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Book Details
Abstract
Covering the principles of radiographic technique and interpretation for dogs, cats, and horses, Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology, 6th Edition helps you develop proficiency in diagnostic skills. High-quality radiographic images accompany clear coverage of diagnostic radiology, ultrasound, MRI, and CT, as well as patient positioning, radiographic technique and safety measures, normal and abnormal anatomy, radiographic viewing and interpretation, and alternative imaging modalities. New to this edition is a chapter on MR spinal imaging and updated information on digital imaging. Written by radiology educator and expert Donald E. Thrall, along with a group of highly qualified, board-certified radiologists, this bestselling reference is a one-stop resource for the latest advances in veterinary diagnostic radiology.
- Clear explanations and a logical format simplify the principles of veterinary diagnostic radiology, including patient positioning, radiographic technique, specific anatomic features of the body part in question, methods of radiographic viewing and interpretation, and assessment and applications of alternative imaging modalities.
- High-quality radiographic images clarify key concepts and interpretation principles.
- Up-to-date coverage of the most commonly seen species in private veterinary practices and veterinary teaching hospitals includes the cat, dog, and horse.
- An atlas of normal radiographic anatomy in each section makes it easier to recognize abnormal radiographic findings.
- A discussion of radiation safety highlights measures that can protect you from harmful radiation exposure.
- NEW chapter on MR spinal imaging provides the latest information on the diagnosis of spinal cord disease through the use of CT and MRI.
- NEW information on digital imaging covers the newest advances in digital imaging.
- Updated coverage of procedures such as the esophagram, upper GI examination, excretory urography, and cystography helps in determining when and how these procedures are performed in today’s practice.
- Revised chapters on basic interpretation make information easier to find, with in-depth discussions of the principles of image acquisition and interpretation, radiography, radiation safety, and basic coverage of normal variants.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Half title page | i | ||
| Evolve page | ii | ||
| Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology | iii | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Acknowledgments | x | ||
| Table of Contents | xi | ||
| I Physics and Principles of Interpretation | 1 | ||
| • 1 Radiation Protection and Physics of Diagnostic Radiology | 2 | ||
| Basic Properties of X-Rays | 2 | ||
| Radiation Protection | 3 | ||
| Radiation Units | 3 | ||
| Exposure | 4 | ||
| Absorbed Dose | 4 | ||
| Dose Equivalent | 4 | ||
| Radiation Safety | 4 | ||
| Practical Considerations | 6 | ||
| Distance | 6 | ||
| Time | 6 | ||
| Shielding | 6 | ||
| Radiation Supervisor | 8 | ||
| Personnel Monitoring | 8 | ||
| Basic Radiation Safety Rules for Diagnostic Radiology | 8 | ||
| Production of X-Rays | 9 | ||
| Interaction of Radiation with Matter | 12 | ||
| Coherent Scattering | 13 | ||
| Photoelectric Effect | 13 | ||
| Compton Scattering | 13 | ||
| Basic Concept of Making a Radiograph | 14 | ||
| Film Blackness and Opacity | 14 | ||
| Factors Affecting Image Detail | 16 | ||
| Motion | 16 | ||
| Focal Spot Size | 16 | ||
| Intensifying Screens | 16 | ||
| Grids | 17 | ||
| Distortion | 18 | ||
| Factors Affecting Contrast | 19 | ||
| Radiographic Technique | 19 | ||
| Film Fogging | 20 | ||
| Film Processing | 20 | ||
| References | 21 | ||
| • 2 Digital Radiographic Imaging | 22 | ||
| What Is Digital Radiographic Imaging? | 22 | ||
| The Digital Image File | 22 | ||
| The Components of a Digital Image | 23 | ||
| Digital Radiography Acquisition Hardware | 23 | ||
| Computed Radiography | 24 | ||
| Direct Digital Radiography | 25 | ||
| Indirect Flat-Panel Detectors | 25 | ||
| Direct Flat-Panel Detectors | 26 | ||
| Charged-Coupled Device | 26 | ||
| Image Processing and Viewing | 27 | ||
| Digital Imaging in the Context of the Medical Practice | 28 | ||
| Digital Versus Analog Imaging | 29 | ||
| Reduced Expendable Supply Cost and Elimination of Darkroom | 29 | ||
| Contrast Optimization and Exposure Latitude | 29 | ||
| Contrast Optimization | 31 | ||
| Exposure Latitude | 32 | ||
| Image Postprocessing | 35 | ||
| Consolidated Image Storage | 35 | ||
| Enhanced Portability for Consultation | 35 | ||
| Enhanced Professionalism in Eye of Consumer | 36 | ||
| Artifacts | 37 | ||
| References | 37 | ||
| • 3 Physics of Ultrasound Imaging | 38 | ||
| Physical Principles of Ultrasound Waves | 38 | ||
| Ultrasound Wave Interaction with Matter | 38 | ||
| Transducers | 40 | ||
| Display | 42 | ||
| Basic Scanner Controls | 42 | ||
| Principles of Interpretation | 42 | ||
| Artifacts | 43 | ||
| Doppler Techniques | 46 | ||
| Doppler Modes | 47 | ||
| Doppler Artifacts | 49 | ||
| References | 49 | ||
| • 4 Principles of Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 50 | ||
| The Role of Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Veterinary Practice | 50 | ||
| Image Formation: General Concepts | 50 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 53 | ||
| Computed Tomography System Geometry | 55 | ||
| Image Formation | 57 | ||
| Image Display | 57 | ||
| Contrast-Enhanced Procedures | 59 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 61 | ||
| Instrumentation | 61 | ||
| Main Magnetic Field and Radiofrequency Energy | 61 | ||
| Spins, Excitation, and Relaxation | 61 | ||
| Spin Echo Sequences | 63 | ||
| Tissue Contrast | 64 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Signal Localization | 65 | ||
| Selection of Spin Echo Sequences | 65 | ||
| Gradient Recalled Sequences | 67 | ||
| Contrast Media | 67 | ||
| Other Magnetic Resonance Sequences | 69 | ||
| Image Quality and Imaging Time | 71 | ||
| Artifacts | 71 | ||
| Impact of Magnetic Field Strength | 72 | ||
| References | 73 | ||
| • 5 Introduction to Radiographic Interpretation | 74 | ||
| Image Formation and Differential Absorption | 74 | ||
| Radiographic Opacities | 74 | ||
| Radiographic Geometry and Thinking in Three Dimensions | 75 | ||
| Magnification and Distortion | 75 | ||
| Unfamiliar Image | 77 | ||
| Loss of Depth Perception | 77 | ||
| Superimposition | 77 | ||
| Border Effacement (Silhouette Sign) | 79 | ||
| Role of Perception in Interpretation | 80 | ||
| Naming Radiographic Projections | 81 | ||
| Viewing Radiographs | 81 | ||
| Radiographic Interpretation | 83 | ||
| References | 86 | ||
| II The Axial Skeleton: Canine, Feline, and Equine | 87 | ||
| • 6 Radiographic Anatomy of the Axial Skeleton | 88 | ||
| References | 100 | ||
| • 7 Principles of Radiographic Interpretation of the Axial Skeleton | 101 | ||
| Skull | 101 | ||
| Positioning: Dog and Cat | 101 | ||
| Positioning: Horse | 101 | ||
| Radiographic Technique: Dog and Cat | 104 | ||
| Radiographic Technique: Horse | 106 | ||
| Ancillary Factors | 106 | ||
| Interpretation Paradigm | 106 | ||
| Spine | 107 | ||
| Positioning: Dog and Cat | 107 | ||
| Positioning: Horse | 110 | ||
| Radiographic Technique: Dog and Cat | 111 | ||
| Radiographic Technique: Horse | 111 | ||
| Incidental Factors | 112 | ||
| Interpretation Paradigm | 112 | ||
| References | 113 | ||
| • 8 The Cranial and Nasal Cavities: | 114 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 114 | ||
| Calvaria and Associated Structures | 114 | ||
| Nasal Passages and Paranasal Sinuses | 114 | ||
| Tympanic Bullae and Temporomandibular Joint | 114 | ||
| Teeth | 114 | ||
| Cross-Sectional Imaging | 114 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 114 | ||
| Hydrocephalus | 114 | ||
| Occipital Dysplasia | 115 | ||
| Occipital Bone Malformation and Syringomyelia (Chiari-Like Malformation) | 116 | ||
| Temporomandibular Joint Dysplasia | 116 | ||
| Mucopolysaccharidosis | 116 | ||
| Metabolic Anomalies | 116 | ||
| Neoplastic Abnormalities | 117 | ||
| Nasal Tumors | 117 | ||
| Mandibular and Maxillary Tumors | 119 | ||
| Multilobular Osteochondrosarcoma | 121 | ||
| Other Tumors of the Cranium | 121 | ||
| Infectious Disorders | 121 | ||
| Nasal Aspergillosis | 121 | ||
| Nasal Rhinitis and Foreign Bodies | 122 | ||
| Otitis | 123 | ||
| Periapical (Tooth Root) Abscess | 126 | ||
| Traumatic Injuries | 127 | ||
| Miscellaneous Diseases | 127 | ||
| Craniomandibular Osteopathy | 127 | ||
| Calvarial Hyperostosis | 129 | ||
| Periodontal Disease | 129 | ||
| References | 129 | ||
| • 9 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features of Brain Disease in Small Animals | 135 | ||
| Basic Magnetic Resonance Examination of the Brain | 135 | ||
| Rationale for Sequence Selection | 135 | ||
| Putting It All Together | 136 | ||
| Secondary Effects of Focal Intracranial Disease | 138 | ||
| Know Normal Anatomy | 138 | ||
| Common Intracranial Conditions in Small Animals and Their Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characteristics | 138 | ||
| Developmental Conditions of the Brain: Hydrocephalus | 138 | ||
| Inflammatory Conditions of the Brain | 139 | ||
| Brain Neoplasia | 141 | ||
| Extraaxial Tumors | 141 | ||
| Choroid Plexus Tumors and Ependymomas | 143 | ||
| Pituitary Tumors | 143 | ||
| Intraaxial Tumors: Glioma | 143 | ||
| Invasive Extracranial Tumors | 145 | ||
| Nasal Tumors | 145 | ||
| Cranial Nerve Tumors | 145 | ||
| Other Primary Tumors and Metastatic Tumors | 146 | ||
| Vascular Disruptions | 147 | ||
| Occlusive Brain Infarction | 147 | ||
| Hemorrhagic Infarction | 149 | ||
| References | 151 | ||
| • 10 The Equine Head | 153 | ||
| Radiography Versus Other Imaging Modalities | 153 | ||
| Abnormalities of the Equine Head | 155 | ||
| Rostral Head (Incisive Region and Rostral Mandible) | 156 | ||
| Mandible | 156 | ||
| Nasal Cavity, Paranasal Sinuses | 158 | ||
| Skull and Hyoid Apparatus | 162 | ||
| Brain | 165 | ||
| Guttural Pouch and Larynx | 166 | ||
| References | 170 | ||
| • 11 The Canine and Feline Vertebrae | 172 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations | 172 | ||
| Anomalies of the Vertebral Column | 175 | ||
| Block Vertebrae | 175 | ||
| Hemivertebrae | 175 | ||
| Transitional Vertebrae | 175 | ||
| Spina Bifida | 177 | ||
| Atlantoaxial Subluxation | 177 | ||
| Cervical Spondylomyelopathy | 178 | ||
| Fracture and Luxation | 179 | ||
| Intervertebral Disc Disease | 182 | ||
| Inflammatory Conditions | 185 | ||
| Spondylitis, Vertebral Osteomyelitis, and Vertebral Physitis | 185 | ||
| Discospondylitis | 185 | ||
| Degenerative Conditions | 186 | ||
| Spondylosis Deformans | 186 | ||
| Osteoarthritis of the Dorsal Intervertebral Articular Process Joints | 187 | ||
| Caudal Equina Syndrome | 187 | ||
| Neoplasia | 188 | ||
| Metabolic and Unclassified Conditions | 190 | ||
| Disseminated Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis | 190 | ||
| Mucopolysaccharidosis | 190 | ||
| Osteopenia | 191 | ||
| References | 191 | ||
| • 12 Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography Features of Canine and Feline Spinal Cord Disease | 194 | ||
| Normal Appearance of the Spine on Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 194 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 194 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 194 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 195 | ||
| Intervertebral Disc Disease | 196 | ||
| The Normal Intervertebral Disc | 196 | ||
| Classification of Intervertebral Disc Disease | 196 | ||
| Computed Tomography of Intervertebral Disc Disease | 198 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Intervertebral Disc Disease | 200 | ||
| Regional Characteristics of Intervertebral Disc Disease | 200 | ||
| Cervical IVDD | 200 | ||
| Thoracolumbar IVDD | 200 | ||
| Sacrococcygeal Disc Herniation | 202 | ||
| Lumbosacral Stenosis | 202 | ||
| Acute Noncompressive Intervertebral Disc Extrusion | 203 | ||
| Cervical Spondylomyelopathy | 204 | ||
| Computed Tomography of Cervical Spondylomyelopathy | 205 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cervical Spondylomyelopathy | 205 | ||
| Cystic Changes of the Spine | 207 | ||
| Spinal Arachnoid Diverticula | 207 | ||
| Epidermoid and Dermoid Cysts | 208 | ||
| Articular Process Cysts | 208 | ||
| Discal Cysts | 208 | ||
| Spinal Tumors | 208 | ||
| Extradural Tumors | 208 | ||
| Intradural-Extramedullary Tumors | 210 | ||
| Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors | 210 | ||
| Meningioma | 211 | ||
| Nephroblastoma | 212 | ||
| Intramedullary Tumors | 213 | ||
| Myelomalacia | 213 | ||
| Ischemic Myelopathy | 213 | ||
| Spinal Trauma | 214 | ||
| Inflammatory/Infectious Conditions | 215 | ||
| Discospondylitis | 215 | ||
| Spinal Epidural Empyema | 215 | ||
| Meningomyelitis | 215 | ||
| Vertebral Anomalies | 217 | ||
| Syringomyelia | 218 | ||
| References | 218 | ||
| III The Appendicular Skeleton: Canine, Feline, and Equine | 223 | ||
| • 13 Radiographic Anatomy of the Appendicular Skeleton | 224 | ||
| References | 251 | ||
| • 14 Principles of Radiographic Interpretation of the Appendicular Skeleton | 252 | ||
| Positioning: Dog and Cat | 252 | ||
| Positioning: Horse | 252 | ||
| Oblique Projections | 253 | ||
| Aggressive Versus Nonaggressive Bone Lesions | 258 | ||
| Destruction of the Cortex | 258 | ||
| Periosteal Reaction | 261 | ||
| Transition Zone | 263 | ||
| Consequences of an Aggressive Lesion | 264 | ||
| Incidental Factors | 264 | ||
| Interpretation Paradigm | 264 | ||
| References | 266 | ||
| • 15 Orthopedic Diseases of Young and Growing Dogs and Cats | 267 | ||
| Disorders Primarily Affecting Joints | 267 | ||
| Osteochondrosis and Osteochondritis Dissecans | 267 | ||
| Radiographic Signs | 267 | ||
| Elbow Dysplasia | 268 | ||
| Ununited Anconeal Process | 268 | ||
| Radiographic Signs | 268 | ||
| Fragmented Medial Coronoid Process | 268 | ||
| Radiographic Signs | 269 | ||
| Aseptic Necrosis of the Femoral Head (Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease) | 269 | ||
| IV The Thoracic Cavity: Canine, Feline, and Equine | 473 | ||
| • 25 Principles of Radiographic Interpretation of the Thorax | 474 | ||
| Nomenclature | 474 | ||
| Positioning: Dog and Cat | 474 | ||
| Lateral Views | 474 | ||
| Atelectasis | 474 | ||
| Cranial Lobe Vessels | 475 | ||
| Diaphragm | 475 | ||
| Heart | 478 | ||
| Ventrodorsal/Dorsoventral View | 478 | ||
| Atelectasis | 478 | ||
| Caudal Lobe Vessels | 478 | ||
| Cardiac Silhouette | 478 | ||
| Accessory Lung Lobe | 478 | ||
| Dorsoventral, Ventrodorsal, or Both? | 482 | ||
| Positioning: Horse | 482 | ||
| Radiographic Technique: Dog and Cat | 483 | ||
| Radiographic Technique: Horse | 484 | ||
| Ancillary Factors | 484 | ||
| Body Habitus | 484 | ||
| Cutaneous Lesions | 484 | ||
| Interpretation Paradigm | 486 | ||
| References | 488 | ||
| • 26 The Pharynx, Larynx, and Trachea | 489 | ||
| Anatomic Considerations: Normal Anatomy and Radiographic Technique | 489 | ||
| Radiographic Signs of Disease | 491 | ||
| Pharyngolarynx | 491 | ||
| Masses | 491 | ||
| Trauma and Foreign Body | 492 | ||
| Brachycephalic Syndrome | 493 | ||
| Epiglottic Retroversion | 493 | ||
| Nasopharyngeal Stenosis | 493 | ||
| Pharyngitis and Laryngitis | 494 | ||
| Trachea | 494 | ||
| Masses | 494 | ||
| Foreign Bodies | 494 | ||
| Rupture/Avulsion and Stenosis | 495 | ||
| Hypoplasia | 495 | ||
| Tracheitis | 496 | ||
| Tracheal Collapse | 496 | ||
| Upper Airway Obstruction | 497 | ||
| Ultrasound | 497 | ||
| Laryngeal Paralysis | 497 | ||
| Masses and Foreign Bodies | 497 | ||
| Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 497 | ||
| Masses | 497 | ||
| Trauma and Foreign Body | 497 | ||
| References | 498 | ||
| • 27 The Canine and Feline Esophagus | 500 | ||
| Relative Value of Radiography, Contrast Esophagraphy, Fluoroscopy, and Alternative Imaging Procedures | 500 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiologic Considerations | 500 | ||
| Normal Radiographic Appearance | 502 | ||
| Survey Radiographic Abnormalities | 502 | ||
| Contrast Esophagraphy Techniques | 504 | ||
| Dysphagia | 504 | ||
| Esophageal Dilatation | 510 | ||
| Megaesophagus | 510 | ||
| Hiatal Diseases | 510 | ||
| Redundant Esophagus | 511 | ||
| Foreign Bodies | 511 | ||
| Vascular Ring Anomalies | 513 | ||
| Inflammatory Diseases | 514 | ||
| Esophagitis | 514 | ||
| Strictures | 515 | ||
| Diverticula, Perforation, and Fistula Formation | 517 | ||
| Esophageal Varices | 520 | ||
| Reference List | 520 | ||
| • 28 The Thoracic Wall | 522 | ||
| Normal Radiographic Appearance | 522 | ||
| Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities | 523 | ||
| Thoracic Wall Trauma | 523 | ||
| Rib Tumors and Infection | 527 | ||
| Sternebral Tumors and Infection | 530 | ||
| Soft Tissue Tumors and Infection | 530 | ||
| Alternate Imaging of the Thoracic Wall | 530 | ||
| Ultrasound | 530 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 530 | ||
| References | 534 | ||
| • 29 The Diaphragm | 535 | ||
| Normal Radiographic Anatomy | 535 | ||
| Radiographic Signs of Diaphragmatic Disease | 537 | ||
| Diaphragmatic Diseases | 538 | ||
| Diaphragmatic Hernias | 538 | ||
| Traumatic Diaphragmatic Hernias | 540 | ||
| Congenitally Predisposed Diaphragmatic Hernias | 541 | ||
| Peritoneopericardial Diaphragmatic Hernias | 541 | ||
| Hiatal Hernias | 543 | ||
| Gastroesophageal Intussusception | 544 | ||
| Peritoneopleural Hernias | 545 | ||
| Motor Disturbances of the Diaphragm | 545 | ||
| Muscular Dystrophy | 546 | ||
| References | 548 | ||
| • 30 The Mediastinum | 550 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 550 | ||
| Pathologic Mediastinal Conditions | 552 | ||
| Mediastinal Shift | 552 | ||
| Mediastinal Masses | 554 | ||
| Cranioventral Mediastinal Masses | 554 | ||
| Dorsal Mediastinal Masses | 557 | ||
| Hilar-Region Mediastinal Masses | 557 | ||
| Caudoventral Mediastinal Masses | 562 | ||
| Some Facts About Mediastinal Lymph Nodes | 564 | ||
| Distinguishing a Mediastinal Mass from a Lung Mass | 565 | ||
| Confounding Effects of Pleural Fluid | 565 | ||
| Pneumomediastinum | 567 | ||
| References | 570 | ||
| • 31 The Pleural Space | 571 | ||
| Pleural Anatomy | 571 | ||
| Normal Radiographic Appearance of Pleura and Pleural Thickening | 571 | ||
| Pleural Fluid | 571 | ||
| Interlobar Fissures, Retraction of Lung Margins, and Retrosternal Opacification | 573 | ||
| Asymmetric Distribution of Pleural Fluid | 573 | ||
| Horizontal-Beam Radiography | 573 | ||
| Pitfalls in Pleural Fluid Diagnosis | 573 | ||
| Significance of Pleural Fluid | 574 | ||
| Simultaneous Pleural and Peritoneal Fluid | 578 | ||
| Pneumothorax | 579 | ||
| Lung Retraction from Pneumothorax | 579 | ||
| “Elevation” of the Heart from the Sternum | 581 | ||
| Some Facts about Pneumothorax | 582 | ||
| Tension Pneumothorax | 582 | ||
| Pitfalls in Pneumothorax Diagnosis | 582 | ||
| References | 584 | ||
| • 32 The Heart and Pulmonary Vessels | 585 | ||
| Radiographic Signs | 585 | ||
| Radiographic Signs of Specific Cardiac Chamber Enlargement | 585 | ||
| Left Atrium | 585 | ||
| Left Ventricle | 588 | ||
| Right Atrium | 588 | ||
| Right Ventricle | 589 | ||
| Generalized Cardiomegaly | 589 | ||
| Radiographic Signs of Major Vessel Enlargement | 589 | ||
| Caudal Vena Cava | 589 | ||
| Aorta | 591 | ||
| Main Pulmonary Artery | 592 | ||
| Radiographic Signs of Pulmonary Vascular Changes | 592 | ||
| Congestive Heart Failure | 596 | ||
| Acquired Cardiovascular Lesions | 596 | ||
| Mitral Insufficiency | 597 | ||
| Heartworm Infection | 599 | ||
| Cardiomyopathy | 600 | ||
| Pericardial Effusion | 602 | ||
| Congenital Cardiovascular Lesions | 603 | ||
| Patent Ductus Arteriosus | 603 | ||
| Pulmonic Stenosis | 603 | ||
| Aortic Stenosis | 604 | ||
| Ventricular Septal Defect | 604 | ||
| Tricuspid Dysplasia | 605 | ||
| Reduction in Heart Size | 605 | ||
| References | 606 | ||
| • 33 The Canine and Feline Lung | 608 | ||
| Pulmonary Anatomy | 608 | ||
| Radiographic Appearance of Normal Lung | 608 | ||
| Paradigms for Assessing Pulmonary Disease | 609 | ||
| Pattern Recognition Paradigm | 609 | ||
| Alveolar Pattern | 610 | ||
| Bronchial Pattern | 615 | ||
| Interstitial Pattern | 619 | ||
| Structured Interstitial Pattern. | 619 | ||
| Unstructured Interstitial Pattern. | 623 | ||
| Airway Versus Nonairway Paradigm | 626 | ||
| Specific Pulmonary Conditions | 626 | ||
| Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema | 627 | ||
| Lung Lobe Torsion | 629 | ||
| References | 631 | ||
| • 34 The Equine Thorax | 632 | ||
| Radiographic Technique | 632 | ||
| Normal Anatomy | 632 | ||
| Craniodorsal Projection | 632 | ||
| Caudodorsal Projection | 632 | ||
| Caudoventral Projection | 633 | ||
| Cranioventral Projection | 633 | ||
| Foals | 634 | ||
| Adults | 634 | ||
| Heart | 635 | ||
| Alternative Imaging Modalities | 635 | ||
| Pulmonary Disease | 636 | ||
| Pneumonia | 636 | ||
| Pulmonary Abscess | 638 | ||
| Pulmonary Disease in Foals | 639 | ||
| Inflammatory Airway Disease and Recurrent Airway Obstruction | 641 | ||
| Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage | 641 | ||
| Pulmonary Contusions | 642 | ||
| Pulmonary Edema | 642 | ||
| Neoplasia | 642 | ||
| Alterations in Pulmonary Vasculature | 642 | ||
| Pleural Disease | 642 | ||
| Pleural Fluid | 642 | ||
| Pneumothorax | 643 | ||
| Diaphragmatic Hernia | 644 | ||
| Mediastinal Disease | 644 | ||
| Lymphadenopathy | 644 | ||
| Pneumomediastinum | 644 | ||
| Tracheal Disease | 645 | ||
| Esophageal Disease | 645 | ||
| Cardiac Disease | 645 | ||
| References | 646 | ||
| V The Abdominal Cavity: Canine and Feline | 649 | ||
| • 35 Principles of Radiographic Interpretation of the Abdomen | 650 | ||
| Nomenclature | 650 | ||
| Preparation | 650 | ||
| Positioning—Dog and Cat | 650 | ||
| Lateral View | 651 | ||
| Ventrodorsal and Dorsoventral Views | 652 | ||
| Positioning—Horse | 652 | ||
| Radiographic Technique—Dog and Cat | 654 | ||
| Radiographic Technique—Horse | 655 | ||
| Ancillary Factors | 656 | ||
| Body Habitus | 656 | ||
| Cutaneous Lesions and Structures | 657 | ||
| Interpretation Paradigm | 658 | ||
| References | 658 | ||
| • 36 The Peritoneal Space | 659 | ||
| Peritoneal Space | 660 | ||
| Loss of Contrast Caused by Increased Fluid Opacity | 660 | ||
| Increased Contrast Caused by Increased Gas Opacity | 662 | ||
| Intraabdominal Mineral Opacity | 663 | ||
| Abdominal Wall Abnormalities | 664 | ||
| Sonography of the Peritoneal Space | 664 | ||
| Abdominal Lymph Nodes | 665 | ||
| Abnormalities of Lymph Nodes | 665 | ||
| Sonography of Parietal and Visceral Lymph Nodes | 666 | ||
| Pancreas | 667 | ||
| Abnormalities of the Pancreas | 667 | ||
| Sonography of the Pancreas | 667 | ||
| Adrenal Glands | 671 | ||
| Abnormalities of the Adrenal Glands | 671 | ||
| Sonography of Adrenal Glands | 673 | ||
| References | 675 | ||
| • 37 The Liver and Spleen | 679 | ||
| Radiology of the Liver | 679 | ||
| Hepatomegaly | 681 | ||
| Hepatic Opacity | 684 | ||
| Special Radiographic Procedures of the Liver | 685 | ||
| Hepatic Ultrasound | 685 | ||
| Abnormal Sonographic Appearance of the Liver | 688 | ||
| Disease of the Biliary System | 691 | ||
| Vascular Disease | 693 | ||
| Radiology of the Spleen | 694 | ||
| Splenic Size | 695 | ||
| Ultrasound of the Spleen | 697 | ||
| Abnormal Splenic Sonographic Findings | 698 | ||
| Diffuse Disease | 698 | ||
| References | 701 | ||
| • 38 The Kidneys and Ureters | 705 | ||
| Normal Anatomy and Imaging Procedures | 705 | ||
| Radiography | 705 | ||
| Indications | 705 | ||
| Technique | 705 | ||
| Normal Imaging Findings | 705 | ||
| Excretory Urography | 706 | ||
| Indications | 706 | ||
| Technique | 706 | ||
| Normal Imaging Findings | 706 | ||
| Antegrade Ultrasound-Guided Pyelography | 708 | ||
| Index | 825 | ||
| A | 825 | ||
| B | 826 | ||
| C | 827 | ||
| D | 829 | ||
| E | 831 | ||
| F | 832 | ||
| G | 833 | ||
| H | 833 | ||
| I | 834 | ||
| J | 835 | ||
| K | 835 | ||
| L | 835 | ||
| M | 837 | ||
| N | 838 | ||
| O | 839 | ||
| P | 839 | ||
| Q | 841 | ||
| R | 841 | ||
| S | 842 | ||
| T | 844 | ||
| U | 846 | ||
| V | 846 | ||
| W | 847 | ||
| X | 847 | ||
| Y | 847 | ||
| Inside back cover | ibc1 | ||
| Endsheet 2 | Endsheet2 | ||
| Endsheet 3 | Endsheet3 | ||
| Endsheet 6 | Endsheet6 | ||
| Endsheet 7 | Endsheet7 |