Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Newly updated, this full-color text offers a rich array of features to help you develop your musculoskeletal assessment skills. Orthopedic Physical Assessment, 6th Edition provides rationales for various aspects of assessment and covers every joint of the body, as well as specific topics including principles of assessment, gait, posture, the head and face, the amputee, primary care, and emergency sports assessment. Artwork and photos with detailed descriptions of assessments clearly demonstrate assessment methods, tests, and causes of pathology. The text also comes with an array of online learning tools, including video clips demonstrating assessment tests, assessment forms, and more.
- Thorough, evidence-based review of orthopedic physical assessment covers everything from basic science through clinical applications and special tests.
- 2,400 illustrations include full-color clinical photographs and drawings as well as radiographs, depicting key concepts along with assessment techniques and special tests.
- The use of icons to show the clinical utility of special tests supplemented by evidence - based reliability & validity tables for tests & techniques on the Evolve site
- The latest research and most current practices keep you up to date on accepted practices.
- Evidence-based reliability and validity tables for tests and techniques on the EVOLVE site provide information on the diagnostic strength of each test and help you in selecting proven assessment tests.
- A Summary (Précis) of Assessment at the end of each chapter serves as a quick review of assessment steps for the structure or joint being assessed.
- Quick-reference data includes hundreds of at-a-glance summary boxes, red-flag and yellow-flag boxes, differential diagnosis tables, muscle and nerve tables, and classification, normal values, and grading tables.
- Case studies use real-world scenarios to help you develop assessment and diagnostic skills.
- Combined with other books in the Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation series — Pathology and Intervention, Scientific Foundations and Principles of Practice, and Athletic and Sport Issues — this book provides the clinician with the knowledge and background necessary to assess and treat musculoskeletal conditions.
- NEW! Online resources include video clips, assessment forms, text references with links to MEDLINE® abstracts, and more.
- NEW! Video clips demonstrate selected movements and the performance of tests used in musculoskeletal assessment.
- NEW! Text references linked to MEDLINE abstracts provide easy access to abstracts of journal articles for further review.
- NEW! Forms from the text with printable patient assessment forms can be downloaded for ease of use.
- NEW! Updated information in all chapters includes new photos, line drawings, boxes, and tables.
- NEW! The use of icons to show the clinical utility of special tests supplemented by evidence - based reliability & validity tables for tests & techniques on the Evolve site.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| Endsheet 2-4 | IFC2 | ||
| Orthopedic Physical Assessment, 6/e | i | ||
| Copyright Page | ii | ||
| Dedication | iii | ||
| Preface to the Sixth Edition | iv | ||
| Acknowledgments | v | ||
| Table Of Contents | vii | ||
| 1 Principles and Concepts | 1 | ||
| Patient History | 1 | ||
| Observation | 17 | ||
| Examination | 18 | ||
| Principles | 18 | ||
| Vital Signs | 19 | ||
| Scanning Examination | 20 | ||
| Spinal Cord and Nerve Roots | 23 | ||
| Peripheral Nerves | 28 | ||
| Examination of Specific Joints | 31 | ||
| Active Movements | 31 | ||
| Passive Movements | 33 | ||
| End Feel. | 35 | ||
| Capsular Patterns. | 36 | ||
| Noncapsular Patterns. | 36 | ||
| Inert Tissue. | 37 | ||
| Resisted Isometric Movements | 38 | ||
| Contractile Tissue. | 40 | ||
| Other Findings During Movement Testing | 42 | ||
| Functional Assessment | 43 | ||
| Special (Diagnostic) Tests | 48 | ||
| Reflexes and Cutaneous Distribution | 57 | ||
| Joint Play Movements | 61 | ||
| Loose Packed (Resting) Position | 61 | ||
| Close Packed (Synarthrodial) Position | 61 | ||
| Palpation | 61 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 64 | ||
| Plain Film Radiography | 64 | ||
| Arthrography | 68 | ||
| Computed Arthrography (Computed Tomography Arthrography) | 68 | ||
| Venogram and Arteriogram | 68 | ||
| Myelography | 69 | ||
| Tomography and Computed Tomography | 69 | ||
| Radionuclide Scanning (Scintigraphy) | 71 | ||
| Discography | 72 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 72 | ||
| Fluoroscopy | 73 | ||
| Diagnostic Ultrasound | 73 | ||
| Xeroradiography | 75 | ||
| Précis | 75 | ||
| Case Studies | 75 | ||
| Conclusion | 76 | ||
| References | 77 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 80 | ||
| 2 Head and Face | 84 | ||
| Applied Anatomy | 84 | ||
| Patient History | 86 | ||
| Observation | 110 | ||
| Examination | 116 | ||
| Examination of the Head | 116 | ||
| Examination of the Face59–63,83 | 124 | ||
| Examination of the Eye | 127 | ||
| Examination of the Nose | 132 | ||
| Examination of the Teeth | 132 | ||
| Examination of the Ear | 133 | ||
| Rinne Test. | 133 | ||
| Schwabach Test. | 133 | ||
| Ticking Watch Test. | 133 | ||
| Weber Test. | 133 | ||
| Whispered Voice Test. | 133 | ||
| Special Tests | 134 | ||
| Tests for Expanding Intracranial Lesions | 134 | ||
| Neurological Control Test—Upper Limb. | 134 | ||
| Neurological Control Test—Lower Limb. | 134 | ||
| Romberg Test. | 134 | ||
| Walk or Stand in Tandem Test. | 134 | ||
| Tests for Coordination | 134 | ||
| Balance Error Scoring System. | 134 | ||
| Finger Drumming Test. | 134 | ||
| Finger-Thumb Test. | 134 | ||
| Finger-to-Nose Test. | 135 | ||
| Hand “Flip” Test. | 135 | ||
| Hand-Thigh Test. | 135 | ||
| Heel-to-Knee Test. | 135 | ||
| Past Pointing Test. | 135 | ||
| Tests for Proprioception | 136 | ||
| Past Pointing Test. | 136 | ||
| Proprioceptive Finger-Nose Test. | 136 | ||
| Proprioceptive Movement Test. | 136 | ||
| Proprioceptive Space Test. | 136 | ||
| Reflexes and Cutaneous Distribution | 136 | ||
| Nerve Injuries of the Head and Face | 136 | ||
| Joint Play Movements | 137 | ||
| Palpation | 137 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 139 | ||
| Plain Film Radiography | 139 | ||
| Anteroposterior View. | 139 | ||
| Lateral View. | 139 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 139 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 142 | ||
| References | 145 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 147 | ||
| 3 Cervical Spine | 148 | ||
| Applied Anatomy | 148 | ||
| Patient History | 152 | ||
| Observation | 162 | ||
| Head and Neck Posture. | 162 | ||
| Shoulder Levels. | 163 | ||
| Muscle Spasm or Any Asymmetry. | 163 | ||
| Facial Expression. | 163 | ||
| Bony and Soft-Tissue Contours. | 163 | ||
| Evidence of Ischemia in Either Upper Limb. | 163 | ||
| Normal Sitting Posture. | 163 | ||
| Examination | 163 | ||
| Active Movements | 163 | ||
| Flexion | 165 | ||
| Extension | 166 | ||
| Side Flexion | 167 | ||
| Rotation | 167 | ||
| Passive Movements | 169 | ||
| Resisted Isometric Movements | 171 | ||
| Scanning Examination | 172 | ||
| Peripheral Joint Scan | 172 | ||
| Temporomandibular Joints. | 172 | ||
| Shoulder Girdle. | 175 | ||
| Elbow Joints. | 175 | ||
| Wrist and Hand. | 175 | ||
| Myotomes | 175 | ||
| Sensory Scanning Examination | 179 | ||
| Functional Assessment | 179 | ||
| Breathing. | 179 | ||
| Swallowing. | 179 | ||
| Looking Up at the Ceiling. | 179 | ||
| Looking Down at Belt Buckle or Shoe Laces. | 179 | ||
| Shoulder Check. | 179 | ||
| Tuck Chin In. | 179 | ||
| Poke Chin Out. | 179 | ||
| Neck Strength. | 179 | ||
| Paresthesia. | 179 | ||
| Special Tests | 180 | ||
| Tests for Cervical Muscle Strength | 180 | ||
| Craniocervical Flexion Test. | 180 | ||
| Deep Neck Flexor Endurance Test. | 182 | ||
| Tests for Neurological Symptoms | 182 | ||
| Brachial Plexus Compression Test. | 184 | ||
| Distraction Test. | 184 | ||
| Foraminal Compression (Spurling’s) Test. | 185 | ||
| Jackson’s Compression Test. | 185 | ||
| Scalene Cramp Test. | 185 | ||
| Shoulder Abduction (Relief) Test. | 185 | ||
| Shoulder Depression Test. | 186 | ||
| Tinel Sign for Brachial Plexus Lesions. | 187 | ||
| Upper Limb Neurodynamic (Tension) Tests (Brachial Plexus Tension or Elvey Test). | 187 | ||
| Valsalva Test. | 189 | ||
| Tests for Upper Motor Neuron Lesions (Cervical Myelopathy) | 189 | ||
| Lhermitte Sign. | 189 | ||
| Romberg Test. | 190 | ||
| Ten Second Step Test. | 190 | ||
| Tests for Vascular Signs (Vascular “Clearing” Tests) | 190 | ||
| Barre’s Test. | 191 | ||
| Hautant’s Test. | 191 | ||
| Naffziger Test. | 191 | ||
| Static Vertebral Artery Tests. | 191 | ||
| Underburg’s Test. | 193 | ||
| Vertebral Artery (Cervical Quadrant) Test. | 193 | ||
| Tests for Vertigo and Dizziness | 194 | ||
| Dizziness Test. | 194 | ||
| Hallpike-Dix Test. | 194 | ||
| Temperature (Caloric) Test. | 195 | ||
| Tests for Cervical Instability (Instability “Clearing” Tests) | 195 | ||
| Anterior Shear or Sagittal Stress Test. | 195 | ||
| Lateral Flexion Alar Ligament Stress Test. | 196 | ||
| Lateral (Transverse) Shear Test. | 196 | ||
| Rotational Alar Ligament Stress Test. | 196 | ||
| Sharp-Purser Test. | 197 | ||
| Transverse Ligament Stress Test. | 198 | ||
| Tests for Upper Cervical Spine Mobility | 198 | ||
| Cervical Flexion Rotation Test. | 198 | ||
| Pettman’s Distraction Test. | 198 | ||
| Tests for First Rib Mobility | 199 | ||
| Tests for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | 199 | ||
| Reflexes and Cutaneous Distribution | 199 | ||
| Brachial Plexus Injuries of the Cervical Spine | 201 | ||
| Erb-Duchenne Paralysis. | 201 | ||
| Klumpke (Dejerine-Klumpke) Paralysis. | 202 | ||
| Brachial Plexus Birth Palsy. | 202 | ||
| Burners and Stingers. | 202 | ||
| Joint Play Movements | 202 | ||
| Side Glide. | 202 | ||
| Anterior and Posterior Glide. | 202 | ||
| Traction Glide. | 202 | ||
| Vertebral Pressures. | 202 | ||
| Palpation | 205 | ||
| Posterior Aspect | 206 | ||
| External Occipital Protuberance. | 206 | ||
| Spinous Processes and Facet Joints of Cervical Vertebrae. | 206 | ||
| Mastoid Processes (Below and Behind Ear Lobe). | 206 | ||
| Lateral Aspect | 206 | ||
| Transverse Processes of Cervical Vertebrae. | 206 | ||
| Lymph Nodes and Carotid Arteries. | 206 | ||
| Temporomandibular Joints, Mandible, and Parotid Glands. | 206 | ||
| Anterior Aspect | 207 | ||
| Hyoid Bone, Thyroid Cartilage, and First Cricoid Ring. | 207 | ||
| Paranasal Sinuses. | 207 | ||
| First Three Ribs. | 207 | ||
| Supraclavicular Fossa. | 207 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 207 | ||
| Plain Film Radiography | 207 | ||
| Anteroposterior View. | 208 | ||
| Lateral View. | 208 | ||
| Open or Odontoid (“Through-the-Mouth”) View. | 212 | ||
| Oblique View. | 212 | ||
| Pillar View. | 212 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 214 | ||
| Myelography | 215 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 215 | ||
| Xeroradiography | 216 | ||
| References | 219 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 222 | ||
| 4 Temporomandibular Joint | 224 | ||
| Applied Anatomy | 224 | ||
| Patient History | 226 | ||
| Observation | 231 | ||
| Examination | 234 | ||
| Active Movements | 234 | ||
| Opening and Closing of the Mouth | 234 | ||
| Protrusion of the Mandible | 236 | ||
| Retrusion of the Mandible | 236 | ||
| Lateral Deviation or Excursion of the Mandible | 236 | ||
| Mandibular Measurement | 236 | ||
| Swallowing and Tongue Position | 236 | ||
| Cranial Nerve Testing | 237 | ||
| Passive Movements | 237 | ||
| Resisted Isometric Movements | 237 | ||
| Opening of the Mouth (Depression). | 237 | ||
| Closing of the Mouth (Elevation or Occlusion). | 237 | ||
| Lateral Deviation of the Jaw. | 237 | ||
| Functional Assessment | 237 | ||
| Special Tests | 239 | ||
| Reflexes and Cutaneous Distribution | 240 | ||
| Joint Play Movements | 240 | ||
| Longitudinal Cephalad and Anterior Glide. | 240 | ||
| Lateral Glide of the Mandible. | 241 | ||
| Medial Glide of the Mandible. | 241 | ||
| Posterior Glide of the Mandible. | 242 | ||
| Palpation | 242 | ||
| Mandible. | 242 | ||
| Teeth. | 242 | ||
| Hyoid Bone (Anterior to C2, C3 Vertebrae). | 242 | ||
| Thyroid Cartilage (Anterior to C4, C5 Vertebrae). | 242 | ||
| Mastoid Processes. | 244 | ||
| Cervical Spine. | 244 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 244 | ||
| Plain Film Radiography | 244 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 244 | ||
| References | 250 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 250 | ||
| 5 Shoulder | 252 | ||
| Applied Anatomy | 252 | ||
| Patient History | 257 | ||
| Observation | 264 | ||
| Anterior View | 264 | ||
| Posterior View | 266 | ||
| Examination | 270 | ||
| Active Movements | 271 | ||
| Passive Movements | 283 | ||
| Resisted Isometric Movements | 286 | ||
| Functional Assessment | 286 | ||
| Special Tests | 290 | ||
| Instability and Pseudolaxity Impingement | 290 | ||
| Tests for Anterior Shoulder Instability | 301 | ||
| Andrews’ Anterior Instability Test. | 301 | ||
| Anterior Drawer Test of the Shoulder. | 301 | ||
| Anterior Instability Test (Leffert’s Test). | 301 | ||
| Apprehension (Crank) Test for Anterior Shoulder Dislocation. | 301 | ||
| Dugas’ Test. | 304 | ||
| Load and Shift Test. | 304 | ||
| Prone Anterior Instability Test. | 307 | ||
| Protzman Test for Anterior Instability. | 307 | ||
| Rockwood Test for Anterior Instability. | 307 | ||
| Rowe Test for Anterior Instability. | 307 | ||
| Tests for Posterior Shoulder Instability205 | 307 | ||
| Circumduction Test. | 307 | ||
| Jerk Test. | 308 | ||
| Load and Shift Test. | 308 | ||
| Miniaci Test for Posterior Subluxation. | 308 | ||
| Norwood Stress Test for Posterior Instability. | 309 | ||
| Posterior Apprehension or Stress Test. | 311 | ||
| Posterior Drawer Test of the Shoulder. | 312 | ||
| Push-Pull Test. | 313 | ||
| Tests for Inferior and Multidirectional Shoulder Instability | 313 | ||
| Feagin Test. | 313 | ||
| Rowe Test for Multidirectional Instability. | 314 | ||
| Test for Inferior Shoulder Instability (Sulcus Sign). | 314 | ||
| Tests for Impingement | 315 | ||
| Hawkins-Kennedy Impingement Test. | 315 | ||
| Impingement Test. | 315 | ||
| Internal (Medial) Rotation Resistance Strength Test (IRRST) (Zaslav Test). | 316 | ||
| Neer Impingement Test. | 317 | ||
| Posterior Internal Impingement Test. | 317 | ||
| Reverse Impingement Sign (Impingement Relief Test). | 317 | ||
| Supine Impingement Test. | 317 | ||
| Tests for Labral Tears | 318 | ||
| Active Compression Test of O’Brien. | 319 | ||
| Anterior Slide Test. | 320 | ||
| Biceps Load Test (Kim Test II). | 320 | ||
| Biceps Tension Test. | 321 | ||
| Clunk Test. | 321 | ||
| Compression Rotation Test. | 321 | ||
| Dynamic Labral Shear Test (O’Driscoll’s SLAP Test). | 322 | ||
| Forced Shoulder Abduction and Elbow Flexion Test. | 323 | ||
| Hyperabduction Test. | 324 | ||
| Kim Test (Biceps Load Test I). | 324 | ||
| Labral Crank Test. | 324 | ||
| Labral Tension Test. | 324 | ||
| Mayo Shear Test. | 324 | ||
| Pain Provocation (Mimori) Test. | 324 | ||
| Passive Compression Test. | 325 | ||
| Passive Distraction Test (PDT). | 326 | ||
| Resisted Supination External Rotation Test (RSERT). | 326 | ||
| SLAP Prehension Test. | 326 | ||
| Tests for Scapular Stability | 327 | ||
| Lateral Scapular Slide Test. | 327 | ||
| Scapular Assistance Test (SAT). | 327 | ||
| Scapular Isometric Pinch or Squeeze Test.94 | 328 | ||
| Scapular Retraction Test (SRT). | 328 | ||
| Wall Pushup Test. | 329 | ||
| Other Shoulder Joint Tests | 330 | ||
| Acromioclavicular Crossover, Crossbody, or Horizontal Adduction Test. | 330 | ||
| Acromioclavicular Shear Test. | 330 | ||
| Ellman’s Compression Rotation Test. | 330 | ||
| Paxinos Sign. | 330 | ||
| Tests for Ligament Pathology | 331 | ||
| Coracoclavicular Ligament Test. | 331 | ||
| Crank Test. | 331 | ||
| Posterior Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament Test. | 331 | ||
| Tests for Muscle or Tendon Pathology | 331 | ||
| Abdominal Compression Test (Belly-Press or Napoleon Test). | 331 | ||
| Abrasion Sign. | 332 | ||
| Bear-Hug Test. | 332 | ||
| Biceps Tightness. | 332 | ||
| Drop-Arm (Codman’s) Test. | 332 | ||
| Dropping Sign. | 332 | ||
| Gilchrest’s Sign. | 332 | ||
| Heuter’s Sign. | 334 | ||
| Hornblower’s (Signe de Clairon) Sign. | 334 | ||
| Infraspinatus Test. | 335 | ||
| Lateral Rotation Lag Sign (Infraspinatus “Spring Back” Test). | 335 | ||
| Latissimus Dorsi Weakness. | 336 | ||
| Lift-Off Sign. | 336 | ||
| Lippman’s Test. | 337 | ||
| Ludington’s Test. | 338 | ||
| Pectoralis Major Contracture Test. | 338 | ||
| Pectoralis Minor Tightness. | 338 | ||
| Rent Test. | 338 | ||
| Rhomboid Weakness. | 339 | ||
| Serratus Anterior Weakness (Punch Out Test). | 340 | ||
| Speed’s Test (Biceps or Straight-Arm Test). | 340 | ||
| Supraspinatus (“Empty Can” or Jobe) Test. | 341 | ||
| Teres Minor Test. | 341 | ||
| Tightness of Latissimus Dorsi, Pectoralis Major, and Pectoralis Minor. | 341 | ||
| Trapezius Weakness. | 341 | ||
| Triceps Tightness. | 343 | ||
| “Upper Cut” Test. | 343 | ||
| Whipple Test. | 343 | ||
| Yergason’s Test. | 343 | ||
| Tests for Neurological Function | 343 | ||
| Tinel Sign (at the Shoulder). | 343 | ||
| Upper Limb Neurodynamic (Tension) Test (ULNT) (Brachial Plexus Tension Test). | 343 | ||
| Tests for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | 344 | ||
| Adson Maneuver. | 344 | ||
| Costoclavicular Syndrome (Military Brace) Test. | 344 | ||
| Halstead Maneuver. | 345 | ||
| Provocative Elevation Test. | 345 | ||
| Roos Test (Elevated Arm Stress Test [EAST]). | 345 | ||
| Shoulder Girdle Passive Elevation. | 346 | ||
| Wright Test or Maneuver. | 346 | ||
| Reflexes and Cutaneous Distribution | 346 | ||
| Peripheral Nerve Injuries About the Shoulder | 347 | ||
| Axillary (Circumflex) Nerve (C5 to C6). | 347 | ||
| Suprascapular Nerve (C5 to C6). | 347 | ||
| Musculocutaneous Nerve (C5 to C6). | 348 | ||
| Long Thoracic Nerve (C5 to C8). | 350 | ||
| Spinal Accessory Nerve (C3 to C4). | 350 | ||
| Joint Play Movements | 351 | ||
| Palpation | 353 | ||
| Anterior Structures | 353 | ||
| Clavicle. | 353 | ||
| Sternoclavicular Joint. | 353 | ||
| Acromioclavicular Joint. | 354 | ||
| Coracoid Process. | 354 | ||
| Sternum. | 354 | ||
| Ribs and Costal Cartilage. | 354 | ||
| Humerus and Rotator Cuff Muscles. | 354 | ||
| Axilla. | 355 | ||
| Posterior Structures | 356 | ||
| Spine of Scapula. | 356 | ||
| Scapula. | 356 | ||
| Spinous Processes of Lower Cervical and Thoracic Spine. | 356 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 356 | ||
| Plain Film Radiography | 356 | ||
| Anteroposterior View. | 356 | ||
| Axillary Lateral View. | 360 | ||
| Transscapular (Y) Lateral (Outlet) View. | 362 | ||
| Stryker Notch View. | 362 | ||
| West Point View. | 362 | ||
| Arch View. | 362 | ||
| Zanca View. | 362 | ||
| Arthrography | 362 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 364 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 364 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 364 | ||
| Angiography | 370 | ||
| References | 377 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 384 | ||
| 6 Elbow | 388 | ||
| Applied Anatomy | 388 | ||
| Patient History | 390 | ||
| Observation | 392 | ||
| Examination | 394 | ||
| Active Movements | 394 | ||
| Passive Movements | 395 | ||
| Resisted Isometric Movements | 396 | ||
| Functional Assessment | 398 | ||
| Special Tests | 402 | ||
| Tests for Ligamentous Instability | 404 | ||
| Lateral Pivot Shift Test of the Elbow. | 404 | ||
| Ligamentous Valgus Instability Test. | 404 | ||
| Ligamentous Varus Instability Test. | 405 | ||
| Milking Maneuver. | 405 | ||
| Moving Valgus Stress Test. | 406 | ||
| Posterolateral Rotary Apprehension Test. | 406 | ||
| Posterolateral Rotary Drawer Test. | 406 | ||
| Pushup Test. | 406 | ||
| Stand Up Test. | 406 | ||
| Tests for Biceps Rupture (Third-Degree Strain) | 406 | ||
| Biceps Squeeze Test. | 406 | ||
| Hook Test. | 406 | ||
| Tests for Epicondylitis | 407 | ||
| Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow or Cozen’s) Test (Method 1). | 407 | ||
| Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow or Mill’s) Test (Method 2). | 408 | ||
| Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow or Maudsley’s) Test (Method 3). | 408 | ||
| Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer’s Elbow) Test. | 408 | ||
| Tests for Plica | 408 | ||
| Plica Impingement Test. | 408 | ||
| Tests for Posterior Impingement | 408 | ||
| Arm Bar Test. | 408 | ||
| Extension Impingement Test. | 409 | ||
| Tests for Joint Dysfunction | 409 | ||
| Active Radiocapitellar Compression Test. | 410 | ||
| Tests for Neurological Dysfunction | 410 | ||
| Elbow Flexion Test. | 410 | ||
| MacKinnon’s Scratch Collapse Test. | 410 | ||
| Pinch Grip Test. | 411 | ||
| Test for Pronator Teres Syndrome. | 412 | ||
| Tinel Sign (at the Elbow). | 412 | ||
| Wartenberg Sign. | 412 | ||
| Reflexes and Cutaneous Distribution | 412 | ||
| Peripheral Nerve Injuries About the Elbow | 412 | ||
| Median Nerve (C6–C8, T1). | 412 | ||
| Anterior Interosseous Nerve. | 415 | ||
| Ulnar Nerve (C7–C8, T1). | 415 | ||
| Radial Nerve (C5–C8, T1). | 416 | ||
| Joint Play Movements | 416 | ||
| Palpation | 417 | ||
| Anterior Aspect | 417 | ||
| Cubital Fossa. | 417 | ||
| Coronoid Process and Head of Radius. | 418 | ||
| Medial Aspect | 418 | ||
| Medial Epicondyle. | 418 | ||
| Medial (Ulnar) Collateral Ligament. | 418 | ||
| Ulnar Nerve. | 418 | ||
| Lateral Aspect | 419 | ||
| Lateral Epicondyle. | 419 | ||
| Lateral (Radial) Collateral Ligament. | 419 | ||
| Annular Ligament. | 419 | ||
| Posterior Aspect | 419 | ||
| Olecranon Process and Olecranon Bursa. | 419 | ||
| Triceps Muscle. | 419 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 419 | ||
| Plain Film Radiography | 419 | ||
| Anteroposterior View. | 419 | ||
| Lateral View. | 419 | ||
| Axial View. | 420 | ||
| Arthrography | 420 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 420 | ||
| Xerography | 420 | ||
| References | 426 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 427 | ||
| 7 Forearm, Wrist, and Hand | 429 | ||
| Applied Anatomy | 429 | ||
| Patient History | 434 | ||
| Observation | 434 | ||
| Common Hand and Finger Deformities | 436 | ||
| Ape Hand Deformity. | 436 | ||
| Bishop’s Hand or Benediction Hand Deformity. | 436 | ||
| Boutonnière Deformity. | 436 | ||
| Claw Fingers. | 437 | ||
| Drop-Wrist Deformity. | 437 | ||
| Dupuytren Contracture. | 437 | ||
| Extensor Plus Deformity. | 437 | ||
| Mallet Finger. | 437 | ||
| Myelopathy Hand. | 437 | ||
| Polydactyly and Triphalangism. | 437 | ||
| Swan Neck Deformity. | 437 | ||
| Trigger Finger. | 437 | ||
| Ulnar Drift. | 440 | ||
| Zigzag Deformity of the Thumb. | 440 | ||
| Other Physical Findings | 440 | ||
| Examination | 441 | ||
| Active Movements | 445 | ||
| Passive Movements | 447 | ||
| Resisted Isometric Movements | 448 | ||
| Functional Assessment (Grip) | 451 | ||
| Power Grip. | 452 | ||
| Precision or Prehension Grip. | 452 | ||
| Testing Grip Strength | 453 | ||
| Testing Pinch Strength | 453 | ||
| Other Functional Testing Methods | 453 | ||
| Jebson-Taylor Hand Function Test. | 454 | ||
| Minnesota Rate of Manipulation Test. | 454 | ||
| Purdue Pegboard Test. | 454 | ||
| Crawford Small Parts Dexterity Test. | 454 | ||
| Simulated Activities of Daily Living Examination. | 465 | ||
| Moberg’s Pickup Test. | 465 | ||
| Box and Block Test. | 465 | ||
| Nine-Hole Peg Test. | 465 | ||
| Special Tests | 465 | ||
| Tests for Ligament, Capsule, and Joint Instability | 465 | ||
| Axial Load Test. | 465 | ||
| Catch-Up Clunk Test. | 465 | ||
| Dorsal Capitate Displacement Apprehension Test. | 465 | ||
| Finger Extension or “Shuck” Test. | 466 | ||
| Lichtman (Midcarpal Shift) Test. | 466 | ||
| Ligamentous Instability Test for the Fingers. | 466 | ||
| Linscheid Test. | 466 | ||
| Lunotriquetral Ballottement (Reagan’s) Test. | 466 | ||
| Lunotriquetral Shear Test. | 467 | ||
| Murphy’s Sign. | 467 | ||
| “Piano Keys” Test. | 467 | ||
| Pivot Shift Test of the Midcarpal Joint. | 467 | ||
| Scaphoid Stress Test. | 467 | ||
| Sitting Hands (Press) Test. | 467 | ||
| Supination Lift Test. | 468 | ||
| Test for Tight Retinacular (Collateral) Ligaments (Haines-Zancolli Test). | 468 | ||
| Thumb Grind Test. | 468 | ||
| Thumb Ulnar Collateral Ligament Laxity or Instability Test. | 468 | ||
| Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Load Test (Sharpey’s Test). | 469 | ||
| Ulnar Fovea Sign Test. | 469 | ||
| Ulnar Impaction Test. | 469 | ||
| Ulnar Styloid Triquetral Impaction (USTI) Provocation Test. | 469 | ||
| Ulnomeniscotriquetral Dorsal Glide Test. | 469 | ||
| Watson (Scaphoid Shift) Test. | 471 | ||
| Tests for Tendons and Muscles | 471 | ||
| Boyes Test. | 471 | ||
| Bunnel-Littler (Finochietto-Bunnel) Test. | 471 | ||
| Finkelstein Test. | 471 | ||
| Linburg’s Sign. | 472 | ||
| Sweater Finger Sign. | 472 | ||
| Test for Extensor Hood Rupture. | 472 | ||
| Tests for Neurological Dysfunction | 472 | ||
| Carpal Compression Test. | 472 | ||
| Dellon’s Moving Two-Point Discrimination Test. | 473 | ||
| Egawa’s Sign. | 473 | ||
| Flick Maneuver. | 473 | ||
| Froment’s “Paper” Sign. | 473 | ||
| Hand Elevation Test. | 473 | ||
| Ninhydrin Sweat Test. | 473 | ||
| Phalen’s (Wrist Flexion) Test. | 473 | ||
| Reverse Phalen’s (Prayer) Test. | 474 | ||
| Tethered Median Nerve Stress Test. | 474 | ||
| Tinel Sign (at the Wrist). | 474 | ||
| Weber’s (Moberg’s) Two-Point Discrimination Test. | 475 | ||
| Wrinkle (Shrivel) Test. | 475 | ||
| Tests for Circulation and Swelling | 476 | ||
| Allen Test. | 476 | ||
| Digit Blood Flow. | 478 | ||
| Figure of Eight Measurement. | 478 | ||
| Hand Volume Test. | 478 | ||
| Reflexes and Cutaneous Distribution | 478 | ||
| Peripheral Nerve Injuries of the Forearm, Wrist, and Hand | 483 | ||
| Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. | 483 | ||
| Guyon (Pisohamate) Canal. | 483 | ||
| Joint Play Movements | 484 | ||
| Wrist | 484 | ||
| Intermetacarpal Joints | 485 | ||
| Fingers | 486 | ||
| Palpation | 486 | ||
| Dorsal Surface | 486 | ||
| Anatomic Snuff Box. | 486 | ||
| Carpal Bones. | 489 | ||
| Metacarpal Bones and Phalanges. | 489 | ||
| Anterior Surface | 490 | ||
| Pulses. | 490 | ||
| Tendons. | 490 | ||
| Palmar Fascia and Intrinsic Muscles. | 490 | ||
| Skin Flexion Creases. | 490 | ||
| Arches. | 491 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 491 | ||
| Plain Film Radiography | 491 | ||
| Anteroposterior View. | 491 | ||
| Lateral View. | 494 | ||
| Scaphoid View. | 494 | ||
| Carpal Tunnel (Axial) View. | 494 | ||
| Clenched-Fist (Anteroposterior) View. | 494 | ||
| Arthrography | 494 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 499 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 499 | ||
| References | 503 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 506 | ||
| 8 Thoracic (Dorsal) Spine | 508 | ||
| Applied Anatomy | 508 | ||
| Patient History | 511 | ||
| Observation | 513 | ||
| Kyphosis | 514 | ||
| Scoliosis | 515 | ||
| Breathing | 518 | ||
| Chest Deformities | 518 | ||
| Examination | 519 | ||
| Active Movements | 521 | ||
| Forward Flexion | 521 | ||
| Extension | 522 | ||
| Side Flexion | 524 | ||
| Rotation | 525 | ||
| Costovertebral Expansion | 525 | ||
| Rib Motion | 526 | ||
| Passive Movements | 527 | ||
| Resisted Isometric Movements | 528 | ||
| Functional Assessment | 529 | ||
| Special Tests | 529 | ||
| Tests for Neurological Involvement | 531 | ||
| First Thoracic Nerve Root Stretch. | 531 | ||
| Passive Scapular Approximation. | 531 | ||
| Slump Test (Sitting Dural Stretch Test). | 531 | ||
| Upper Limb Neurodynamic (Tension) Test. | 534 | ||
| Tests for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome | 534 | ||
| Adson Maneuver. | 534 | ||
| Costoclavicular Syndrome (Military Brace) Test. | 534 | ||
| Cyriax Release Test. | 534 | ||
| Halstead Maneuver. | 534 | ||
| Roos Test (Elevated Arm Stress Test). | 534 | ||
| Wright Test or Maneuver. | 534 | ||
| Tests for Rib Mobility | 534 | ||
| Tests for Failed Load Transfer (Kinetic Chain Instability or Loss of Movement Control) | 534 | ||
| Prone Arm Lift Test. | 535 | ||
| Sitting Arm Lift Test. | 535 | ||
| Reflexes and Cutaneous Distribution | 535 | ||
| Joint Play Movements | 536 | ||
| Posteroanterior Central Vertebral Pressure | 536 | ||
| Posteroanterior Unilateral Vertebral Pressure | 537 | ||
| Transverse Vertebral Pressure | 538 | ||
| Rib Springing | 538 | ||
| Palpation | 538 | ||
| Anterior Aspect | 539 | ||
| Sternum. | 539 | ||
| Ribs and Costal Cartilage. | 539 | ||
| Clavicle. | 539 | ||
| Abdomen. | 539 | ||
| Posterior Aspect | 540 | ||
| Scapula. | 540 | ||
| Spinous Processes of the Thoracic Spine. | 540 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 541 | ||
| Plain Film Radiography | 541 | ||
| Anteroposterior View. | 541 | ||
| Lateral View. | 541 | ||
| Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH). | 541 | ||
| Measurement of Spinal Curvature for Scoliosis. | 541 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 541 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 541 | ||
| References | 548 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 548 | ||
| 9 Lumbar Spine | 550 | ||
| Applied Anatomy | 550 | ||
| Patient History | 555 | ||
| Observation | 562 | ||
| Body Type | 562 | ||
| Gait | 562 | ||
| Attitude | 562 | ||
| Total Spinal Posture | 566 | ||
| Markings | 568 | ||
| Step Deformity | 569 | ||
| Examination | 569 | ||
| Active Movements | 570 | ||
| Passive Movements | 577 | ||
| Resisted Isometric Movements | 577 | ||
| Dynamic Abdominal Endurance Test. | 578 | ||
| Dynamic Extensor Endurance Test. | 578 | ||
| Double Straight Leg Lowering Test. | 580 | ||
| Internal/External Abdominal Obliques Test. | 580 | ||
| Dynamic Horizontal Side Support (Side Bridge) Test. | 581 | ||
| Back Rotators/Multifidus Test. | 581 | ||
| Peripheral Joint Scanning Examination | 583 | ||
| Sacroiliac Joints | 583 | ||
| Hip Joints | 583 | ||
| Knee Joints | 583 | ||
| Foot and Ankle Joints | 583 | ||
| Myotomes | 585 | ||
| Functional Assessment | 588 | ||
| Special Tests | 593 | ||
| Tests for Neurological Dysfunction (Neurodynamic Tests) | 594 | ||
| Babinski Test. | 595 | ||
| “Bowstring” Test (Cram Test or Popliteal Pressure Sign). | 595 | ||
| Brudzinski-Kernig Test. | 596 | ||
| Compression Test. | 596 | ||
| Femoral Nerve Traction Test. | 596 | ||
| Flip Sign. | 596 | ||
| Gluteal Skyline Test. | 597 | ||
| Knee Flexion Test. | 597 | ||
| Naffziger Test. | 597 | ||
| Oppenheim Test. | 597 | ||
| Prone Knee Bending (Nachlas) Test. | 597 | ||
| Sitting Root Test. | 598 | ||
| Slump Test. | 598 | ||
| Straight Leg Raising Test. | 599 | ||
| Valsalva Maneuver. | 605 | ||
| Tests for Lumbar Instability | 605 | ||
| Farfan Torsion Test. | 605 | ||
| H and I Stability Tests. | 605 | ||
| Lateral Lumbar Spine Stability Test. | 606 | ||
| Passive Lumbar Extension Test. | 606 | ||
| Pheasant Test. | 606 | ||
| Prone Segmental Instability Test. | 606 | ||
| Specific Lumbar Spine Torsion Test. | 608 | ||
| Test of Anterior Lumbar Spine Instability. | 608 | ||
| Test of Posterior Lumbar Spine Instability. | 609 | ||
| Tests for Joint Dysfunction | 609 | ||
| McKenzie’s Side Glide Test. | 609 | ||
| Milgram’s Test. | 609 | ||
| One-Leg Standing (Stork Standing) Lumbar Extension Test. | 610 | ||
| Quadrant (Extension Quadrant) Test. | 610 | ||
| Schober Test. | 610 | ||
| Yeoman’s Test. | 611 | ||
| Tests for Muscle Tightness | 611 | ||
| 90–90 Straight Leg Raising Test. | 611 | ||
| Ober Test. | 611 | ||
| Rectus Femoris Test. | 611 | ||
| Thomas Test. | 611 | ||
| Tests for Muscle Dysfunction | 611 | ||
| Beevor Sign. | 611 | ||
| Tests for Intermittent Claudication | 611 | ||
| Bicycle Test of van Gelderen. | 611 | ||
| Stoop Test. | 611 | ||
| Treadmill Test. | 612 | ||
| Tests for Malingering | 612 | ||
| Burns Test. | 612 | ||
| Hoover Test. | 612 | ||
| Other Tests | 612 | ||
| Sign of the Buttock. | 612 | ||
| Reflexes and Cutaneous Distribution | 612 | ||
| Peripheral Nerve Injuries of the Lumbar Spine | 616 | ||
| Lumbosacral Tunnel Syndrome. | 616 | ||
| Joint Play Movements | 616 | ||
| Flexion, Extension, and Side Flexion | 617 | ||
| Central, Unilateral, and Transverse Vertebral Pressure | 617 | ||
| Palpation | 618 | ||
| Anterior Aspect | 619 | ||
| Umbilicus. | 619 | ||
| Inguinal Area. | 619 | ||
| Iliac Crest. | 619 | ||
| Symphysis Pubis. | 619 | ||
| Posterior Aspect | 619 | ||
| Spinous Processes of the Lumbar Spine. | 619 | ||
| Sacrum, Sacral Hiatus, and Coccyx. | 619 | ||
| Iliac Crest, Ischial Tuberosity, and Sciatic Nerve. | 620 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 620 | ||
| Plain Film Radiography | 620 | ||
| Anteroposterior View. | 620 | ||
| Lateral View. | 622 | ||
| Oblique View. | 622 | ||
| Motion Views. | 622 | ||
| Myelography | 630 | ||
| Radionuclide Imaging (Bone Scans) | 630 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 630 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 635 | ||
| Discography | 635 | ||
| References | 641 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 646 | ||
| 10 Pelvis | 649 | ||
| Applied Anatomy | 649 | ||
| Patient History | 650 | ||
| Observation | 654 | ||
| Examination | 659 | ||
| Active Movements | 659 | ||
| Passive Movements | 663 | ||
| Approximation (Transverse Posterior Stress) Test. | 664 | ||
| Femoral Shear Test. | 664 | ||
| Gapping (Transverse Anterior Stress or Distraction Provocation) Test. | 664 | ||
| Ipsilateral Prone Kinetic Test. | 665 | ||
| Passive Extension and Medial Rotation of Ilium on Sacrum. | 665 | ||
| Passive Flexion and Lateral Rotation of Ilium on Sacrum. | 665 | ||
| Passive Lateral Rotation of the Hip. | 666 | ||
| Prone Gapping (Hibb’s) Test. | 666 | ||
| Sacral Apex Pressure (Prone Springing or Sacral Thrust) Test. | 666 | ||
| Sacroiliac Rocking (Knee-to-Shoulder) Test. | 666 | ||
| “Squish” Test. | 667 | ||
| Superoinferior Symphysis Pubis Stress Test. | 667 | ||
| Thigh Thrust Test (Also Called Oostagard, 4P, Sacrotuberous Stress, or POSH [Posterior Shear] Test). | 667 | ||
| Torsion Stress Test. | 667 | ||
| Resisted Isometric Movements | 667 | ||
| Functional Assessment | 668 | ||
| Special Tests | 668 | ||
| Tests for Neurological Involvement | 668 | ||
| Prone Knee Bending (Nachlas) Test. | 668 | ||
| Straight Leg Raising (Lasègue’s) Test. | 668 | ||
| Tests for Sacroiliac Joint Involvement | 670 | ||
| Flamingo Test or Maneuver. | 670 | ||
| Gaenslen’s Test. | 670 | ||
| Gillet’s (Sacral Fixation) Test. | 670 | ||
| Goldthwait’s Test. | 671 | ||
| Ipsilateral Anterior Rotation Test. | 671 | ||
| Laguere’s Sign. | 671 | ||
| Mazion’s Pelvic Maneuver (Standing Lunge Test). | 671 | ||
| Patrick Test. | 671 | ||
| Piedallu’s Sign. | 672 | ||
| Supine-to-Sit (Long Sitting) Test. | 672 | ||
| Yeoman’s Test. | 672 | ||
| Tests for Limb Length | 672 | ||
| Functional Limb Length Test. | 672 | ||
| Leg Length Test. | 674 | ||
| Other Tests | 674 | ||
| Functional Hamstring Length. | 674 | ||
| 90–90 SLR Test for Hamstring Tightness. | 674 | ||
| Sign of the Buttock Test. | 674 | ||
| Thoracolumbar Fascia Length. | 675 | ||
| Trendelenburg Test or Sign. | 675 | ||
| Reflexes and Cutaneous Distribution | 675 | ||
| Peripheral Nerve Injuries about the Pelvis | 676 | ||
| Meralgia Paresthetica. | 676 | ||
| Ilioinguinal Nerve. | 676 | ||
| Joint Play Movements | 676 | ||
| Superoinferior Translation of Symphysis Pubis. | 679 | ||
| Palpation | 679 | ||
| Anterior Aspect | 679 | ||
| Iliac Crest and Anterior Superior Iliac Spine. | 679 | ||
| McBurney’s Point and Baer’s Point. | 679 | ||
| Lymph Nodes, Symphysis Pubis (Pubic Tubercles), Greater Trochanter of the Femur, Trochanteric Bursa, Femoral Triangle, and Surrounding Musculature. | 679 | ||
| Posterior Aspect | 680 | ||
| Iliac Crest and Posterior Superior Iliac Spine. | 680 | ||
| Ischial Tuberosity. | 680 | ||
| Sacral Sulcus and Sacroiliac Joints. | 680 | ||
| Sacrum, Lumbosacral Joint, Coccyx, Sacral Hiatus, Sacral Cornua, and Sacrotuberous and Sacrospinous Ligaments. | 680 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging65 | 681 | ||
| Plain Film Radiography | 681 | ||
| References | 686 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 687 | ||
| 11 Hip | 689 | ||
| Applied Anatomy | 689 | ||
| Patient History | 689 | ||
| Observation | 695 | ||
| Anterior View | 696 | ||
| Lateral View | 696 | ||
| Posterior View | 696 | ||
| Examination | 696 | ||
| Active Movements | 697 | ||
| Passive Movements | 700 | ||
| Resisted Isometric Movements | 700 | ||
| Functional Assessment | 702 | ||
| Special Tests | 705 | ||
| Tests for Hip Pathology | 705 | ||
| Bryant’s Triangle. | 705 | ||
| Craig’s Test. | 710 | ||
| Dial Test of the Hip. | 711 | ||
| Flexion-Adduction Test. | 711 | ||
| Foveal Distraction Test. | 712 | ||
| Hip Scour Test. | 712 | ||
| Log Roll Test. | 712 | ||
| McCarthy Hip Extension Sign. | 713 | ||
| Nélaton’s Line. | 713 | ||
| Patrick’s Test (FABER or Figure-4 Test). | 713 | ||
| Rotational Deformities. | 714 | ||
| Stinchfield Resisted Hip Flexion Test. | 714 | ||
| Torque Test. | 714 | ||
| Tests for Impingement | 714 | ||
| Anteroposterior Impingement Test. | 714 | ||
| Posteroinferior Impingement Test. | 715 | ||
| Tests for Labral Lesions | 716 | ||
| Anterior Labral Tear Test (Flexion, Adduction, and Internal Rotation [FADDIR] Test). | 716 | ||
| Posterior Labral Tear Test. | 717 | ||
| Tests for Femoral Neck Stress Fractures | 717 | ||
| Fulcrum Test of the Hip. | 717 | ||
| Heel Strike Test. | 718 | ||
| Patellar-Pubic Percussion Sign. | 718 | ||
| Pediatric Tests for Hip Pathology | 718 | ||
| Abduction Test (Harts’ Sign). | 718 | ||
| Barlow’s Test. | 718 | ||
| Galeazzi Sign (Allis or Galeazzi Test). | 718 | ||
| Ortolani’s Sign. | 719 | ||
| Telescoping Sign (Piston or Dupuytren’s Test). | 719 | ||
| Tests for Leg Length | 719 | ||
| True Leg Length. | 719 | ||
| Standing (Functional) Leg Length. | 721 | ||
| Tests for Muscle Tightness or Pathology | 721 | ||
| Abduction Contracture Test. | 721 | ||
| Adduction Contracture Test. | 722 | ||
| Bent-Knee Stretch Test for Proximal Hamstrings. | 723 | ||
| Ely’s Test (Tight Rectus Femoris, Method 2). | 723 | ||
| Hamstrings Contracture Test (Method 2). | 723 | ||
| Lateral Step Down Maneuver (Pelvis Drop Test). | 723 | ||
| 90–90 Straight Leg Raising Test (Hamstrings Contracture, Method 1). | 724 | ||
| Noble Compression Test. | 725 | ||
| Ober’s Test. | 725 | ||
| Phelps’ Test. | 726 | ||
| Piriformis Test. | 726 | ||
| Prone Lying Test for Iliotibial Band Contracture. | 728 | ||
| Rectus Femoris Contracture Test (Kendall Test, Method 1). | 728 | ||
| Sign of the Buttock. | 728 | ||
| “Taking Off the Shoe” Test. | 729 | ||
| Thomas Test. | 729 | ||
| Tightness of Hip Rotators. | 729 | ||
| Trendelenburg Sign. | 729 | ||
| Tripod Sign (Hamstrings Contracture, Method 3). | 730 | ||
| Other Tests | 730 | ||
| Timed “Up and Go” Test. | 730 | ||
| Reflexes and Cutaneous Distribution | 731 | ||
| Peripheral Nerve Injuries about the Hip | 731 | ||
| Sciatic Nerve (L4 to S3). | 731 | ||
| Superior Gluteal Nerve (L4 to S1). | 731 | ||
| Femoral Nerve (L2 to L4). | 732 | ||
| Obturator Nerve (L2 to L4). | 732 | ||
| Joint Play Movements | 732 | ||
| Caudal Glide (Long Leg Traction). | 732 | ||
| Compression. | 733 | ||
| Lateral Distraction. | 733 | ||
| Palpation | 733 | ||
| Anterior Aspect | 733 | ||
| Iliac Crest, Greater Trochanter, and Anterior Superior Iliac Spine. | 733 | ||
| Inguinal Ligament, Femoral Triangle, Hip Joint, and Symphysis Pubis. | 734 | ||
| Posterior Aspect | 735 | ||
| Iliac Crest, Posterior Superior Iliac Spine, Ischial Tuberosity, and Greater Trochanter. | 735 | ||
| Sacroiliac, Lumbosacral, and Sacrococcygeal Joints. | 736 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 736 | ||
| Plain Film Radiography | 736 | ||
| Anteroposterior View. | 736 | ||
| Cross Table Lateral View. | 749 | ||
| False-Profile Hip Radiograph. | 749 | ||
| Lateral (Axial “Frog-Leg”) View. | 749 | ||
| Arthrography | 749 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 749 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 750 | ||
| Scintigraphy (Bone Scan) | 750 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 750 | ||
| References | 760 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 763 | ||
| 12 Knee | 765 | ||
| Applied Anatomy | 765 | ||
| Patient History | 766 | ||
| Observation | 771 | ||
| Anterior View, Standing | 771 | ||
| Lateral View, Standing | 775 | ||
| Posterior View, Standing | 776 | ||
| Anterior and Lateral Views, Sitting | 777 | ||
| Gait | 777 | ||
| Examination | 780 | ||
| Active Movements | 781 | ||
| Passive Movements | 782 | ||
| Resisted Isometric Movements | 783 | ||
| Functional Assessment | 786 | ||
| Ligament Stability | 790 | ||
| Collateral and Cruciate Ligaments | 805 | ||
| Collateral Ligaments. | 805 | ||
| Cruciate Ligaments. | 805 | ||
| Testing of Ligaments | 808 | ||
| Tests for One-Plane Medial Instability | 811 | ||
| Tests for One-Plane Lateral Instability | 813 | ||
| Tests for One-Plane Anterior Instability | 814 | ||
| Active Drawer Test. | 814 | ||
| Drawer Sign. | 815 | ||
| Lachman Test. | 817 | ||
| Tests for One-Plane Posterior Instability | 819 | ||
| Active Drawer Test. | 819 | ||
| Drawer Sign or Test. | 819 | ||
| Godfrey (Gravity) Test. | 819 | ||
| Posterior Sag Sign (Gravity Drawer Test). | 819 | ||
| Reverse Lachman Test. | 820 | ||
| Tests for Anteromedial Rotary Instability | 820 | ||
| Dejour Test. | 820 | ||
| Slocum Test. | 821 | ||
| Tests for Anterolateral Rotary Instability | 821 | ||
| Active Pivot Shift Test. | 821 | ||
| Crossover Test of Arnold. | 822 | ||
| Flexion-Extension Valgus Test. | 822 | ||
| Jerk Test of Hughston. | 823 | ||
| Lateral Pivot Shift Maneuver (Test of MacIntosh). | 823 | ||
| Lemaire’s Jolt Test. | 825 | ||
| Losee Test. | 825 | ||
| Martens Test. | 826 | ||
| Nakajima Test. | 826 | ||
| Noyes Flexion-Rotation Drawer Test. | 826 | ||
| Slocum Test. | 827 | ||
| Slocum Anterolateral Rotary Instability Test. | 827 | ||
| Tests for Posteromedial Rotary Instability | 827 | ||
| Hughston’s Posteromedial and Posterolateral Drawer Sign. | 827 | ||
| Posteromedial Pivot Shift Test. | 828 | ||
| Tests for Posterolateral Rotary Instability | 828 | ||
| Active Posterolateral Drawer Sign. | 828 | ||
| Dynamic Posterior Shift Test. | 828 | ||
| External Rotation Recurvatum Test. | 828 | ||
| Hughston’s Posteromedial and Posterolateral Drawer Sign. | 829 | ||
| Jakob Test (Reverse Pivot Shift Maneuver). | 829 | ||
| Loomer’s Posterolateral Rotary Instability Test. | 831 | ||
| Standing Apprehension Test. | 832 | ||
| Ligament Testing Devices | 832 | ||
| Quadriceps Neutral Test. | 833 | ||
| Test in Quadriceps Active Position. | 833 | ||
| Test in 30° Flexion. | 833 | ||
| Special Tests | 834 | ||
| Tests for Meniscus Injury | 834 | ||
| Anderson Medial-Lateral Grind Test. | 835 | ||
| Apley’s Test. | 835 | ||
| Bohler’s Sign. | 836 | ||
| “Bounce Home” Test. | 836 | ||
| Bragard’s Sign. | 836 | ||
| Cabot’s Popliteal Sign. | 836 | ||
| Childress’ Sign. | 836 | ||
| Dynamic Knee Test. | 836 | ||
| Ege’s Test. | 837 | ||
| Kromer’s Sign. | 837 | ||
| McMurray Test. | 837 | ||
| Modified Helfet Test. | 837 | ||
| O’Donohue’s Test. | 838 | ||
| Passler Rotational Grind Test. | 838 | ||
| Payr’s Test. | 838 | ||
| Steinman’s Tenderness Displacement Test. | 838 | ||
| Test for Retreating or Retracting Meniscus. | 838 | ||
| Thessaly Test. | 839 | ||
| Tests for Plica Lesions | 840 | ||
| Hughston’s Plica Test. | 840 | ||
| Mediopatellar Plica Test (Mital-Hayden Test or Medial Plica Shelf Test). | 840 | ||
| Patellar Bowstring Test. | 840 | ||
| Plica “Stutter” Test. | 841 | ||
| Tests for Swelling | 841 | ||
| Brush, Stroke, or Bulge Test. | 841 | ||
| Fluctuation Test. | 842 | ||
| Indentation Test. | 842 | ||
| Patellar Tap Test (“Ballotable Patella”). | 842 | ||
| Peripatellar Swelling Test. | 843 | ||
| Tests for Patellofemoral Dysfunction | 843 | ||
| Active Patellar Grind Test. | 843 | ||
| Clarke’s Sign (Patellar Grind Test). | 843 | ||
| Eccentric Step Test. | 844 | ||
| Frund’s Sign. | 844 | ||
| Lateral Pull Test. | 844 | ||
| McConnell Test for Chondromalacia Patellae. | 844 | ||
| Passive Patellar Tilt Test. | 845 | ||
| Step Up Test. | 845 | ||
| Vastus Medialis Coordination Test. | 846 | ||
| Waldron Test. | 846 | ||
| Zohler’s Sign. | 846 | ||
| Other Tests | 846 | ||
| Daniel’s Quadriceps Neutral Angle Test. | 846 | ||
| Fairbank’s Apprehension Test. | 846 | ||
| Functional Leg Length. | 847 | ||
| Functional Test for Quadriceps Contusion. | 847 | ||
| Measurement of Leg Length. | 847 | ||
| Measurement of Muscle Bulk (Anthropometric Measurements for Effusion and Atrophy). | 847 | ||
| Moving Patellar Apprehension Test for Lateral Patellar Instability. | 848 | ||
| Noble Compression Test. | 848 | ||
| Q-Angle or Patellofemoral Angle. | 848 | ||
| Radulescu Sign. | 849 | ||
| Tests for Hamstring Tightness. | 849 | ||
| Test for Knee Extension Contracture (Heel Height Difference). | 849 | ||
| Tubercle Sulcus Angle (Q-Angle at 90°). | 850 | ||
| Wilson Test. | 850 | ||
| Reflexes and Cutaneous Distribution | 851 | ||
| Peripheral Nerve Injuries about the Knee | 852 | ||
| Common Peroneal Nerve (L4 to S2). | 852 | ||
| Saphenous Nerve (L2 to L4). | 853 | ||
| Joint Play Movements | 855 | ||
| Backward and Forward Movements of Tibia on Femur | 855 | ||
| Medial and Lateral Translation of Tibia on Femur | 856 | ||
| Medial and Lateral Displacements of Patella | 856 | ||
| Depression (Distal Movement) of Patella | 856 | ||
| Anteroposterior Movement of Fibula on Tibia | 856 | ||
| Palpation | 857 | ||
| Anterior Palpation with Knee Extended | 857 | ||
| Patella, Patellar Tendon, Patellar Retinaculum, Associated Bursa, Cartilaginous Surface of the Patella, and Plica. | 857 | ||
| Suprapatellar Pouch. | 857 | ||
| Quadriceps Muscles (Vastus Medialis, Vastus Intermedius, Vastus Lateralis, Rectus Femoris) and Sartorius. | 858 | ||
| Medial Collateral Ligament. | 858 | ||
| Pes Anserinus. | 858 | ||
| Tensor Fascia Lata (Iliotibial Band and Head of Fibula). | 858 | ||
| Anterior Palpation with Knee Flexed | 858 | ||
| Tibiofemoral Joint Line and Meniscus. | 858 | ||
| Tibiofemoral Joint Line, Tibial Plateau, Femoral Condyles, and Adductor Muscles. | 858 | ||
| Anterior Palpation with Foot of Test Leg Resting on Opposite Knee | 858 | ||
| Posterior Palpation with the Knee Slightly Flexed | 858 | ||
| Posterior Aspect of Knee Joint. | 858 | ||
| Posterolateral Aspect of Knee Joint. | 858 | ||
| Posteromedial Aspect of Knee Joint. | 859 | ||
| Hamstring and Gastrocnemius Muscles. | 859 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 859 | ||
| Plain Film Radiography | 859 | ||
| Anteroposterior View. | 859 | ||
| Lateral View. | 859 | ||
| Intercondylar Notch (Tunnel View X-Ray). | 861 | ||
| Axial (Skyline) View. | 863 | ||
| Fixed Flexion Posteroanterior View (10° to 30° Knee Flexion). | 863 | ||
| Standing Anteroposterior View. | 868 | ||
| Arthrography | 868 | ||
| Arthroscopy | 869 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 869 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 869 | ||
| Xeroradiography | 870 | ||
| References | 878 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 885 | ||
| 13 Lower Leg, Ankle, and Foot | 888 | ||
| Applied Anatomy | 888 | ||
| Hindfoot (Rearfoot) | 888 | ||
| Tibiofibular Joint. | 888 | ||
| Talocrural (Ankle) Joint. | 888 | ||
| Subtalar (Talocalcanean) Joint. | 889 | ||
| Midfoot (Midtarsal Joints) | 890 | ||
| Talocalcaneonavicular Joint. | 890 | ||
| Cuneonavicular Joint. | 891 | ||
| Cuboideonavicular Joint. | 891 | ||
| Intercuneiform Joints. | 891 | ||
| Cuneocuboid Joint. | 891 | ||
| Calcaneocuboid Joint. | 891 | ||
| Forefoot | 891 | ||
| Tarsometatarsal Joints. | 891 | ||
| Intermetatarsal Joints. | 891 | ||
| Metatarsophalangeal Joints. | 891 | ||
| Interphalangeal Joints. | 891 | ||
| Patient History | 891 | ||
| Observation | 895 | ||
| Weight-Bearing Position, Anterior View | 895 | ||
| Weight-Bearing Position, Posterior View | 902 | ||
| Weight-Bearing Position, Lateral View | 902 | ||
| Non–Weight-Bearing Position | 904 | ||
| Common Deformities, Deviations, and Injuries | 905 | ||
| Bunionette (Tailor’s Bunion). | 905 | ||
| Claw Toes. | 905 | ||
| Clubfoot. | 905 | ||
| Crossover Toe. | 905 | ||
| Curly Toe. | 906 | ||
| Equinus Deformity (Talipes Equinus). | 906 | ||
| Exostosis (Bony Spur). | 906 | ||
| Forefoot Valgus. | 906 | ||
| Forefoot Varus. | 907 | ||
| Hallux Rigidus. | 908 | ||
| Hallux Valgus. | 908 | ||
| Hammer Toe. | 909 | ||
| Hindfoot Valgus (Subtalar or Rearfoot Valgus). | 910 | ||
| Hindfoot Varus (Subtalar or Rearfoot Varus). | 910 | ||
| Mallet Toe. | 910 | ||
| Metatarsus Adductus (Hooked Forefoot). | 910 | ||
| Morton’s (Atavistic or Grecian) Foot. | 910 | ||
| Morton’s Metatarsalgia (Interdigital Neuroma). | 910 | ||
| Pes Cavus (“Hollow Foot” or Rigid Foot). | 910 | ||
| Pes Planus (Flatfoot or Mobile Foot). | 911 | ||
| Plantar Flexed First Ray. | 912 | ||
| Polydactyly. | 913 | ||
| Rocker-Bottom Foot. | 913 | ||
| Splay Foot. | 913 | ||
| Turf Toe. | 913 | ||
| Shoes | 913 | ||
| Examination | 914 | ||
| Active Movements | 914 | ||
| Plantar Flexion | 914 | ||
| Dorsiflexion | 915 | ||
| Supination and Pronation | 915 | ||
| Toe Extension and Flexion | 915 | ||
| Toe Abduction and Adduction | 918 | ||
| Passive Movements | 919 | ||
| Resisted Isometric Movements | 920 | ||
| Functional Assessment | 920 | ||
| Special Tests | 924 | ||
| Tests for Neutral Position of the Talus | 924 | ||
| Neutral Position of the Talus (Prone—Non–Weight-Bearing Position). | 924 | ||
| Neutral Position of the Talus (Supine—Non–Weight-Bearing Position). | 924 | ||
| Neutral Position of the Talus (Weight-Bearing Position). | 926 | ||
| Tests for Alignment | 929 | ||
| Coleman Block Test. | 929 | ||
| Forefoot-Heel Alignment. | 929 | ||
| Leg-Heel Alignment. | 929 | ||
| Tests for Tibial Torsion | 930 | ||
| Tibial Torsion (Prone). | 930 | ||
| Tibial Torsion (Sitting). | 931 | ||
| Tibial Torsion (Supine). | 931 | ||
| “Too Many Toes” Sign. | 932 | ||
| Tests for Ligamentous Instability | 932 | ||
| Anterior Drawer Test of the Ankle. | 932 | ||
| Cotton Test (Lateral Stress Test). | 933 | ||
| Crossed Leg Test. | 934 | ||
| Dorsiflexion Compression Test. | 934 | ||
| Dorsiflexion Maneuver. | 934 | ||
| External (Lateral) Rotation Stress Test (Kleiger Test). | 934 | ||
| Fibular Translation Test. | 935 | ||
| Heel Thump Test. | 935 | ||
| Point (Palpation) Test. | 936 | ||
| Prone Anterior Drawer Test. | 936 | ||
| Squeeze Test of the Leg. | 936 | ||
| Talar Tilt. | 936 | ||
| Other Tests | 937 | ||
| Buerger’s Test. | 937 | ||
| Duchenne Test. | 937 | ||
| Feiss Line. | 937 | ||
| Figure-Eight Ankle Measurement for Swelling. | 937 | ||
| Functional Hallux Limitus Test. | 938 | ||
| Functional Leg Length. | 938 | ||
| Hoffa’s Test. | 938 | ||
| Homans Sign. | 938 | ||
| Matles Test. | 939 | ||
| Morton’s Test. | 939 | ||
| Patla Tibialis Posterior Length Test. | 939 | ||
| Swing Test for Posterior Tibiotalar Subluxation. | 939 | ||
| Test for Peroneal Tendon Dislocation. | 939 | ||
| Thompson’s (Simmonds’) Test (Sign for Achilles Tendon Rupture). | 940 | ||
| Tinel’s Sign at the Ankle (Percussion Sign). | 940 | ||
| Windlass Test. | 941 | ||
| Reflexes and Cutaneous Distribution | 941 | ||
| Peripheral Nerve Injuries of the Lower Leg, Ankle, and Foot | 942 | ||
| Deep Peroneal Nerve (L4 to S2). | 942 | ||
| Superficial Peroneal Nerve (L4 to S2). | 944 | ||
| Tibial Nerve (L4 to S3). | 945 | ||
| Saphenous Nerve. | 947 | ||
| Joint Play Movements | 947 | ||
| Long-Axis Extension | 948 | ||
| Anteroposterior Glide | 948 | ||
| Talar Rock | 949 | ||
| Side Tilt | 949 | ||
| Rotation | 950 | ||
| Side Glide | 950 | ||
| Tests for Tarsal Bone Mobility | 950 | ||
| Palpation | 950 | ||
| Palpation Anteriorly and Anteromedially | 951 | ||
| Toes and Metatarsal, Cuneiform, and Navicular Bones. | 951 | ||
| Medial Malleolus, Medial Tarsal Bones, and Posterior Tibial Artery. | 951 | ||
| Anterior Tibia, Neck of Talus, and Dorsalis Pedis Artery. | 953 | ||
| Palpation Anteriorly and Anterolaterally | 954 | ||
| Lateral Malleolus, Calcaneus, Sinus Tarsi, and Cuboid Bone. | 954 | ||
| Inferior Tibiofibular Joint, Tibia, and Muscles of the Leg. | 954 | ||
| Palpation Posteriorly | 954 | ||
| Calcaneus and Achilles Tendon. | 954 | ||
| Posterior Compartment Muscles of the Leg. | 954 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 955 | ||
| Plain Film Radiography | 955 | ||
| Anteroposterior View of the Ankle. | 956 | ||
| Mortise View of the Ankle. | 956 | ||
| Lateral View of Leg, Ankle, and Foot. | 958 | ||
| Dorsoplanar View of the Foot. | 958 | ||
| Medial Oblique View of the Foot. | 958 | ||
| Stress Oblique View. | 958 | ||
| Stress Film. | 958 | ||
| Measurements on Plain Radiographs. | 965 | ||
| Abnormal Ossicles or Accessory Bones. | 966 | ||
| Films Showing Bone Development. | 967 | ||
| Arthrography | 967 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 968 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 968 | ||
| Bone Scans | 968 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 968 | ||
| References | 974 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 979 | ||
| 14 Assessment of Gait | 981 | ||
| Definitions | 981 | ||
| Gait Cycle | 981 | ||
| Stance Phase | 982 | ||
| Swing Phase | 982 | ||
| Double-Leg Stance | 984 | ||
| Single-Leg Stance | 984 | ||
| Normal Parameters of Gait | 985 | ||
| Base (Step) Width | 985 | ||
| Step Length | 985 | ||
| Stride Length | 986 | ||
| Lateral Pelvic Shift (Pelvic List) | 986 | ||
| Vertical Pelvic Shift | 987 | ||
| Pelvic Rotation | 987 | ||
| Center of Gravity | 987 | ||
| Normal Cadence | 987 | ||
| Normal Pattern of Gait | 987 | ||
| Stance Phase | 987 | ||
| Initial Contact (Heel Strike) | 988 | ||
| Load Response (Weight Acceptance or Foot Flat) | 990 | ||
| Midstance (Single-Leg Support) | 990 | ||
| Terminal Stance (Heel Off) | 991 | ||
| Preswing (Toe Off) | 991 | ||
| Swing Phase | 991 | ||
| Initial Swing | 991 | ||
| Midswing | 992 | ||
| Terminal Swing (Deceleration) | 993 | ||
| Joint Motion During Normal Gait | 993 | ||
| Hip. | 993 | ||
| Knee. | 993 | ||
| Gastrocnemius and Soleus. | 993 | ||
| Foot and Ankle. | 994 | ||
| Overview and Patient History | 994 | ||
| Observation | 994 | ||
| Anterior View | 995 | ||
| Lateral View | 996 | ||
| Posterior View | 996 | ||
| Footwear | 996 | ||
| Examination | 996 | ||
| Locomotion Scores | 997 | ||
| Compensatory Mechanisms | 1000 | ||
| Abnormal Gait | 1000 | ||
| Antalgic (Painful) Gait | 1007 | ||
| Arthrogenic (Stiff Hip or Knee) Gait | 1007 | ||
| Ataxic Gait | 1007 | ||
| Contracture Gaits | 1007 | ||
| Equinus Gait (Toe Walking) | 1008 | ||
| Gluteus Maximus Gait | 1008 | ||
| Gluteus Medius (Trendelenburg) Gait | 1009 | ||
| Hemiplegic or Hemiparetic Gait | 1009 | ||
| Parkinsonian Gait | 1010 | ||
| Plantar Flexor Gait | 1010 | ||
| Psoatic Limp | 1010 | ||
| Quadriceps Avoidance Gait | 1010 | ||
| Scissors Gait | 1010 | ||
| Short Leg Gait | 1010 | ||
| Steppage or Drop Foot Gait | 1011 | ||
| References | 1014 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1015 | ||
| 15 Assessment of Posture | 1017 | ||
| Postural Development | 1017 | ||
| Factors Affecting Posture | 1022 | ||
| Causes of Poor Posture | 1022 | ||
| Postural (Positional) Factors | 1022 | ||
| Structural Factors | 1022 | ||
| Common Spinal Deformities | 1022 | ||
| Lordosis | 1022 | ||
| Pathological Lordosis. | 1023 | ||
| Swayback Deformity. | 1023 | ||
| Kyphosis | 1024 | ||
| Round Back. | 1026 | ||
| Humpback or Gibbus. | 1026 | ||
| Flat Back. | 1026 | ||
| Dowager’s Hump. | 1026 | ||
| Kypholordotic Posture. | 1027 | ||
| Scoliosis | 1027 | ||
| Patient History | 1029 | ||
| Observation | 1031 | ||
| Standing | 1032 | ||
| Anterior View | 1032 | ||
| Lateral View | 1036 | ||
| Posterior View | 1040 | ||
| Forward Flexion | 1044 | ||
| Sitting | 1046 | ||
| Supine Lying | 1048 | ||
| Prone Lying | 1049 | ||
| Examination | 1049 | ||
| Leg Length Measurement. | 1049 | ||
| Slump Test. | 1049 | ||
| Additional Tests. | 1050 | ||
| References | 1052 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1052 | ||
| 16 Assessment of the Amputee | 1054 | ||
| Levels of Amputation | 1054 | ||
| Patient History | 1057 | ||
| Observation | 1061 | ||
| Examination | 1065 | ||
| Measurements Related to Amputation | 1065 | ||
| Active Movements | 1065 | ||
| Passive Movements | 1069 | ||
| Resisted Isometric Movements | 1069 | ||
| Functional Assessment | 1069 | ||
| Sensation Testing | 1069 | ||
| Psychological Testing | 1069 | ||
| Palpation | 1070 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 1070 | ||
| References | 1070 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1071 | ||
| 17 Primary Care Assessment | 1072 | ||
| Objectives of the Evaluation | 1076 | ||
| Primary Care History | 1076 | ||
| Examination | 1077 | ||
| Vital Signs | 1078 | ||
| General Medical Problems | 1078 | ||
| Head and Face | 1078 | ||
| Eye Examination | 1078 | ||
| Dental Examination | 1079 | ||
| Ear Examination | 1079 | ||
| Nose Examination | 1079 | ||
| Neurological Examination and Convulsive Disorders (Including Head Injury) | 1079 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Examination | 1080 | ||
| Cardiovascular Examination | 1081 | ||
| Pulmonary Examination | 1085 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Examination | 1085 | ||
| Urogenital Examination | 1086 | ||
| Dermatological Examination | 1086 | ||
| Examination for Heat (Hyperthermic) Disorders | 1087 | ||
| Examination for Cold (Hypothermic) Disorders | 1087 | ||
| Laboratory Tests | 1087 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging | 1088 | ||
| Physical Fitness Profile (Functional Assessment) | 1088 | ||
| Functional Movement Screen (FMS).106–108 | 1089 | ||
| Strength | 1089 | ||
| Power | 1089 | ||
| Flexibility and Range of Motion | 1091 | ||
| Speed | 1092 | ||
| Cardiovascular Fitness and Endurance | 1092 | ||
| Agility, Balance, and Reaction Time | 1093 | ||
| Maturation and Growth | 1093 | ||
| Body Composition and Anthropometry | 1096 | ||
| Tests for Return to Activity Following Injury | 1096 | ||
| Forward Step Down Test. | 1099 | ||
| Yo-Yo Endurance Test (Also Called the Beep, Bleep, Progressive Shuttle Run, and the Leger Shuttle Run). | 1099 | ||
| Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Test. | 1099 | ||
| Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test (Yo-Yo 1R2 Test). | 1099 | ||
| Sports Participation | 1099 | ||
| References | 1101 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1103 | ||
| 18 Emergency Sports Assessment | 1105 | ||
| Pre-Event Preparation | 1105 | ||
| Primary Assessment | 1105 | ||
| Level of Consciousness | 1107 | ||
| Establishing the Airway | 1109 | ||
| Establishing Circulation | 1111 | ||
| Assessment for Bleeding, Fluid Loss, and Shock | 1113 | ||
| Pupil Check | 1114 | ||
| Assessment for Spinal Cord Injury | 1114 | ||
| Assessment for Head Injury (Neural Watch) | 1116 | ||
| Assessment for Heat Injury | 1118 | ||
| Assessment for Movement | 1119 | ||
| Positioning the Patient | 1119 | ||
| Injury Severity | 1122 | ||
| Secondary Assessment | 1122 | ||
| References | 1127 | ||
| Suggested Readings | 1128 | ||
| Index | 1131 | ||
| A | 1131 | ||
| B | 1133 | ||
| C | 1134 | ||
| D | 1138 | ||
| E | 1139 | ||
| F | 1141 | ||
| G | 1144 | ||
| H | 1145 | ||
| I | 1147 | ||
| J | 1149 | ||
| K | 1149 | ||
| L | 1150 | ||
| M | 1153 | ||
| N | 1155 | ||
| O | 1156 | ||
| P | 1157 | ||
| Q | 1161 | ||
| R | 1162 | ||
| S | 1163 | ||
| T | 1169 | ||
| U | 1172 | ||
| V | 1172 | ||
| W | 1173 | ||
| X | 1173 | ||
| Y | 1173 | ||
| Z | 1173 | ||
| Endsheet 5-7 | IBC1 |