BOOK
Miller's Anesthesia E-Book
Ronald D. Miller | Lars I. Eriksson | Lee A Fleisher | Jeanine P. Wiener-Kronish | Neal H Cohen | William L. Young
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
From fundamental principles to advanced subspecialty procedures, Miller’s Anesthesia covers the full scope of contemporary anesthesia practice. This go-to medical reference book offers masterful guidance on the technical, scientific, and clinical challenges you face each day, in addition to providing the most up-to-date information available for effective board preparation.
- Consult this title on your favorite e-reader , conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability.
- Address the unique needs of pediatric patients with guidance from an entire section on pediatric anesthesia.
- View more than 1,500 full-color illustrations for enhanced visual clarity.
- Access step-by-step instructions for patient management, as well as an in-depth analysis of ancillary responsibilities and problems.
- Quickly reference important concepts with ‘Key Points’ boxes integrated into every chapter.
- Stay current on today's most recent anesthetic drugs and guidelines/protocols for anesthetic practice and patient safety, and access expanded coverage on new techniques such as TEE and other monitoring procedures.
- Take advantage of the unique, international perspectives of prominent anesthesiologists from all over the world, including the UK, Australia, India, Brazil, and Germany.
- Remain at the forefront of new developments in anesthesia with coverage of hot topics including Non-OR Anesthesia; Role of the Anesthesiologist in Disasters; Sleep Medicine in Anesthesia; Perioperative and Anesthesia-related Neurotoxicity; Anesthetic Implications of Complementary and Alternative Medicine; and Robotics.
- Study brand-new chapters on Perioperative Fluid Management; Extracorporeal Support Therapies; Anesthesia for Organ Donation/Procurement; and Malignant Hyperthermia and other Genetic Disorders.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front\rCover | Cover | ||
| IFC | IFC | ||
| Miller’s Anesthesia | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vi | ||
| Preface | xxi | ||
| Remembrance | xxiii | ||
| Contents | xxv | ||
| Video Contents | xxx | ||
| PART\rI - Introduction | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1 - Scope of Modern Anesthetic Practice | 2 | ||
| SCOPE OF ANESTHESIA AND PERIOPERATIVE CARE IN HEALTH CARE AND FORCES THAT WILL CHANGE PRACTICES (FIG. 1-1) | 3 | ||
| PROCESS ASSESSMENT AND QUALITY METRICS | 6 | ||
| CHANGES IN PERSONNEL | 7 | ||
| RESEARCH | 7 | ||
| References | 8 | ||
| References | 9.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r2 - International Scope, Practice, and Legal Aspects of Anesthesia | 10 | ||
| EARLY HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL ANESTHESIA | 12 | ||
| THE CROSS-POLLINATION PERIOD: 1920-1980 | 16 | ||
| THE MODERN PERIOD: THE ESSENTIALS OF MODERN ANESTHESIA AROUND THE WORLD | 21 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 46 | ||
| References | 46 | ||
| References | 47.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r3 - Perioperative Management | 48 | ||
| PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 50 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 54 | ||
| References | 55 | ||
| References | 55.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r4 - Operating Room Management | 56 | ||
| HISTORY | 56 | ||
| STRUCTURE FOR OPERATING ROOM MANAGEMENT | 57 | ||
| OPERATING ROOM FUNCTION GOALS | 59 | ||
| DAILY SCHEDULE MANAGEMENT | 65 | ||
| ANESTHESIA SERVICE | 67 | ||
| OPERATING ROOM QUALITY AND PATIENT SAFETY (ALSO SEE CHAPTERS 6 AND 7) | 68 | ||
| COST ACCOUNTING IN THE OPERATING ROOM | 69 | ||
| SUMMARY | 70 | ||
| References | 71 | ||
| References | 72.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r5 - Medical Informatics | 73 | ||
| COMPUTER HARDWARE | 74 | ||
| COMPUTER SOFTWARE | 76 | ||
| COMPUTERS AND COMPUTING IN MEDICINE | 80 | ||
| References | 85 | ||
| References | 86.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r6 - Quality Improvement and Patient Safety | 87 | ||
| WHAT IS QUALITY? | 88 | ||
| METHODS OF QUALITY ASSESSMENT | 89 | ||
| QUALITY IMPROVEMENT MEASURES AND TOOLS | 92 | ||
| SOURCES OF QUALITY IMPROVEMENT INFORMATION | 96 | ||
| EXAMPLES OF QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS | 101 | ||
| THE FUTURE: RESEARCH, EDUCATION AND ETHICS | 103 | ||
| SUMMARY | 104 | ||
| References | 104 | ||
| Reference | 105.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r7 - Human Performance and Patient Safety | 106 | ||
| IMPACT OF HUMAN PERFORMANCE ON PATIENT SAFETY | 106 | ||
| NATURE OF THE OPERATIONAL DOMAIN OF ANESTHESIOLOGY | 107 | ||
| SAFETY CULTURE OF THE OPERATING ROOM AND INTENSIVE CARE ENVIRONMENT | 108 | ||
| CHARACTERISTICS OF SUCCESSFUL INCIDENT REPORTING SYSTEMS | 115 | ||
| HUMAN FACTORS | 119 | ||
| HOW CAN CRISIS RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SKILLS BE LEARNED AND TRAINED? | 124 | ||
| THE STUDY OF HUMAN PERFORMANCE | 137 | ||
| COGNITIVE PROCESS MODEL OF THE ANESTHESIA PROFESSIONAL | 138 | ||
| THE ANESTHESIA PROFESSIONAL’S TASKS | 144 | ||
| OTHER STUDIES OF “VIGILANCE” AND DECISION MAKING BY ANESTHESIA PROFESSIONALS | 155 | ||
| References | 160 | ||
| References | 166.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r8 - Patient Simulation | 167 | ||
| SIMULATION IN AVIATION | 168 | ||
| USES OF SIMULATORS | 168 | ||
| TWELVE DIMENSIONS OF SIMULATION | 168 | ||
| CONCEPTUAL ISSUES ABOUT PATIENT SIMULATION | 172 | ||
| SITE OF SIMULATION | 175 | ||
| TEAM TRAINING, SINGLE DISCIPLINE, AND CREWS | 178 | ||
| DEBRIEFING FOR SIMULATION TRAINING | 178 | ||
| SCENARIO DESIGN | 181 | ||
| INSTRUCTOR QUALIFICATION | 181 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF PATIENT SIMULATORS | 184 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF PATIENT SIMULATORS | 188 | ||
| SCREEN-BASED SIMULATORS (MICROSIMULATORS) | 188 | ||
| EXPERIENCE WITH PATIENT SIMULATORS IN ANESTHESIA | 188 | ||
| USE OF PATIENT SIMULATION FOR TRAINING HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL OUTSIDE ANESTHESIA | 193 | ||
| USE OF PATIENT SIMULATION FOR RESEARCH | 194 | ||
| USE OF PATIENT SIMULATION IN SUPPORT OF BIOMEDICAL INDUSTRIES | 196 | ||
| OTHER USES OF SIMULATORS | 196 | ||
| EFFECTIVENESS OF SIMULATION TRAINING | 196 | ||
| ECOLOGIC VALIDITY OF SIMULATORS COMPARED WITH THE OPERATING ROOM | 198 | ||
| EVALUATION OF CLINICAL PERFORMANCE DURING SIMULATION SCENARIOS | 198 | ||
| PITFALLS OF PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT | 199 | ||
| USE OF SIMULATORS FOR THE EVALUATION AND TESTING OF ANESTHESIA PROFESSIONALS | 200 | ||
| COSTS | 203 | ||
| PROLIFERATION OF SIMULATION CENTERS | 203 | ||
| SIMULATION SOCIETIES: SOCIETY FOR SIMULATION IN HEALTH CARE AND SOCIETY IN EUROPE FOR SIMULATION APPLIED TO MEDICINE | 205 | ||
| FUTURE OF PATIENT SIMULATION IN ANESTHESIA | 205 | ||
| References | 206 | ||
| References | 209.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r9 - Teaching Anesthesia | 210 | ||
| BACKGROUND AND HISTORY OF ANESTHESIA EDUCATION (ALSO SEE CHAPTER 1) | 211 | ||
| ANESTHESIA LEARNERS | 213 | ||
| RESIDENT AND FELLOW EDUCATION | 215 | ||
| ANESTHESIA TEACHING METHODS | 223 | ||
| THE FUTURE OF ANESTHESIA EDUCATION | 227 | ||
| References | 228 | ||
| References | 231.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r10 - Ethical Aspects of Anesthesia Care | 232 | ||
| ETHICAL THEORY | 235 | ||
| CLINICAL ETHICS | 236 | ||
| RESEARCH ETHICS | 246 | ||
| PHYSICIAN PARTICIPATION IN EXECUTIONS | 248 | ||
| MORAL INTEGRITY—CAN THE PHYSICIAN BE A CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTOR IN MEDICINE? | 248 | ||
| SUMMARY | 249 | ||
| References | 249 | ||
| References | 250.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r11 - Legal Aspects of Anesthesia Care in America | 251 | ||
| PROFESSIONAL LIABILITY | 252 | ||
| LEGAL ASPECTS OF INFORMED CONSENT | 257 | ||
| LEGAL ASPECTS OF END-OF-LIFE CARE | 260 | ||
| OTHER LEGAL ASPECTS OF ANESTHESIOLOGY | 263 | ||
| References | 266 | ||
| References | 267.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r12 - Anesthesia Business Models | 268 | ||
| PRACTICE MODELS | 269 | ||
| STAFFING MODELS | 271 | ||
| ESSENTIAL BUSINESS PRACTICES | 274 | ||
| References | 278 | ||
| References | 280.e1 | ||
| PART\rII - Anesthetic Physiology | 281 | ||
| Chapter\r13 - Consciousness, Memory, and Anesthesia | 282 | ||
| SCIENTIFIC AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE | 282 | ||
| CONSCIOUSNESS | 282 | ||
| MEMORY | 289 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 300 | ||
| References | 300 | ||
| References | 302.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r14 - Sleep Medicine | 303 | ||
| DEFINITION OF SLEEP | 303 | ||
| HOW TO ASSESS SLEEP | 304 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY | 308 | ||
| SLEEP AND BREATHING | 312 | ||
| SLEEP AND ANESTHESIA: TWO UNEQUAL TWINS INFLUENCING PERIOPERATIVE MEDICINE | 319 | ||
| References | 326 | ||
| References | 328.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r15 - Perioperative and Anesthesia Neurotoxicity | 329 | ||
| DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY | 329 | ||
| NEUROTOXICITY IN THE ELDERLY | 337 | ||
| SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS | 343 | ||
| References | 344 | ||
| References | 345.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r16 - The Autonomic Nervous System | 346 | ||
| HISTORY AND DEFINITIONS | 346 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY | 347 | ||
| FUNCTION | 351 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGY | 355 | ||
| DRUGS AND THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM | 365 | ||
| AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION | 379 | ||
| NEW CONCEPTS IN AUTONOMIC ACTIVITY | 383 | ||
| References | 383 | ||
| References | 386.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r17 - Cerebral Physiology and the Effects of Anesthetic Drugs | 387 | ||
| ANATOMY OF THE CEREBRAL CIRCULATION | 388 | ||
| EFFECTS OF ANESTHETICS ON CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND CEREBRAL METABOLIC RATE | 396 | ||
| OTHER EFFECTS OF ANESTHETICS ON CEREBRAL PHYSIOLOGY | 408 | ||
| CEREBRAL PHYSIOLOGY IN PATHOLOGIC STATES | 410 | ||
| References | 419 | ||
| References | 422.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r18 - Neuromuscular Physiology and Pharmacology | 423 | ||
| NEUROMUSCULAR TRANSMISSION | 425 | ||
| NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION | 428 | ||
| DRUG EFFECTS ON POSTJUNCTIONAL RECEPTORS | 433 | ||
| BIOLOGY OF PREJUNCTIONAL AND POSTJUNCTIONAL NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS | 437 | ||
| NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION AT EXTREMES OF AGE | 442 | ||
| References | 443 | ||
| References | 443.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r19 - Respiratory Physiology and Pathophysiology | 444 | ||
| RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY IS CENTRAL TO THE PRACTICE OF ANESTHESIA | 444 | ||
| PULMONARY PHYSIOLOGY IN HEALTH | 444 | ||
| VENTILATION | 446 | ||
| STATIC LUNG VOLUMES—FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY | 447 | ||
| RESPIRATORY MECHANICS | 447 | ||
| DISTRIBUTION OF INSPIRED GAS | 451 | ||
| PERFUSION | 453 | ||
| CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF LUNG FUNCTION | 455 | ||
| INTRAOPERATIVE RESPIRATORY EVENTS | 456 | ||
| VENTILATION-PERFUSION MATCHING DURING ANESTHESIA | 462 | ||
| FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE RESPIRATORY FUNCTION DURING ANESTHESIA | 464 | ||
| LUNG FUNCTION AFTER CARDIAC SURGERY | 470 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE PHYSIOTHERAPY | 471 | ||
| EFFECT OF SLEEP ON RESPIRATION | 471 | ||
| References | 471 | ||
| References | 472.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r20 - Cardiac Physiology | 473 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY OF THE INTACT HEART | 473 | ||
| CELLULAR CARDIAC PHYSIOLOGY | 479 | ||
| CONTROL OF CARDIAC FUNCTION | 485 | ||
| References | 490 | ||
| References | 491.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r21 - Gastrointestinal Physiology and Pathophysiology | 492 | ||
| REGULATION OF GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTION | 493 | ||
| INTESTINAL MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY | 493 | ||
| NEUROCRINE REGULATION OF MOTILITY | 494 | ||
| TRAVEL AND MIXING OF FOOD IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT | 495 | ||
| SECRETION | 500 | ||
| DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION | 505 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL BLOOD FLOW | 509 | ||
| SPLANCHNIC BLOOD VOLUME | 511 | ||
| References | 518 | ||
| References | 519.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r22 - Hepatic Physiology and Pathophysiology | 520 | ||
| OVERVIEW | 521 | ||
| HEPATIC ANATOMY | 521 | ||
| FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER | 525 | ||
| EVALUATION OF THE LIVER | 531 | ||
| HEPATIC PATHOPHYSIOLOGY | 535 | ||
| References | 542 | ||
| References | 544.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r23 - Renal Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Pharmacology | 545 | ||
| THE GLOMERULUS (RENAL CORPUSCLE) | 547 | ||
| THE TUBULE | 550 | ||
| REGULATORY MECHANISMS IN SALT AND WATER REABSORPTION | 555 | ||
| EVALUATION OF RENAL FUNCTION | 556 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE | 558 | ||
| TUBULAR FUNCTION TESTS | 561 | ||
| RENAL HEMODYNAMICS | 564 | ||
| NEUROHORMONAL REGULATION OF RENAL FUNCTION | 566 | ||
| SYSTEMS PROMOTING VASOCONSTRICTION AND SALT RETENTION | 566 | ||
| Systems Promoting Vasodilation and Salt Excretion | 570 | ||
| PROSTAGLANDINS AND KININS | 570 | ||
| PERIOPERATIVE ISCHEMIC AND NEPHROTOXIC INJURY | 574 | ||
| ANESTHETIC DRUGS | 574 | ||
| MECHANICAL VENTILATION | 576 | ||
| INDUCED HYPOTENSION | 576 | ||
| AORTIC CROSS-CLAMPING | 576 | ||
| CARDIAC SURGERY AND CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS | 577 | ||
| NEPHROTOXIC INSULTS | 580 | ||
| SEPSIS | 582 | ||
| RENAL CROSSTALK | 585 | ||
| References | 585 | ||
| References | 588.e1 | ||
| PART III -\rAnesthetic Pharmacology | 589 | ||
| Chapter\r24 - Basic Principles of Pharmacology | 590 | ||
| PHARMACOKINETICS PRINCIPLES | 591 | ||
| PHARMACODYNAMIC PRINCIPLES | 600 | ||
| SPECIAL POPULATIONS | 605 | ||
| SUMMARY | 612 | ||
| References | 612 | ||
| References | 613.e1 | ||
| Chapter 25\r- Inhaled Anesthetics: Mechanisms of Action | 614 | ||
| HISTORY | 615 | ||
| INTEGRATED EFFECTS ON CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION | 618 | ||
| IDENTIFICATION OF MOLECULAR SITES OF ANESTHETIC ACTION | 623 | ||
| CELLULAR MECHANISMS | 629 | ||
| SIMPLE CIRCUITS AND COMPLEX NETWORKS | 631 | ||
| RESEARCH STRATEGIES FOR THE FUTURE | 633 | ||
| SUMMARY | 635 | ||
| References | 635 | ||
| References | 637.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r26 - Inhaled Anesthetic Pharmacokinetics: Uptake, Distribution, Metabolism, and Toxicity | 638 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 639 | ||
| UPTAKE AND DISTRIBUTION OF INHALED ANESTHETICS | 639 | ||
| SYNTHESIS OF THE MODEL AND INHALED ANESTHETIC INDUCTION: PK/PD | 650 | ||
| METABOLISM AND TOXICITY OF INHALED ANESTHETICS | 656 | ||
| References | 667 | ||
| References | 669.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r27 - Inhaled Anesthetics: Pulmonary Pharmacology | 670 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 671 | ||
| INHALED ANESTHETICS | 671 | ||
| CONTROL OF RESPIRATION | 687 | ||
| ACUTE LUNG INJURY | 698 | ||
| NITROUS OXIDE | 702 | ||
| XENON | 702 | ||
| SUMMARY | 702 | ||
| References | 703 | ||
| References | 705.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r28 - Inhaled Anesthetics: Cardiovascular Pharmacology | 706 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 706 | ||
| VOLATILE ANESTHETICS | 706 | ||
| NITROUS OXIDE AND CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION | 742 | ||
| XENON | 744 | ||
| SUMMARY | 748 | ||
| References | 749 | ||
| References | 751.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r29 - Inhaled Anesthetics: Delivery Systems | 752 | ||
| STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR ANESTHESIA WORKSTATIONS | 754 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE ANESTHESIA WORKSTATION | 755 | ||
| CHECKING YOUR ANESTHESIA WORKSTATION | 804 | ||
| References | 817 | ||
| References | 820.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r30 - Intravenous Anesthetics | 821 | ||
| PROPOFOL | 822 | ||
| BARBITURATES | 832 | ||
| BENZODIAZEPINES | 837 | ||
| FLUMAZENIL | 843 | ||
| PHENCYCLIDINES (KETAMINE) | 845 | ||
| ETOMIDATE | 850 | ||
| DEXMEDETOMIDINE | 854 | ||
| DROPERIDOL | 859 | ||
| SUMMARY | 860 | ||
| References | 860 | ||
| Refernces | 863.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r31 - Opioid Analgesics | 864 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGY OF OPIOIDS | 864 | ||
| NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF OPIOIDS | 873 | ||
| RESPIRATORY EFFECTS OF OPIOIDS | 877 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF OPIOIDS | 879 | ||
| ENDOCRINOLOGIC EFFECTS OF OPIOIDS | 881 | ||
| OPIOID TOLERANCE AND OPIOID-INDUCED HYPERALGESIA | 882 | ||
| RENAL AND URODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF OPIOIDS | 883 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS OF OPIOIDS | 884 | ||
| OTHER OPIOID EFFECTS | 885 | ||
| PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS OF OPIOIDS | 886 | ||
| ANESTHETIC TECHNIQUES USING OPIOIDS | 894 | ||
| OTHER OPIOID AGONISTS | 901 | ||
| AGONIST-ANTAGONIST OPIOID COMPOUNDS | 903 | ||
| OPIOID ANTAGONISTS | 906 | ||
| DRUG INTERACTONS WITH OPIOIDS | 907 | ||
| References | 910 | ||
| References | 914.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r32 - Nonopioid Pain Medications | 915 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 915 | ||
| CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS | 915 | ||
| SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS | 917 | ||
| References | 918 | ||
| References | 918.e1 | ||
| Chapter 33 - Intravenous Drug Delivery Systems | 919 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 920 | ||
| PHARMACOKINETIC CONSIDERATIONS | 921 | ||
| PHARMACODYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS | 925 | ||
| DESIGNING DOSING REGIMENS | 934 | ||
| INTRAVENOUS INFUSION DEVICES AND TECHNOLOGIES | 942 | ||
| References | 956 | ||
| References | 957.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r34 - Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs | 958 | ||
| HISTORY AND CLINICAL USE | 959 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF ACTION OF NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKERS AT THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION | 959 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGY OF SUCCINYLCHOLINE | 960 | ||
| NONDEPOLARIZING NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKERS | 965 | ||
| SPECIAL POPULATIONS | 983 | ||
| References | 992 | ||
| References | 994.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r35 - Reversal (Antagonism) of Neuromuscular Blockade | 995 | ||
| HISTORY | 996 | ||
| ANTAGONISM OF NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKADE: CURRENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES | 996 | ||
| DRUGS USED TO ANTAGONIZE (REVERSE) NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKADE | 1004 | ||
| References | 1025 | ||
| References | 1027.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r36 - Local Anesthetics | 1028 | ||
| BASIC PHARMACOLOGY | 1029 | ||
| ANATOMY OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVE | 1031 | ||
| MECHANISM OF ACTION OF LOCAL ANESTHETICS (PHARMACODYNAMICS) | 1035 | ||
| CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY | 1038 | ||
| CHOICE OF LOCAL ANESTHETIC FOR VARIOUS REGIONAL ANESTHETIC PROCEDURES | 1041 | ||
| PHARMACOKINETICS | 1046 | ||
| TOXICITY | 1047 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF PROLONGED-DURATION AND SENSORY- OR NOCICEPTIVE-SELECTIVE LOCAL ANESTHETICS | 1051 | ||
| BIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF LOCAL ANESTHETIC FAILURE: INFLAMMATION, HYPERALGESIA, TACHYPHYLAXIS, AND GENETIC VARIANTS | 1051 | ||
| References | 1052 | ||
| References | 1054.e1 | ||
| PART IV -\rAnesthesia Management | 1055 | ||
| Chapter\r37 - Risk of Anesthesia | 1056 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1056 | ||
| FRAMEWORK OF PERIOPERATIVE RISK | 1057 | ||
| ISSUES RELATED TO STUDY DESIGN | 1058 | ||
| RISKS RELATED TO PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS | 1070 | ||
| SPECIAL PATIENT GROUPS | 1073 | ||
| RISKS DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE ANESTHETIC DRUG | 1077 | ||
| RISKS RELATED TO SURGERY | 1078 | ||
| RISKS RELATED TO THE LOCATION OF SURGERY AND POSTOPERATIVE MONITORING | 1078 | ||
| RISKS RELATED TO THE ANESTHESIA PROVIDER | 1079 | ||
| RISKS TO THE ANESTHESIOLOGIST | 1080 | ||
| IMPROVING ANESTHESIA SAFETY | 1081 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1082 | ||
| References | 1082 | ||
| References | 1084.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r38 - Preoperative Evaluation | 1085 | ||
| EVOLUTION OF PREANESTHESIA EVALUATION | 1086 | ||
| GOALS AND BENEFITS OF PREANESTHESIA EVALUATION | 1086 | ||
| ROLE OF THE MEDICAL CONSULTANT IN PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION | 1087 | ||
| DETECTING DISEASE IN PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION | 1088 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION OF PATIENTS WITH COEXISTING DISEASE | 1092 | ||
| SPECIAL ISSUES IN PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION | 1135 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE LABORATORY AND DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES | 1141 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT | 1144 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE MEDICATION MANAGEMENT | 1146 | ||
| PLANNING FOR ANESTHESIA | 1147 | ||
| REGULATORY ISSUES | 1149 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION CLINIC | 1149 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1152 | ||
| References | 1153 | ||
| References | 1155.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r39 - Anesthetic Implications of Concurrent Diseases | 1156 | ||
| ROLE OF THE PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIAN OR CONSULTANT | 1157 | ||
| DISEASES INVOLVING THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND DISORDERS OF NUTRITION | 1158 | ||
| DISEASES INVOLVING THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM | 1181 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE RESPIRATORY AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS | 1190 | ||
| DISEASES OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES, AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS | 1196 | ||
| RENAL DISEASE AND ELECTROLYTE DISORDERS | 1202 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER DISEASES | 1208 | ||
| HEMATOLOGIC DISORDERS AND ONCOLOGIC DISEASE | 1211 | ||
| PATIENTS GIVEN DRUG THERAPY FOR CHRONIC AND ACUTE MEDICAL CONDITIONS | 1217 | ||
| References | 1222 | ||
| References | 1225.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r40 - Anesthetic Implications of Complementary and Alternative Medications | 1226 | ||
| HERBAL MEDICINES | 1227 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1235 | ||
| ACUPUNCTURE | 1235 | ||
| DEEP BREATHING | 1236 | ||
| MUSIC THERAPY | 1236 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1237 | ||
| References | 1237 | ||
| References | 1239.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r41 - Patient Positioning and Associated Risks | 1240 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1240 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR CONCERNS | 1241 | ||
| PULMONARY CONCERNS | 1241 | ||
| SPECIFIC POSITIONS | 1242 | ||
| PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURY | 1256 | ||
| SPECIFIC NEUROPATHIES | 1258 | ||
| PERIOPERATIVE EYE INJURY AND VISUAL LOSS | 1261 | ||
| EVALUATION AND TREATMENT OF PERIOPERATIVE NEUROPATHIES | 1262 | ||
| ANESTHESIA OUTSIDE THE OPERATING ROOM | 1263 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1264 | ||
| References | 1264 | ||
| References | 1265.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r42 - Neuromuscular Disorders and Other Genetic Disorders | 1266 | ||
| ACQUIRED AND HEREDITARY NEUROPATHIES | 1267 | ||
| GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME OR ACUTE INFLAMMATORY DEMYELINATING POLYRADICULOPATHY | 1269 | ||
| CRITICAL ILLNESS POLYNEUROPATHY AND CRITICAL ILLNESS MYOPATHY | 1269 | ||
| MYASTHENIA GRAVIS | 1270 | ||
| LAMBERT-EATON-MYASTHENIC SYNDROME | 1271 | ||
| MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS | 1271 | ||
| AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS | 1272 | ||
| DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY | 1273 | ||
| BECKER MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY | 1275 | ||
| LIMB-GIRDLE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY | 1275 | ||
| MYOTONIC DYSTROPHIES | 1276 | ||
| MYOTUBULAR OR CENTRONUCLEAR MYOPATHY | 1276 | ||
| DISORDERS OF MUSCLE ENERGY METABOLISM | 1277 | ||
| MITOCHONDRIAL MYOPATHIES | 1278 | ||
| PERIODIC PARALYSES | 1279 | ||
| HYPOKALEMIC PERIODIC PARALYSIS | 1280 | ||
| GENETICS OF MENDELIAN, MITOCHONDRIAL, AND COMPLEX DISEASES | 1281 | ||
| MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASES | 1281 | ||
| IMPLICATIONS FOR CLINICAL TRANSLATION | 1283 | ||
| IMPLICATION FOR ANESTHESIOLOGISTS | 1283 | ||
| References | 1284 | ||
| References | 1286.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r43 - Malignant Hyperthermia and Muscle-Related Disorders | 1287 | ||
| MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA | 1288 | ||
| MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA IS THE RESULT OF ABNORMAL FUNCTION OF MUSCLE CALCIUM RELEASE UNITS | 1290 | ||
| DANTROLENE | 1291 | ||
| GENETICS | 1292 | ||
| FULMINANT MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA | 1294 | ||
| ANESTHETIC TRIGGERING | 1294 | ||
| NONANESTHETIC MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA | 1295 | ||
| MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA–ASSOCIATED SYNDROMES | 1296 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS IN THE SURGICAL AND POSTANESTHESIA CARE UNITS | 1297 | ||
| TREATMENT | 1298 | ||
| ANESTHESIA FOR SUSCEPTIBLE PATIENTS | 1299 | ||
| EVALUATION OF SUSCEPTIBILITY | 1299 | ||
| MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS | 1300 | ||
| MOTOR NEURON DISORDERS | 1300 | ||
| GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME | 1301 | ||
| HEREDITARY MOTOR-SENSORY NEUROPATHIES, INCLUDING CHARCOT-MARIE-TOOTH DISEASE | 1301 | ||
| DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY AND BECKER MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY | 1302 | ||
| LIMB-GIRDLE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY | 1305 | ||
| MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY | 1305 | ||
| MYOTONIA CONGENITA | 1306 | ||
| MYOTUBULAR MYOPATHY | 1306 | ||
| METABOLIC MYOPATHIES | 1306 | ||
| MITOCHONDRIAL MYOPATHIES | 1308 | ||
| MYASTHENIA GRAVIS | 1309 | ||
| EATON-LAMBERT MYASTHENIC SYNDROME | 1310 | ||
| PERIODIC PARALYSIS (HYPERKALEMIC, HYPOKALEMIC, AND NORMOKALEMIC) | 1310 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1311 | ||
| References | 1311 | ||
| References | 1314.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r44 - Fundamental Principles of Monitoring Instrumentation | 1315 | ||
| WHY FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES ARE IMPORTANT | 1315 | ||
| BASIC PRINCIPLES | 1315 | ||
| MEASUREMENT USING LIGHT ENERGY | 1331 | ||
| SIGNAL ARTIFACT MANAGEMENT | 1334 | ||
| MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE | 1335 | ||
| MEASUREMENT OF FLOW | 1336 | ||
| References | 1339 | ||
| References | 1344.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r45 - Cardiovascular Monitoring | 1345 | ||
| INTRODUCTION TO CARDIOVASCULAR MONITORING: FOCUSED PHYSICAL EXAMINATION | 1346 | ||
| ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING | 1347 | ||
| CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE MONITORING | 1361 | ||
| PULMONARY ARTERY CATHETER MONITORING | 1370 | ||
| CARDIAC OUTPUT MONITORING | 1387 | ||
| OTHER METHODS FOR MONITORING CARDIAC OUTPUT AND PERFUSION | 1389 | ||
| References | 1392 | ||
| References | 1395.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r46 - Perioperative Echocardiography | 1396 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1396 | ||
| HISTORY | 1396 | ||
| TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY PRACTICE GUIDELINES | 1397 | ||
| PROPERTIES OF ULTRASOUND | 1398 | ||
| EQUIPMENT DESIGN AND OPERATION | 1405 | ||
| BASIC TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION | 1410 | ||
| COMPREHENSIVE TRANSESOPHAGEAL EXAMINATION | 1412 | ||
| BASIC TRANSTHORACIC EXAMINATION | 1414 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF VENTRICULAR FILLING | 1416 | ||
| DETECTION OF MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA | 1420 | ||
| TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN CARDIAC SURGERY | 1421 | ||
| TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN NONCARDIAC SURGERY AND CRITICAL CARE | 1427 | ||
| DATA STORAGE, DOCUMENTATION, AND QUALITY ASSURANCE | 1427 | ||
| CERTIFICATION | 1427 | ||
| References | 1428 | ||
| References | 1428.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r47 - Electrocardiography, Perioperative Ischemia, and Myocardial Infarction | 1429 | ||
| ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC LEAD SYSTEMS | 1430 | ||
| NORMAL ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY | 1430 | ||
| THE ABNORMAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAM | 1431 | ||
| ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC MONITORING SYSTEMS | 1434 | ||
| ARRHYTHMIA INTERPRETATION AND MANAGEMENT | 1437 | ||
| REAL-TIME MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA MONITORING | 1449 | ||
| ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC CRITERIA FOR ACUTE MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA | 1450 | ||
| ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC LEAD SENSITIVITY FOR DETECTING PERIOPERATIVE MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA | 1451 | ||
| PERIOPERATIVE MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA AND INFARCTION | 1451 | ||
| References | 1459 | ||
| References | 1459.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r48 - Implantable Cardiac Pulse Generators: Pacemakers and Cardioverter-Defibrillators | 1460 | ||
| PACEMAKERS | 1464 | ||
| IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER-DEFIBRILLATORS | 1476 | ||
| SPECIAL SITUATIONS: VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICES AND TEMPORARY PACING | 1482 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1483 | ||
| References | 1485 | ||
| References | 1486.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r49 - Neurologic Monitoring | 1487 | ||
| MONITORING MODALITIES | 1488 | ||
| CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF NEUROLOGIC MONITORING | 1501 | ||
| NONSURGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING MONITORING RESULTS | 1511 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1521 | ||
| References | 1521 | ||
| References | 1523.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r50 - Monitoring Brain State During General Anesthesia and Sedation | 1524 | ||
| INDUCTION OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA | 1525 | ||
| MAINTENANCE OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA: PHYSIOLOGIC SIGNS AND THE NOCICEPTIVE-MEDULLARY-AUTONOMIC PATHWAY | 1525 | ||
| MAINTENANCE OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA: ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM-BASED INDICES OF LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS | 1527 | ||
| EMERGENCE FROM GENERAL ANESTHESIA | 1531 | ||
| EMERGING STRATEGIES FOR MONITORING THE BRAIN STATES OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA AND SEDATION | 1533 | ||
| References | 1539 | ||
| References | 1540.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r51 - Respiratory Monitoring | 1541 | ||
| OVERVIEW OF RESPIRATORY MONITORING | 1542 | ||
| AMERICAN SOCIETY OF ANESTHESIOLOGISTS STANDARDS | 1543 | ||
| PHYSICAL EXAMINATION | 1543 | ||
| PULSE OXIMETRY | 1544 | ||
| MIXED VENOUS OXYGEN SATURATION | 1548 | ||
| TISSUE OXYGENATION | 1549 | ||
| CAPNOMETRY AND CAPNOGRAPHY | 1551 | ||
| BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS | 1553 | ||
| MONITORING LUNG FLOWS, VOLUMES, AND PRESSURES | 1559 | ||
| PLETHYSMOGRAPHIC MONITORING | 1566 | ||
| RESPIRATORY RATE MONITORING: APNEA MONITORING | 1567 | ||
| IMAGING FOR RESPIRATORY MONITORING | 1568 | ||
| POINT-OF-CARE TESTS | 1571 | ||
| RESPIRATORY MONITORING IN SPECIAL CONDITIONS | 1572 | ||
| AUTOMATED DATA SYSTEMS | 1573 | ||
| ADDITIONAL MONITORED VARIABLES | 1574 | ||
| References | 1576 | ||
| References | 1579.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r52 - Renal Function Monitoring | 1580 | ||
| RENAL PHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTION | 1581 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC PROCESSES OF ISCHEMIC ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | 1585 | ||
| ANESTHESIA, SURGERY, AND NORMAL RENAL FUNCTION | 1587 | ||
| PERIOPERATIVE HEMODYNAMIC INSTABILITY AND RENAL FUNCTION | 1589 | ||
| OTHER PERIOPERATIVE PERTURBATIONS AND RENAL FUNCTION | 1589 | ||
| MONITORS OF RENAL FUNCTION | 1591 | ||
| INDIRECT MARKERS OF OPTIMAL RENAL PERFUSION AND FUNCTION | 1591 | ||
| AUTOREGULATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF CARDIAC OUTPUT TO THE KIDNEYS | 1593 | ||
| EXCESSIVE INTRAVASCULAR VOLUME AND THE ABDOMINAL COMPARTMENT SYNDROME | 1594 | ||
| LABORATORY TESTS OF SERUM AND URINE AS MARKERS OF RENAL FUNCTION | 1594 | ||
| NOVEL (EARLY) BIOMARKERS OF ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY | 1599 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION OF RENAL FUNCTION | 1601 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1601 | ||
| References | 1601 | ||
| References | 1603.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r53 - Neuromuscular Monitoring | 1604 | ||
| TYPES OF PERIPHERAL NERVE STIMULATION | 1605 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF PERIPHERAL NERVE STIMULATION | 1605 | ||
| PATTERNS OF NERVE STIMULATION | 1605 | ||
| THE NERVE STIMULATOR | 1609 | ||
| STIMULATING ELECTRODES | 1609 | ||
| SITES OF NERVE STIMULATION AND DIFFERENT MUSCLE RESPONSES | 1610 | ||
| RECORDING OF EVOKED RESPONSES | 1611 | ||
| EVALUATION OF RECORDED EVOKED RESPONSES | 1614 | ||
| USE OF NERVE STIMULATORS IN DAILY CLINICAL PRACTICE | 1617 | ||
| WHEN TO USE A PERIPHERAL NERVE STIMULATOR | 1619 | ||
| References | 1621 | ||
| References | 1621.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r54 - Temperature Regulation and Monitoring | 1622 | ||
| NORMAL THERMOREGULATION | 1622 | ||
| THERMOREGULATION DURING GENERAL ANESTHESIA | 1624 | ||
| DEVELOPMENT OF HYPOTHERMIA DURING GENERAL ANESTHESIA | 1627 | ||
| NEURAXIAL ANESTHESIA | 1628 | ||
| CONSEQUENCES OF MILD INTRAOPERATIVE HYPOTHERMIA | 1631 | ||
| PERIOPERATIVE THERMAL MANIPULATIONS | 1636 | ||
| DELIBERATE SEVERE INTRAOPERATIVE HYPOTHERMIA | 1639 | ||
| HYPERTHERMIA AND FEVER | 1640 | ||
| TEMPERATURE MONITORING | 1642 | ||
| TEMPERATURE MONITORING SITES | 1643 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1644 | ||
| References | 1645 | ||
| References | 1646.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r55 - Airway Management in the Adult | 1647 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1648 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL AIRWAY ANATOMY | 1648 | ||
| AIRWAY ASSESSMENT | 1651 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGIC CONCEPTS FOR AIRWAY MANAGEMENT | 1653 | ||
| ANESTHESIA FOR AIRWAY MANAGEMENT | 1654 | ||
| VENTILATION VIA A MASK | 1659 | ||
| SUPRAGLOTTIC AIRWAY | 1661 | ||
| ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION | 1665 | ||
| PERCUTANEOUS AIRWAYS | 1678 | ||
| EXTUBATION OF THE TRACHEA | 1680 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1681 | ||
| References | 1681 | ||
| References | 1683.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r56 - Spinal, Epidural, and Caudal Anesthesia | 1684 | ||
| PRINCIPLES | 1684 | ||
| PRACTICE | 1684 | ||
| HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES | 1685 | ||
| ANATOMY | 1685 | ||
| ANATOMIC VARIATIONS | 1687 | ||
| MECHANISM OF ACTION | 1688 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS | 1689 | ||
| INDICATIONS | 1691 | ||
| CONTRAINDICATIONS | 1691 | ||
| SPINAL ANESTHESIA | 1693 | ||
| EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA | 1703 | ||
| COMBINED SPINAL-EPIDURAL | 1709 | ||
| CAUDAL ANESTHESIA | 1710 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 1711 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 1716 | ||
| RECENT ADVANCES | 1716 | ||
| References | 1717 | ||
| References | 1720.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r57 - Peripheral Nerve Blocks | 1721 | ||
| TECHNIQUES FOR LOCALIZING NEURAL STRUCTURES | 1722 | ||
| UPPER EXTREMITY BLOCKS | 1724 | ||
| BLOCKS OF THE THORAX AND ABDOMEN | 1732 | ||
| LOWER EXTREMITY BLOCKS | 1736 | ||
| CONTINUOUS CATHETER TECHNIQUES | 1748 | ||
| CHOICE OF LOCAL ANESTHETIC | 1749 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 1749 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1750 | ||
| References | 1751 | ||
| References | 1751.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r58 - Ultrasound Guidance for Regional Anesthesia | 1752 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 1752 | ||
| FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS AND ARTIFACTS IN ULTRASOUND IMAGING | 1752 | ||
| TRANSDUCER SELECTION, MANIPULATION, AND MODES OF IMAGING | 1753 | ||
| NEEDLE TIP VISIBILITY | 1756 | ||
| APPROACHES TO REGIONAL BLOCK WITH ULTRASOUND | 1757 | ||
| EXAMPLES OF COMMON REGIONAL BLOCKS | 1759 | ||
| TRAINING AND SAFETY | 1764 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 1765 | ||
| References | 1766 | ||
| References | 1766.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r59 - Perioperative Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy | 1767 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY | 1768 | ||
| References | 1808 | ||
| References | 1810.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r60 - Perioperative Acid-Base Balance | 1811 | ||
| WHY IS ACID-BASE BALANCE IMPORTANT? | 1811 | ||
| WHAT ARE ACIDS AND BASES? | 1811 | ||
| ACID-BASE ABNORMALITIES | 1814 | ||
| REGULATION OF ACID-BASE BALANCE | 1816 | ||
| ANALYTIC TOOLS USED IN ACID-BASE CHEMISTRY | 1817 | ||
| ACID-BASE PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENT CLINICAL SETTINGS | 1823 | ||
| TREATING ACID-BASE DISTURBANCES | 1828 | ||
| SUMMARY | 1829 | ||
| References | 1829 | ||
| References | 1829.e1 | ||
| Chapter 61\r- Patient Blood Management: Transfusion Therapy | 1830 | ||
| EVOLUTION AND RECENT HISTORY OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION THERAPY | 1830 | ||
| 1990 TO 2005 | 1831 | ||
| INDICATIONS FOR TRANSFUSION | 1831 | ||
| CHANGES DURING STORAGE OF BLOOD | 1835 | ||
| COMPATIBILITY TESTING | 1837 | ||
| APPROACHES REQUIRING LESS THAN A COMPLETE CROSSMATCH | 1839 | ||
| EMERGENCY TRANSFUSION | 1840 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS | 1842 | ||
| TRANSFUSION RATIOS | 1848 | ||
| BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS, PHARMACOLOGY, AND HEMOSTASIS | 1849 | ||
| CITRATE INTOXICATION AND HYPERKALEMIA | 1850 | ||
| TEMPERATURE | 1850 | ||
| ACID-BASE ABNORMALITIES | 1851 | ||
| TRANSFUSION REACTIONS | 1851 | ||
| OTHER NONINFECTIOUS RISKS OF BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS | 1854 | ||
| OTHER ADVERSE EFFECTS OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION | 1858 | ||
| LEUKOREDUCTION AND IRRADIATION OF BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS | 1858 | ||
| BLOOD COMPONENT THERAPY | 1859 | ||
| ALBUMIN AND PLASMA PROTEIN PREPARATIONS | 1862 | ||
| SYNTHETIC COLLOID SOLUTION THERAPY | 1863 | ||
| SYNTHETIC OXYGEN-CARRYING SUBSTANCES | 1864 | ||
| INFORMED CONSENT | 1865 | ||
| References | 1865 | ||
| References | 1867.e1 | ||
| Chapter 62 - Patient Blood Management: Coagulation | 1868 | ||
| NORMAL HEMOSTASIS | 1868 | ||
| DISORDERS OF HEMOSTASIS | 1871 | ||
| PROTHROMBOTIC STATES | 1874 | ||
| MONITORING COAGULATION | 1876 | ||
| References | 1880 | ||
| References | 1880.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r63 - Patient Blood Management: Autologous Blood Procurement, Recombinant Factor VIIa Therapy, and Blood Utilization | 1881 | ||
| AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD PROCUREMENT | 1882 | ||
| RECOMBINANT FACTOR VIIA | 1888 | ||
| BLOOD UTILIZATION | 1890 | ||
| BLOODLESS MEDICINE | 1894 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 1895 | ||
| References | 1895 | ||
| References | 1896.e1 | ||
| Index | i1 | ||
| IBC | IBC | ||
| Front\rCover | Cover | ||
| IFC | IFC | ||
| Miller’s Anesthesia | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vi | ||
| Preface | xxi | ||
| Remembrance | xxiii | ||
| Contents | xxv | ||
| Video Contents | xxx | ||
| PART V - Adult Subspecialty\rManagement | 1897 | ||
| Chapter\r64 - Anesthesia and Treatment of Chronic Pain | 1898 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES IN PERSISTENT PAIN | 1898 | ||
| CLINICAL DEFINITIONS, PREVALENCE, AND CLASSIFICATION OF CHRONIC PAIN | 1901 | ||
| INTERDISCIPLINARY MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN | 1902 | ||
| DRUGS USED FOR CHRONIC PAIN | 1903 | ||
| INTERVENTIONAL METHODS USED FOR CHRONIC PAIN | 1910 | ||
| PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PAIN | 1912 | ||
| References | 1917 | ||
| References | 1918.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r65 - Palliative Medicine | 1919 | ||
| WHAT IS PALLIATIVE MEDICINE? | 1919 | ||
| WHERE IS PALLIATIVE CARE DELIVERED? | 1921 | ||
| DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HOSPICE CARE AND PALLIATIVE CARE | 1923 | ||
| COMMUNICATION | 1925 | ||
| PROGNOSIS | 1928 | ||
| DYING PROCESS | 1932 | ||
| ANESTHETIC CONCERNS IN THE PATIENT RECEIVING PALLIATIVE CARE | 1938 | ||
| References | 1940 | ||
| References | 1941.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r66 - Anesthesia for Thoracic Surgery | 1942 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION OF THE THORACIC SURGERY PATIENT | 1943 | ||
| CONCOMITANT MEDICAL CONDITIONS | 1945 | ||
| ASSESSMENT OF THE PATIENT WITH LUNG CANCER (SEE CHAPTER 38) | 1951 | ||
| DIFFICULT ENDOBRONCHIAL INTUBATION | 1952 | ||
| PREDICTION OF DESATURATION DURING ONE-LUNG VENTILATION | 1953 | ||
| ASSESSMENT FOR REPEAT THORACIC SURGERY | 1953 | ||
| INTRAOPERATIVE MONITORING (SEE CHAPTERS 44 AND 51) | 1953 | ||
| INVASIVE HEMODYNAMIC MONITORING (SEE CHAPTER 45) | 1954 | ||
| OTHER NEW MONITORING TECHNOLOGY | 1955 | ||
| LUNG ISOLATION | 1955 | ||
| DIFFICULT AIRWAYS AND ONE-LUNG VENTILATION | 1962 | ||
| LUNG ISOLATION TECHNIQUES IN PATIENTS WITH A TRACHEOSTOMY IN PLACE | 1963 | ||
| ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT | 1967 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF ONE-LUNG VENTILATION | 1967 | ||
| HYPOXIC PULMONARY VASOCONSTRICTION | 1969 | ||
| VENTILATION STRATEGIES DURING ONE-LUNG VENTILATION | 1970 | ||
| PREDICTION OF HYPOXEMIA DURING ONE-LUNG VENTILATION | 1972 | ||
| TREATMENT OF HYPOXEMIA DURING ONE-LUNG VENTILATION | 1973 | ||
| ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT FOR COMMON SURGICAL PROCEDURES | 1976 | ||
| PULMONARY SURGERY | 1980 | ||
| LOBECTOMY | 1981 | ||
| PNEUMONECTOMY | 1982 | ||
| LIMITED PULMONARY RESECTIONS: SEGMENTECTOMY AND WEDGE RESECTION | 1984 | ||
| ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT FOR SPECIFIC SURGICAL PROCEDURES | 1984 | ||
| ANESTHESIA FOR TRACHEAL RESECTION | 1987 | ||
| BLEBS, BULLAE, CYSTS, AND PNEUMATOCELES | 1991 | ||
| LUNG TRANSPLANTATION | 1992 | ||
| PULMONARY HEMORRHAGE | 1994 | ||
| PULMONARY THROMBOENDARTERECTOMY | 1996 | ||
| BRONCHOPULMONARY LAVAGE | 1996 | ||
| MEDIASTINAL MASSES | 1997 | ||
| THYMECTOMY FOR MYASTHENIA GRAVIS | 1998 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 1999 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE ANALGESIA (SEE CHAPTER 98) | 2000 | ||
| References | 2004 | ||
| References | 2006.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r67 - Anesthesia for Cardiac Surgical Procedures | 2007 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY | 2008 | ||
| APPROACH TO ANESTHESIA FOR THE ADULT CARDIAC PATIENT | 2009 | ||
| CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS | 2032 | ||
| SPECIFIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE STATES | 2045 | ||
| PROCEDURES IN THE CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION LABORATORY AND THE HYBRID OPERATING ROOM | 2077 | ||
| PROBLEMS IN THE POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD | 2079 | ||
| References | 2091 | ||
| References | 2095.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r68 - Anesthesia for Correction of Cardiac Arrhythmias | 2096 | ||
| HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES | 2096 | ||
| SCOPE OF CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS | 2097 | ||
| NORMAL CARDIAC RHYTHM | 2097 | ||
| CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS | 2098 | ||
| PERMANENT PACING | 2100 | ||
| RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY | 2101 | ||
| IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER-DEFIBRILLATOR | 2102 | ||
| CORRECTION OF CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS WITH ABLATION THERAPY | 2103 | ||
| FUTURE TRENDS | 2104 | ||
| References | 2105 | ||
| References | 2105.e1 | ||
| Chapter 69 - Anesthesia for Vascular Surgery | 2106 | ||
| ATHEROSCLEROSIS | 2107 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION | 2108 | ||
| PERIOPERATIVE MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA | 2114 | ||
| PERIOPERATIVE Β-ADRENERGIC BLOCKER THERAPY | 2115 | ||
| PERIOPERATIVE STATIN THERAPY | 2115 | ||
| HEMODYNAMIC MONITORING | 2116 | ||
| ABDOMINAL AORTIC RECONSTRUCTION | 2116 | ||
| THORACOABDOMINAL AORTIC SURGERY | 2127 | ||
| ENDOVASCULAR AORTIC REPAIR SURGERY | 2136 | ||
| LOWER EXTREMITY REVASCULARIZATION | 2140 | ||
| CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY | 2147 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF VASCULAR SURGERY PATIENTS | 2155 | ||
| References | 2156 | ||
| References | 2157.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r70 - Anesthesia for Neurologic Surgery | 2158 | ||
| RECURRENT ISSUES IN NEUROANESTHESIA | 2159 | ||
| SPECIFIC PROCEDURES | 2176 | ||
| References | 2196 | ||
| References | 2199.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r71 - Anesthesia for Bariatric Surgery | 2200 | ||
| OBESITY AS A DISEASE | 2200 | ||
| NONSURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY | 2204 | ||
| SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY | 2206 | ||
| ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT OF THE BARIATRIC SURGICAL PATIENT | 2208 | ||
| CONSIDERATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT OF THE OBESE PATIENT PRESENTING FOR NONBARIATRIC SURGERY | 2215 | ||
| References | 2215 | ||
| References | 2216.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r72 - Anesthesia and the Renal and Genitourinary Systems | 2217 | ||
| INNERVATION OF THE GENITOURINARY SYSTEM | 2218 | ||
| ANESTHESIA FOR PATIENTS WITH RENAL DISEASE | 2220 | ||
| RENAL AND GENITOURINARY PROCEDURES | 2229 | ||
| UROGENITAL PAIN SYNDROMES | 2239 | ||
| References | 2242 | ||
| References | 2243.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r73 - Anesthesia and the Hepatobiliary System | 2244 | ||
| EFFECT OF ANESTHETICS ON HEPATIC FUNCTION | 2245 | ||
| EFFECT OF HEPATIC DYSFUNCTION AND HEPATOBILIARY DISEASE ON ANESTHETIC DRUG PHARMACOKINETICS | 2248 | ||
| RISK FACTORS FOR POSTOPERATIVE HEPATOBILIARY COMPLICATIONS | 2250 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE JAUNDICE | 2255 | ||
| PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH ASYMPTOMATIC OR CHRONIC LIVER DYSFUNCTION | 2257 | ||
| ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR PROCEDURES INVOLVING THE LIVER AND BILIARY SYSTEM | 2259 | ||
| References | 2260 | ||
| References | 2261.e1 | ||
| Chapter\x0B74 - Anesthesia for Abdominal Organ Transplantation | 2262 | ||
| ABDOMINAL ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION | 2262 | ||
| KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION | 2263 | ||
| PANCREAS TRANSPLANTATION | 2270 | ||
| LIVER TRANSPLANTATION | 2274 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 2289 | ||
| References | 2289 | ||
| References | 2291.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r75 - Anesthesia for Organ Procurement | 2292 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 2292 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF ORGAN DONORS AFTER DECLARATION OF BRAIN (NEUROLOGIC) DEATH | 2293 | ||
| DIAGNOSIS AND DETERMINATION OF BRAIN DEATH | 2294 | ||
| DONATION AFTER CARDIAC (CIRCULATORY) DEATH | 2295 | ||
| ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION INJURY AND ORGAN PRESERVATION | 2297 | ||
| EXTENDED CRITERIA DONOR | 2298 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF ORGAN DONORS BEFORE PROCUREMENT | 2298 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF DONORS AFTER CARDIAC DEATH | 2300 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF ORGAN DONOR DURING PROCUREMENT SURGERY | 2301 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF LIVING ORGAN DONORS | 2301 | ||
| References | 2305 | ||
| References | 2306.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r76 - Brain Death | 2307 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 2308 | ||
| HISTORY | 2308 | ||
| TRADITIONAL CONCEPT OF DEATH OF AN ORGANISM | 2311 | ||
| THE CONCEPT OF BRAIN DEATH | 2312 | ||
| MECHANISM OF BRAIN DEATH | 2313 | ||
| NEUROPHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF BRAIN DEATH | 2313 | ||
| CRITERIA AND TESTS FOR DETERMINING BRAIN DEATH | 2317 | ||
| PREREQUISITES FOR DIAGNOSING BRAIN DEATH | 2317 | ||
| CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF BRAIN DEATH | 2318 | ||
| SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS | 2318 | ||
| VARIABILITY IN POLICIES AND PRACTICES FOR DETERMINING BRAIN DEATH | 2319 | ||
| ANCILLARY TESTS FOR BRAIN DEATH | 2320 | ||
| ORGAN DONATION | 2324 | ||
| References | 2326 | ||
| References | 2327.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r77 - Anesthesia for Obstetrics | 2328 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY | 2329 | ||
| UTEROPLACENTAL PHYSIOLOGY | 2334 | ||
| LABOR PROGRESS | 2335 | ||
| LABOR AND FETAL MONITORING | 2337 | ||
| LABOR ANALGESIA | 2339 | ||
| ANESTHESIA CONSIDERATIONS FOR OPERATIVE DELIVERY | 2343 | ||
| ANESTHESIA FOR CESAREAN DELIVERY | 2343 | ||
| SPINAL ANESTHESIA | 2344 | ||
| MATERNAL COMORBIDITIES | 2348 | ||
| ANESTHESIA FOR ABNORMAL PRESENTATIONS | 2350 | ||
| OBSTETRIC EMERGENCIES | 2350 | ||
| NONOBSTETRIC SURGERY DURING PREGNANCY | 2353 | ||
| References | 2356 | ||
| References | 2358.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r78 - Anesthesia for Fetal Surgery and Other Fetal Therapies | 2359 | ||
| INDICATIONS, PROCEDURES, AND OUTCOMES | 2362 | ||
| OBSTRUCTIVE UROPATHY | 2364 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT AND COUNSELING | 2374 | ||
| INTRAOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT AND CONSIDERATIONS | 2375 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT AND CONSIDERATIONS | 2380 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF EX UTERO INTRAPARTUM TREATMENT PROCEDURE | 2381 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS | 2383 | ||
| References | 2383 | ||
| References | 2385.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r79 - Anesthesia for Orthopedic Surgery | 2386 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION | 2386 | ||
| REGIONAL VERSUS GENERAL ANESTHESIA | 2394 | ||
| PERIOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT OF ORTHOPEDIC PATIENTS | 2394 | ||
| References | 2405 | ||
| References | 2406.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r80 - Geriatric Anesthesia | 2407 | ||
| CORE CONCEPTS IN THE ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT OF THE OLDER PATIENT | 2408 | ||
| COGNITIVE ISSUES IN OLDER ADULTS | 2412 | ||
| CONSENT, SURROGATE DECISION MAKERS, AND ADVANCE DIRECTIVES | 2415 | ||
| RISK ASSESSMENT AND PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION | 2415 | ||
| SPECIAL PERIOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE OLDER PATIENT | 2417 | ||
| ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT | 2417 | ||
| OUTCOMES | 2420 | ||
| References | 2420 | ||
| References | 2422.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r81 - Anesthesia for Trauma | 2423 | ||
| PRIORITIZING TRAUMA CARE | 2425 | ||
| ANESTHESIA IN WAR AND AUSTERE CONDITIONS | 2427 | ||
| EMERGENCY AIRWAY MANAGEMENT | 2429 | ||
| RESUSCITATION FROM HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK | 2433 | ||
| RESUSCITATION FLUIDS | 2440 | ||
| TRAUMA TO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 2443 | ||
| ORTHOPEDIC AND SOFT TISSUE TRAUMA | 2450 | ||
| OTHER TRAUMATIC INJURIES | 2452 | ||
| SELECTED PATIENT POPULATIONS | 2455 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE CARE | 2456 | ||
| SUMMARY | 2457 | ||
| References | 2457 | ||
| References | 2459.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r82 - Anesthesia and Prehospital Emergency and Trauma Care | 2460 | ||
| INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND | 2460 | ||
| ORGANIZATIONAL MODELS OF PREHOSPITAL EMERGENCY CARE | 2461 | ||
| BASIC TECHNIQUES AND SKILLS | 2463 | ||
| ADULT MEDICAL EMERGENCIES | 2468 | ||
| PEDIATRIC EMERGENCIES | 2472 | ||
| PREHOSPITAL MASS CASUALTY INCIDENT MANAGEMENT AND DISASTER MEDICINE | 2475 | ||
| References | 2477 | ||
| References for online | 2478.e1 | ||
| CHAPTER\r83 - THE ROLE OF THE ANESTHESIA PROVIDER IN NATURAL AND HUMAN-INDUCED DISASTERS* | 2480 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION | 2480 | ||
| RESPONDING TO NATURAL DISASTER | 2480 | ||
| THE IMPACT OF NATURAL DISASTER ON THE WORK OF THE ANESTHESIA PROVIDER | 2480 | ||
| RESPONDING TO A NATURAL DISASTER: PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 2481 | ||
| PREHOSPITAL ON-SITE EMERGENCY CARE | 2481 | ||
| EARTHQUAKES: A SPECIAL DISASTER SITUATION | 2481 | ||
| FIELD ANESTHESIA | 2483 | ||
| ANESTHETIC TECHNIQUES FOR USE IN NATURAL DISASTERS | 2485 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 2487 | ||
| APPROACHES TO THE LITERATURE | 2488 | ||
| DEFINITIONS | 2488 | ||
| ESSENTIAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGIC WARFARE AGENTS | 2489 | ||
| TOXICITY AND ITS MODIFICATIONS | 2489 | ||
| AGENTS OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGIC WARFARE: BACKGROUND AND DEVELOPMENT | 2490 | ||
| HAZARDS AND THREATS | 2492 | ||
| MODES OF RELEASE OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AGENTS | 2492 | ||
| AGENTS | 2493 | ||
| INVOLVEMENT OF THE ANESTHESIA PROVIDER IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CASUALTIES FROM EXPOSURE TO CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGIC WARFARE AGENTS | 2506 | ||
| EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGIC WARFARE AGENTS ON ANESTHETIC PRACTICE | 2509 | ||
| References | 2510 | ||
| References | 2511.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r84 - Anesthesia for Eye Surgery | 2512 | ||
| OCULAR ANATOMY | 2512 | ||
| OCULOCARDIAC REFLEX | 2513 | ||
| INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE | 2513 | ||
| OPHTHALMOLOGIC DRUGS | 2514 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION (SEE CHAPTER 38) | 2514 | ||
| ANESTHETIC TECHNIQUES | 2516 | ||
| OPHTHALMOLOGIC PROCEDURES | 2518 | ||
| References | 2521 | ||
| References | 2522.e1 | ||
| Chapter 85 - Anesthesia for Ear, Nose, and Throat Surgery | 2523 | ||
| SYNOPSIS OF EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT ANATOMY | 2524 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION FOR EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT SURGERY | 2526 | ||
| AIRWAY MANAGEMENT IN OTOLARYNGOLOGY | 2527 | ||
| AIRWAY DISORDERS IN OTOLARYNGOLOGY | 2528 | ||
| ANESTHESIA FOR PANENDOSCOPY | 2530 | ||
| OTOLARYNGOLOGIC TRAUMA | 2534 | ||
| NASAL SURGERY | 2535 | ||
| TONSILLECTOMY AND ADENOIDECTOMY | 2536 | ||
| ENDOSCOPIC SINUS SURGERY | 2537 | ||
| THYROID AND PARATHYROID SURGERY | 2537 | ||
| AIRWAY FIRES | 2538 | ||
| EAR SURGERY | 2538 | ||
| PAROTID AND OTHER SALIVARY GLAND SURGERY | 2540 | ||
| SLEEP APNEA SURGERY | 2540 | ||
| ZENKER DIVERTICULUM | 2541 | ||
| ANESTHESIA FOR SURGICAL AIRWAYS: CRICOTHYROTOMY AND TRACHEOSTOMY | 2542 | ||
| NECK DISSECTION AND LARYNGECTOMY | 2542 | ||
| MAXILLARY, MANDIBULAR, AND TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT SURGERY | 2543 | ||
| EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT LASER SURGERY | 2543 | ||
| PHONOSURGERY | 2545 | ||
| HEAD AND NECK FLAP RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY | 2545 | ||
| STRIDOR AND HELIOX | 2546 | ||
| ANESTHESIA FOR FACE TRANSPLANTATION | 2546 | ||
| References | 2547 | ||
| References | 2549.e1 | ||
| Chapter 86 - Administration of Anesthesia by Robots | 2550 | ||
| WHAT IS A ROBOT? | 2550 | ||
| DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS FOR INTRAOPERATIVE USE IN ANESTHESIA | 2551 | ||
| CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEMS | 2557 | ||
| VARVEL PARAMETERS IN CONTROLLER PERFORMANCE EVALUATION | 2559 | ||
| THE CLOSED-LOOP ANESTHESIA DELIVERY SYSTEM: PURI’S RESEARCH GROUP | 2563 | ||
| THE WORK OF THE ITAG RESEARCH GROUP | 2568 | ||
| REGULATORY ISSUES: WHY ARE CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEMS NOT YET COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE? | 2575 | ||
| MANUAL ROBOTS | 2577 | ||
| References | 2579 | ||
| References | 2580.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r87 - Anesthesia for Robotically Conducted Surgery | 2581 | ||
| HISTORY | 2582 | ||
| ROBOTIC SYSTEMS | 2583 | ||
| CARDIAC SURGERY (ALSO SEE CHAPTER 67) | 2586 | ||
| ROBOTIC-ASSISTED THORACOSCOPIC SURGERY | 2592 | ||
| UROLOGIC SURGERY | 2593 | ||
| GENERAL SURGERY | 2594 | ||
| ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS | 2594 | ||
| GYNECOLOGIC SURGERY | 2594 | ||
| NEUROSURGERY | 2595 | ||
| ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY | 2595 | ||
| SUMMARY | 2596 | ||
| References | 2596 | ||
| References | 2597.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r88 - Anesthesia for Laser Surgery | 2598 | ||
| PHYSICS OF LASER | 2598 | ||
| TYPES OF LASERS | 2599 | ||
| LASER MODES AND SETTINGS | 2600 | ||
| BIOLOGIC EFFECT | 2600 | ||
| COMMON LASER OPERATIONS | 2601 | ||
| RISKS OF LASER USE: STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS | 2601 | ||
| SPECIFIC LASER HAZARDS | 2603 | ||
| OPERATING ROOM FIRE | 2605 | ||
| OTHER CONSIDERATIONS | 2610 | ||
| AIRWAY AND OTHER FIRES ON THE SURFACE OF THE PATIENT | 2610 | ||
| References | 2610 | ||
| References | 2611.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r89 - Ambulatory (Outpatient) Anesthesia | 2612 | ||
| DEFINITIONS | 2613 | ||
| BENEFITS OF AMBULATORY SURGERY | 2613 | ||
| FACILITIES FOR AMBULATORY SURGERY | 2613 | ||
| PATIENT SELECTION CRITERIA | 2614 | ||
| PREOPERATIVE ASSESSMENT | 2617 | ||
| PATIENT PREPARATION | 2619 | ||
| ANESTHETIC TECHNIQUES | 2621 | ||
| MONITORING DEPTH OF ANESTHESIA | 2631 | ||
| RECOVERY FROM AMBULATORY ANESTHESIA | 2631 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE PAIN | 2633 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING | 2634 | ||
| SPECIAL AREAS | 2637 | ||
| HOME READINESS AND BEYOND | 2639 | ||
| References | 2641 | ||
| References | 2645.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r90 - Non–Operating Room Anesthesia | 2646 | ||
| OVERVIEW: DEFINING NON–OPERATING ROOM ANESTHESIA—WHAT IT IS AND HOW WE GOT HERE | 2646 | ||
| FINANCIAL AND OPERATIONAL CONSTRAINTS | 2648 | ||
| TRANSITIONAL PRIORITIES FOR ANESTHESIOLOGISTS OUTSIDE OF THE OPERATING ROOM | 2650 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL PROCEDURES IN THE ENDOSCOPY SUITE | 2653 | ||
| INTERVENTIONAL PULMONARY PROCEDURES | 2655 | ||
| NOVEL ANESTHETIC CONCERNS | 2655 | ||
| ANESTHESIOLOGY FOR IMAGE-GUIDED INTERVENTIONS: EVOLUTION OF A NEW INTERFACE | 2655 | ||
| PROCEDURES GUIDED BY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY, AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING | 2659 | ||
| IMAGE-GUIDED PROCEDURES FOR SPECIALTY AREAS: NEURORADIOLOGY AND INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY | 2661 | ||
| PROCEDURES IN THE NEURORADIOLOGY SUITE | 2661 | ||
| INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY PROCEDURES: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR CATHERIZATION LABORATORY AND ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY | 2662 | ||
| ANESTHESIOLOGISTS IN THE ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY | 2663 | ||
| ANESTHESIOLOGISTS IN THE CATHERIZATION LABORATORY | 2665 | ||
| INTERVENTIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY ANESTHESIOLOGISTS AS CO-PROCEDURALISTS—THE ROAD AHEAD | 2670 | ||
| THE ROAD AHEAD: TOWARD A COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGY | 2670 | ||
| References | 2672 | ||
| References | 2673.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r91 - Clinical Care in Extreme Environments: At High and Low Pressure and in Space | 2674 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF INCREASED GAS PRESSURE | 2676 | ||
| RATIONALE FOR THE TREATMENT OF SELECTED SPECIFIC SYNDROMES | 2679 | ||
| FUTURE DIRECTIONS | 2682 | ||
| THERAPEUTIC SYSTEMS | 2682 | ||
| HYPERBARIC TREATMENT SCHEDULES | 2684 | ||
| SIDE EFFECTS OF HYPERBARIC THERAPY | 2685 | ||
| PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF HYPERBARIC THERAPY | 2687 | ||
| EFFECTS OF ALTITUDE | 2692 | ||
| MEDICAL CARE IN SPACE | 2699 | ||
| SUMMARY | 2701 | ||
| References | 2701 | ||
| References | 2704.e1 | ||
| PART VI -\rPediatric Anesthesia | 2705 | ||
| Chapter\r92 - Regional Anesthesia in Children | 2706 | ||
| RELEVANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CHILDREN AND ADULTS | 2706 | ||
| INDICATIONS, CONTRAINDICATIONS, AND COMPLICATIONS | 2713 | ||
| SELECTION OF MATERIALS AND ANESTHETIC SOLUTION | 2717 | ||
| ANATOMIC IDENTIFICATION IN REGIONAL ANESTHESIA | 2719 | ||
| SAFETY, PRECAUTIONS AND DISCHARGE CRITERIA | 2720 | ||
| NEURAXIAL BLOCKS | 2722 | ||
| UPPER EXTREMITY CONDUCTION BLOCKS | 2728 | ||
| LOWER EXTREMITY CONDUCTION BLOCKS | 2736 | ||
| BLOCKS OF NERVES SUPPLYING THE TRUNK | 2743 | ||
| FACE, HEAD, AND NECK NERVE BLOCKS | 2748 | ||
| OTHER PROCEDURES | 2753 | ||
| References | 2754 | ||
| References | 2756.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r93 - Pediatric Anesthesia | 2757 | ||
| DEVELOPMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS | 2758 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGIC AND PHARMACODYNAMIC RESPONSES | 2763 | ||
| ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS | 2773 | ||
| CONSIDERATIONS FOR NEONATAL ANESTHESIA | 2789 | ||
| SPECIFIC NEONATAL AND SURGICAL PROCEDURES | 2791 | ||
| REGIONAL ANESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA | 2796 | ||
| References | 2796 | ||
| References | 2798.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r94 - Anesthesia for Pediatric Cardiac Surgery | 2799 | ||
| UNIQUE FEATURES OF PEDIATRIC CARDIAC ANESTHESIA | 2800 | ||
| ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT | 2810 | ||
| CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS | 2819 | ||
| ANTICOAGULATION, HEMOSTASIS, AND BLOOD CONSERVATION | 2832 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT | 2834 | ||
| ANESTHESIA FOR HEART AND LUNG TRANSPLANTATION | 2837 | ||
| ANESTHESIA FOR CLOSED-HEART OPERATIONS | 2840 | ||
| ANESTHESIA FOR INTERVENTIONAL OR DIAGNOSTIC CARDIAC PROCEDURES | 2841 | ||
| ADULT CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE | 2845 | ||
| PEDIATRIC CARDIAC ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY | 2847 | ||
| ADVANCES IN RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY | 2848 | ||
| ANESTHESIA FOR NONCARDIAC SURGERY | 2849 | ||
| OFFSITE ANESTHESIA IN CARDIAC SURGERY PATIENTS | 2850 | ||
| References | 2851 | ||
| References | 2853.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r95 - Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care | 2854 | ||
| RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT AND THE OPERATING ROOM | 2854 | ||
| FAMILY PARTNERED CARE IN THE PEDIATRIC INTENSIVE CARE UNIT | 2855 | ||
| DISCLOSURE OF MEDICAL ERRORS | 2855 | ||
| ORGANIZATION OF THE PEDIATRIC INTENSIVE CARE UNIT | 2856 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (SEE ALSO CHAPTERS 93 AND 94) | 2856 | ||
| COMMON CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE STATES | 2857 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR PHARMACOLOGY | 2861 | ||
| NEONATAL RESUSCITATION | 2865 | ||
| PHASES OF RESUSCITATION | 2869 | ||
| INTERVENTIONS DURING THE CARDIAC ARREST (NO-FLOW) AND CPR (LOW-FLOW) | 2871 | ||
| POSTRESUSCITATION MYOCARDIAL DYSFUNCTION | 2875 | ||
| VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION AND VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA IN CHILDREN | 2876 | ||
| RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | 2877 | ||
| CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM | 2895 | ||
| ENDOCRINE SYSTEM | 2905 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM | 2906 | ||
| IMMUNITY AND INFECTION | 2913 | ||
| PEDIATRIC TRAUMA | 2915 | ||
| TRANSPORT OF THE CRITICALLY ILL CHILD | 2917 | ||
| References | 2917 | ||
| References for online only | 2922.e1 | ||
| PART VII\r- Postoperative Care | 2923 | ||
| Chapter\r96 - The Postanesthesia Care Unit | 2924 | ||
| ADMISSION TO THE PACU | 2925 | ||
| STANDARDS FOR POSTANESTHESIA CARE | 2925 | ||
| EARLY POSTOPERATIVE PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES | 2926 | ||
| TRANSPORT TO THE PACU | 2927 | ||
| UPPER AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION | 2927 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF UPPER AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION | 2929 | ||
| DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF ARTERIAL HYPOXEMIA IN THE PACU | 2930 | ||
| PULMONARY EDEMA | 2931 | ||
| MONITORING AND TREATMENT OF HYPOXEMIA | 2932 | ||
| OPTIMAL PERIOPERATIVE OXYGENATION | 2932 | ||
| OXYGEN DELIVERY SYSTEMS | 2933 | ||
| HEMODYNAMIC INSTABILITY | 2935 | ||
| MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA: EVALUATION AND TREATMENT | 2936 | ||
| CARDIAC DYSRHYTHMIAS | 2937 | ||
| RENAL DYSFUNCTION | 2938 | ||
| BODY TEMPERATURE AND SHIVERING | 2939 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING | 2940 | ||
| DELIRIUM | 2940 | ||
| EMERGENCE EXCITEMENT | 2941 | ||
| DELAYED AWAKENING | 2941 | ||
| DISCHARGE CRITERIA | 2942 | ||
| INFECTION CONTROL | 2943 | ||
| FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS | 2943 | ||
| SUMMARY | 2944 | ||
| References | 2945 | ||
| References | 2946.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r97 - Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting | 2947 | ||
| ETIOLOGY: PATHWAYS FOR NAUSEA AND VOMITING | 2948 | ||
| RISK FACTORS AND INDEPENDENT PREDICTORS | 2949 | ||
| PROPHYLACTIC ANTIEMETIC STRATEGIES | 2958 | ||
| ANTIEMETICS | 2963 | ||
| SPECIAL SETTINGS | 2969 | ||
| A RATIONAL GUIDELINE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING | 2970 | ||
| References | 2972 | ||
| References | 2973.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r98 - Acute Postoperative Pain | 2974 | ||
| FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS | 2975 | ||
| TREATMENT METHODS | 2978 | ||
| SYSTEMIC ANALGESIC TECHNIQUES | 2978 | ||
| POSTOPERATIVE ANALGESIA IN SPECIAL POPULATIONS | 2991 | ||
| References | 2996 | ||
| References | 2998.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r99 - Cognitive Dysfunction and Other Long-term Complications of Surgery and Anesthesia | 2999 | ||
| DETECTION OF POSTOPERATIVE COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION | 3000 | ||
| INCIDENCE AND RISK FACTORS FOR POSTOPERATIVE COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION AFTER CARDIAC SURGERY | 3002 | ||
| INCIDENCE AND RISK FACTORS FOR POSTOPERATIVE COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION AFTER NONCARDIAC SURGERY | 3003 | ||
| ETIOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS | 3007 | ||
| CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF POSTOPERATIVE COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION | 3009 | ||
| References | 3009 | ||
| References | 3010.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r100 - Postoperative Visual Loss | 3011 | ||
| RETINAL ISCHEMIA: BRANCH AND CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION | 3012 | ||
| ISCHEMIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY | 3016 | ||
| CORTICAL BLINDNESS | 3026 | ||
| ACUTE GLAUCOMA | 3028 | ||
| VISUAL CHANGES AFTER TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF THE PROSTATE | 3028 | ||
| VISUAL LOSS AFTER VITRECTOMY AND VITREAL GAS BUBBLE TAMPONADE | 3029 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 3029 | ||
| References | 3029 | ||
| References | 3032.e1 | ||
| PART VIII -\rCritical Care Medicine | 3033 | ||
| Chapter\r101 - Critical Care Anesthesiology | 3034 | ||
| INTENSIVE CARE UNIT ORGANIZATION | 3034 | ||
| QUALITY MEASUREMENT IN CRITICAL CARE | 3037 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS | 3038 | ||
| COMPLICATIONS OF INTENSIVE CARE UNIT MANAGEMENT | 3048 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 3051 | ||
| References | 3051 | ||
| References | 3053.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r102 - Critical Care Protocols and Decision Support | 3054 | ||
| RATIONALE FOR PROTOCOL DEVELOPMENT | 3055 | ||
| PROTOCOL DESIGN | 3056 | ||
| PROTOCOL IMPLEMENTATION | 3058 | ||
| INTENSIVE CARE UNIT PROTOCOLS | 3058 | ||
| THE FUTURE OF MEDICINE BASED ON PROTOCOLS | 3060 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 3061 | ||
| References | 3061 | ||
| References | 3062.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r103 - Respiratory Care | 3063 | ||
| SETTINGS OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION | 3064 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY APPLICABLE TO THE CLINICAL SCENARIO | 3074 | ||
| MECHANICAL VENTILATION IN THE CLINICAL SCENARIO | 3078 | ||
| References | 3082 | ||
| References | 3083.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r104 - Nitric Oxide and Other Inhaled Pulmonary Vasodilators | 3084 | ||
| INTRODUCTION | 3085 | ||
| INHALED NITRIC OXIDE | 3085 | ||
| OTHER INHALED PULMONARY VASODILATORS | 3095 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 3096 | ||
| References | 3096 | ||
| References | 3097.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r105 - Neurocritical Care | 3098 | ||
| INTRACRANIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND CEREBRAL AUTOREGULATION | 3099 | ||
| GENERAL CARDIOPULMONARY CONSIDERATIONS | 3101 | ||
| FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES | 3102 | ||
| FEVER AND INFECTION | 3103 | ||
| MONITORING | 3103 | ||
| COMMON DISEASES IN THE NEUROCRITICAL CARE UNIT | 3108 | ||
| ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS | 3118 | ||
| CONCLUSION | 3118 | ||
| References | 3118 | ||
| References | 3120.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r106 - Nutrition and Metabolomics | 3121 | ||
| SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND METABOLOMICS | 3121 | ||
| METABOLIC CONTROL SYSTEMS AND THE RESPONSE TO SURGICAL STRESS | 3122 | ||
| FASTING AND MALNUTRITION | 3132 | ||
| EATING | 3133 | ||
| METABOLIC RESPONSES TO SURGICAL AND TRAUMATIC INJURY | 3133 | ||
| METABOLIC RESPONSES TO SEPSIS | 3138 | ||
| MODULATING THE STRESS RESPONSE | 3139 | ||
| NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT | 3144 | ||
| SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS | 3153 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 3154 | ||
| References | 3154 | ||
| References | 3157.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r107 - Extracorporeal Support Therapies | 3158 | ||
| INTRODUCTION TO EXTRACORPOREAL SUPPORT THERAPIES: MULTIORGAN SUPPORT FOR THE PATIENT WHO IS CRITICALLY ILL | 3158 | ||
| HISTORICAL NOTES | 3159 | ||
| TECHNICAL ASPECTS AND MODES OF EXTRACORPOREAL SUPPORT | 3161 | ||
| CLINICAL APPLICATIONS | 3173 | ||
| ALTERNATIVE EXTRACORPOREAL SUPPORT TECHNIQUES | 3178 | ||
| CONCLUSIONS | 3180 | ||
| References | 3180 | ||
| References | 3181.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r108 - Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Basic and Advanced Life Support | 3182 | ||
| SUDDEN CARDIAC ARREST AND CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION | 3183 | ||
| MANAGEMENT OF CARDIAC ARREST | 3200 | ||
| POSTRESUSCITATION INTERVENTIONS | 3203 | ||
| PEDIATRIC RESUSCITATION | 3206 | ||
| FUTURE OF RESUSCITATION SCIENCE AND CARE | 3213 | ||
| References | 3214 | ||
| References | 3216.e1 | ||
| PART IX -\rAncillary Issues andResponsibilities | 3217 | ||
| Chapter\r109 - Electrical Safety in the Operating Room | 3218 | ||
| ELECTRICAL GROUND | 3220 | ||
| ISOLATION OF ELECTRIC POWER FROM THE GROUND | 3221 | ||
| CAPACITIVE COUPLING | 3224 | ||
| ELECTRICAL SHOCK | 3226 | ||
| ELECTROSURGERY | 3227 | ||
| SAFE PRACTICE | 3229 | ||
| References | 3230 | ||
| References | 3230.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r110 - Environmental Safety and Chemical Dependency | 3231 | ||
| ANESTHESIA GASES | 3232 | ||
| RADIATION | 3234 | ||
| INFECTIONS | 3235 | ||
| FATIGUE | 3239 | ||
| SUBSTANCE ABUSE | 3240 | ||
| TREATMENT | 3243 | ||
| References | 3245 | ||
| References | 3246.e1 | ||
| Chapter\r111 - Statistical Methods in Anesthesia | 3247 | ||
| STATISTICAL APPROACHES | 3248 | ||
| STUDY DESIGN | 3252 | ||
| EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE | 3256 | ||
| SUMMARY | 3256 | ||
| Bibliography | 3256 | ||
| Chapter 112 - Evaluation and Classification of Evidence for the ASA Clinical Practice Guidelines | 3257 | ||
| COLLECTION AND ORGANIZATIONOF LITERATURE | 3257 | ||
| LITERATURE EVALUATIONAND MITIGATION OF BIAS | 3257 | ||
| AGGREGATION AND CLASSIFICATIONOF LITERATURE-BASED EVIDENCE | 3264 | ||
| EVALUATION OF OPINION-BASEDEVIDENCE | 3264 | ||
| PROTOCOL FOR ORGANIZING ANDINTEGRATING AGGREGATED EVIDENCE | 3268 | ||
| SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS | 3269 | ||
| References | 3270 | ||
| References | 3270.e1 | ||
| Index | i1 | ||
| IBC | IBC |