Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
There’s a new fundamentals text in town. One that centers on simple language, active learning, and a fresh new way to help you truly understand, apply, and retain important nursing information and concepts. Introducing the brand new Fundamentals of Nursing text from Yoost and Crawford. Written in a warm and conversational style, this innovative text starts by guiding you towards a basic understanding of the nursing profession and then logically progresses through the nursing process and into the safe and systematic methods of applying care. Each chapter features realistic case studies and critical thinking exercises woven throughout the content to help you continually apply what you’ve learned to actual patient care. Conceptual care maps further your ability to make clinical judgments and synthesize knowledge as you develop plans of care after analyzing and clustering related patient assessment data. All of this paired with a wealth of student-friendly learning features and clinically-focused content offers up a fundamentally different — and quite effective — way for you to easily master the fundamentals of nursing.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Inside front cover | ifc1 | ||
| Half title page | i | ||
| Evolve page | ii | ||
| Fundamentals of Nursing | iii | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vi | ||
| Reviewers | viii | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| Relevancy: Concise and Contemporary Approach | xi | ||
| Organization: Building-Block Approach to Teaching Nursing | xi | ||
| Technology: Powerful Tools for Teaching and Study | xi | ||
| Pedagogical Features | xi | ||
| Boxed Features | xi | ||
| Nursing Skills | xii | ||
| End-of-Chapter Features | xii | ||
| About the Authors | xiii | ||
| Acknowledgments | xiv | ||
| Table of Contents | xv | ||
| Unit I Nursing Basics | 1 | ||
| 1 Nursing, Theory, and Professional Practice | 1 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1 | ||
| Key Terms | 1 | ||
| Evolve Website | 1 | ||
| LO 1.1 Definition of Nursing | 2 | ||
| LO 1.2 Primary Roles and Functions of the Nurse | 3 | ||
| Care Provider | 3 | ||
| Educator | 3 | ||
| Advocate | 4 | ||
| Leader | 4 | ||
| Change Agent | 4 | ||
| Manager | 4 | ||
| Researcher | 4 | ||
| Collaborator | 4 | ||
| Delegator | 5 | ||
| LO 1.3 History of Nursing | 5 | ||
| LO 1.4 Nursing Theories | 5 | ||
| Definitions | 6 | ||
| Overview of Key Nursing Theories | 7 | ||
| Florence Nightingale | 7 | ||
| Hildegard Peplau | 7 | ||
| Virginia Henderson | 7 | ||
| Martha Rogers | 7 | ||
| Sister Callista Roy | 7 | ||
| Dorothea Orem | 7 | ||
| Imogene King | 8 | ||
| Betty Neuman | 8 | ||
| Rosemarie Rizzo Parse | 8 | ||
| Jean Watson | 8 | ||
| LO 1.5 Non-Nursing Theories with Significant Impact on Nursing | 8 | ||
| Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs | 8 | ||
| Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory | 8 | ||
| Lewin’s Change Theory | 8 | ||
| Paul’s Critical-Thinking Theory | 10 | ||
| Rosenstock’s Health Belief Model | 10 | ||
| LO 1.6 Criteria for a Profession | 11 | ||
| Altruism | 12 | ||
| Body of Knowledge and Research | 12 | ||
| Accountability | 12 | ||
| Higher Education | 12 | ||
| Autonomy | 12 | ||
| Code of Ethics | 12 | ||
| Professional Organization | 12 | ||
| Licensure | 12 | ||
| Diversity | 12 | ||
| LO 1.7 Practice Guidelines | 13 | ||
| LO 1.8 Socialization and Transformation Into Nursing | 13 | ||
| LO 1.9 Nursing Practice Licensure and Graduate Specialties | 14 | ||
| Licensed Practical Nurse or Licensed Vocational Nurse | 15 | ||
| Registered Nurse | 15 | ||
| Associate Degree in Nursing | 15 | ||
| Diploma Programs | 15 | ||
| Bachelor of Science in Nursing | 15 | ||
| Master of Science in Nursing | 15 | ||
| Advanced Practice Nurses | 15 | ||
| Other Advanced Roles | 16 | ||
| Doctor of Philosophy and Doctor of Nursing Practice | 16 | ||
| LO 1.10 Certifications and Professional Nursing Organizations | 16 | ||
| Certifications | 16 | ||
| Professional Organizations | 16 | ||
| LO 1.11 Future Directions | 16 | ||
| Nursing Shortage | 17 | ||
| Quality and Safety Education for Nurses | 17 | ||
| Institute of Medicine Report | 17 | ||
| National Patient Safety Goals | 17 | ||
| Independent Nursing Practice | 18 | ||
| Summary of Learning Outcomes | 18 | ||
| Review Questions | 19 | ||
| References | 19 | ||
| 2 Values, Beliefs, and Caring | 21 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 21 | ||
| Key Terms | 21 | ||
| Evolve Website | 21 | ||
| LO 2.1 Beliefs and Values | 22 | ||
| First-Order Beliefs | 22 | ||
| Higher-Order Beliefs | 23 | ||
| Values System | 23 | ||
| LO 2.2 Values Conflict | 24 | ||
| Values Clarification | 24 | ||
| LO 2.3 Beliefs, Health, and Health Care | 25 | ||
| LO 2.4 Nursing Theories of Caring | 26 | ||
| Madeline Leininger: Cultural Care Theory | 27 | ||
| Jean Watson: Nursing—Human Science and Human Care | 27 | ||
| Joyce Travelbee: Human-to-Human Relationship Model | 28 | ||
| Kristen Swanson: Middle Range Theory of Caring | 28 | ||
| LO 2.5 Professional Caring | 28 | ||
| Developing Compassion | 28 | ||
| Codependency and Nursing | 29 | ||
| Behaviors That Demonstrate Caring in Nursing | 29 | ||
| Presence | 29 | ||
| Consistency and Predictability | 30 | ||
| Touch | 30 | ||
| Task-Oriented Touch | 30 | ||
| Caring Touch | 31 | ||
| Listening | 31 | ||
| Summary of Learning Outcomes | 32 | ||
| Review Questions | 32 | ||
| References | 34 | ||
| 3 Communication | 37 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 37 | ||
| Key Terms | 37 | ||
| Evolve Website | 37 | ||
| LO 3.1 The Communication Process | 38 | ||
| Referent | 39 | ||
| Sender | 39 | ||
| Message | 39 | ||
| Channel | 39 | ||
| Receiver | 39 | ||
| Feedback | 39 | ||
| LO 3.2 Modes of Communication | 39 | ||
| Nonverbal Communication | 39 | ||
| Body Language | 40 | ||
| Posture, Stance, and Gait | 40 | ||
| Facial Expressions and Eye Movements | 40 | ||
| Touch, Gestures, and Symbolic Expressions | 40 | ||
| Voice Inflection | 41 | ||
| Verbal Communication | 42 | ||
| Setting, Context, and Content | 42 | ||
| Written Communication | 42 | ||
| Electronic Communication | 42 | ||
| LO 3.3 Types of Communication | 42 | ||
| Intrapersonal Communication | 42 | ||
| Interpersonal Communication | 42 | ||
| Interprofessional Communication | 43 | ||
| Ethical Implications | 43 | ||
| Small-Group Communication | 43 | ||
| Small-Group Dynamics | 43 | ||
| Public Communication | 44 | ||
| LO 3.4 The Nurse–Patient Helping Relationship | 44 | ||
| Phases of the Helping Relationship | 44 | ||
| Nursing Process in the Helping Relationship | 44 | ||
| LO 3.5 Factors Affecting the Timing of Patient Communication | 45 | ||
| Pain or Anxiety | 45 | ||
| Location and Distractions | 45 | ||
| LO 3.6 Essential Components of Professional Nursing Communication | 45 | ||
| Respect | 45 | ||
| Assertiveness | 46 | ||
| Collaboration | 46 | ||
| Delegation | 46 | ||
| Advocacy | 46 | ||
| LO 3.7 Social, Therapeutic, and Nontherapeutic Communication | 46 | ||
| Social Communication | 46 | ||
| Therapeutic Communication | 46 | ||
| Nontherapeutic Communication | 49 | ||
| LO 3.8 Defense Mechanisms | 49 | ||
| LO 3.9 Special Communication Considerations | 49 | ||
| Hearing-Impaired Patients | 51 | ||
| Visually Impaired Patients | 52 | ||
| Physically or Cognitively Impaired Patients | 52 | ||
| Families and Communities | 52 | ||
| Summary of Learning Outcomes | 53 | ||
| Review Questions | 53 | ||
| References | 54 | ||
| 4 Critical Thinking in Nursing | 55 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 55 | ||
| Key Terms | 55 | ||
| Evolve Website | 55 | ||
| LO 4.1 Critical Thinking and Clinical Reasoning | 56 | ||
| LO 4.2 Theoretical Underpinnings of Critical Thinking | 56 | ||
| Intellectual Standards of Critical Thinking | 57 | ||
| LO 4.4 Critical-Thinking Components and Attitudes | 57 | ||
| Knowledge Review | 57 | ||
| Baseline Knowledge | 57 | ||
| Information Gathering | 57 | ||
| Reasoning | 59 | ||
| Inductive Reasoning | 59 | ||
| Deductive Reasoning | 59 | ||
| Inferences | 59 | ||
| Intuition | 59 | ||
| Interpretation | 60 | ||
| Validation | 60 | ||
| Attitudes Necessary for Critical Thinking | 60 | ||
| LO 4.5 The Role of Critical Thinking in Nursing Practice | 60 | ||
| Critical Thinking in the Nursing Process | 61 | ||
| LO 4.6 Thinking Errors to Avoid | 62 | ||
| Bias | 62 | ||
| Illogical Thinking | 62 | ||
| Lack of Information | 62 | ||
| Closed-Mindedness | 62 | ||
| Erroneous Assumptions | 62 | ||
| LO 4.7 Methods for Improving Critical-Thinking Skills | 63 | ||
| Discussion with Colleagues | 63 | ||
| Audible Verbalization of Thoughts | 63 | ||
| Literature Review | 63 | ||
| Intentional Application of Knowledge | 63 | ||
| Concept Maps | 64 | ||
| Simulation | 64 | ||
| Role Playing | 65 | ||
| Written Work | 65 | ||
| Summary of Learning Outcomes | 65 | ||
| Review Questions | 66 | ||
| References | 67 | ||
| Unit II Nursing Process | 69 | ||
| 5 Introduction to the Nursing Process | 69 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 69 | ||
| Key Terms | 69 | ||
| Evolve Website | 69 | ||
| LO 5.1 Definition of the Nursing Process | 70 | ||
| LO 5.2 Historical Development and Significance of the Nursing Process | 70 | ||
| LO 5.3 Characteristics of the Nursing Process | 70 | ||
| Analytical | 71 | ||
| Dynamic | 72 | ||
| Organized | 73 | ||
| Outcome Oriented | 73 | ||
| Collaborative | 73 | ||
| Adaptable | 73 | ||
| LO 5.4 Steps of the Nursing Process | 73 | ||
| Assessment | 74 | ||
| Diagnosis | 75 | ||
| Planning | 76 | ||
| Implementation | 77 | ||
| Clinical Pathways, Protocols, and Standing Orders | 77 | ||
| Evaluation | 79 | ||
| LO 5.5 Cyclic and Dynamic Nature of the Nursing Process | 79 | ||
| Summary of Learning Outcomes | 80 | ||
| Review Questions | 80 | ||
| References | 81 | ||
| 6 Assessment | 83 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 83 | ||
| Key Terms | 83 | ||
| Evolve Website | 83 | ||
| LO 6.1 Methods of Assessment | 84 | ||
| Observation | 84 | ||
| Patient Interview | 84 | ||
| Orientation Phase | 84 | ||
| Working Phase | 86 | ||
| Health History | 86 | ||
| Review of Systems | 86 | ||
| Termination Phase | 88 | ||
| LO 6.2 Physical Assessment | 88 | ||
| Inspection | 88 | ||
| Palpation | 88 | ||
| Percussion | 88 | ||
| Auscultation | 88 | ||
| LO 6.3 Types of Physical Assessment | 88 | ||
| Comprehensive Assessment | 89 | ||
| Focused Assessment | 89 | ||
| Emergency Assessment | 89 | ||
| LO 6.4 Data Collection | 90 | ||
| Primary and Secondary Data | 90 | ||
| Subjective Data | 90 | ||
| Objective Data | 91 | ||
| LO 6.5 Validating Data | 91 | ||
| Data Interpretation | 91 | ||
| LO 6.6 Data Organization | 92 | ||
| Body Systems Model | 92 | ||
| Head-To-Toe Model | 92 | ||
| Gordon’s Functional Health Patterns | 92 | ||
| Summary of Learning Outcomes | 93 | ||
| Review Questions | 94 | ||
| References | 94 | ||
| 7 Nursing Diagnosis | 95 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 95 | ||
| Key Terms | 95 | ||
| Evolve Website | 95 | ||
| LO 7.1 Nursing Diagnosis Methodology | 96 | ||
| Differentiating Between Medical and Nursing Diagnoses | 97 | ||
| LO 7.2 NANDA International | 97 | ||
| Evolution | 97 | ||
| Cycle of Revision | 97 | ||
| LO 7.3 Types of Nursing Diagnostic Statements | 97 | ||
| LO 7.4 Components of Nursing Diagnoses | 98 | ||
| Diagnosis Label | 98 | ||
| Related Factors and Risk Factors | 99 | ||
| Defining Characteristics | 99 | ||
| LO 7.5 Steps for Identification of Accurate Nursing Diagnoses | 99 | ||
| Unit III Nursing Practice | 129 | ||
| 10 Documentation, Electronic Health Records, and Reporting | 129 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 129 | ||
| Key Terms | 129 | ||
| Evolve Website | 129 | ||
| LO 10.1 Documentation Standards and Principles | 130 | ||
| LO 10.2 The Medical Record | 130 | ||
| Written Medical Records | 130 | ||
| Electronic Health Records | 131 | ||
| Electronic Health Record Documentation | 132 | ||
| Computer Availability | 132 | ||
| LO 10.3 Nursing Documentation | 132 | ||
| Critical Aspects of Documentation | 132 | ||
| Do-Not-Use Abbreviations | 133 | ||
| Documentation Formats | 133 | ||
| Narrative Charting | 133 | ||
| Formatted Charting | 134 | ||
| PIE Notes | 134 | ||
| APIE Notes | 134 | ||
| SOAP Notes | 134 | ||
| DAR Notes | 134 | ||
| Charting by Exception | 134 | ||
| Case Management Documentation | 134 | ||
| Flow Sheets | 134 | ||
| Bar-Coded Medication Administration | 134 | ||
| Kardex | 135 | ||
| Admission and Discharge Summaries | 135 | ||
| Legal Issues of Documentation | 135 | ||
| LO 10.4 Confidentiality and Privacy | 135 | ||
| LO 10.5 Hand-Off Reports | 136 | ||
| LO 10.6 Verbal and Telephone Orders | 138 | ||
| LO 10.7 Incident Reports | 138 | ||
| Summary of Learning Outcomes | 139 | ||
| Review Questions | 139 | ||
| References | 141 | ||
| 11 Ethical and Legal Considerations | 143 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 143 | ||
| Key Terms | 143 | ||
| Evolve Website | 143 | ||
| LO 11.1 Ethics and Ethical Theories | 144 | ||
| Ethical Theories | 144 | ||
| Deontology | 144 | ||
| Utilitarianism | 144 | ||
| LO 11.2 Essential Concepts of Ethics in Nursing | 145 | ||
| Autonomy | 145 | ||
| Accountability | 145 | ||
| Advocacy | 145 | ||
| Beneficence | 145 | ||
| Confidentiality | 145 | ||
| Fidelity | 146 | ||
| Justice | 146 | ||
| Nonmaleficence | 146 | ||
| Responsibility | 146 | ||
| Veracity | 146 | ||
| LO 11.3 Codes of Ethics | 147 | ||
| History | 147 | ||
| Code of Ethics for Nurses | 147 | ||
| Responsibility of Nurse Educators | 147 | ||
| Responsibility of Student Nurses | 148 | ||
| Professional Ethical Standards in the Academic Setting | 148 | ||
| LO 11.4 Bioethics Challenges in Health Care | 148 | ||
| Genetic Testing | 148 | ||
| Cloning and Embryonic Stem Cell Research | 149 | ||
| End-of-Life Care | 149 | ||
| Resource Allocation and Access | 149 | ||
| Ethical Decision Makers | 150 | ||
| LO 11.5 Legal Implications in Nursing Practice | 150 | ||
| LO 11.6 Sources of Law Impacting Professional Nursing | 150 | ||
| Constitutional Law | 150 | ||
| Statutory Law | 151 | ||
| Regulatory Law | 151 | ||
| Case Law | 151 | ||
| LO 11.7 Types of Statutory Law | 151 | ||
| Intentional Torts | 151 | ||
| Assault | 152 | ||
| Battery | 152 | ||
| Defamation of Character | 152 | ||
| False Imprisonment | 152 | ||
| Invasion of Privacy | 152 | ||
| Unintentional Torts | 152 | ||
| Negligence | 152 | ||
| Malpractice | 153 | ||
| LO 11.8 Professional Liability Issues | 153 | ||
| Professional Practice Conduct | 153 | ||
| Social Networking | 154 | ||
| Adherence to Principles of Delegation | 154 | ||
| Accurate and Timely Documentation | 154 | ||
| LO 11.9 Legal Issues Guiding Patient Care | 154 | ||
| Informed Consent | 154 | ||
| Patient’s Bill of Rights | 155 | ||
| Organ Donation | 155 | ||
| Advance Directives | 156 | ||
| Living Will | 156 | ||
| Durable Power of Attorney | 156 | ||
| Health Care Proxy | 156 | ||
| Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders | 157 | ||
| LO 11.10 Laws Impacting Professional Practice | 157 | ||
| Licensure | 157 | ||
| Standards of Care | 157 | ||
| Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act | 158 | ||
| American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 | 158 | ||
| Good Samaritan Acts | 158 | ||
| Uniform Determination of Death | 159 | ||
| Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia | 159 | ||
| Natural Death Acts | 160 | ||
| Americans With Disabilities Act | 160 | ||
| Physical Restraints | 160 | ||
| Additional Acts Introduced in Congress | 161 | ||
| Ultimate Responsibility of Professional Nurses | 161 | ||
| Summary of Learning Outcomes | 161 | ||
| Review Questions | 162 | ||
| References | 163 | ||
| 12 Leadership and Management | 165 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 165 | ||
| Key Terms | 165 | ||
| Evolve Website | 165 | ||
| LO 12.1 Definitions of Leadership and Management | 166 | ||
| LO 12.2 Leadership | 166 | ||
| Leadership Theory Overview | 166 | ||
| Trait Theories | 167 | ||
| Behavioral Theories | 167 | ||
| Situational Theories | 167 | ||
| Contemporary Theories | 167 | ||
| Styles of Leadership | 167 | ||
| Autocratic Leadership | 167 | ||
| Democratic Leadership | 167 | ||
| Laissez-Faire Leadership | 168 | ||
| Bureaucratic Leadership | 168 | ||
| Qualities of Effective Leaders | 168 | ||
| Formal and Informal Leadership | 168 | ||
| LO 12.3 Management | 168 | ||
| Management Theory Overview | 169 | ||
| Fayol’s Functions of Management | 169 | ||
| Planning | 169 | ||
| Organizing | 169 | ||
| Directing | 169 | ||
| Controlling | 169 | ||
| Mintzberg’s Behavioral Model | 169 | ||
| Mintzberg’s Contemporary Model | 169 | ||
| Information Level | 170 | ||
| People Level | 170 | ||
| Action Level | 170 | ||
| Qualities of Effective Managers | 170 | ||
| Skills of Effective Managers | 170 | ||
| Management Styles | 170 | ||
| LO 12.4 Nursing Leadership Roles | 171 | ||
| Patient Care Provider | 171 | ||
| Patient Advocate | 171 | ||
| Case Manager | 171 | ||
| Clinical Nurse Leader | 171 | ||
| Financial Resource Manager | 171 | ||
| Collaborative Team Member | 171 | ||
| LO 12.5 Delegation | 172 | ||
| Principles of Delegation | 172 | ||
| First Principle of Delegation | 172 | ||
| Second Principle of Delegation | 172 | ||
| Third Principle of Delegation | 173 | ||
| Five Rights of Safe Delegation | 173 | ||
| Right Task | 173 | ||
| Right Person | 173 | ||
| Right Circumstance | 173 | ||
| Right Communication | 173 | ||
| Right Supervision | 173 | ||
| Summary of Learning Outcomes | 174 | ||
| Review Questions | 175 | ||
| References | 176 | ||
| 13 Evidence-Based Practice and Nursing Research | 177 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 177 | ||
| Key Terms | 177 | ||
| Evolve Website | 177 | ||
| LO 13.1 Definition of Nursing Research | 178 | ||
| Research | 178 | ||
| Nursing Research | 178 | ||
| American Nurses Association Research Standards | 178 | ||
| LO 13.2 Methods of Research | 178 | ||
| Quantitative Research | 179 | ||
| Qualitative Research | 179 | ||
| LO 13.3 Components of Research | 179 | ||
| Literature Review | 179 | ||
| Data Collection | 180 | ||
| Dependent and Independent Variables | 180 | ||
| Institutional Review Board | 180 | ||
| Confidentiality and Anonymity | 181 | ||
| Data Analysis | 182 | ||
| Dissemination of Outcomes | 182 | ||
| Application to Practice | 182 | ||
| LO 13.4 Evidence-Based Practice | 182 | ||
| Historical Context | 182 | ||
| Nightingale | 183 | ||
| Cochrane | 183 | ||
| Research Use versus Evidence-Based Practice | 183 | ||
| Barriers to Evidence-Based Practice | 183 | ||
| LO 13.5 Conducting Evidence-Based Research | 183 | ||
| Assessing the Problem | 183 | ||
| Developing a Question | 184 | ||
| Searching for and Evaluating Evidence | 184 | ||
| Searching | 184 | ||
| Critically Appraising Information | 185 | ||
| Internal Validity | 185 | ||
| Result Analysis | 186 | ||
| External Validity | 186 | ||
| Synthesizing the Evidence and Developing a Plan | 186 | ||
| Implementing the Plan | 186 | ||
| Maintaining the Change and Reevaluating | 187 | ||
| LO 13.6 Implementing Research in Nursing Practice | 187 | ||
| LO 13.7 Magnet Hospital Status and the Role of Nursing Research in Practice | 188 | ||
| Research and Best Practices | 188 | ||
| Summary of Learning Outcomes | 188 | ||
| Review Questions | 189 | ||
| References | 190 | ||
| 14 Health Literacy and Patient Education | 191 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 191 | ||
| Key Terms | 191 | ||
| Evolve Website | 191 | ||
| LO 14.1 Health Literacy | 192 | ||
| LO 14.2 Role of Health Literacy in Nursing and Patient Education | 193 | ||
| LO 14.3 Types of Patient Education | 194 | ||
| LO 14.4 Domains of Learning | 195 | ||
| LO 14.5 Learning Styles | 195 | ||
| LO 14.6 Factors Affecting Health Literacy and Patient Teaching | 195 | ||
| Age and Developmental Stage | 196 | ||
| Role | 196 | ||
| Environment | 197 | ||
| Timing | 197 | ||
| Economic Resources | 197 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 197 | ||
| LO 14.7 Assessment | 198 | ||
| LO 14.8 Nursing Diagnosis | 198 | ||
| LO 14.9 Planning | 199 | ||
| LO 14.10 Implementation and Evaluation | 200 | ||
| Environment | 200 | ||
| Pace | 200 | ||
| Data Integration | 200 | ||
| Repetition and Demonstration | 201 | ||
| Evaluation | 201 | ||
| Documentation | 201 | ||
| Summary of Learning Outcomes | 202 | ||
| Review Questions | 203 | ||
| References | 204 | ||
| 15 Nursing Informatics | 205 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 205 | ||
| Key Terms | 205 | ||
| Evolve Website | 205 | ||
| LO 15.1 Definition of Informatics | 206 | ||
| Data Collection | 206 | ||
| Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom | 206 | ||
| LO 15.2 Technology in the Information Age | 206 | ||
| LO 15.3 Benefits of Informatics | 207 | ||
| Patient Safety | 208 | ||
| Record Management | 209 | ||
| Research Access | 209 | ||
| Networking | 209 | ||
| LO 15.4 Nursing Informatics Skills and Roles | 209 | ||
| LO 15.5 Standardized Terminologies | 212 | ||
| LO 15.6 Information and Education | 213 | ||
| Standards for Internet Health Sites | 213 | ||
| Nursing Informatics and Nursing Education | 213 | ||
| LO 15.7 Ethical, Legal, and Professional Practice Concerns | 214 | ||
| Computer Ethics | 214 | ||
| eHealth Code of Ethics | 214 | ||
| LO 15.8 The Future of Nursing Informatics | 214 | ||
| Summary of Learning Outcomes | 215 | ||
| Review Questions | 215 | ||
| References | 216 | ||
| 16 Health and Wellness | 219 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 219 | ||
| Key Terms | 219 | ||
| Evolve Website | 219 | ||
| LO 16.1 The Concept of Health | 220 | ||
| LO 16.2 Health Models | 220 | ||
| Basic Human Needs Model | 221 | ||
| Health Belief Model | 221 | ||
| Health Promotion Model | 222 | ||
| Holistic Health Models | 222 | ||
| LO 16.3 Health Promotion and Wellness | 223 | ||
| Health Promotion | 223 | ||
| Wellness | 224 | ||
| LO 16.4 Levels of Prevention | 224 | ||
| Primary Prevention | 225 | ||
| Secondary Prevention | 225 | ||
| Tertiary Prevention | 225 | ||
| LO 16.5 Illness | 226 | ||
| Acute Illness | 226 | ||
| Chronic Illness | 226 | ||
| Illness Behaviors | 226 | ||
| LO 16.6 Factors Influencing Health and the Impact of Illness | 227 | ||
| Age | 227 | ||
| Gender | 227 | ||
| Genetics and Inherited Traits | 228 | ||
| Lifestyle | 229 | ||
| Environment | 230 | ||
| Attitudes and Emotions | 230 | ||
| Self-Concept | 230 | ||
| Developmental Level | 231 | ||
| Influence of Peers and Family | 231 | ||
| Traditions, Beliefs, and Values | 231 | ||
| Health Care Access and Availability | 232 | ||
| Summary of Learning Outcomes | 232 | ||
| Review Questions | 233 | ||
| References | 234 | ||
| Unit IV Nursing Assessment | 235 | ||
| 17 Human Development: | 235 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 235 | ||
| Key Terms | 235 | ||
| Evolve Website | 235 | ||
| LO 17.1 Theories of Human Development | 236 | ||
| Psychosocial Theories | 236 | ||
| Freud’s Theory | 236 | ||
| Oral Stage | 236 | ||
| Anal Stage | 236 | ||
| Phallic Stage | 237 | ||
| Latency Stage | 237 | ||
| Genital Stage | 237 | ||
| Erikson’s Theory | 237 | ||
| Trust versus Mistrust | 237 | ||
| Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt | 237 | ||
| Initiative versus Guilt | 237 | ||
| Industry versus Inferiority | 238 | ||
| Identity versus Role Confusion | 238 | ||
| Intimacy versus Isolation | 238 | ||
| Generativity versus Stagnation | 238 | ||
| Integrity versus Despair | 238 | ||
| Havighurst’s Theory | 239 | ||
| Cognitive Development Theory | 239 | ||
| Piaget’s Theory | 239 | ||
| Sensorimotor Stage | 239 | ||
| Preoperational Stage | 240 | ||
| Concrete Operational Stage | 240 | ||
| Formal Operational Stage | 240 | ||
| Moral Development Theory | 240 | ||
| Kohlberg’s Theory | 240 | ||
| Faith Development Theory | 241 | ||
| Westerhoff’s Theory | 241 | ||
| Behaviorist Theory | 241 | ||
| Skinner’s Theory | 242 | ||
| Social Learning Theory | 242 | ||
| Bandura’s Theory | 242 | ||
| LO 17.2 Development From Conception to Birth | 242 | ||
| LO 17.3 Development during the Newborn Period | 243 | ||
| LO 17.4 Infant Development | 244 | ||
| LO 17.5 Physical, Psychosocial, and Cognitive Development of the Toddler | 247 | ||
| LO 17.6 Growth and Development during the Preschool Years | 248 | ||
| LO 17.7 Development during the School-Age Years | 250 | ||
| LO 17.8 Physical, Psychosocial, and Cognitive Development in Adolescents | 251 | ||
| Summary of Learning Outcomes | 253 | ||
| Review Questions | 254 | ||
| References | 255 | ||
| 18 Human Development: Young Adult Through Older Adult | 257 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 257 | ||
| Key Terms | 257 | ||
| Evolve Website | 257 | ||
| LO 18.1 Theories on Aging and Adult Development | 258 | ||
| Wear-and-Tear Theory | 258 | ||
| Aging at the Level of DNA and Body Cells | 259 | ||
| Cross-Linking Theory of Aging | 259 | ||
| Gould’s Theory on Adult Development | 259 | ||
| LO 18.2 Physical Changes Due to Aging | 259 | ||
| LO 18.3 Young Adulthood: Ages 18 to 34 | 259 | ||
| Age Group Characteristics | 261 | ||
| Emerging Adulthood | 261 | ||
| Physical Development in Young Adulthood | 262 | ||
| Changes in Cognitive Development | 262 | ||
| Primary Developmental Tasks | 263 | ||
| Psychosocial Changes in Young Adulthood | 263 | ||
| Lifestyles | 263 | ||
| LO 18.4 Health Risks and Concerns during Young Adulthood | 264 | ||
| Health Risks During Young Adulthood | 264 | ||
| Cigarette Smoking and Alcohol Use | 264 | ||
| Illicit Drug Use | 264 | ||
| Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Violence | 264 | ||
| Consequences of Domestic Violence | 266 | ||
| Accidents and Violence | 267 | ||
| Health Concerns During Young Adulthood | 267 | ||
| Health Screenings and Health Promotion | 267 | ||
| Diet and Physical Activity | 267 | ||
| Mental Health | 268 | ||
| Sexual Behavior and Sexually Transmitted Diseases | 268 | ||
| LO 18.5 Middle Adulthood: Ages 35 to 65 | 269 | ||
| Age Group Characteristics | 269 | ||
| Physical Changes in Middle Adulthood | 269 | ||
| Changes in Cognitive Development | 270 | ||
| Primary Developmental Tasks in Middle Adulthood | 270 | ||
| Erikson’s Theory: Generativity versus Stagnation | 270 | ||
| Levinson’s Seasons of Life | 271 | ||
| Havighurst’s Developmental Tasks for Middle Adulthood | 271 | ||
| LO 18.6 Health Risks and Concerns during Middle Adulthood | 271 | ||
| Health Risks During Middle Adulthood | 271 | ||
| Cancer | 272 | ||
| Cardiovascular Disease | 272 | ||
| Health Concerns During Middle Adulthood | 272 | ||
| Health Screening and Health Promotion | 272 | ||
| Relationships at Midlife | 272 | ||
| Marriage and Divorce | 273 | ||
| Grandparents Rearing Grandchildren | 273 | ||
| Middle-Aged Adults and Their Aging Parents | 273 | ||
| LO 18.7 Older Adulthood: Age 65 and Older | 274 | ||
| Age Group Characteristics | 274 | ||
| Physical Changes During Older Adulthood | 275 | ||
| Cognitive Changes During Older Adulthood | 275 | ||
| Primary Developmental Tasks | 276 | ||
| Psychosocial Changes in the Older Adult | 276 | ||
| Living Arrangements | 276 | ||
| Sexuality in Older Adulthood | 277 | ||
| Cultural Differences in Aging | 277 | ||
| LO 18.8 Health Risks and Concerns In older adulthood | 278 | ||
| Health Risks During Older Adulthood | 278 | ||
| Cardiovascular Disease | 278 | ||
| Cancer | 278 | ||
| Respiratory Diseases | 279 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Disorders | 279 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 279 | ||
| Health Concerns During Older Adulthood | 280 | ||
| Health Screening and Health Promotion | 280 | ||
| Changing Roles and Relationships | 280 | ||
| Assistive Technology | 281 | ||
| Summary of Learning Outcomes | 281 | ||
| Review Questions | 282 | ||
| References | 283 | ||
| 19 Vital Signs | 285 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 285 | ||
| Key Terms | 285 | ||
| Evolve Website | 285 | ||
| LO 19.1 Vital Sign Measurement | 286 | ||
| LO 19.2 Temperature | 288 | ||
| Normal Parameters of Body Temperature | 289 | ||
| Physiology of Heat Production and Loss | 289 | ||
| Heat Production | 289 | ||
| Heat Loss | 289 | ||
| Factors Affecting Body Temperature | 289 | ||
| Assessment of Temperature | 290 | ||
| Oral Temperature | 291 | ||
| Rectal Temperature | 291 | ||
| Ear (Tympanic) Temperature | 291 | ||
| Forehead (Temporal Artery) Temperature | 291 | ||
| Axillary Temperature | 292 | ||
| Electronic Thermometers | 292 | ||
| Disposable Thermometers and Temperature-Sensitive Strips | 292 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis | 292 | ||
| Planning | 292 | ||
| Implementation and Evaluation | 293 | ||
| LO 19.3 Pulse | 294 | ||
| Factors Affecting Pulse Rate | 294 | ||
| Sites for Assessing Pulse | 294 | ||
| Assessment of Pulse | 295 | ||
| Pulse Rate | 296 | ||
| Pulse Rhythm | 296 | ||
| Pulse Volume | 297 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis | 297 | ||
| Planning | 297 | ||
| Implementation and Evaluation | 297 | ||
| LO 19.4 Respirations | 297 | ||
| Physiology and Regulation of Breathing and Ventilation | 297 | ||
| Factors Affecting Respiration | 298 | ||
| Assessment of Respirations | 298 | ||
| Respiratory Status | 298 | ||
| Respiratory Rate | 298 | ||
| Depth of Respirations | 298 | ||
| Quality of Respirations | 298 | ||
| Oxygen Saturation | 298 | ||
| Arterial Blood Gases | 300 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis | 300 | ||
| Planning | 300 | ||
| Implementation and Evaluation | 300 | ||
| LO 19.5 Blood Pressure | 300 | ||
| Physiology of Blood Pressure | 300 | ||
| Hypotension | 301 | ||
| Hypertension | 301 | ||
| Factors Affecting Blood Pressure | 301 | ||
| Assessment of Blood Pressure | 302 | ||
| Sites for Assessing Blood Pressure | 303 | ||
| Blood Pressure Devices | 303 | ||
| Arterial Lines | 303 | ||
| Korotkoff Sounds | 304 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis | 305 | ||
| Planning | 305 | ||
| Implementation and Evaluation | 305 | ||
| LO 19.6 Pain | 306 | ||
| Assessment of Pain | 306 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis | 307 | ||
| Planning | 307 | ||
| Implementation and Evaluation | 307 | ||
| Skill 19-1 Measuring Body Temperature | 308 | ||
| Purpose | 308 | ||
| Resources: All Methods | 308 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 308 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 308 | ||
| Special Circumstances: All Methods | 308 | ||
| Resources and Special Circumstances: Specific Methods | 308 | ||
| Oral Method | 308 | ||
| Unit V Nursing Principles | 459 | ||
| 25 Safety | 459 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 459 | ||
| Key Terms | 459 | ||
| Evolve Website | 459 | ||
| LO 25.1 Safety in the Home, Community, and Health Care Settings | 460 | ||
| LO 25.2 Factors Affecting Safety | 461 | ||
| Individual Factors | 461 | ||
| Body System Integrity | 461 | ||
| Life Span Factors | 462 | ||
| Environmental Factors | 462 | ||
| Pollution | 462 | ||
| Lighting | 462 | ||
| Communicable Diseases | 462 | ||
| Workplace Hazards | 462 | ||
| Patient Safety Concerns | 464 | ||
| LO 25.3 Altered Safety | 464 | ||
| Altered Safety in the Home and Community | 464 | ||
| Poisoning | 464 | ||
| Toxins | 464 | ||
| Lead | 464 | ||
| Carbon Monoxide | 465 | ||
| Plants | 465 | ||
| Medications | 465 | ||
| Household Chemicals | 465 | ||
| Fires and Electrical Hazards | 465 | ||
| Abuse | 465 | ||
| Bioterrorism | 466 | ||
| Suffocation and Drowning | 466 | ||
| Altered Safety in Health Care Agencies | 466 | ||
| Falls | 466 | ||
| Restraints | 466 | ||
| Medication Administration Errors | 466 | ||
| Radiation | 467 | ||
| Drug-Resistant Microorganisms | 467 | ||
| Procedural Errors | 467 | ||
| LO 25.4 Assessment | 467 | ||
| LO 25.5 Nursing Diagnosis | 470 | ||
| LO 25.6 Planning | 471 | ||
| LO 25.7 Implementation and Evaluation | 472 | ||
| Safety Interventions in the Home and Community | 474 | ||
| Safety Interventions in the Health Care Environment | 474 | ||
| Legal Issues Related to Safety | 474 | ||
| Fire | 474 | ||
| Electrical Energy | 476 | ||
| Fall Prevention | 476 | ||
| Seizure Precautions | 477 | ||
| Proper Use of Restraints | 477 | ||
| Proper Use of Side Rails | 478 | ||
| Safe Medication Administration | 478 | ||
| Reduction of Pathogen Transmission | 479 | ||
| Reduction of Procedure- and Equipment-Related Events | 479 | ||
| Bioterrorism | 480 | ||
| Evaluation | 480 | ||
| Skill 25-1 Applying Physical Restraints | 481 | ||
| Purpose | 481 | ||
| Resources | 481 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 481 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 481 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 481 | ||
| Preprocedure | 482 | ||
| Procedure | 482 | ||
| Use of Restraints | 482 | ||
| Postprocedure | 483 | ||
| Summary of Learning Outcomes | 484 | ||
| Review Questions | 484 | ||
| References | 485 | ||
| 26 Asepsis and Infection Control | 487 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 487 | ||
| Key Terms | 487 | ||
| Evolve Website | 487 | ||
| LO 26.1 Normal Structure and Function of the Body’s Defense System | 488 | ||
| Normal Flora | 488 | ||
| Inflammatory Response | 488 | ||
| Immune Response | 489 | ||
| Innate Immunity | 489 | ||
| Adaptive Immunity | 489 | ||
| Humoral Immunity | 489 | ||
| Cellular Immunity | 489 | ||
| Immunologic Memory | 489 | ||
| Other Body Systems | 489 | ||
| LO 26.2 Altered Structure and Function of the Body’s Defense System | 490 | ||
| Chain of Infection | 490 | ||
| Infectious Agents | 490 | ||
| Source of Infection | 491 | ||
| Portal of Exit | 491 | ||
| Mode of Transmission | 491 | ||
| Portal of Entry | 491 | ||
| Susceptible Host | 492 | ||
| Health Care–Associated Infections | 492 | ||
| Resistant Organisms | 492 | ||
| Blood-Borne Pathogens | 492 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms of Infection | 493 | ||
| LO 26.3 Assessment | 493 | ||
| Health History | 493 | ||
| Effects of Infection on the Body’s Defense System | 493 | ||
| Assessment of Vital Signs | 494 | ||
| Nutritional Assessment | 494 | ||
| Risk Assessment | 494 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 494 | ||
| LO 26.4 Nursing Diagnosis | 494 | ||
| LO 26.5 Planning | 494 | ||
| LO 26.6 Implementation and Evaluation | 495 | ||
| Infection Control and Aseptic Interventions | 495 | ||
| Hand Hygiene | 495 | ||
| Precautions and Isolation | 497 | ||
| Personal Protective Equipment | 500 | ||
| Immunization | 500 | ||
| Medical Asepsis and Surgical Asepsis | 500 | ||
| Disinfection and Sterilization | 501 | ||
| Infection Control and Aseptic Interventions in the Home | 501 | ||
| Evaluation | 501 | ||
| Skill 26-1 Hand Hygiene | 503 | ||
| Purpose | 503 | ||
| Resources | 503 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 503 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 503 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 503 | ||
| Special Circumstances during the Procedure | 503 | ||
| Procedure | 503 | ||
| Handwashing: Soap and Water Method | 503 | ||
| Hand Hygiene: Sanitizer Method | 504 | ||
| Skill 26-2 Sterile Gloving | 505 | ||
| Purpose | 505 | ||
| Resources | 505 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 505 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 505 | ||
| Procedure | 505 | ||
| Applying Sterile Gloves | 505 | ||
| Removing Sterile Gloves | 507 | ||
| Skill 26-3 Personal Protective Equipment | 508 | ||
| Purpose | 508 | ||
| Resources | 508 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 508 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 508 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 508 | ||
| Procedure | 509 | ||
| Applying PPE | 509 | ||
| Removing PPE | 509 | ||
| Skill 26-4 Sterile Fields | 511 | ||
| Purpose | 511 | ||
| Resources | 511 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 511 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 511 | ||
| Procedure | 511 | ||
| Preparing an Individually Wrapped Sterile Drape | 511 | ||
| Preparing a Sterile Field Using a Commercial Procedural Kit | 512 | ||
| Adding Sterile Supplies to a Sterile Field | 512 | ||
| Summary of Learning Outcomes | 514 | ||
| Review Questions | 514 | ||
| References | 515 | ||
| 27 Hygiene and Personal Care | 517 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 517 | ||
| Key Terms | 517 | ||
| Evolve Website | 517 | ||
| LO 27.1 Structure and Function of Skin, Hair, and Nails | 518 | ||
| Skin, Hair, and Nails | 518 | ||
| Nose, Mouth, and Oral Cavity | 519 | ||
| LO 27.2 Alterations in Structure and Function Affecting Hygienic Care | 519 | ||
| Ulcers, Incisions, and Wounds | 519 | ||
| Decreased Sensation | 519 | ||
| Alopecia | 519 | ||
| Pediculosis | 519 | ||
| Nails | 520 | ||
| Oral Cavity | 520 | ||
| Self-Care Alterations | 520 | ||
| LO 27.3 Assessment | 520 | ||
| Assess Skin, Hair, Nails, and Oral Cavity | 521 | ||
| Assess Self-Care Abilities | 521 | ||
| Hygiene and Infection | 521 | ||
| LO 27.4 Nursing Diagnosis | 521 | ||
| LO 27.5 Planning | 521 | ||
| LO 27.6 Implementation and Evaluation | 522 | ||
| Interventions | 522 | ||
| Bathing and Skin Care | 524 | ||
| Complete Bed Bath | 524 | ||
| Partial Bed Bath | 524 | ||
| Sink Bath | 525 | ||
| Shower | 525 | ||
| Chair Shower | 525 | ||
| Perineal Care | 525 | ||
| Male Perineal Care | 525 | ||
| Female Perineal Care | 525 | ||
| Foot and Hand Care | 526 | ||
| Massage | 526 | ||
| Hair Care | 526 | ||
| Oral Care | 527 | ||
| Dentures | 527 | ||
| Patients With Special Needs | 527 | ||
| Eye Care | 527 | ||
| Visual Aids | 527 | ||
| Prosthetic Eye | 528 | ||
| Nose Care | 528 | ||
| Ear Care | 528 | ||
| Shaving a Patient | 528 | ||
| Bed Making | 528 | ||
| Evaluation | 531 | ||
| Skill 27-1 Bathing a Patient in Bed | 532 | ||
| Purpose | 532 | ||
| Resources | 532 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 532 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 532 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 532 | ||
| Preprocedure | 533 | ||
| Procedure | 533 | ||
| Bathing a Patient | 533 | ||
| Postprocedure | 536 | ||
| Skill 27-2 Perineal Care | 537 | ||
| Purpose | 537 | ||
| Resources | 537 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 537 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 537 | ||
| Preprocedure | 537 | ||
| Procedure | 538 | ||
| Male Perineal Care | 538 | ||
| Female Perineal Care | 538 | ||
| Postprocedure | 539 | ||
| Skill 27-3 Foot and Hand Care | 540 | ||
| Purpose | 540 | ||
| Resources | 540 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 540 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 540 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 540 | ||
| Preprocedure | 541 | ||
| Procedure | 541 | ||
| Postprocedure | 542 | ||
| Skill 27-4 Therapeutic Massage | 543 | ||
| Purpose | 543 | ||
| Resources | 543 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 543 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 543 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 543 | ||
| Preprocedure | 543 | ||
| Procedure | 544 | ||
| Postprocedure | 545 | ||
| Skill 27-5 Hair Care | 546 | ||
| Purpose | 546 | ||
| Resources | 546 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 546 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 546 | ||
| Preprocedure | 547 | ||
| Procedure | 547 | ||
| Postprocedure | 548 | ||
| Skill 27-6 Oral Hygiene | 549 | ||
| Purpose | 549 | ||
| Resources | 549 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 549 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 549 | ||
| Unit VI Nursing Care | 769 | ||
| 34 Diagnostic Testing | 769 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 769 | ||
| Key Terms | 769 | ||
| Evolve Website | 769 | ||
| LO 34.1 Normal Structure and Function Of Blood Cells | 771 | ||
| Cell Types | 771 | ||
| Plasma | 772 | ||
| LO 34.2 Laboratory Tests: Blood | 772 | ||
| Complete Blood Cell Count | 772 | ||
| Coagulation Studies | 772 | ||
| Blood Chemistry | 775 | ||
| Lipid Profile | 776 | ||
| Liver Function Tests | 776 | ||
| Kidney Function Tests | 776 | ||
| Cardiac Markers | 777 | ||
| LO 34.3 Laboratory Tests: Urine and Stool | 779 | ||
| Urinalysis | 779 | ||
| Stool | 779 | ||
| Culture and Sensitivity | 781 | ||
| LO 34.4 Diagnostic Examinations | 781 | ||
| Radiography | 781 | ||
| Noncontrast Studies | 781 | ||
| Contrast Studies | 781 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 782 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 782 | ||
| Positron Emission Tomography | 783 | ||
| Electrocardiogram | 783 | ||
| Endoscopy | 783 | ||
| Ultrasound | 783 | ||
| Needle Aspirations and Biopsies | 784 | ||
| LO 34.5 Assessment | 785 | ||
| LO 34.6 Nursing Diagnosis | 786 | ||
| LO 34.7 Planning | 787 | ||
| LO 34.8 Implementation and Evaluation | 787 | ||
| Specimen Collection | 788 | ||
| Blood Collection | 788 | ||
| Venipuncture | 789 | ||
| Blood Glucose Monitoring Device | 789 | ||
| Urine Collection | 790 | ||
| Stool Collection | 791 | ||
| Sputum Collection | 791 | ||
| Throat Culture | 791 | ||
| Wound Drainage Collection | 791 | ||
| Interventions After Invasive Procedures | 791 | ||
| Communication of Results | 791 | ||
| Evaluation | 794 | ||
| Skill 34-1 Blood Glucose Testing | 795 | ||
| Purpose | 795 | ||
| Resources | 795 | ||
| Collaboration And Delegation | 795 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 795 | ||
| Preprocedure | 795 | ||
| Procedure | 796 | ||
| Blood Glucose Testing | 796 | ||
| Postprocedure | 797 | ||
| Skill 34-2 Urine Specimen Collection | 798 | ||
| Purpose | 798 | ||
| Resources | 798 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 798 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 798 | ||
| Preprocedure | 798 | ||
| Procedure | 799 | ||
| Urinalysis (Clean Catch): Female | 799 | ||
| Urinalysis (Clean Catch): Male | 800 | ||
| Urinalysis: Quick Reagent Strips and Urine Culture and Sensitivity | 801 | ||
| For Urinalysis Using Quick Reagent Strips | 801 | ||
| For Urine Culture and Sensitivity | 801 | ||
| Foley Catheter Urine Specimen Collection | 801 | ||
| 24-Hour Urine Specimen Collection | 802 | ||
| Postprocedure | 803 | ||
| Skill 34-3 Stool Specimen Collection | 804 | ||
| Purpose | 804 | ||
| Resources | 804 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 804 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 804 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 804 | ||
| Preprocedure | 804 | ||
| Procedure | 805 | ||
| Stool Culture | 805 | ||
| Occult Blood Testing (Guaiac-Based Fecal Occult Blood Test) | 806 | ||
| Postprocedure | 807 | ||
| Summary of Learning Outcomes | 808 | ||
| Review Questions | 808 | ||
| References | 809 | ||
| 35 Medication Administration | 811 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 811 | ||
| Key Terms | 811 | ||
| Evolve Website | 811 | ||
| LO 35.1 Medications and Regulations | 812 | ||
| Drugs and Medications | 813 | ||
| Medication Standards and Regulations | 813 | ||
| Controlled Substances | 814 | ||
| State and Local Medication Regulations | 814 | ||
| LO 35.2 Principles of Drug Actions | 814 | ||
| Pharmacokinetics | 815 | ||
| Absorption | 815 | ||
| Distribution | 815 | ||
| Metabolism | 815 | ||
| Excretion | 815 | ||
| Pharmacodynamics | 815 | ||
| Side Effects, Adverse Effects, and Interactions | 816 | ||
| LO 35.3 Nonprescription and Prescription Medications | 817 | ||
| Nonprescription Medications | 817 | ||
| Vitamins | 817 | ||
| Alternative Therapies | 817 | ||
| Prescription Medications | 818 | ||
| LO 35.4 Forms of Medication and Routes of Administration | 821 | ||
| Forms of Medication | 821 | ||
| Routes of Medication Administration | 821 | ||
| Oral Administration | 821 | ||
| Topical Medications | 823 | ||
| Inhaled Medications | 823 | ||
| Parenteral Medications | 823 | ||
| Parenteral Medication Preparation | 824 | ||
| LO 35.5 Safe Medication Administration | 825 | ||
| Interpreting the Order | 825 | ||
| Medication Errors | 826 | ||
| Abbreviations | 827 | ||
| Dosage Calculation | 827 | ||
| Calculation Methods | 828 | ||
| Administering Medications by Using the Six Rights | 828 | ||
| High-Risk Situations for Medication Administration | 828 | ||
| Patient Rights | 828 | ||
| LO 35.6 Assessment | 830 | ||
| LO 35.7 Nursing Diagnosis | 832 | ||
| LO 35.8 Planning | 832 | ||
| LO 35.9 Implementation and Evaluation | 833 | ||
| Medication Administration | 833 | ||
| Oral Medications | 833 | ||
| Sublingual and Buccal Medications | 834 | ||
| Topical Medications | 834 | ||
| Transdermal Medications | 834 | ||
| Ophthalmic Instillation | 834 | ||
| Otic Instillation | 834 | ||
| Nasal Medications | 835 | ||
| Inhaled Medications | 835 | ||
| Vaginal Medications | 838 | ||
| Rectal Medications | 838 | ||
| Parenteral Medications | 838 | ||
| Preparing Parenteral Medications | 839 | ||
| Ampules and Vials | 839 | ||
| Reconstituting Powdered Medications | 840 | ||
| Prefilled Cartridge or Syringe | 840 | ||
| Mixing Medications in One Syringe | 840 | ||
| Administering Parenteral Medications | 840 | ||
| Intradermal Administration | 840 | ||
| Subcutaneous Administration | 840 | ||
| Intramuscular Administration | 841 | ||
| Intravenous Administration | 844 | ||
| Medications and Home Care | 845 | ||
| Evaluation | 846 | ||
| Skill 35-1 Oral Medication Administration | 847 | ||
| Purpose | 847 | ||
| Resources | 847 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 847 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 847 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 847 | ||
| Preprocedure | 848 | ||
| Procedure | 849 | ||
| Oral Medication: Tablets and Capsules | 849 | ||
| Oral Medication: Liquids | 850 | ||
| Oral Medication: Sublingual and Buccal | 851 | ||
| Postprocedure | 852 | ||
| Skill 35-2 Inhaled Medication Administration | 853 | ||
| Purpose | 853 | ||
| Resources | 853 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 853 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 853 | ||
| Preprocedure | 853 | ||
| Procedure | 854 | ||
| Inhaled Medication: Metered-Dose Inhaler (MDI) | 854 | ||
| Inhaled Medication: Dry Powder Inhalation | 856 | ||
| Inhaled Medication: Nebulizer | 856 | ||
| Postprocedure | 858 | ||
| Skill 35-3 Preparing Injections: Ampules, Multidose Vials, and Reconstituting Medications | 859 | ||
| Purpose | 859 | ||
| Resources | 859 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 859 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 859 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 859 | ||
| Preprocedure | 860 | ||
| Procedure | 860 | ||
| Ampules | 860 | ||
| Multidose Vials | 862 | ||
| Reconstituting Medications | 863 | ||
| Postprocedure | 865 | ||
| Skill 35-4 Medication Administration: Mixing Insulin | 866 | ||
| Purpose | 866 | ||
| Resources | 866 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 866 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 866 | ||
| Preprocedure | 866 | ||
| Procedure | 867 | ||
| Mixing Insulin | 867 | ||
| Postprocedure | 869 | ||
| Skill 35-5 Subcutaneous, Intramuscular, and Intradermal Injections | 870 | ||
| Purpose | 870 | ||
| Resources | 870 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 870 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 870 | ||
| Preprocedure | 871 | ||
| Procedure | 871 | ||
| Injections: Subcutaneous | 871 | ||
| Injections: Intramuscular | 873 | ||
| Injections: Intradermal | 875 | ||
| Postprocedure | 876 | ||
| Skill 35-6 Administering Intravenous Medications and Solutions | 877 | ||
| Purpose | 877 | ||
| Resources | 877 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 877 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 877 | ||
| Preprocedure | 877 | ||
| Procedure | 878 | ||
| IV Piggyback Medication, or Intermittent Infusion | 878 | ||
| IV Push or IV Bolus | 879 | ||
| Postprocedure | 880 | ||
| Summary of Learning Outcomes | 881 | ||
| Review Questions | 881 | ||
| References | 882 | ||
| 36 Pain Management | 885 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 885 | ||
| Key Terms | 885 | ||
| Evolve Website | 885 | ||
| LO 36.1 The Concept of Pain | 886 | ||
| LO 36.2 Nursing and Pain Management | 886 | ||
| LO 36.3 Normal Structure and Function | 887 | ||
| Nociception | 887 | ||
| Transduction | 887 | ||
| Transmission | 887 | ||
| Perception | 889 | ||
| Modulation | 889 | ||
| Pain Theories | 889 | ||
| Pattern Theory | 889 | ||
| Gate Control Theory | 889 | ||
| Neuromatrix Theory | 889 | ||
| Types of Pain | 890 | ||
| Nociceptive Pain | 890 | ||
| Neuropathic Pain | 890 | ||
| Psychogenic Pain | 891 | ||
| LO 36.4 Altered Structure and Function | 891 | ||
| Alterations in Pain Pathways | 891 | ||
| Physiologic Alterations Caused by Pain | 891 | ||
| Factors Influencing Pain | 892 | ||
| LO 36.5 Assessment | 894 | ||
| Pain History and Assessment | 894 | ||
| Pain Assessment Tools | 894 | ||
| Vital Signs | 895 | ||
| Physiologic Responses to Pain | 895 | ||
| Behavioral and Psychological Responses to Pain | 896 | ||
| LO 36.6 Nursing Diagnosis | 896 | ||
| LO 36.7 Planning | 897 | ||
| Goals and Outcome Statements | 897 | ||
| LO 36.8 Implementation and Evaluation | 897 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic Pain Management and Alternative and Complementary Therapies | 899 | ||
| Pharmacologic Pain Management | 899 | ||
| Nonopioid Analgesics | 901 | ||
| Opioid Analgesics | 901 | ||
| Adjuvant or Coanalgesic Medications | 903 | ||
| Palliative Care | 903 | ||
| Therapeutic Decision Making | 903 | ||
| Barriers to Adequate Management | 903 | ||
| Pain Management for Addicted Patients | 904 | ||
| Barriers Within the Health Care System | 904 | ||
| Evaluation | 904 | ||
| Summary of Learning Outcomes | 905 | ||
| Review Questions | 905 | ||
| References | 906 | ||
| 37 Perioperative Nursing Care | 909 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 909 | ||
| Key Terms | 909 | ||
| Evolve Website | 909 | ||
| LO 37.1 Phases of Surgery | 910 | ||
| Preoperative Phase | 910 | ||
| Intraoperative Phase | 911 | ||
| Positioning | 911 | ||
| Preparing the Surgical Site | 911 | ||
| Postoperative Phase | 912 | ||
| LO 37.2 Types of Surgery | 912 | ||
| Classification by Purpose | 912 | ||
| Classification by Degree of Urgency | 914 | ||
| Elective Surgery | 914 | ||
| Urgent Surgery | 914 | ||
| Emergency Surgery | 914 | ||
| Classification by Degree of Risk | 914 | ||
| Minor Surgery | 914 | ||
| Major Surgery | 914 | ||
| Factors Affecting the Degree of Risk | 914 | ||
| General Health | 915 | ||
| Medications | 915 | ||
| Mental and Cognitive Status | 915 | ||
| Nutrition | 916 | ||
| Cardiac Disorders | 916 | ||
| Blood Coagulation Disorders | 916 | ||
| Respiratory Disorders | 916 | ||
| Renal Disorders | 916 | ||
| Liver Disease | 916 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 916 | ||
| Use of Illicit Drugs and Nicotine | 916 | ||
| Family History | 917 | ||
| Previous Surgery | 917 | ||
| Surgical Settings | 917 | ||
| LO 37.3 Safety Concerns During Surgery | 918 | ||
| LO 37.4 Altered Structure and Function during Phases of Surgery | 918 | ||
| Preoperative Phase | 918 | ||
| Intraoperative Phase | 918 | ||
| Types of Anesthesia | 918 | ||
| Sedation | 918 | ||
| General Anesthesia | 919 | ||
| Regional Anesthesia | 919 | ||
| Postoperative Phase | 920 | ||
| LO 37.5 Assessment | 920 | ||
| Preoperative Health History and Physical Assessment | 921 | ||
| Activity Level and Level of Consciousness | 921 | ||
| Vital Signs | 921 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Examinations | 921 | ||
| Intraoperative Phase | 922 | ||
| Continuous Monitoring of Vital Signs | 922 | ||
| Assessment of Positioning and Other Safety Concerns | 922 | ||
| Postoperative Phase | 922 | ||
| Vital Signs | 922 | ||
| Monitoring Dressings, Drains, and Tubes | 924 | ||
| Neurologic Assessment | 924 | ||
| Elimination | 924 | ||
| LO 37.6 Nursing Diagnosis | 924 | ||
| LO 37.7 Planning | 924 | ||
| LO 37.8 Implementation and Evaluation | 925 | ||
| Interventions | 925 | ||
| Preoperative Phase | 925 | ||
| Preoperative Teaching | 925 | ||
| Pain Management Plan | 926 | ||
| Informed Consent | 926 | ||
| Patient Preparation | 930 | ||
| Intraoperative Phase | 930 | ||
| Nursing Roles During Surgery | 930 | ||
| Anesthesia | 930 | ||
| Postoperative Phase | 932 | ||
| Airway Management | 932 | ||
| Monitoring Vital Signs | 932 | ||
| Monitoring Neurologic Status | 932 | ||
| Pain Management | 933 | ||
| Postoperative Safety | 933 | ||
| Nursing Care of Common Postoperative Complications | 933 | ||
| Airway Obstruction | 933 | ||
| Hemorrhage | 933 | ||
| Shock | 934 | ||
| Thrombophlebitis | 934 | ||
| Pulmonary Embolism | 934 | ||
| Pneumonia | 934 | ||
| Atelectasis | 935 | ||
| Wound Complications | 936 | ||
| Care of the Surgical Site | 936 | ||
| Postoperative Care After the Postanesthesia Care Unit | 937 | ||
| Early Ambulation | 937 | ||
| Fluids and Hydration | 937 | ||
| Diet Advancement | 937 | ||
| Discharge | 937 | ||
| Evaluation | 938 | ||
| Skill 37-1 Surgical Scrub, Gowning, and Gloving | 939 | ||
| Purpose | 939 | ||
| Resources | 939 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 939 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 939 | ||
| Special Circumstances: Surgical Scrub | 939 | ||
| Special Circumstances: Gowning | 939 | ||
| Special Circumstances: Gloving | 940 | ||
| Procedures | 940 | ||
| Surgical Scrub | 940 | ||
| Applying a Gown | 941 | ||
| Applying Surgical Gloves | 941 | ||
| Removing Surgical Gloves | 942 | ||
| Removing the Gown | 942 | ||
| Summary of Learning Outcomes | 944 | ||
| Review Questions | 944 | ||
| References | 945 | ||
| 38 Oxygenation and Tissue Perfusion | 947 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 947 | ||
| Key Terms | 947 | ||
| Evolve Website | 947 | ||
| LO 38.1 Normal Structure and Function of Oxygenation | 948 | ||
| Cardiovascular System | 948 | ||
| Respiratory System | 950 | ||
| LO 38.2 Altered Structure and Function of Oxygenation | 951 | ||
| Cardiovascular Alterations | 951 | ||
| Respiratory Alterations | 951 | ||
| LO 38.3 Assessment | 953 | ||
| Health History | 953 | ||
| Alterations of the Cardiopulmonary System | 953 | ||
| Vital Signs | 953 | ||
| Inspection, Palpation, and Auscultation of the Heart and Lungs | 954 | ||
| Cough Assessment | 954 | ||
| Peripheral Vascular Assessment | 954 | ||
| Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests | 955 | ||
| Pulmonary Function Tests | 955 | ||
| Complete Blood Count | 955 | ||
| Basic Metabolic Panel | 955 | ||
| Arterial Blood Gases | 955 | ||
| Evaluation of the Cardiopulmonary System | 955 | ||
| Lipids | 955 | ||
| Cardiac Enzymes | 955 | ||
| Chest X-ray | 956 | ||
| Electrocardiogram | 956 | ||
| Echocardiogram | 956 | ||
| Cardiac Catheterization | 956 | ||
| LO 38.4 Nursing Diagnosis | 958 | ||
| LO 38.5 Planning | 958 | ||
| LO 38.6 Implementation and Evaluation | 959 | ||
| Promoting Optimal Cardiopulmonary Function | 959 | ||
| Oxygen Therapy | 959 | ||
| Oxygen Administration | 959 | ||
| Oxygen Delivery Systems | 960 | ||
| Bag-Valve-Mask Device | 960 | ||
| Artificial Airways | 964 | ||
| Pharyngeal Airways | 964 | ||
| Tracheal Airways | 964 | ||
| Diet Therapy | 965 | ||
| Exercise Programs | 965 | ||
| Medications for Pulmonary Diseases | 966 | ||
| Medications for Cardiovascular Diseases | 966 | ||
| Chest Physiotherapy | 966 | ||
| Chest Tubes | 967 | ||
| Anticoagulant Therapy | 967 | ||
| Antiembolism Hose | 968 | ||
| Sequential Compression Devices | 968 | ||
| Patient Education | 968 | ||
| Smoking Cessation | 968 | ||
| Immunizations | 968 | ||
| Pneumonia National Hospital Inpatient Quality Measures | 968 | ||
| Evaluation | 969 | ||
| Skill 38-1 Tracheostomy, Nasotracheal, Nasopharyngeal, Oropharyngeal, and Oral Suctioning | 970 | ||
| Purpose | 970 | ||
| Resources | 970 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 970 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 970 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 970 | ||
| Preprocedure | 971 | ||
| Procedure | 971 | ||
| Tracheostomy Suctioning | 971 | ||
| Nasotracheal or Nasopharyngeal Suctioning | 973 | ||
| Oral or Oropharyngeal Suctioning | 974 | ||
| Postprocedure | 975 | ||
| Skill 38-2 Tracheostomy Care | 976 | ||
| Purpose | 976 | ||
| Resources | 976 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 976 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 976 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 976 | ||
| Preprocedure | 977 | ||
| Procedure | 977 | ||
| Tracheostomy Cleaning and Changing the Inner Cannula | 977 | ||
| Postprocedure | 979 | ||
| Skill 38-3 Care of Chest Tubes and Disposable Drainage Systems | 980 | ||
| Purpose | 980 | ||
| Resources | 980 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 980 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 980 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 980 | ||
| Preprocedure | 981 | ||
| Procedure | 981 | ||
| Chest Tube Monitoring and Care | 981 | ||
| Postprocedure | 982 | ||
| Summary of Learning Outcomes | 983 | ||
| Review Questions | 983 | ||
| References | 984 | ||
| 39 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance | 987 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 987 | ||
| Key Terms | 987 | ||
| Evolve Website | 987 | ||
| LO 39.1 Normal Structure and Function of Fluids, Electrolytes, Acids, and Bases | 988 | ||
| Composition of Body Fluids | 989 | ||
| Movement of Body Fluids | 989 | ||
| Osmosis | 989 | ||
| Filtration | 990 | ||
| Regulation of Body Fluids | 990 | ||
| Movement of Electrolytes | 992 | ||
| Regulation of Electrolytes | 993 | ||
| Acid-Base Balance | 993 | ||
| Buffering Systems | 993 | ||
| Respiratory Regulation | 995 | ||
| Renal Regulation | 995 | ||
| Blood Groups | 995 | ||
| Blood Testing | 995 | ||
| Blood Components | 995 | ||
| LO 39.2 Altered Structure and Function of Fluids and Electrolytes | 996 | ||
| Fluid Imbalances | 996 | ||
| Fluid Volume Deficit | 996 | ||
| Fluid Volume Excess | 997 | ||
| Simultaneous Fluid Volume Excess and Deficit | 998 | ||
| Electrolyte Imbalances | 998 | ||
| Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia | 998 | ||
| Hypokalemia and Hyperkalemia | 998 | ||
| Hypocalcemia and Hypercalcemia | 1002 | ||
| Hypomagnesemia and Hypermagnesemia | 1002 | ||
| Hypophosphatemia and Hyperphosphatemia | 1002 | ||
| Acid-Base Imbalances | 1002 | ||
| Respiratory Acidosis | 1002 | ||
| Respiratory Alkalosis | 1002 | ||
| Metabolic Acidosis | 1004 | ||
| Metabolic Alkalosis | 1004 | ||
| LO 39.3 Assessment | 1004 | ||
| Health History | 1004 | ||
| Vital Signs | 1005 | ||
| Intake and Output | 1005 | ||
| Weight | 1006 | ||
| Edema | 1006 | ||
| Skin Turgor and Mucous Membranes | 1007 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 1007 | ||
| Diagnostic Testing for Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance | 1007 | ||
| Arterial Blood Gases | 1007 | ||
| Factors Affecting Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balances | 1009 | ||
| LO 39.4 Nursing Diagnosis | 1009 | ||
| LO 39.5 Planning | 1009 | ||
| LO 39.6 Implementation and Evaluation | 1010 | ||
| Monitoring Fluid Balance | 1010 | ||
| Maintaining Fluid and Electrolyte Balance | 1010 | ||
| Restricting Fluid Intake | 1010 | ||
| Restricting Electrolyte Intake | 1011 | ||
| Oral Replacement of Fluids and Electrolytes | 1011 | ||
| Fluid Replacement | 1011 | ||
| Electrolyte Replacement | 1011 | ||
| Intravenous Therapy | 1011 | ||
| Intravenous Solutions | 1012 | ||
| Intravenous Sites | 1014 | ||
| Intravenous Catheters | 1015 | ||
| Peripheral Catheters | 1015 | ||
| Central Venous Catheters | 1015 | ||
| Equipment | 1016 | ||
| Flow Rate | 1017 | ||
| Complications of Intravenous Therapy | 1019 | ||
| Care of the Patient With a Peripheral Intravenous Catheter | 1019 | ||
| Care of the Patient With Central Venous Access | 1022 | ||
| Blood Administration | 1025 | ||
| Complications | 1026 | ||
| Total Parenteral Nutrition | 1028 | ||
| Infusion | 1028 | ||
| Complications | 1028 | ||
| Evaluation | 1030 | ||
| Skill 39-1 Starting a Peripheral Intravenous Infusion | 1031 | ||
| Purpose | 1031 | ||
| Resources | 1031 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 1031 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 1031 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 1031 | ||
| Preprocedure | 1031 | ||
| Procedure | 1032 | ||
| Starting a Peripheral IV | 1032 | ||
| Postprocedure | 1033 | ||
| Skill 39-2 Maintaining a Peripheral Intravenous Infusion | 1034 | ||
| Purpose | 1034 | ||
| Resources | 1034 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 1034 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 1034 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 1034 | ||
| Preprocedure | 1034 | ||
| Procedure | 1035 | ||
| Maintaining a Peripheral IV Line | 1035 | ||
| Postprocedure | 1036 | ||
| Skill 39-3 Central Line Dressing Change and Care | 1037 | ||
| Purpose | 1037 | ||
| Resources | 1037 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 1037 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 1037 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 1037 | ||
| Preprocedure | 1037 | ||
| Procedure | 1038 | ||
| Central Line Dressing Change and Care | 1038 | ||
| Postprocedure | 1039 | ||
| Summary of Learning Outcomes | 1040 | ||
| Review Questions | 1040 | ||
| References | 1041 | ||
| 40 Bowel Elimination | 1043 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1043 | ||
| Key Terms | 1043 | ||
| Evolve Website | 1043 | ||
| LO 40.1 Normal Structure and Function of the Gastrointestinal Tract | 1044 | ||
| Esophagus | 1044 | ||
| Stomach | 1044 | ||
| Small Intestine | 1045 | ||
| Large Intestine | 1045 | ||
| Rectum and Anus | 1046 | ||
| Defecation | 1046 | ||
| LO 40.2 Altered Structure and Function of the Gastrointestinal Tract | 1046 | ||
| Abnormal Defecation Patterns | 1046 | ||
| Diarrhea | 1046 | ||
| Incontinence | 1047 | ||
| Constipation | 1047 | ||
| Impaction | 1047 | ||
| Flatulence | 1047 | ||
| Bowel Diversions | 1048 | ||
| Colostomy | 1048 | ||
| Ileostomy | 1048 | ||
| Factors Affecting Bowel Elimination | 1050 | ||
| Diet | 1050 | ||
| Physical Activity | 1050 | ||
| Psychological Factors | 1050 | ||
| Personal Habits | 1050 | ||
| Posture | 1051 | ||
| Pain | 1051 | ||
| Pregnancy | 1051 | ||
| Surgery and Anesthesia | 1051 | ||
| Medications | 1051 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 1052 | ||
| LO 40.3 Assessment | 1052 | ||
| Health History | 1052 | ||
| Abdominal Assessment | 1052 | ||
| Inspection | 1052 | ||
| Auscultation | 1052 | ||
| Palpation | 1052 | ||
| Laboratory Tests | 1053 | ||
| Stool Cultures and Occult Blood | 1053 | ||
| Diagnostic Examinations | 1054 | ||
| Upper GI Series | 1054 | ||
| Lower GI Series | 1054 | ||
| Endoscopy | 1054 | ||
| Colonoscopy | 1055 | ||
| LO 40.4 Nursing Diagnosis | 1055 | ||
| LO 40.5 Planning | 1055 | ||
| LO 40.6 Implementation and Evaluation | 1056 | ||
| Interventions | 1056 | ||
| Preventive Screening | 1056 | ||
| Diet | 1057 | ||
| Exercise | 1057 | ||
| Promoting Normal Bowel Patterns in Health Care Facilities | 1057 | ||
| Bedpan | 1057 | ||
| Bedside Commode | 1058 | ||
| Early Ambulation | 1058 | ||
| Bowel Patterns | 1058 | ||
| Antidiarrheal Medications | 1058 | ||
| Laxatives and Stool Softeners | 1059 | ||
| Enemas | 1059 | ||
| Nasogastric Intubation | 1059 | ||
| Ostomy Care | 1059 | ||
| Evaluation | 1061 | ||
| Skill 40-1 Administering an Enema | 1063 | ||
| Purpose | 1063 | ||
| Resources | 1063 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 1063 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 1063 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 1063 | ||
| Preprocedure | 1064 | ||
| Procedure | 1064 | ||
| Administering an Enema | 1064 | ||
| Postprocedure | 1065 | ||
| Skill 40-2 Ostomy Care | 1066 | ||
| Purpose | 1066 | ||
| Resources | 1066 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 1066 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 1066 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 1067 | ||
| Preprocedure | 1068 | ||
| Procedure | 1068 | ||
| Changing a Pouch | 1068 | ||
| Postprocedure | 1070 | ||
| Summary of Learning Outcomes | 1071 | ||
| Review QuestionsBS_SecAnchor | 1071 | ||
| References | 1072 | ||
| 41 Urinary Elimination | 1075 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1075 | ||
| Key Terms | 1075 | ||
| Evolve Website | 1075 | ||
| LO 41.1 Normal Structure and Function of the Urinary System | 1076 | ||
| Kidneys | 1076 | ||
| Ureters | 1076 | ||
| Bladder and Urethra | 1077 | ||
| Normal Urine Characteristics | 1077 | ||
| LO 41.2 Altered Structure and Function of the Urinary System | 1077 | ||
| Abnormal Urination Patterns | 1077 | ||
| Anuria | 1077 | ||
| Oliguria | 1077 | ||
| Polyuria | 1078 | ||
| Nocturia | 1078 | ||
| Dysuria | 1078 | ||
| Hematuria | 1078 | ||
| Urinary Incontinence | 1078 | ||
| Urinary Retention | 1079 | ||
| Factors Affecting Urinary Elimination | 1079 | ||
| Developmental Factors | 1079 | ||
| Psychosocial Factors | 1079 | ||
| Food and Fluid Intake | 1080 | ||
| Medication | 1080 | ||
| Muscle Tone | 1080 | ||
| Surgical and Diagnostic Procedures | 1080 | ||
| Pathologic Conditions | 1080 | ||
| Urinary Tract Infections | 1080 | ||
| Urinary Diversion | 1081 | ||
| LO 41.3 Assessment | 1081 | ||
| Abdominal Assessment | 1082 | ||
| Inspection and Auscultation | 1082 | ||
| Palpation and Percussion | 1082 | ||
| Inspection of urine | 1082 | ||
| Color | 1082 | ||
| Food | 1083 | ||
| Medication | 1083 | ||
| Pathologic Conditions | 1083 | ||
| Clarity | 1083 | ||
| Odor | 1083 | ||
| Amount | 1083 | ||
| Laboratory Tests | 1083 | ||
| Blood Urea Nitrogen and Creatinine | 1083 | ||
| Urinalysis | 1083 | ||
| Specific Gravity | 1084 | ||
| pH | 1084 | ||
| Urine for Protein | 1084 | ||
| Glucose | 1084 | ||
| Ketones | 1084 | ||
| Microscopic Analysis | 1084 | ||
| Suspected Urinary Tract Infection | 1084 | ||
| Culture and Sensitivity Testing | 1084 | ||
| 24-Hour Urine Collection | 1084 | ||
| Diagnostic Examinations | 1084 | ||
| Ultrasound Assessment of the Bladder or Kidneys | 1085 | ||
| Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder X-ray Study | 1085 | ||
| Intravenous Pyelography | 1085 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 1085 | ||
| Cystoscopy | 1085 | ||
| LO 41.4 Nursing Diagnosis | 1085 | ||
| LO 41.5 Planning | 1086 | ||
| LO 41.6 Implementation and Evaluation | 1087 | ||
| Promoting Normal Urinary Patterns in a Health Care Facility | 1088 | ||
| Bedpan and Urinal | 1088 | ||
| Bedside Commode | 1088 | ||
| Privacy | 1088 | ||
| Toileting Schedule | 1089 | ||
| Fluid Intake | 1089 | ||
| Monitoring Intake and Output | 1089 | ||
| Kegel Exercises | 1090 | ||
| Prevention of UTIs | 1090 | ||
| Urinary Catheterization | 1091 | ||
| Routine Catheter Care | 1092 | ||
| Suprapubic Catheters | 1093 | ||
| Condom Catheters | 1093 | ||
| Perineal Care | 1093 | ||
| Urinary Diversion Care | 1093 | ||
| Obtaining Urine Specimens | 1094 | ||
| Evaluation | 1095 | ||
| Skill 41-1 Urinary Catheterization: Insertion and Care | 1096 | ||
| Purpose | 1096 | ||
| Resources | 1096 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 1096 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 1096 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 1096 | ||
| Preprocedure | 1097 | ||
| Procedure | 1098 | ||
| Insertion: Female | 1098 | ||
| Insertion: Male | 1100 | ||
| Catheter Care: Indwelling | 1101 | ||
| Postprocedure | 1102 | ||
| Skill 41-2 Closed Bladder Irrigation | 1103 | ||
| Purpose | 1103 | ||
| Resources | 1103 | ||
| Collaboration and Delegation | 1103 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 1103 | ||
| Special Circumstances | 1103 | ||
| Preprocedure | 1104 | ||
| Procedure | 1104 | ||
| Intermittent Method | 1104 | ||
| Continuous Method | 1105 | ||
| Post-procedure | 1106 | ||
| Summary of Learning Outcomes | 1107 | ||
| Review Questions | 1107 | ||
| References | 1108 | ||
| 42 Death and Loss | 1111 | ||
| Learning Outcomes | 1111 | ||
| Key Terms | 1111 | ||
| Evolve Website | 1111 | ||
| LO 42.1 Normal Loss and Grief | 1112 | ||
| Loss | 1112 | ||
| Grief | 1112 | ||
| Theories and Stages of Grief | 1113 | ||
| Anticipatory Grief | 1113 | ||
| Mourning | 1114 | ||
| Tasks of Mourning | 1116 | ||
| Bereavement | 1116 | ||
| Nursing Knowledge Necessary for Care of the Dying Patient and the Patient’s Family | 1116 | ||
| Scientific and Clinical Knowledge | 1116 | ||
| Interpersonal Skills | 1116 | ||
| Ethical and Professional Principles | 1116 | ||
| LO 42.2 Dysfunctional Loss and Grief | 1117 | ||
| Complicated Grief | 1117 | ||
| Disenfranchised Grief | 1118 | ||
| LO 42.3 Factors Affecting the Process of Grief and Bereavement | 1118 | ||
| Age of the Bereaved and Age of the Deceased | 1118 | ||
| Health Status of the Survivor | 1118 | ||
| Cognitive Status of the Survivor | 1119 | ||
| Relationship to the Deceased | 1119 | ||
| Coping Styles and Concurrent Stressors | 1119 | ||
| Available Support Systems | 1119 | ||
| Socioeconomic Status | 1119 | ||
| Religion and Spirituality | 1119 | ||
| Type of Loss | 1119 | ||
| Complicated Loss | 1120 | ||
| LO 42.4 Assessment | 1120 | ||
| General Assessment | 1121 | ||
| Assessment of the Caregiver | 1121 | ||
| Assessment Tools | 1121 | ||
| Physical Assessment of the Dying Patient | 1121 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms of Impending Death | 1121 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms of Death | 1121 | ||
| LO 42.5 Nursing Diagnosis | 1121 | ||
| LO 42.6 Planning | 1122 | ||
| LO 42.7 Implementation and Evaluation | 1122 | ||
| Care of the Dying Patient and the Patient’s Family | 1122 | ||
| Advance Directives for End of Life | 1123 | ||
| Hospice and Palliative Care | 1123 | ||
| Hospice | 1123 | ||
| Palliative Care | 1123 | ||
| Interventions for Symptom Management at the End of Life | 1124 | ||
| Care of the Dying Patient | 1124 | ||
| The Care Environment | 1124 | ||
| Communication With Dying Patients and Their Families | 1125 | ||
| Care of the Patient Who Is Imminently Dying | 1126 | ||
| Nearing Death Awareness | 1126 | ||
| Postmortem Care: Care of the Patient at the Time of Death | 1126 | ||
| Care of the Family at the Time of Death | 1127 | ||
| Bereavement Support | 1127 | ||
| Evaluation | 1128 | ||
| LO 42.8 The Nurse: Experiences of Caring for the Dying | 1129 | ||
| Summary of Learning Outcomes | 1129 | ||
| Review Questions | 1130 | ||
| References | 1131 | ||
| Appendixes | 1133 | ||
| Appendix A Abbreviations, Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes | 1133 | ||
| Appendix B NANDA-I Diagnostic Labels | 1139 | ||
| 2012–2014 NANDA-I Approved Nursing Diagnoses | 1139 | ||
| Appendix C Helpful Hints for Answering NCLEX-Style Questions | 1143 | ||
| Glossary | 1147 | ||
| Index | 1165 | ||
| A | 1165 | ||
| B | 1167 | ||
| C | 1169 | ||
| D | 1172 | ||
| E | 1173 | ||
| F | 1175 | ||
| G | 1175 | ||
| H | 1176 | ||
| I | 1178 | ||
| J | 1179 | ||
| K | 1180 | ||
| L | 1180 | ||
| M | 1180 | ||
| N | 1182 | ||
| O | 1184 | ||
| P | 1185 | ||
| Q | 1188 | ||
| R | 1188 | ||
| S | 1189 | ||
| T | 1192 | ||
| U | 1193 | ||
| V | 1193 | ||
| W | 1194 | ||
| X | 1195 | ||
| Y | 1195 | ||
| Z | 1195 |