Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Published in association with the Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS), the newly updated edition of Rich’s Vascular Trauma draws on civilian and military authorities from around the world to offer comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of the management of vascular injury. Anatomic patterns of vascular trauma including extremity, torso and cervical injury are reviewed in detail, including the latest techniques to manage non-compressible torso hemorrhage. You’ll have access to all of the current innovations across the broad spectrum of vascular trauma, presented in a well-organized fashion that allows you to quickly hone-in on the most important issues in patient care and management.
- Emphasizes the current management of civilian vascular injuries with an historical reflection of pioneering contributions from the battlefield.
- Combines the largest existing database of military vascular trauma with the experience of one of the nation's premier civilian trauma centers.
- Examines operative techniques and "damage control" for vascular traumas.
- For the first time, includes a novel International Perspectives section featuring fascinating accounts of vascular trauma from nine leading surgeons from five continents. This section focuses on innovative surgical treatments tailored to locally developed pathways of care, training solutions, and regional injury patterns.
- End-to-end coverage of all phases of acute vascular injury care, including a new assessment of the implications of vascular trauma in the pre-hospital setting (i.e. point of injury and en-route care).
- Covers the emerging hot topics, including endovascular procedures to manage trauma, contemporary use of vascular shunts, and a modern reappraisal of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta for shock.
- An innovative chapter on the systems approach and quality improvement in vascular trauma, offering information and tactics for all providers wishing to understand how clinical systems underpin patient outcome and recovery from this challenging injury pattern.
- A combined civilian and military authorship from internationally recognized authorities draws on the best available evidence, experience, and lessons-learned from Afghanistan, Iraq, and the "urban battlefield."
- Medicine eBook is accessible on a variety of devices.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Inside front cover | ifc1 | ||
| Rich's Vascular Trauma | i | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| Foreword | xiii | ||
| References | xiii | ||
| Preface | xv | ||
| References | xv | ||
| Table of Contents | xvii | ||
| 1 Background | 1 | ||
| 1 The Vascular Injury Legacy | 3 | ||
| Abstract | 3.e1 | ||
| Key Words: | 3.e1 | ||
| Initial Control of Hemorrhage | 3 | ||
| Early Vascular Surgery | 5 | ||
| World War I Experience | 8 | ||
| World War II Experience | 8 | ||
| Experiences During the Korean Conflict | 9 | ||
| Experience in Vietnam | 10 | ||
| Vietnam via Gulf War 1991 to Afghanistan and IRAQ | 11 | ||
| Civilian Experience | 11 | ||
| Conclusion | 11 | ||
| References | 12 | ||
| 2 Epidemiology of Vascular Injury | 13 | ||
| Abstract | 13.e1 | ||
| Key Words: | 13.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 13 | ||
| Context and Categorization of Vascular Trauma | 13 | ||
| Vascular Trauma and Military Conflict | 14 | ||
| Vascular Trauma in Combat Troops | 14 | ||
| Vascular Trauma Among Local National Populations | 15 | ||
| Vascular Trauma and Civilian Populations | 16 | ||
| Urban Populations | 16 | ||
| Rural Populations | 17 | ||
| Vascular Trauma and Patient Age | 17 | ||
| Iatrogenic Vascular Trauma | 18 | ||
| Vascular Trauma, Lifestyle, and Socioeconomic Factors | 18 | ||
| Summary | 19 | ||
| References | 19 | ||
| 3 Systems of Care in the Management of Vascular Injury | 21 | ||
| Abstract | 21.e1 | ||
| Key Words: | 21.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 21 | ||
| Trauma Systems Overview | 21 | ||
| Key Components of a Trauma System | 21 | ||
| Trauma Center Function | 23 | ||
| Trauma Systems in Combat Casualty Care | 24 | ||
| Organization of the Joint Theater Trauma System | 24 | ||
| Challenges of Systemizing Vascular-Injury Care | 25 | ||
| Ownership and Responsibilities | 25 | ||
| Data Collection and Comparison | 26 | ||
| Uptake of Clinical Practice Guidelines | 26 | ||
| Introduction and Tracking of New Technology | 26 | ||
| Conclusion | 27 | ||
| References | 27 | ||
| 4 Pathophysiology of Vascular Trauma | 28 | ||
| Abstract | 28.e1 | ||
| Key Words: | 28.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 28 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Ischemia and Reperfusion | 28 | ||
| Clinical Practice on the Battlefield | 28 | ||
| The Ischemic Threshold | 29 | ||
| Damage Control Resuscitation | 29 | ||
| Conclusion | 31 | ||
| References | 31 | ||
| 2 Diagnosis and Early Management | 33 | ||
| 5 Diagnosis of Vascular Injury | 35 | ||
| Abstract | 35.e1 | ||
| Key Words: | 35.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 35 | ||
| The Mechanism, Setting, and Patterns of Injury | 35 | ||
| Injury Pattern Recognition | 35 | ||
| Head and Neck Vascular Injuries | 35 | ||
| Thoracic Vascular Injuries | 36 | ||
| Abdominal Vascular Injuries | 36 | ||
| Upper Extremity Vascular Injuries | 37 | ||
| Lower Extremity Vascular Injuries | 38 | ||
| Other High-Risk Injury Patterns | 39 | ||
| Physical Examination | 39 | ||
| Doppler Ultrasound Adjunctive Measures | 40 | ||
| Clearing the Trauma Patient for the Presence of Vascular Injury | 40 | ||
| Definitive Diagnosis of Vascular Injury | 41 | ||
| Surgical Exploration for Vascular Injury | 41 | ||
| Portable Angiography in the Trauma Bay or the Operating Room | 41 | ||
| Multidetector CT Angiography | 41 | ||
| Catheter Angiography in Fixed-Imaging Suite | 42 | ||
| Compartment Syndrome | 42 | ||
| Summary | 42 | ||
| References | 43 | ||
| 6 Imaging for the Evaluation and Treatment of Vascular Trauma | 44 | ||
| Abstract | 44.e1 | ||
| Key Words: | 44.e1 | ||
| Historical Background | 44 | ||
| Imaging Modalities | 44 | ||
| Angiography | 44 | ||
| Indications | 44 | ||
| Preparation | 45 | ||
| Pitfalls and Danger Points | 46 | ||
| Operative Strategy | 46 | ||
| Operative Technique | 47 | ||
| Postoperative Care | 48 | ||
| Complications | 48 | ||
| Ultrasound | 48 | ||
| Indications | 49 | ||
| Preparation | 50 | ||
| Pitfalls and Danger Points | 50 | ||
| Strategy | 50 | ||
| Technique | 51 | ||
| Postexamination Care | 52 | ||
| Complications | 52 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 52 | ||
| Indications | 52 | ||
| Preparation | 52 | ||
| Pitfalls and Danger Points | 52 | ||
| Strategy | 54 | ||
| Technique | 54 | ||
| Postexamination Care | 55 | ||
| Complications | 55 | ||
| References | 55 | ||
| 7 Damage Control and Immediate Resuscitation for Vascular Trauma | 56 | ||
| Abstract | 56.e1 | ||
| Key Words: | 56.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 56 | ||
| Definitions | 56 | ||
| Resuscitation Paradigms | 57 | ||
| Horizontal Versus Vertical Resuscitation | 57 | ||
| Three-Dimensional Versus Two-Dimensional Resuscitation | 57 | ||
| Preparation | 58 | ||
| Techniques and Procedures | 59 | ||
| Fluids and Medications | 60 | ||
| Imaging | 60 | ||
| Resuscitation End Points | 61 | ||
| Resuscitation Ethics | 62 | ||
| References | 62 | ||
| 8 Vascular Disruption and Noncompressible Torso Hemorrhage | 64 | ||
| Abstract | 64.e1 | ||
| Key Words: | 64.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 64 | ||
| The Military and Civilian Epidemiology of Torso Hemorrhage | 64 | ||
| Defining Noncompressible Torso Hemorrhage | 65 | ||
| Epidemiology of Noncompressible Torso Hemorrhage | 66 | ||
| Clinical Management Strategies in Torso Hemorrhage Control | 66 | ||
| Damage Control Surgery and Damage Control Resuscitation | 66 | ||
| Resuscitative Surgical Maneuvers | 66 | ||
| Operative Exposures and Control of Nontraditional Vascular Trauma and Hemorrhage | 67 | ||
| Thoracic Exposure and Control of Pulmonary Parenchymal Hemorrhage | 67 | ||
| Abdominal Exposure and the Control of Splenic, Hepatic, and Renal Hemorrhage | 68 | ||
| Pelvic Access and Control of Pelvic Hemorrhage | 68 | ||
| Summary | 69 | ||
| References | 69 | ||
| 3 Definitive Management | 71 | ||
| 9 Cardiac, Great Vessel, and Pulmonary Injuries | 73 | ||
| Abstract | 73.e1 | ||
| Key Words: | 73.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 73 | ||
| Evaluation and Management in the Emergency Center | 73 | ||
| Mechanism of Injury | 73 | ||
| Advanced Trauma Life Support: Primary Survey and Initial Resuscitation | 73 | ||
| The Injured Heart | 75 | ||
| History | 75 | ||
| Incidence | 75 | ||
| Penetrating Trauma | 75 | ||
| 4 Hot Topics in Vascular Injury and Management | 183 | ||
| 16 Damage Control: | 185 | ||
| Abstract | 185.e1 | ||
| Key Words: | 185.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 185 | ||
| Preventable Death | 185 | ||
| General Aspects of Care | 185 | ||
| Control of Extremity Hemorrhage: Tourniquets | 185 | ||
| Control of External Nonextremity Hemorrhage | 187 | ||
| Hemostatic Agents | 187 | ||
| Junctional Bleeding | 189 | ||
| Hemorrhage Control: Direct Pressure | 190 | ||
| Noncompressible Hemorrhage | 190 | ||
| Prevention and Treatment of the Coagulopathy of Trauma | 191 | ||
| Intravenous Hemostatic Agents | 191 | ||
| Prehospital Fluid Resuscitation: Crystalloids and Colloids | 192 | ||
| Prehospital Fluid Resuscitation: Plasma | 192 | ||
| Care During Transport | 193 | ||
| Damage Control Resuscitation | 193 | ||
| Comprehensive Tactical Evacuation Care Considerations | 194 | ||
| Future Directions | 195 | ||
| References | 195 | ||
| Bibliography | 197 | ||
| 17 Surgical Damage Control and Temporary Vascular Shunts | 198 | ||
| Abstract | 198.e1 | ||
| Key Words: | 198.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 198 | ||
| Historical Use of Intravascular Shunts | 198 | ||
| Modern Use of Intravascular Shunts | 198 | ||
| Indications | 199 | ||
| Shunt Materials | 199 | ||
| Insertion Technique | 200 | ||
| Dwell Time | 201 | ||
| Special Considerations | 202 | ||
| Anatomic Location (Proximal Large Vessels Versus Distal Small Vessel) | 202 | ||
| Anticoagulation | 203 | ||
| Venous Shunting | 203 | ||
| Role in Limb Salvage | 204 | ||
| Fasciotomy (Prophylactic) | 204 | ||
| Vascular Branch Points | 204 | ||
| Truncal Vascular Injuries | 204 | ||
| Conclusion | 205 | ||
| References | 205 | ||
| 18 Damage Control: | 206 | ||
| Abstract | 206.e1 | ||
| Key Words: | 206.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 206 | ||
| Definition of Problem Identification of the Optimal Vascular Conduit | 206 | ||
| Types of Conduit | 206 | ||
| Autologous Conduit | 207 | ||
| Prosthetic Conduits | 207 | ||
| Biologic Conduits: Allografts | 208 | ||
| Biologic Conduits: Xenografts | 208 | ||
| Decision Making in the Choice of Conduit | 208 | ||
| Location and Nature of the Injury | 208 | ||
| Thoracic and Abdominal Injuries | 208 | ||
| Extremity Vessels | 209 | ||
| Ideal Conduit for Vascular Trauma | 209 | ||
| Available Conduit in Austere and Military Settings | 210 | ||
| Autologous Conduits | 210 | ||
| Prosthetic Conduits | 211 | ||
| Future Considerations | 212 | ||
| Artificial Blood Vessels | 212 | ||
| Improvements in Storage | 212 | ||
| Conclusion | 212 | ||
| References | 213 | ||
| 19 Endovascular Management of Acute Vascular Injury | 215 | ||
| Abstract | 215.e1 | ||
| Key Words: | 215.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 215 | ||
| Endovascular Management of Carotid Arterial Injury | 215 | ||
| Endovascular Management of Vertebral Artery Injury | 217 | ||
| Endovascular Management of Blunt Thoracic Aortic Injury | 217 | ||
| Repair Versus Observation | 218 | ||
| Endovascular Management of Blunt Abdominal Aortic Injury | 219 | ||
| Endovascular Management of Axillosubclavian Artery Injury | 221 | ||
| Endovascular Management of Extremity Vascular Injury | 222 | ||
| Aortic Occlusion Balloons for Penetrating Trauma and Blunt Trauma | 223 | ||
| Long-Term Follow-Up | 223 | ||
| References | 223 | ||
| 20 Pediatric Vascular Injury | 226 | ||
| Abstract | 226.e1 | ||
| Key Words: | 226.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 226 | ||
| Demographics and Etiology | 226 | ||
| Anatomic and Physiologic Considerations | 228 | ||
| Diagnostic Evaluation | 228 | ||
| Management of Pediatric Vascular Injuries | 229 | ||
| Extremity Injuries | 229 | ||
| Supracondylar Humerus Fractures and Brachial Artery Injuries | 231 | ||
| Fasciotomy | 232 | ||
| Truncal Vascular Injuries | 232 | ||
| Endovascular Applications | 232 | ||
| Nonoperative Management | 232 | ||
| ECLS Cannulation | 233 | ||
| Adjuncts to the Management of Vascular Injuries in Children | 233 | ||
| Temporary Vascular Shunts | 233 | ||
| Role of Heparin | 233 | ||
| Lytic Therapy | 233 | ||
| Postoperative Management | 233 | ||
| Outcomes Following Pediatric Vascular Injuries | 234 | ||
| Future Directions | 234 | ||
| Conclusions | 234 | ||
| References | 234 | ||
| 21 Inferior Vena Cava Filters | 236 | ||
| Abstract | 236.e1 | ||
| Key Words: | 236.e1 | ||
| Filters and Terminology | 236 | ||
| Indications | 236 | ||
| Recommended Indications | 236 | ||
| Expanded Indications | 236 | ||
| Trauma | 236 | ||
| Contraindications | 238 | ||
| Techniques | 238 | ||
| Insertion | 238 | ||
| Retrieval | 238 | ||
| Complications | 239 | ||
| Short-Term Complications | 239 | ||
| Long-Term Complications | 239 | ||
| Summary | 240 | ||
| References | 241 | ||
| 22 Soft-Tissue and Skeletal Wound Management in the Setting of Vascular Injury | 242 | ||
| Abstract | 242.e1 | ||
| Key Words: | 242.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 242 | ||
| Epidemiological Factors | 242 | ||
| Grading of Orthopedic Fractures | 242 | ||
| Salvage Versus Amputation | 243 | ||
| Strategies in Managing the Severely Injured Limb | 243 | ||
| Sequencing of Interventions | 243 | ||
| Major Limb Amputation for Trauma | 244 | ||
| Assessment of the Injured Extremity | 244 | ||
| Initial Surgical Management | 246 | ||
| Reconstruction | 248 | ||
| Fix and Flap | 248 | ||
| Choice and Type of Reconstruction | 249 | ||
| Flap Reconstruction | 249 | ||
| Free Flaps | 249 | ||
| Muscle Versus Fasciocutaneous Flaps | 249 | ||
| Commonly Used Flaps for Lower Limb Wounds | 249 | ||
| Commonly Used Flaps for Upper Limb Wounds | 250 | ||
| Outcomes of Limb Salvage | 250 | ||
| Summary | 251 | ||
| References | 251 | ||
| Bibliography | 251 | ||
| 23 Vascular Surgery in the Austere Environment | 252 | ||
| Abstract | 252.e1 | ||
| Key Words: | 252.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 252 | ||
| Fundamentals | 252 | ||
| Neck Injuries | 253 | ||
| Carotid Injuries | 253 | ||
| Associated Neck Injuries | 254 | ||
| Operative Management of Zone III Injuries | 255 | ||
| Operative Management of Zone I Injuries | 255 | ||
| Upper Limb Vascular Injuries | 256 | ||
| Brachial and Forearm Vessels | 256 | ||
| Abdominal Vascular Injuries | 259 | ||
| Lower Limb Vascular Injuries | 261 | ||
| Futility of Treatment | 263 | ||
| Soft-Tissue Injury | 263 | ||
| Vascularized Composite Muscle Flaps for Coverage of Vascular Reconstruction | 264 | ||
| Brachioradialis Flap | 264 | ||
| Rectus Abdominus Flap | 264 | ||
| Soleus and Gastrocnemius Muscle Flaps | 264 | ||
| Fasciocutaneous Flaps | 264 | ||
| Radial Forearm Flap | 264 | ||
| Forearm Amputation | 264 | ||
| Working in Austere Environments | 265 | ||
| References | 268 | ||
| 24 Vascular Trauma: | 269 | ||
| Abstract | 269.e1 | ||
| Key Words: | 269.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 269 | ||
| Vascular Training in Evolution | 270 | ||
| Vascular Trauma Training Considerations | 270 | ||
| Vascular Trauma Training Tools | 272 | ||
| Team-Based Training for Vascular Trauma | 272 | ||
| Simulation-Based Training for Vascular Trauma | 273 | ||
| Current Vascular Surgery Training Curricula | 275 | ||
| The Definitive Surgical Trauma Care Course | 275 | ||
| Definitive Surgical Trauma Skills (DSTS) | 275 | ||
| Advanced Trauma Operative Management | 275 | ||
| Advanced Surgical Skills for Exposures in Trauma (ASSET) | 276 | ||
| The Military Operational Surgical Training Course | 277 | ||
| European Vascular Masterclass (the Pontresina Course) | 277 | ||
| Summary | 278 | ||
| References | 278 | ||
| 5 International Perspectives | 281 | ||
| 25 Australia and New Zealand | 283 | ||
| Abstract | 283.e1 | ||
| Key Words: | 283.e1 | ||
| Region-Specific Epidemiology | 283 | ||
| Region-Specific Systems of Care | 283 | ||
| Surgical Training and Certification | 283 | ||
| Access to Care | 284 | ||
| Prehospital Care | 284 | ||
| Region-Specific Considerations for Diagnosis | 284 | ||
| Region-Specific Treatment Strategies | 285 | ||
| Strategies to Sustain and Train the Next Generation of Trauma Surgeons | 285 | ||
| References | 286 | ||
| 26 Asia: | 287 | ||
| Abstract | 287.e1 | ||
| Key Words: | 287.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 287 | ||
| Epidemiology | 287 | ||
| Systems of Care and Transport | 287 | ||
| First Line of Care | 287 | ||
| Second Line of Care | 287 | ||
| Third Line of Care | 288 | ||
| Considerations for Diagnosis | 290 | ||
| Treatment Strategies | 290 | ||
| Sustain and Train the Next Generation | 292 | ||
| References | 292 | ||
| 27 Europe: | 293 | ||
| Abstract | 293.e1 | ||
| Key Words: | 293.e1 | ||
| Region-Specific Epidemiology | 293 | ||
| War Vascular Injuries | 293 | ||
| Region-Specific System of Care | 293 | ||
| Region-Specific Considerations for Diagnosis | 295 | ||
| Region-Specific Treatment Strategies | 295 | ||
| Strategies to Sustain and Train the Next Generation of Trauma Surgeons | 296 | ||
| References | 296 | ||
| 28 Scandinavia and Northern Europe | 297 | ||
| Abstract | 297.e1 | ||
| Key Words: | 297.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 297 | ||
| Region-Specific Epidemiology | 297 | ||
| Region-Specific Systems of Care | 297 | ||
| Region-Specific Considerations for Diagnosis | 299 | ||
| Region-Specific Treatment Strategies | 299 | ||
| Strategies to Sustain and Train the Next Generation of Trauma Surgeons | 299 | ||
| References | 300 | ||
| 29 Europe: | 301 | ||
| Abstract | 301.e1 | ||
| Key Words: | 301.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 301 | ||
| Afghanistan | 301 | ||
| Region-Specific Epidemiology | 301 | ||
| Region-Specific Systems of Care | 302 | ||
| Region-Specific Considerations for Diagnosis | 303 | ||
| Region-Specific Treatment Strategies | 304 | ||
| Strategies to Sustain and Train the Next Generation of Trauma Surgeons | 305 | ||
| The North Caucasus | 305 | ||
| Region-Specific Epidemiology | 305 | ||
| Region-Specific Systems of Care | 305 | ||
| Region-Specific Considerations for Diagnosis | 306 | ||
| Region-Specific Treatment Strategies | 306 | ||
| Strategies to Sustain and Train the Next Generation of Trauma Surgeons | 307 | ||
| Conclusion | 307 | ||
| References | 308 | ||
| 30 Europe: | 309 | ||
| Abstract | 309.e1 | ||
| Key Words: | 309.e1 | ||
| Region-Specific Epidemiology | 309 | ||
| Region-Specific Systems of Care | 309 | ||
| Region-Specific Considerations for Diagnosis | 310 | ||
| Region-Specific Treatment Strategies | 311 | ||
| Endovascular Repair of Vascular Trauma | 314 | ||
| References | 314 | ||
| 31 Vascular Trauma in Israel | 316 | ||
| Abstract | 316.e1 | ||
| Key Words: | 316.e1 | ||
| Epidemiologic Considerations | 316 | ||
| Incidence of Vascular Trauma | 316 | ||
| Evacuation Methods of Vascular Injuries | 317 | ||
| Israeli Vascular System of Care | 317 | ||
| Considerations for Diagnosis | 318 | ||
| Treatment Strategies | 319 | ||
| Hemorrhage Control | 319 | ||
| Triage in the Emergency Room | 320 | ||
| Priority in the Operating Room | 320 | ||
| Methods of Vascular Repair Employed | 320 | ||
| Endovascular Methods | 320 | ||
| Compartment Syndrome and Fasciotomy | 321 | ||
| Venous Injury | 322 | ||
| External Temporary Shunt | 322 | ||
| Amputation | 322 | ||
| Late Complications | 322 | ||
| Mortality from Vascular Injuries | 323 | ||
| Prospects for the Future | 323 | ||
| Conclusions | 323 | ||
| References | 323 | ||
| 32 South Africa | 324 | ||
| Abstract | 324.e1 | ||
| Key Words: | 324.e1 | ||
| Region-Specific Epidemiology | 324 | ||
| Region-Specific Systems of Care | 325 | ||
| Techniques of Care | 325 | ||
| Management of Acute Vascular Hemorrhage | 325 | ||
| Management of Acute Ischemia | 326 | ||
| Region-Specific Considerations for Diagnosis | 326 | ||
| Region-Specific Treatment Strategies | 326 | ||
| Neck | 326 | ||
| Cervicomediastinal Injuries | 326 | ||
| Transmediastinal or Transabdominal Torso Injuries | 326 | ||
| Cardiac Injuries | 327 | ||
| Strategies to Sustain and to Train the Next Generation of Trauma Surgeons | 327 | ||
| References | 328 | ||
| 33 Vascular Trauma in Latin America | 329 | ||
| Abstract | 329.e1 | ||
| Key Words: | 329.e1 | ||
| Epidemiology | 329 | ||
| Specific Systems of Care in the Region | 329 | ||
| Regional Considerations for the Diagnosis and Management of Vascular Trauma | 329 | ||
| Strategies to Train the Next Generation of Trauma Surgeons | 332 | ||
| References | 332 | ||
| 34 Implications of Vascular Trauma in Brazil | 333 | ||
| Abstract | 333.e1 | ||
| Key Words: | 333.e1 | ||
| Introduction | 333 | ||
| Epidemiology | 333 | ||
| Trauma in Brazil | 333 | ||
| Urban Conflicts | 333 | ||
| The Rural Setting | 333 | ||
| Automobile Crashes | 334 | ||
| Evaluation and Diagnosis of Vascular Injury in Brazil | 334 | ||
| Region-Specific Treatment Strategies (Acute Vascular Hemorrhage and Acute Ischemia) | 335 | ||
| Specific Vascular-Injury Patterns | 335 | ||
| Carotid Injuries | 335 | ||
| Subclavian Injuries | 335 | ||
| Thoracic Vascular Trauma | 336 | ||
| Abdominal Vascular Trauma | 336 | ||
| Extremity Vascular Trauma | 336 | ||
| Regional Strategies to Sustain and Train the Next Generation of Trauma Surgeons | 336 | ||
| References | 337 | ||
| Index | 339 | ||
| A | 339 | ||
| B | 340 | ||
| C | 340 | ||
| D | 341 | ||
| E | 342 | ||
| F | 342 | ||
| G | 343 | ||
| H | 343 | ||
| I | 343 | ||
| J | 344 | ||
| K | 344 | ||
| L | 344 | ||
| M | 345 | ||
| N | 345 | ||
| O | 345 | ||
| P | 346 | ||
| Q | 346 | ||
| R | 346 | ||
| S | 347 | ||
| T | 348 | ||
| U | 348 | ||
| V | 349 | ||
| W | 350 | ||
| X | 350 | ||
| Z | 350 | ||
| Inside back cover | ibc1 |