 | ||
| 1. tolosa-hunt syndrome | 135 | ||
| Orbital inflammation | 135 | ||
| 3. metastasis | 135 | ||
| 4. carotid-cavernous fistula | 136 | ||
| 5. sarcoidosis | 136 | ||
| 6. wegener granulomatosis | 136 | ||
| 7. tuberculosis | 136 | ||
| 8. fungal infection | 136 | ||
| A closer look | 136 | ||
| References | 136 | ||
| 30 Orbital venous varix | 139 | ||
| Key points | 139 | ||
| Imaging | 139 | ||
| VI Degenerative | 147 | ||
| 32 Posterior ocular staphyloma | 149 | ||
| Imaging | 149 | ||
| General imaging features | 149 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 149 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 149 | ||
| Ultrasound features | 149 | ||
| Clinical issues | 149 | ||
| Presentation | 149 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 149 | ||
| Epidemiology and pathology | 149 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 150 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 150 | ||
| 1. coloboma | 150 | ||
| 2. axial myopia | 150 | ||
| 3. apparent enlargement | 150 | ||
| 4. buphthalmos | 150 | ||
| 5. connective tissue disorders | 150 | ||
| 6. proteus syndrome | 150 | ||
| A closer look | 151 | ||
| Fast facts | 151 | ||
| References | 151 | ||
| 33 Cataracts: Before and after | 153 | ||
| Key points | 153 | ||
| Imaging | 153 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 153 | ||
| Nontraumatic cataracts | 153 | ||
| Posttraumatic cataracts | 153 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 153 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 153 | ||
| Clinical issues | 153 | ||
| Presentation | 153 | ||
| Natural history | 154 | ||
| Treatment | 154 | ||
| A closer look | 154 | ||
| Historic highlights | 154 | ||
| References | 154 | ||
| 34 Optic disc drusen | 156 | ||
| Key points | 156 | ||
| Imaging | 156 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 156 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 156 | ||
| Clinical issues | 156 | ||
| Presentation | 156 | ||
| Epidemiology | 156 | ||
| Natural history | 156 | ||
| Treatment | 157 | ||
| Pathology | 157 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 157 | ||
| 1. Retinoblastoma | 157 | ||
| 2. astrocytic hamartomas | 157 | ||
| 3. chorioretinitis | 157 | ||
| 4. choroidal osteoma | 157 | ||
| 5. ocular melanoma | 157 | ||
| References | 157 | ||
| VII Muscle cone | 159 | ||
| 35 Graves orbitopathy | 161 | ||
| Key points | 161 | ||
| Imaging | 161 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 161 | ||
| CT recommendations | 161 | ||
| Magnetic resonance features | 161 | ||
| MRI recommendations | 161 | ||
| Clinical issues | 161 | ||
| Presentation | 161 | ||
| Epidemiology | 161 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 162 | ||
| VII Optic pathway | 173 | ||
| 37 Optic nerve neuritis | 175 | ||
| Key points | 175 | ||
| Imaging | 175 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 175 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 175 | ||
| Clinical issues | 175 | ||
| Presentation | 175 | ||
| Treatment | 175 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 175 | ||
| 1. optic perineuritis | 175 | ||
| 2. devic disease | 175 | ||
| 3. optic nerve sarcoidosis | 176 | ||
| 4. neurosyphilis | 176 | ||
| A closer look | 176 | ||
| Fast facts | 176 | ||
| Historic highlights | 176 | ||
| References | 176 | ||
| 38 Optic nerve leukemia | 178 | ||
| Key points | 178 | ||
| Imaging | 178 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 178 | ||
| Computed tomography recommendations | 178 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 178 | ||
| Magnetic resonance recommendations | 178 | ||
| Clinical issues | 179 | ||
| Presentation | 179 | ||
| Natural history | 179 | ||
| Treatment | 179 | ||
| Pathology | 179 | ||
| General pathology | 179 | ||
| Gross and microscopic pathology | 180 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 180 | ||
| 1. optic nerve meningioma | 180 | ||
| 2. optic nerve glioma | 180 | ||
| 3. lymphoma and metastasis | 180 | ||
| 4. optic neuritis | 180 | ||
| 5. pseudotumor | 180 | ||
| 6. sarcoidosis | 180 | ||
| 7. erdheim-chester disease | 180 | ||
| A closer look | 180 | ||
| References | 180 | ||
| IX Lacrimal gland | 183 | ||
| 39 Lacrimal gland sarcoidosis | 185 | ||
| Key points | 185 | ||
| Imaging | 185 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 185 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 185 | ||
| Clinical issues | 185 | ||
| Presentation | 185 | ||
| Natural history | 185 | ||
| Treatment | 186 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 186 | ||
| Methotrexate | 186 | ||
| Pathology | 186 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 186 | ||
| 1. pseudotumor | 186 | ||
| 2. mikulicz syndrome | 186 | ||
| 3. wegener syndrome | 186 | ||
| 4. sjögren syndrome | 186 | ||
| A closer look | 186 | ||
| Fast facts | 187 | ||
| References | 187 | ||
| 40 Lacrimal gland lymphoma | 188 | ||
| Key points | 188 | ||
| Imaging | 188 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 188 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 188 | ||
| Clinical issues | 188 | ||
| Presentation | 188 | ||
| Treatment | 188 | ||
| Radiation therapy | 188 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 188 | ||
| Surgery | 188 | ||
| Pathology | 188 | ||
| Overview of lacrimal gland masses | 189 | ||
| Inflammatory | 189 | ||
| Neoplastic | 189 | ||
| Infection | 189 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 189 | ||
| 1. sarcoidosis | 189 | ||
| 2. sjögren syndrome | 189 | ||
| 3. orbital inflammatory pseudotumor | 189 | ||
| A closer look | 189 | ||
| Fast facts | 189 | ||
| References | 190 | ||
| 41 Lacrimal gland dermoid | 191 | ||
| Key points | 191 | ||
| Imaging | 191 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 191 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 191 | ||
| Clinical issues | 191 | ||
| Symptoms | 191 | ||
| Treatment | 191 | ||
| Surgery | 191 | ||
| Pathology | 191 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 192 | ||
| 1. adenoid cystic carcinoma | 192 | ||
| 2. benign mixed tumor (pleomorphic adenoma) | 192 | ||
| 3. lacrimal gland lymphoma | 192 | ||
| 4. lacrimal gland sarcoidosis | 192 | ||
| 5. metastasis | 192 | ||
| 6. orbital inflammatory pseudotumor | 192 | ||
| 7. cystadenocarcinoma of lacrimal gland | 192 | ||
| A closer look | 192 | ||
| References | 192 | ||
| 42 Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland | 194 | ||
| Key points | 194 | ||
| Imaging | 194 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 194 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 194 | ||
| Clinical issues | 194 | ||
| Presentation | 194 | ||
| Treatment | 194 | ||
| Surgery | 194 | ||
| Radiation therapy | 194 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 194 | ||
| Prognosis | 194 | ||
| Pathology | 195 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 195 | ||
| 1. lacrimal gland dermoid | 195 | ||
| 2. pleomorphic adenoma lacrimal gland | 195 | ||
| 3. lacrimal gland lymphoma | 195 | ||
| 4. lacrimal gland sarcoidosis | 195 | ||
| 5. metastasis | 196 | ||
| Idiopathic orbital inflammation/pseudotumor | 196 | ||
| 7. cystadenocarcinoma of lacrimal gland | 196 | ||
| 8. mucoepidermoid carcinoma | 196 | ||
| A closer look | 196 | ||
| Fast facts | 196 | ||
| Historic highlights | 196 | ||
| References | 196 | ||
| 43 Squamous cell carcinoma of the lacrimal sac | 200 | ||
| Key points | 200 | ||
| Imaging | 200 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 200 | ||
| Magnetic resonance features | 200 | ||
| Dacryocystography features | 200 | ||
| Clinical issues | 201 | ||
| Presentation | 201 | ||
| Epidemiology | 201 | ||
| Treatment | 201 | ||
| Prognosis | 201 | ||
| Pathology | 201 | ||
| Differential diagnosis 1. | 201 | ||
| Dacryocystitis | 201 | ||
| 2. pseudotumor | 201 | ||
| 3. anterior ethmoid mucoceles | 201 | ||
| 4. sarcoidosis | 201 | ||
| 5. primary tumors of the sinonasal cavity | 201 | ||
| A closer look | 201 | ||
| Fast facts | 202 | ||
| References | 202 | ||
| X Inflammatory | 205 | ||
| 44 Orbital abscess | 207 | ||
| Key points | 207 | ||
| Imaging | 207 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 207 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 207 | ||
| Clinical issues | 208 | ||
| Presentation | 208 | ||
| Natural history | 208 | ||
| Treatment | 208 | ||
| Medical management | 208 | ||
| Surgical management | 208 | ||
| Pathology | 208 | ||
| Bacterial | 208 | ||
| Viral | 208 | ||
| Mycobacterial, fungal, and parasitic | 208 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 209 | ||
| 1. orbital inflammation, various stages | 209 | ||
| Chandler group I: Preseptal cellulitis | 209 | ||
| Chandler group II: Orbital cellulitis | 209 | ||
| Chandler group III: Subperiosteal abscess | 209 | ||
| Chandler group IV: Orbital abscess | 209 | ||
| Chandler group V: Cavernous sinus thrombosis | 209 | ||
| 2. metastasis | 209 | ||
| Necrotic rhabdomyosarcoma. | 209 | ||
| A closer look | 209 | ||
| References | 209 | ||
| 45 Cytomegalovirus retinitis | 211 | ||
| Key points | 211 | ||
| Imaging | 211 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 211 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 211 | ||
| Clinical issues | 211 | ||
| Presentation | 211 | ||
| Natural history | 211 | ||
| Treatment | 212 | ||
| Intravitreous injection | 212 | ||
| Systemic treatment | 212 | ||
| Vitrasert implant | 212 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 212 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 212 | ||
| A closer look | 212 | ||
| References | 213 | ||
| 46 Potts puffy tumor | 215 | ||
| Key points | 215 | ||
| Imaging | 215 | ||
| General imaging features | 215 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 215 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 215 | ||
| Pott’s puffy tumor | 215 | ||
| Pott’s puffy tumor and orbital inflammation | 215 | ||
| Ultrasound features | 216 | ||
| Plain film features | 216 | ||
| Nuclear medicine | 216 | ||
| Clinical issues | 216 | ||
| Presentation | 216 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 216 | ||
| Epidemiology and pathology | 216 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 216 | ||
| Pott’s puffy tumor | 216 | ||
| Orbital inflammation: Secondary to pott’s puffy tumor | 216 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 217 | ||
| A closer look | 217 | ||
| Fast facts | 217 | ||
| Historic highlights | 217 | ||
| References | 217 | ||
| XI Uncertain etiology | 221 | ||
| 47 Pseudotumor cerebri | 223 | ||
| Key points | 223 | ||
| Imaging | 223 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 223 | ||
| MRI features | 223 | ||
| Clinical issues | 224 | ||
| Presentation | 224 | ||
| Epidemiology | 224 | ||
| Treatment | 224 | ||
| Pathology | 224 | ||
| A closer look | 224 | ||
| Historic highlights | 224 | ||
| References | 224 | ||
| 48 Wegener granulomatosis | 227 | ||
| Key points | 227 | ||
| Imaging | 227 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 227 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 227 | ||
| Clinical issues | 227 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 227 | ||
| Epidemiology | 227 | ||
| Prognosis | 227 | ||
| Pathology | 227 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 228 | ||
| 1. sarcoidosis | 228 | ||
| 2. lymphoma | 228 | ||
| 3. minor salivary gland tumors | 228 | ||
| 4. invasive fungal infection | 228 | ||
| 5. cocaine abuse | 228 | ||
| 6. congenital syphilis | 228 | ||
| 7. relapsing polychondritis | 228 | ||
| A closer look | 228 | ||
| Historic highlights | 228 | ||
| References | 229 | ||
| XII Bony orbit | 231 | ||
| 49 Orbital plasmacytoma and myeloma | 233 | ||
| Key points | 233 | ||
| Imaging | 233 | ||
| General imaging features | 233 | ||
| Multiple myeloma | 233 | ||
| Solitary bone plasmacytoma | 233 | ||
| Extramedullary plasmacytoma | 233 | ||
| Features | 233 | ||
| Features | 234 | ||
| Plain film features | 234 | ||
| Clinical issues | 234 | ||
| Presentation | 234 | ||
| Epidemiology | 234 | ||
| Treatment | 234 | ||
| Prognosis | 234 | ||
| Pathology | 234 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 234 | ||
| Inflammatory | 234 | ||
| 1. lacrimal gland sarcoidosis | 234 | ||
| 2. idiopathic orbital inflammation/pseudotumor | 235 | ||
| 3. myositis secondary to orbital cellulitis/orbital abscess | 235 | ||
| 4. wegener granulomatosis | 235 | ||
| Neoplastic | 236 | ||
| 5. rhabdomyosarcoma | 236 | ||
| 6. adenoid cystic carcinoma of lacrimal gland | 236 | ||
| 7. pleomorphic adenoma lacrimal gland | 236 | ||
| 8. lacrimal gland lymphoma | 236 | ||
| 8. extraocular orbital metastasis | 236 | ||
| 9. orbital fibrous dysplasia | 237 | ||
| 10. hyperparathyroidism | 237 | ||
| 11. intraosseous meningioma | 237 | ||
| A closer look | 238 | ||
| Fast facts | 238 | ||
| Historic highlights | 238 | ||
| References | 238 | ||
| 50 Fibrous dysplasia | 241 | ||
| Key points | 241 | ||
| Imaging | 241 | ||
| Computed tomography features | 241 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging features | 241 | ||
| Plain films | 241 | ||
| Nuclear radiology | 241 | ||
| Clinical issues | 241 | ||
| Presentation | 241 | ||
| Epidemiology | 242 | ||
| Treatment | 242 | ||
| Prognosis | 242 | ||
| Pathology | 242 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 242 | ||
| 1. paget disease | 242 | ||
| 2. hyperparathyroidism | 242 | ||
| 3. neurofibromatosis | 242 | ||
| 4. intraosseous meningioma | 242 | ||
| Sclerotic metastasis | 243 | ||
| A closer look | 243 | ||
| Fast facts | 243 | ||
| Historic highlights | 243 | ||
| References | 243 | ||
| Abbreviations | 247 | ||
| Index | 251 | ||
| A | 251 | ||
| B | 251 | ||
| C | 251 | ||
| D | 253 | ||
| E | 253 | ||
| F | 254 | ||
| G | 254 | ||
| H | 254 | ||
| I | 255 | ||
| J | 255 | ||
| K | 255 | ||
| L | 255 | ||
| M | 256 | ||
| N | 257 | ||
| O | 257 | ||
| P | 260 | ||
| Q | 261 | ||
| R | 261 | ||
| S | 261 | ||
| T | 262 | ||
| U | 262 | ||
| V | 262 | ||
| W | 263 | ||
| Z | 263 | ||
| Inside back cover | 1 |