BOOK
Mosby's Canadian Textbook for the Support Worker - E-Book
Sheila A. Sorrentino | Leighann Remmert | Mary J. Wilk | Rosemary Newmaster
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Mosby’s Canadian Textbook for the Support Worker prepares students to function in the role of support worker in community and institutional settings. The #1 text used by Support Worker programs across Canada and at Canadian-affiliated schools worldwide, the book covers the broad foundation of skills that support workers/resident care aides/health care aides need in order to perform their role safely and effectively. Comprehensive, yet easy to read, Mosby’s Canadian Textbook for the Support Worker makes learning easy with clear explanations of concepts and step-by-step presentations of procedures. Numerous full-colour illustrations, photographs, charts, and tables are combined with real-life case studies and examples to provide the reader with an outstanding learning experience.
- Covers key procedures for Canadian support workers – 95 in total
- Recognizes provincial/territorial differences in scope of practice
- Clear, detailed instructions in step-by-step procedures
- Evidence-based practice: chapter references supplied at end of book
- Reflects current Canadian practice and terminology
- Additional First Nations content
- Chapter summaries to aid student comprehension
- Rationales for all procedure steps Test Bank features higher-level taxonomies to allow testing that focuses on cognitive level
- Instructor’s Test Bank features higher-level taxonomies to allow testing that focuses on cognitive level
- And more!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | Cover | ||
| Front matter | i | ||
| Mosby’s Canadian textbook for the support worker | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| How to use | vi | ||
| Table of contents | vii | ||
| About the authors | xiii | ||
| Sheila A. Sorrentino, RN, PhD | xiii | ||
| Leighann N. Remmert, RN, MS | xiv | ||
| Mary J. Wilk, RN, GNC(C), BA, BSCN, MN | xv | ||
| Rosemary Newmaster, RN | xv | ||
| Canadian editorial advisory board | xvi | ||
| Canadian reviewers | xvii | ||
| Acknowledgements | xix | ||
| Instructor preface | xx | ||
| New to the third Canadian edition | xx | ||
| Guiding principles | xxi | ||
| Pedagogical features and design | xxii | ||
| An important note on terminology and equipment | xxiii | ||
| Student preface | xxv | ||
| 1 Preview | xxv | ||
| 2 Question | xxv | ||
| 3 Read and record | xxv | ||
| 4 Recite and review | xxvi | ||
| 1 The role of the support worker | 1 | ||
| Objectives | 1 | ||
| Key terms | 2 | ||
| Support work across Canada | 3 | ||
| Settings for support work | 4 | ||
| Support worker responsibilities | 4 | ||
| Personal care | 4 | ||
| Support for nurses and other health care professionals | 5 | ||
| Family support | 5 | ||
| Social support | 5 | ||
| Housekeeping or home management | 5 | ||
| The people you support | 9 | ||
| The health care team | 11 | ||
| Regulated and unregulated workers | 11 | ||
| Scope of practice | 11 | ||
| Professional development | 13 | ||
| The supervision of support workers | 13 | ||
| Being a professional | 14 | ||
| The priorities of support work: compassionate care and support | 16 | ||
| Decision making and problem solving | 17 | ||
| Key points | 17 | ||
| 2 The Canadian health care system | 21 | ||
| Objectives | 21 | ||
| Key terms | 22 | ||
| The evolution of Canada’s health care system | 22 | ||
| Canadian health care in the past | 23 | ||
| The modern health care system | 23 | ||
| The federal role | 25 | ||
| Primary, secondary, and tertiary health care delivery | 25 | ||
| The provincial or territorial role | 26 | ||
| Health care challenges, supplementary services, and trends | 26 | ||
| Challenges | 26 | ||
| Additional (supplementary) services | 27 | ||
| Private insurance | 27 | ||
| Trends | 27 | ||
| Health promotion and disease prevention | 27 | ||
| Home care | 28 | ||
| Services and funding | 29 | ||
| Key points | 30 | ||
| 3 Workplace settings | 33 | ||
| Objectives | 33 | ||
| Key terms | 34 | ||
| Working in community-based settings | 35 | ||
| Home care | 35 | ||
| Community day programs | 36 | ||
| Working directly for clients | 37 | ||
| Working in a facility | 38 | ||
| Hospitals and other medical facilities | 38 | ||
| Residential facilities | 39 | ||
| Assisted-living facilities | 39 | ||
| Group homes | 40 | ||
| Retirement residences | 40 | ||
| Long-term care facilities | 41 | ||
| Issues and challenges associated with facility-based care | 42 | ||
| Key points | 44 | ||
| 4 Health, wellness, illness, and disability | 46 | ||
| Objectives | 46 | ||
| Key terms | 47 | ||
| Health and wellness | 48 | ||
| Definitions of health in the past | 48 | ||
| Modern definitions of health | 48 | ||
| Dimensions of health | 48 | ||
| Physical health | 48 | ||
| Emotional health | 49 | ||
| Social health | 49 | ||
| Spiritual health | 49 | ||
| Cognitive health | 50 | ||
| Culture and health, wellness, illness, and disability | 51 | ||
| Personal factors that can influence health | 52 | ||
| 1. personal lifestyle choices | 52 | ||
| 2. stress | 52 | ||
| 3. personal beliefs about health care | 52 | ||
| 4. social relationships and belonging | 53 | ||
| 5. sense of control | 53 | ||
| Influences on our health beyond our immediate control: determinants of health | 53 | ||
| Disease and illness prevention strategies | 55 | ||
| Illness and disability | 55 | ||
| Supporting clients with illness and disability | 56 | ||
| Change and loss associated with illness and disability | 56 | ||
| Change in routine | 56 | ||
| Change in work life | 58 | ||
| Change in family life | 58 | ||
| Change in sexual function | 58 | ||
| Loss of independence | 58 | ||
| Loss of dignity | 58 | ||
| Change in self-image | 58 | ||
| Attitudes of others toward illness and disability | 58 | ||
| Key points | 60 | ||
| 5 Working with others: teamwork, supervision, and delegation | 62 | ||
| Objectives | 62 | ||
| Key terms | 63 | ||
| The health care team | 63 | ||
| Benefits of working on a team | 64 | ||
| Teamwork in facilities | 65 | ||
| Long-term care facilities | 65 | ||
| Hospitals | 66 | ||
| Hospices and palliative care units | 66 | ||
| Assisted-living facilities | 67 | ||
| Teamwork in community settings | 67 | ||
| Home care | 67 | ||
| Community day programs | 67 | ||
| Working under supervision | 67 | ||
| Respecting your supervisor and employer | 68 | ||
| Delegation | 68 | ||
| Who can delegate? | 68 | ||
| Delegation in a facility | 69 | ||
| Delegation in the community | 69 | ||
| The delegation process | 70 | ||
| The five rights of delegation | 71 | ||
| Your role in delegation | 71 | ||
| Accepting a task | 71 | ||
| Refusing a task | 72 | ||
| Key points | 72 | ||
| 6 Working with clients and their families | 74 | ||
| Objectives | 74 | ||
| Key terms | 75 | ||
| Psychosocial health | 75 | ||
| Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development | 76 | ||
| Maslow’s hierarchy of needs | 77 | ||
| Physical needs | 77 | ||
| Safety needs | 77 | ||
| Love and belonging needs | 77 | ||
| Self-esteem needs | 78 | ||
| Self-actualization needs | 78 | ||
| Your relationship with the client | 78 | ||
| A professional helping relationship | 79 | ||
| Independence, dependence, and interdependence | 80 | ||
| Independence and self-esteem | 81 | ||
| Independence and balance of power | 82 | ||
| The client’s family | 82 | ||
| Your role in assisting the family | 83 | ||
| Families in conflict | 83 | ||
| Key points | 85 | ||
| 7 Medical terminology | 87 | ||
| Objectives | 87 | ||
| Key terms | 88 | ||
| Word elements | 88 | ||
| Prefixes | 88 | ||
| Roots | 89 | ||
| Suffixes | 90 | ||
| Combining word elements | 91 | ||
| Abdominal regions | 91 | ||
| Directional terms | 92 | ||
| Abbreviations | 92 | ||
| Common abbreviations | 92 | ||
| Key points | 93 | ||
| 8 Client care: planning, processes, reporting, and recording | 97 | ||
| Objectives | 97 | ||
| Key terms | 98 | ||
| The care planning process in facilities | 98 | ||
| Assessment | 98 | ||
| Nursing diagnosis | 99 | ||
| Planning | 99 | ||
| Establishing priorities | 99 | ||
| Setting goals | 99 | ||
| Determining interventions | 99 | ||
| Establishing the care plan | 99 | ||
| Implementation | 101 | ||
| Evaluation | 101 | ||
| The care planning process in community settings | 102 | ||
| Assessment | 102 | ||
| Planning | 102 | ||
| Implementation | 103 | ||
| Evaluation | 103 | ||
| Your role in the care planning process | 103 | ||
| Developing observation skills | 103 | ||
| Objective data | 103 | ||
| Subjective data | 103 | ||
| Describing your observations | 106 | ||
| Verbal reporting | 106 | ||
| Verbal reporting in a facility | 107 | ||
| Verbal reporting in a community setting | 107 | ||
| Charts | 107 | ||
| Documents used in charts | 108 | ||
| Documentation | 109 | ||
| Recording time | 116 | ||
| Terminology and abbreviations | 116 | ||
| Methods of charting | 117 | ||
| Recording in a facility | 118 | ||
| Recording in the community | 118 | ||
| Confidentiality | 119 | ||
| Electronic charts | 120 | ||
| Key points | 120 | ||
| 9 Managing stress, time, and problems | 122 | ||
| Objectives | 122 | ||
| Key terms | 123 | ||
| Stress | 123 | ||
| Sources of stress | 123 | ||
| Changes | 123 | ||
| Pressure | 123 | ||
| Lack of control | 124 | ||
| Conflict | 124 | ||
| School | 125 | ||
| Daily frustrations | 125 | ||
| Responses to stress | 125 | ||
| Defence mechanisms | 127 | ||
| Managing stress in your life | 127 | ||
| Job burnout | 128 | ||
| Time management | 130 | ||
| Setting SMART goals | 130 | ||
| Planning your life and your work | 130 | ||
| Decision making | 131 | ||
| Skills you need to make decisions | 132 | ||
| Decision making in different health care settings | 132 | ||
| Problem solving | 133 | ||
| Identify the problem | 133 | ||
| Analyze the problem | 133 | ||
| Find a solution | 133 | ||
| Devise a plan | 134 | ||
| Dealing with conflict | 134 | ||
| Key points | 136 | ||
| 10 Ethics | 139 | ||
| Objectives | 139 | ||
| Key terms | 140 | ||
| The influence of culture on beliefs, values, morals, and ethics | 140 | ||
| Codes of ethics | 141 | ||
| The principles of health care ethics | 143 | ||
| Autonomy | 144 | ||
| Justice | 145 | ||
| Beneficence | 145 | ||
| Nonmaleficence | 146 | ||
| Dealing with ethical dilemmas | 146 | ||
| Key points | 148 | ||
| 11 Legislation: the client's rights and your rights | 150 | ||
| Objectives | 150 | ||
| Key terms | 151 | ||
| Understanding rights | 152 | ||
| Basic human rights in Canada | 152 | ||
| Basic rights of people receiving health services | 153 | ||
| Bill of rights | 153 | ||
| The right to be treated with dignity and respect | 156 | ||
| The right to privacy and confidentiality | 159 | ||
| Electronic privacy | 159 | ||
| The right to give or withhold informed consent | 160 | ||
| Advance care directive | 161 | ||
| Living will | 161 | ||
| Substitute decision maker | 161 | ||
| Substitute decision maker for personal care | 162 | ||
| Substitute decision maker for property | 162 | ||
| The right to autonomy | 162 | ||
| Understanding legal issues | 162 | ||
| Negligence | 163 | ||
| Assault and battery | 164 | ||
| False imprisonment | 165 | ||
| Invasion of privacy | 165 | ||
| Freedom of information | 165 | ||
| Defamation of character | 165 | ||
| Your legal rights | 165 | ||
| Key points | 167 | ||
| 12 Caring about culture and diversity | 170 | ||
| Objectives | 170 | ||
| Key terms | 171 | ||
| Diversity: ethnicity and culture | 172 | ||
| Ethnicity | 172 | ||
| Culture | 172 | ||
| Prejudice and discrimination | 173 | ||
| Stereotyping | 173 | ||
| Other types of prejudice | 174 | ||
| Cultural conflict | 174 | ||
| The effect of culture | 175 | ||
| The effect of culture on the family | 175 | ||
| Types of families | 175 | ||
| The effect of culture on religion | 176 | ||
| The effect of culture on perceptions of health care and illness | 176 | ||
| The effect of culture on communication | 176 | ||
| The use of translators and interpreters | 176 | ||
| Body language | 177 | ||
| Touch | 177 | ||
| Personal space | 177 | ||
| Eye contact | 178 | ||
| Facial expressions | 178 | ||
| Silence | 178 | ||
| Providing culturally sensitive care and support | 179 | ||
| How to care for clients in a non-judgemental way | 179 | ||
| DIPPS | 179 | ||
| Key points | 180 | ||
| 13 Interpersonal communication | 182 | ||
| Objectives | 182 | ||
| Key terms | 183 | ||
| Levels of communication | 183 | ||
| Verbal communication | 184 | ||
| Humour | 185 | ||
| Professional communication | 185 | ||
| Non-verbal communication | 186 | ||
| Body language | 186 | ||
| Touch | 186 | ||
| Silence | 187 | ||
| Communication methods | 187 | ||
| Active listening | 187 | ||
| Paraphrasing | 188 | ||
| Empathetic listening | 188 | ||
| Asking closed questions | 188 | ||
| Asking open-ended questions | 189 | ||
| Clarifying | 190 | ||
| Focusing | 190 | ||
| Communication barriers | 190 | ||
| Interrupting | 190 | ||
| Answering your own questions | 191 | ||
| Giving advice | 191 | ||
| Minimizing problems | 191 | ||
| Using patronizing language | 191 | ||
| Failing to listen | 192 | ||
| Communicating with angry people | 192 | ||
| Communicating assertively | 193 | ||
| Explaining procedures and tasks | 193 | ||
| Key points | 195 | ||
| 14 Body structure and function | 197 | ||
| Objectives | 197 | ||
| Key terms | 198 | ||
| Anatomical terms | 199 | ||
| Cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems | 199 | ||
| Cells | 199 | ||
| Tissues | 200 | ||
| Organs | 201 | ||
| Organ systems | 201 | ||
| The integumentary system | 201 | ||
| The musculo-skeletal system | 202 | ||
| Bones | 203 | ||
| Joints | 204 | ||
| Muscles | 205 | ||
| The nervous system | 206 | ||
| The central nervous system | 206 | ||
| The peripheral nervous system | 208 | ||
| The sensory system | 208 | ||
| The eye | 208 | ||
| The ear | 209 | ||
| The sense of taste | 209 | ||
| The sense of smell | 210 | ||
| The circulatory system | 210 | ||
| The cardiovascular system | 210 | ||
| Blood | 210 | ||
| The heart | 210 | ||
| Blood vessels | 212 | ||
| The lymphatic system | 212 | ||
| The respiratory system | 213 | ||
| The digestive system | 213 | ||
| The urinary system | 216 | ||
| The reproductive system | 217 | ||
| The male reproductive system | 217 | ||
| The female reproductive system | 218 | ||
| Menstruation | 219 | ||
| Fertilization | 219 | ||
| The endocrine system | 219 | ||
| The immune system | 221 | ||
| Key points | 222 | ||
| 15 Growth and development | 225 | ||
| Objectives | 225 | ||
| Key terms | 226 | ||
| Principles | 227 | ||
| Infancy (birth to 1 year) | 227 | ||
| Toddlerhood (1 to 3 years) | 229 | ||
| Preschool (3 to 6 years) | 230 | ||
| The 3-year-old | 230 | ||
| The 4-year-old | 231 | ||
| The 5-year-old | 231 | ||
| Middle childhood (6 to 8 years) | 231 | ||
| The 6-year-old | 232 | ||
| The 7-year-old | 232 | ||
| The 8-year-old | 233 | ||
| Late childhood (9 to 12 years) | 233 | ||
| Adolescence (12 to 18 years) | 234 | ||
| Young adulthood (18 to 40 years) | 235 | ||
| Middle adulthood (40 to 65 years) | 236 | ||
| Late adulthood (65 years and older) | 237 | ||
| Key points | 237 | ||
| 16 Caring for the young | 241 | ||
| Objectives | 241 | ||
| Key terms | 242 | ||
| Supporting the infant, child, or teen | 244 | ||
| Your role | 244 | ||
| Discipline | 245 | ||
| Punishment | 246 | ||
| Supporting the challenging child | 246 | ||
| Why do some children “act out”? | 246 | ||
| Assisting infants and children to meet nutritional needs | 246 | ||
| Understanding the challenges that children and families face | 246 | ||
| Helping a child eat well | 247 | ||
| Setting the stage for pleasant mealtimes | 247 | ||
| Avoiding power struggles and learning to trust the child’s food choices | 248 | ||
| Adjusting your approach according to the child’s age | 248 | ||
| Getting help for a child’s eating habits | 248 | ||
| Protecting children from injury | 249 | ||
| Preventing falls | 250 | ||
| Protecting children from burns | 251 | ||
| Preventing accidental poisoning | 252 | ||
| Preventing infections | 253 | ||
| Prevention of childhood infections | 253 | ||
| Vaccinations to prevent serious infectious illnesses | 255 | ||
| What would happen if we stopped vaccinating? | 255 | ||
| Do the benefits of vaccination outweigh the possible adverse effects? | 255 | ||
| Reye’s syndrome | 255 | ||
| How long should sick children stay home? | 256 | ||
| Resistance comes with time | 256 | ||
| The top five reasons children miss school or child care | 256 | ||
| Key points | 257 | ||
| 17 Caring for older adults | 260 | ||
| Objectives | 260 | ||
| Key terms | 261 | ||
| Emotional and social changes | 261 | ||
| Retirement | 261 | ||
| Reduced income | 262 | ||
| Social relationships | 262 | ||
| Children as caregivers | 263 | ||
| Death of a partner | 263 | ||
| Physical changes | 263 | ||
| The integumentary system | 263 | ||
| The musculo-skeletal system | 266 | ||
| The nervous system | 266 | ||
| The circulatory system | 266 | ||
| The respiratory system | 267 | ||
| The digestive system | 267 | ||
| The urinary system | 267 | ||
| The reproductive system | 267 | ||
| The older adult and sexuality | 268 | ||
| Caring for older clients | 268 | ||
| Key points | 270 | ||
| 18 Common diseases and conditions | 272 | ||
| Objectives | 272 | ||
| Key terms | 273 | ||
| Integumentary disorders | 276 | ||
| Urticaria | 276 | ||
| Dermatitis | 276 | ||
| Eczema | 276 | ||
| Scabies | 276 | ||
| Psoriasis | 276 | ||
| Boil | 277 | ||
| Cyst | 277 | ||
| Impetigo | 277 | ||
| Skin cancer | 277 | ||
| Musculo-skeletal disorders | 278 | ||
| Fractures | 278 | ||
| Cast care | 278 | ||
| Hip fractures | 280 | ||
| Osteomyelitis | 280 | ||
| Amputation of a limb | 280 | ||
| Prostheses | 281 | ||
| Prostheses and skin care | 282 | ||
| Osteoporosis | 282 | ||
| Arthritis | 283 | ||
| Osteoarthritis | 283 | ||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 283 | ||
| Gout | 284 | ||
| Fibromyalgia | 284 | ||
| Scleroderma | 285 | ||
| Lupus | 285 | ||
| Nervous system disorders | 285 | ||
| Epilepsy | 285 | ||
| Stroke | 286 | ||
| Aneurysm | 287 | ||
| Acquired brain injuries | 288 | ||
| Parkinson’s disease | 288 | ||
| Huntington’s disease | 288 | ||
| Multiple sclerosis | 289 | ||
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | 289 | ||
| Spinal cord injuries | 290 | ||
| Cardiovascular disorders | 290 | ||
| Hypertension | 291 | ||
| Coronary artery disease | 291 | ||
| Angina pectoris | 292 | ||
| Myocardial infarction | 292 | ||
| Congestive heart failure | 294 | ||
| Arrhythmias | 294 | ||
| Aneurysm | 295 | ||
| Phlebitis | 295 | ||
| Thrombus | 295 | ||
| Respiratory disorders | 295 | ||
| Asthma | 295 | ||
| Pneumonia | 295 | ||
| Bronchitis | 296 | ||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 296 | ||
| Chronic bronchitis | 296 | ||
| Emphysema | 296 | ||
| Digestive disorders | 297 | ||
| Vomiting | 297 | ||
| Gastro-esophageal reflux disease | 297 | ||
| Gallbladder disease | 297 | ||
| Liver disease | 297 | ||
| Celiac disease | 298 | ||
| Irritable bowel syndrome | 298 | ||
| Colitis | 298 | ||
| Crohn’s disease | 298 | ||
| Diverticular disease | 299 | ||
| Urinary disorders | 299 | ||
| Urinary tract infections | 299 | ||
| Renal calculi | 300 | ||
| Renal failure | 300 | ||
| Acute renal failure | 300 | ||
| Chronic renal failure | 300 | ||
| Endocrine disorders | 301 | ||
| Diabetes | 301 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 302 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 302 | ||
| Cancer | 304 | ||
| Communicable diseases | 306 | ||
| Hepatitis | 307 | ||
| Acquired immune deficiency syndrome | 308 | ||
| Sexually transmitted infections | 308 | ||
| Influenza | 309 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 310 | ||
| Key points | 311 | ||
| 19 Safety | 313 | ||
| Objectives | 313 | ||
| Key terms | 314 | ||
| Accident risk factors | 314 | ||
| Safety measures at home and in the workplace | 316 | ||
| Preventing falls and injuries | 317 | ||
| Fall prevention programs | 317 | ||
| Restraints and how to avoid them | 318 | ||
| Guidelines regarding the use of restraints | 318 | ||
| Types of restraints | 326 | ||
| Using bed rails | 327 | ||
| When to use bed rails | 327 | ||
| Hazards associated with bed rail use | 327 | ||
| Who is at greatest risk of injury with bed rails? | 328 | ||
| How to use bed rails | 328 | ||
| Preventing poisoning | 328 | ||
| Preventing burns | 329 | ||
| Care of the client with burns | 329 | ||
| First aid for minor burns | 330 | ||
| What to do if the burn appears serious | 330 | ||
| Preventing suffocation | 331 | ||
| Carbon monoxide poisoning | 332 | ||
| Carbon monoxide detectors | 332 | ||
| Preventing accidents with equipment | 332 | ||
| Preventing fires | 333 | ||
| Identifying the client | 336 | ||
| Using the call bell | 339 | ||
| Promoting your personal safety | 340 | ||
| Creating a safe workplace | 341 | ||
| Employers’ and supervisors’ responsibilities | 341 | ||
| Employees’ responsibilities | 341 | ||
| Handling hazardous materials | 341 | ||
| Reducing personal security risks | 343 | ||
| Key points | 347 | ||
| 20 Preventing infection | 351 | ||
| Objectives | 351 | ||
| Key terms | 352 | ||
| Micro-organisms | 354 | ||
| Types of micro-organisms | 354 | ||
| Normal flora | 355 | ||
| Multidrug-resistant organisms | 355 | ||
| The spread of pathogens | 357 | ||
| Infections in health care settings | 358 | ||
| H1N1 virus and new strains | 360 | ||
| The chain of infection | 360 | ||
| Vaccinations | 362 | ||
| Medical asepsis | 365 | ||
| Hand hygiene | 366 | ||
| Wearing gloves | 370 | ||
| Care of supplies and equipment | 371 | ||
| Cleaning | 372 | ||
| Disinfection | 372 | ||
| Sterilization | 372 | ||
| Isolation precautions | 373 | ||
| Standard Practices | 375 | ||
| Transmission-Based Precautions | 377 | ||
| Protective measures | 380 | ||
| Wearing masks and respiratory protection | 380 | ||
| Wearing protective apparel | 381 | ||
| Wearing eye protection and face shields | 383 | ||
| Disposing of sharps | 384 | ||
| Bagging items | 385 | ||
| Transporting clients on Transmission-Based Precautions | 386 | ||
| Basic needs and Transmission-Based Precautions | 386 | ||
| Surgical asepsis | 387 | ||
| Principles of surgical asepsis | 387 | ||
| Donning and removing sterile gloves | 388 | ||
| Key points | 391 | ||
| 21 Abuse awareness | 395 | ||
| Objectives | 395 | ||
| Key terms | 396 | ||
| Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms | 397 | ||
| Types of abuse | 397 | ||
| The cycle of abuse | 397 | ||
| Recognizing the signs of abuse | 399 | ||
| Abusive relationships | 399 | ||
| Spousal abuse | 399 | ||
| Why do they stay? | 399 | ||
| Child abuse | 401 | ||
| Situations that increase the risk of child abuse | 403 | ||
| Failure to thrive | 403 | ||
| What can be done to prevent child abuse? | 404 | ||
| Abuse of older adults | 404 | ||
| Abuse of clients in a facility or home setting | 405 | ||
| Stress can trigger client abuse | 405 | ||
| Reporting abuse | 406 | ||
| Abuse of health care workers | 407 | ||
| The sexually aggressive client | 407 | ||
| Sexual harassment | 408 | ||
| Your legal responsibilities | 409 | ||
| How to report abuse | 409 | ||
| When clients speak of abuse | 409 | ||
| Key points | 410 | ||
| 22 Promoting client well-being | 413 | ||
| Objectives | 413 | ||
| Key terms | 414 | ||
| Well-being during transitions | 414 | ||
| Admitting a client to a facility | 414 | ||
| Long-term care facilities | 415 | ||
| Hospitals | 415 | ||
| Transfers | 416 | ||
| Discharges | 416 | ||
| Comfort | 417 | ||
| Room furniture and equipment | 417 | ||
| Pain | 419 | ||
| Types of pain | 419 | ||
| Factors affecting pain | 420 | ||
| Signs and symptoms of pain | 420 | ||
| Measures to relieve pain | 423 | ||
| Rest and sleep | 425 | ||
| Sleep disorders | 427 | ||
| Insomnia | 427 | ||
| Sleep deprivation | 427 | ||
| Sleepwalking | 427 | ||
| Your role in promoting rest and sleep | 427 | ||
| Key points | 429 | ||
| 23 Body mechanics: moving, positioning, transferring, and lifting the client | 431 | ||
| Objectives | 431 | ||
| Key terms | 432 | ||
| Body mechanics | 433 | ||
| Moving clients in bed | 434 | ||
| Comfort and safety measures | 436 | ||
| Moving the client up in bed | 437 | ||
| Turning pads | 437 | ||
| Turning the client | 444 | ||
| Moving the client from a bed to a stretcher | 445 | ||
| Moving the client to the side of the bed | 448 | ||
| Helping the client to sit on the side of the bed (dangle the legs) | 448 | ||
| Positioning the client | 453 | ||
| Comfort and safety measures | 454 | ||
| Fowler’s positions | 454 | ||
| Supine position | 455 | ||
| Lateral position | 455 | ||
| Sims’ position | 456 | ||
| Prone position | 456 | ||
| Sitting position | 457 | ||
| Repositioning the client in a chair or wheelchair | 458 | ||
| Transferring the client | 458 | ||
| Know the client | 459 | ||
| Follow principles of safety and good body mechanics | 459 | ||
| Applying transfer belts | 459 | ||
| Transferring a client from the bed to a chair or wheelchair | 461 | ||
| Other transfers | 466 | ||
| Lifting a client | 470 | ||
| Manual lifts | 470 | ||
| Mechanically lifting a client | 474 | ||
| The sit–stand mechanical lift | 475 | ||
| Key points | 481 | ||
| 24 Exercise and activity | 484 | ||
| Objectives | 484 | ||
| Key terms | 485 | ||
| Bed rest | 485 | ||
| Complications of bed rest | 486 | ||
| Positioning | 487 | ||
| Exercise | 489 | ||
| Range-of-motion exercises | 489 | ||
| Ambulation | 497 | ||
| Falls | 500 | ||
| Walking aids | 500 | ||
| Crutches | 500 | ||
| Canes | 503 | ||
| Walkers | 504 | ||
| Braces | 506 | ||
| Key points | 507 | ||
| 25 Home management | 509 | ||
| Objectives | 509 | ||
| Key terms | 510 | ||
| Your role in home management | 510 | ||
| Who pays for what services? | 510 | ||
| Handling your client’s money | 511 | ||
| Dealing with conflicting demands | 512 | ||
| Getting organized | 512 | ||
| Equipment and supplies | 513 | ||
| Equipment | 513 | ||
| Supplies | 514 | ||
| Using cleaning products safely | 514 | ||
| Cleaning bedrooms | 515 | ||
| Cleaning living rooms | 515 | ||
| Cleaning kitchens | 515 | ||
| Recycling items | 515 | ||
| Cleaning bathrooms | 520 | ||
| Doing laundry | 522 | ||
| Removing stains | 522 | ||
| Laundry care symbols | 524 | ||
| Laundry soiled with body substances | 524 | ||
| Performing tasks not included on the client’s care plan | 524 | ||
| Consult with your supervisor | 526 | ||
| Key points | 527 | ||
| 26 Beds and bed making | 530 | ||
| Objectives | 530 | ||
| Key terms | 531 | ||
| The bed | 531 | ||
| Regular beds | 531 | ||
| Hospital beds | 532 | ||
| Bed positions | 533 | ||
| Linen | 534 | ||
| Bed making | 537 | ||
| The closed bed | 537 | ||
| The open bed | 544 | ||
| The occupied bed | 545 | ||
| Key points | 550 | ||
| 27 Nutrition and fluids | 552 | ||
| Objectives | 552 | ||
| Key terms | 553 | ||
| Basic nutrition | 553 | ||
| Nutrients | 554 | ||
| Protein | 554 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 554 | ||
| Fats | 554 | ||
| Vitamins | 554 | ||
| Minerals | 554 | ||
| Water | 554 | ||
| Eating well with Canada’s food guide | 555 | ||
| Servings from the food groups | 557 | ||
| Vegetables and fruits | 557 | ||
| Grain products | 558 | ||
| Milk products | 558 | ||
| Meat and alternatives | 559 | ||
| Nutrition throughout the life cycle | 559 | ||
| Infancy and childhood | 559 | ||
| Adolescence | 559 | ||
| Young and middle adulthood | 559 | ||
| Pregnancy | 559 | ||
| Late adulthood | 560 | ||
| Factors that affect eating and nutrition | 560 | ||
| Food labels | 561 | ||
| List of ingredients | 562 | ||
| Nutrition facts | 562 | ||
| Nutrition claims | 563 | ||
| Caffeine intake | 563 | ||
| Meal planning and preparation | 563 | ||
| Shopping for groceries | 564 | ||
| Checking expiry dates | 564 | ||
| Handling clients’ money | 564 | ||
| Following recipes | 564 | ||
| Food safety | 564 | ||
| Special diets | 566 | ||
| The sodium-controlled diet | 566 | ||
| Diabetes meal planning | 569 | ||
| Assisting clients with eating | 569 | ||
| Making meals enjoyable | 569 | ||
| Assisting clients with eating problems | 569 | ||
| Chewing problems | 569 | ||
| Swallowing problems (dysphagia) | 569 | ||
| Weakness | 570 | ||
| Vision loss | 570 | ||
| Serving meal trays | 570 | ||
| Feeding a client | 573 | ||
| Between-meal nourishments | 573 | ||
| Calorie counts | 576 | ||
| Fluid balance | 576 | ||
| Normal fluid requirements | 576 | ||
| Special orders | 576 | ||
| Intake and output records | 577 | ||
| Measuring intake and output | 577 | ||
| Key points | 580 | ||
| 28 Enteral nutrition and intravenous therapy | 583 | ||
| Objectives | 583 | ||
| Key terms | 584 | ||
| Enteral nutrition | 584 | ||
| Formulas | 586 | ||
| Scheduled and continuous feedings | 586 | ||
| Preventing aspiration | 587 | ||
| Observations | 587 | ||
| Comfort measures | 588 | ||
| Intravenous therapy | 588 | ||
| Sites | 588 | ||
| Assisting with intravenous therapy | 590 | ||
| Key points | 592 | ||
| 29 Personal hygiene | 594 | ||
| Objectives | 594 | ||
| Key terms | 595 | ||
| Oral hygiene | 596 | ||
| Equipment | 597 | ||
| Observations | 598 | ||
| Brushing teeth | 598 | ||
| Flossing | 602 | ||
| Mouth care for an unconscious client | 605 | ||
| Denture care | 608 | ||
| Bathing | 611 | ||
| Observations | 612 | ||
| The complete bed bath | 614 | ||
| Towel baths | 621 | ||
| Bag baths | 621 | ||
| The partial bath | 621 | ||
| Tub baths and showers | 623 | ||
| Tub baths | 623 | ||
| Showers | 625 | ||
| Dealing with bathing problems | 630 | ||
| The client refuses the bath | 630 | ||
| The client has dementia | 630 | ||
| The client cannot tolerate the bathing position | 630 | ||
| The client urinates or defecates | 630 | ||
| Hardened secretions or stool on the client’s body | 630 | ||
| The client has an erection | 630 | ||
| The back massage | 631 | ||
| Perineal care | 633 | ||
| Menstrual care | 639 | ||
| Key points | 640 | ||
| 30 Grooming and dressing | 642 | ||
| Objectives | 642 | ||
| Key terms | 643 | ||
| Hair care | 643 | ||
| Brushing and combing hair | 645 | ||
| How to brush or comb hair | 645 | ||
| Cultural differences with respect to hair | 646 | ||
| Cutting hair | 646 | ||
| Observations to make | 647 | ||
| Shampooing | 647 | ||
| Shampooing during the shower or tub bath | 647 | ||
| Shampooing a client’s hair at the sink | 647 | ||
| Facing the sink | 648 | ||
| Leaning back | 648 | ||
| Lying down | 648 | ||
| Assistive devices | 648 | ||
| Shampooing in bed | 649 | ||
| Shaving | 652 | ||
| Electric shaver maintenance | 654 | ||
| Caring for moustaches and beards | 654 | ||
| Shaving legs and underarms for female clients | 654 | ||
| Pubic hair | 654 | ||
| Care of nails and feet | 658 | ||
| Important things to watch for | 658 | ||
| Soak the nails first | 658 | ||
| Changing clothing and hospital gowns | 662 | ||
| Changing hospital gowns | 671 | ||
| Applying elastic stockings and bandages | 674 | ||
| Applying elastic stockings | 674 | ||
| Applying elastic bandages | 676 | ||
| Compassionate care | 679 | ||
| Care of wigs | 679 | ||
| Storage | 680 | ||
| Washing | 680 | ||
| Drying | 680 | ||
| Wearing | 680 | ||
| Key points | 680 | ||
| 31 Urinary elimination | 683 | ||
| Objectives | 683 | ||
| Key terms | 684 | ||
| Normal urination | 685 | ||
| Observations to make about urine | 686 | ||
| Bedpans | 687 | ||
| Urinals | 692 | ||
| Commodes | 694 | ||
| Urinary incontinence | 697 | ||
| Problems related to urinary incontinence | 697 | ||
| Stress for the caregiver | 698 | ||
| Incontinence pads | 699 | ||
| Catheters | 699 | ||
| Purposes of catheters | 699 | ||
| Drainage systems | 712 | ||
| Measuring urine drainage | 712 | ||
| Accidental disconnection | 712 | ||
| The condom catheter | 712 | ||
| Bladder training | 713 | ||
| Collecting urine specimens | 714 | ||
| The random urine specimen | 714 | ||
| The midstream specimen | 716 | ||
| The 24-hour urine specimen | 719 | ||
| Collecting specimen from an infant or child | 719 | ||
| Testing urine | 722 | ||
| Using reagent strips | 722 | ||
| Straining urine | 724 | ||
| The client with a ureterostomy or an ileal conduit | 726 | ||
| Compassionate care | 730 | ||
| Key points | 731 | ||
| 32 Bowel elimination | 734 | ||
| Objectives | 734 | ||
| Key terms | 735 | ||
| Normal bowel movements | 735 | ||
| Observations | 736 | ||
| Factors affecting bowel movement | 736 | ||
| Comfort and safety | 737 | ||
| Common problems | 737 | ||
| Constipation | 737 | ||
| Fecal impaction | 738 | ||
| Diarrhea | 738 | ||
| Fecal incontinence | 739 | ||
| Flatulence | 739 | ||
| Bowel training | 739 | ||
| Enemas | 740 | ||
| The commercial enema | 740 | ||
| Rectal tubes | 743 | ||
| The client with an ostomy | 744 | ||
| Colostomy | 744 | ||
| Ileostomy | 745 | ||
| Ostomy pouches | 745 | ||
| Stool specimens | 749 | ||
| Testing stools for blood | 749 | ||
| Key points | 752 | ||
| 33 Rehabilitation care | 754 | ||
| Objectives | 754 | ||
| Key terms | 755 | ||
| Goals of rehabilitation | 755 | ||
| Rehabilitation settings | 756 | ||
| The rehabilitation process | 758 | ||
| The rehabilitation team | 758 | ||
| Emphasis on the whole person | 758 | ||
| Role of the family | 760 | ||
| Therapy and training | 760 | ||
| Assisting with rehabilitation and restorative care | 763 | ||
| Key points | 764 | ||
| 34 Mental health disorders | 766 | ||
| Objectives | 766 | ||
| Key terms | 767 | ||
| Mental health and mental health disorders | 769 | ||
| Impact of mental health disorders | 769 | ||
| Causes of mental health disorders | 771 | ||
| Supporting clients and their families | 771 | ||
| Remember DIPPS | 771 | ||
| Team approach | 772 | ||
| Stigma of mental health disorders | 773 | ||
| Effect on the family | 773 | ||
| Culture and its influence on mental health disorders and treatment | 773 | ||
| Refugees | 774 | ||
| Providing care and support for clients with mental health disorders | 774 | ||
| Acquired brain injuries | 775 | ||
| Supporting clients with acquired brain injury | 776 | ||
| Anxiety disorders | 777 | ||
| Supporting clients with anxiety disorders | 777 | ||
| Obsessive–compulsive disorder | 777 | ||
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | 777 | ||
| Post-traumatic stress disorder in children | 778 | ||
| Post-traumatic stress disorder in older adults | 778 | ||
| Supporting clients with post-traumatic stress disorder | 778 | ||
| Phobic disorder | 778 | ||
| Panic disorder | 778 | ||
| Mood disorders | 778 | ||
| Major depression | 779 | ||
| Supporting clients with major depression | 781 | ||
| Seasonal affective disorder | 781 | ||
| Bipolar affective disorder | 781 | ||
| Signs and symptoms of mania (or a manic episode) | 781 | ||
| Diagnosis | 782 | ||
| Treatment | 782 | ||
| Supporting clients with bipolar affective disorder | 782 | ||
| Attention-deficit and disruptive behaviour disorders | 782 | ||
| Conduct disorder | 783 | ||
| Symptoms of conduct disorder in clients | 783 | ||
| Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder | 783 | ||
| Symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in clients | 784 | ||
| Oppositional defiant disorder | 784 | ||
| Symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder in clients: | 784 | ||
| Supporting children and their families with attention-deficit and disruptive behaviour disorders | 784 | ||
| Eating disorders | 784 | ||
| Anorexia nervosa | 785 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 785 | ||
| Causes | 785 | ||
| 35 Confusion, delirium, and dementia | 800 | ||
| Objectives | 800 | ||
| Key terms | 801 | ||
| Confusion | 802 | ||
| Causes of confusion or disorientation | 802 | ||
| Diagnosing confusion, delirium, and dementia | 803 | ||
| Ways to prevent confusion | 803 | ||
| Delirium | 804 | ||
| Dementia | 804 | ||
| Supporting clients with dementia | 805 | ||
| Treatable (or reversible) forms of dementia | 809 | ||
| Irreversible forms of dementia | 809 | ||
| Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias | 809 | ||
| Vascular dementia (multi-infarct) | 810 | ||
| Symptoms of vascular dementia | 810 | ||
| Dementia with Lewy bodies | 810 | ||
| Fronto-temporal dementia | 811 | ||
| Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease | 811 | ||
| Korsakoff’s syndrome | 812 | ||
| Stages of dementia | 812 | ||
| Stage 1: mild (early stage) | 813 | ||
| Stage 2: moderate (middle stage) | 815 | ||
| Stage 3: severe (late stage) | 817 | ||
| Supporting clients with dementia | 819 | ||
| Managing challenging behaviours | 822 | ||
| Wandering | 822 | ||
| Secured units | 826 | ||
| Sundowning | 826 | ||
| Hallucinations | 826 | ||
| Delusions | 826 | ||
| Catastrophic reactions | 826 | ||
| Agitation and restlessness | 827 | ||
| Aggression and combativeness | 827 | ||
| Screaming | 827 | ||
| Abnormal sexual behaviours | 828 | ||
| Repetitive behaviours | 828 | ||
| Hoarding | 828 | ||
| Caregiver needs | 828 | ||
| Key points | 830 | ||
| 36 Speech and language disorders | 833 | ||
| Objectives | 833 | ||
| Key terms | 834 | ||
| Aphasia | 834 | ||
| Types of aphasia | 834 | ||
| Apraxia of speech | 835 | ||
| Dysarthria | 835 | ||
| Emotional effects of speech and language disorders | 835 | ||
| Treatment for speech and language disorders | 836 | ||
| The use of computers that assist clients with speech and language challenges | 837 | ||
| Communicating with clients | 837 | ||
| Key points | 841 | ||
| 37 Hearing and vision disorders | 843 | ||
| Objectives | 843 | ||
| Key terms | 844 | ||
| Ear disorders | 844 | ||
| Effects of hearing impairment | 846 | ||
| Aids for people with hearing loss | 846 | ||
| Hearing aids | 846 | ||
| Technology for hearing assistance | 847 | ||
| Caring for clients with hearing impairment | 848 | ||
| Eye disorders and vision impairment | 849 | ||
| Effects of vision impairment | 851 | ||
| Vision aids | 851 | ||
| Eyeglasses | 851 | ||
| Contact lenses | 852 | ||
| Aids for reading | 852 | ||
| Communication aids | 852 | ||
| Devices for entertainment | 852 | ||
| Medical devices | 852 | ||
| Artificial eyes | 852 | ||
| Caring for clients with vision loss | 853 | ||
| Key points | 854 | ||
| 38 Caring for mothers and infants | 857 | ||
| Objectives | 857 | ||
| Key terms | 858 | ||
| Caring for new mothers | 858 | ||
| Perineal care | 860 | ||
| Episiotomies | 860 | ||
| Care of abdominal incisions | 861 | ||
| Breast care | 861 | ||
| Postpartum blues, depression, and psychosis | 862 | ||
| Caring for infants | 862 | ||
| Holding the infant | 862 | ||
| Swaddling the infant | 863 | ||
| Comforting the crying infant | 863 | ||
| Cradle cap, diaper rash, and thrush | 864 | ||
| Cradle cap | 864 | ||
| Diaper rash | 865 | ||
| Thrush | 865 | ||
| Cause | 866 | ||
| Treatment | 866 | ||
| Signs and symptoms of potentially serious illness | 867 | ||
| Helping mothers breastfeed | 867 | ||
| Helping mothers bottlefeed | 868 | ||
| Cleaning the equipment | 869 | ||
| Bottlefeeding the infant | 870 | ||
| Burping the infant | 871 | ||
| Diapering | 872 | ||
| Care of the umbilical cord | 874 | ||
| Caring for uncircumcised and circumcised babies | 876 | ||
| Bathing the infant | 876 | ||
| Nail care | 882 | ||
| Weighing infants | 882 | ||
| Key points | 883 | ||
| 39 Developmental disabilities | 885 | ||
| Objectives | 885 | ||
| Key terms | 886 | ||
| Developmental disabilities and the family | 886 | ||
| Types of developmental disabilities | 887 | ||
| Intellectual disabilities | 888 | ||
| Down syndrome | 890 | ||
| Cerebral palsy | 891 | ||
| Autism | 892 | ||
| Epilepsy | 893 | ||
| Spina bifida | 894 | ||
| Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders | 895 | ||
| Caring for clients with developmental disabilities | 895 | ||
| Key points | 897 | ||
| 40 Assisting with medications | 900 | ||
| Objectives | 900 | ||
| Key terms | 901 | ||
| Scope of practice: your role | 903 | ||
| How medications work in the body | 904 | ||
| Purpose of medications | 904 | ||
| Drug action | 904 | ||
| Drug interactions | 904 | ||
| Types of medications | 908 | ||
| Drug effects and classifications | 908 | ||
| Factors affecting drug action | 908 | ||
| Side effects | 908 | ||
| Drug allergy | 911 | ||
| Documentation | 912 | ||
| Understanding abbreviations | 912 | ||
| The nine “rights” of assisting with medications | 912 | ||
| Medication errors | 915 | ||
| Key points | 931 | ||
| 41 Measuring height, weight, and vital signs | 933 | ||
| Objectives | 933 | ||
| Key terms | 934 | ||
| Measuring height and weight | 934 | ||
| Measuring and reporting vital signs | 934 | ||
| Body temperature | 940 | ||
| Temperature sites | 940 | ||
| Taking oral temperature | 941 | ||
| Taking tympanic temperature | 941 | ||
| Taking axillary temperature | 942 | ||
| Thermometers | 942 | ||
| Electronic thermometers | 943 | ||
| Dot matrix thermometers | 944 | ||
| Temperature-sensitive tape | 946 | ||
| Pulse | 947 | ||
| Sites for taking the pulse | 947 | ||
| Pulse rate | 947 | ||
| Rhythm and force of the pulse | 948 | ||
| Taking the radial pulse | 948 | ||
| Respirations | 949 | ||
| Blood pressure | 951 | ||
| Factors affecting blood pressure | 951 | ||
| Equipment | 952 | ||
| Sphygmomanometer | 952 | ||
| Stethoscope | 952 | ||
| Measuring blood pressure | 954 | ||
| Key points | 958 | ||
| 42 Wound care | 961 | ||
| Objectives | 961 | ||
| Key terms | 962 | ||
| Types of wounds | 964 | ||
| Skin tears | 964 | ||
| Causes of skin tears | 965 | ||
| Clients at risk for skin tears | 966 | ||
| Prevention and treatment of skin tears | 966 | ||
| Pressure ulcers | 966 | ||
| Causes of pressure ulcers | 966 | ||
| Other high risk areas | 966 | ||
| Shearing | 968 | ||
| Clients at risk for pressure ulcers | 968 | ||
| Signs of pressure ulcers | 969 | ||
| Prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers | 969 | ||
| Special beds | 970 | ||
| Bed cradle | 970 | ||
| Elbow protectors | 972 | ||
| Heel elevators | 972 | ||
| Flotation pads | 972 | ||
| Egg crate–like mattress | 972 | ||
| Other equipment | 973 | ||
| Leg and foot ulcers | 973 | ||
| Circulatory ulcers | 973 | ||
| Venous ulcers | 973 | ||
| Appearance | 973 | ||
| Causes | 973 | ||
| Prevention | 973 | ||
| Arterial ulcers | 974 | ||
| Causes | 974 | ||
| Appearance | 974 | ||
| Treatment and prevention | 974 | ||
| Wound healing | 975 | ||
| Types of wound healing | 975 | ||
| Complications of wounds | 975 | ||
| Hemorrhage | 975 | ||
| Infection | 975 | ||
| Dehiscence | 975 | ||
| Evisceration | 976 | ||
| Wound appearance | 976 | ||
| Wound drainage | 976 | ||
| Dressings | 978 | ||
| Sterile dressings | 978 | ||
| Types of dressings | 978 | ||
| Securing dressings | 979 | ||
| Tape | 979 | ||
| Applying dressings | 983 | ||
| Heat and cold applications | 986 | ||
| Key points | 987 | ||
| 43 Heat and cold applications | 990 | ||
| Objectives | 990 | ||
| Key terms | 991 | ||
| Heat applications | 993 | ||
| Complications | 993 | ||
| Moist and dry heat applications | 995 | ||
| Warm compresses | 995 | ||
| Warm soaks | 997 | ||
| The sitz bath | 999 | ||
| Warm packs | 1003 | ||
| Cold applications | 1005 | ||
| Complications | 1005 | ||
| Moist and dry cold applications | 1005 | ||
| Ice bags, ice collars, ice gloves, and dry cold packs | 1006 | ||
| Cold compresses | 1006 | ||
| Key points | 1010 | ||
| 44 Oxygen needs | 1012 | ||
| Objectives | 1012 | ||
| Key terms | 1013 | ||
| Factors affecting oxygen needs | 1015 | ||
| Altered respiratory function | 1015 | ||
| Abnormal respiratory patterns | 1017 | ||
| Hypoxia | 1017 | ||
| Promoting oxygenation | 1018 | ||
| Positioning and providing rest periods | 1019 | ||
| Coughing and deep breathing | 1020 | ||
| Incentive spirometry | 1020 | ||
| Assisting with oxygen therapy | 1023 | ||
| Your role in oxygen therapy | 1023 | ||
| Oxygen sources | 1024 | ||
| Oxygen concentrator | 1024 | ||
| Oxygen cylinder | 1024 | ||
| Liquid oxygen system | 1024 | ||
| Oxygen therapy and safety | 1025 | ||
| Oxygen and fire safety | 1025 | ||
| Oxygen administration devices | 1026 | ||
| Nasal cannula | 1026 | ||
| Simple face mask | 1027 | ||
| Partial-rebreather mask | 1027 | ||
| Non-rebreather mask | 1027 | ||
| Venturi mask | 1028 | ||
| Oxygen flow rates | 1028 | ||
| Preparing for oxygen administration | 1029 | ||
| Humidified oxygen | 1029 | ||
| Assisting with assessment and diagnostic testing | 1031 | ||
| Pulse oximetry | 1031 | ||
| Collecting sputum specimens | 1034 | ||
| Artificial airways | 1037 | ||
| Types | 1037 | ||
| Care of a client with an artificial airway | 1038 | ||
| Tracheostomies | 1038 | ||
| Suctioning an airway | 1040 | ||
| Suctioning sites | 1041 | ||
| Safety measures related to suctioning | 1041 | ||
| Mechanical ventilation | 1041 | ||
| Chest tubes | 1044 | ||
| Key points | 1045 | ||
| 45 Assisting with the physical examination | 1048 | ||
| Objectives | 1048 | ||
| Key terms | 1049 | ||
| Your responsibilities | 1049 | ||
| Equipment | 1050 | ||
| Preparing the client | 1050 | ||
| Positioning and draping | 1052 | ||
| Assisting with the examination | 1053 | ||
| Assisting after the examination | 1054 | ||
| Key points | 1054 | ||
| 46 The client having surgery | 1056 | ||
| Objectives | 1056 | ||
| Key terms | 1057 | ||
| Psychological care | 1058 | ||
| Client information | 1058 | ||
| Your role | 1059 | ||
| The preoperative period | 1059 | ||
| Preoperative teaching | 1059 | ||
| Special tests | 1060 | ||
| Nutrition and fluids | 1060 | ||
| Elimination | 1060 | ||
| Personal care | 1060 | ||
| Valuables | 1061 | ||
| Skin preparation | 1061 | ||
| The preoperative checklist | 1061 | ||
| Preoperative medication | 1061 | ||
| Transport to the operating room | 1063 | ||
| Anesthesia | 1063 | ||
| The postoperative period | 1063 | ||
| Preparing the client’s room | 1063 | ||
| Return from the recovery room | 1063 | ||
| Observations | 1064 | ||
| Positioning | 1064 | ||
| Coughing and deep breathing | 1065 | ||
| Stimulating circulation | 1065 | ||
| Leg exercises | 1065 | ||
| Elastic stockings and bandages | 1066 | ||
| Early ambulation | 1066 | ||
| Wound healing | 1066 | ||
| Nutrition and fluids | 1066 | ||
| Elimination | 1067 | ||
| Comfort and rest | 1067 | ||
| Personal hygiene | 1067 | ||
| Key points | 1068 | ||
| 47 Caring for a client who is dying | 1070 | ||
| Objectives | 1070 | ||
| Key terms | 1071 | ||
| Life-threatening illness | 1071 | ||
| Attitudes toward death | 1071 | ||
| Culture and religion | 1072 | ||
| Age | 1073 | ||
| Theories of grief | 1073 | ||
| Palliative care | 1074 | ||
| Caring for a client who is dying | 1075 | ||
| Emotional, social, intellectual, and spiritual needs | 1075 | ||
| Physical needs | 1076 | ||
| Comforting the family | 1079 | ||
| Legal issues | 1079 | ||
| Advance directive | 1079 | ||
| “Do not resuscitate” orders | 1080 | ||
| Signs of death | 1080 | ||
| Care of the body after death | 1081 | ||
| Funeral planning | 1084 | ||
| Key points | 1084 | ||
| 48 Your job search | 1086 | ||
| Objectives | 1086 | ||
| Key terms | 1086 | ||
| Getting organized | 1087 | ||
| Setting priorities and goals | 1087 | ||
| Preparing your résumé | 1088 | ||
| Using social networking sites | 1088 | ||
| Elements of a résumé | 1089 | ||
| Getting started on your résumé | 1089 | ||
| Organizing your résumé | 1089 | ||
| Chronological résumé | 1089 | ||
| Functional résumé | 1089 | ||
| Creating your résumé | 1092 | ||
| Formatting and printing | 1092 | ||
| Finding and following leads | 1092 | ||
| Selecting references | 1093 | ||
| Preparing a letter of application | 1093 | ||
| Determining the employer’s needs | 1096 | ||
| Organizing a letter of application | 1096 | ||
| Front matter | 1096 | ||
| Body | 1096 | ||
| Closing | 1096 | ||
| Writing your letter | 1096 | ||
| Delivering your letter | 1097 | ||
| Tips on conveying professionalism electronically | 1097 | ||
| Completing a job application form | 1097 | ||
| The interview | 1098 | ||
| The group interview | 1099 | ||
| More than one applicant | 1099 | ||
| More than one interviewer | 1099 | ||
| Practising for your job interview | 1099 | ||
| Developing listening skills | 1099 | ||
| Practising relaxation techniques | 1100 | ||
| Practising your responses | 1100 | ||
| Planning | 1100 | ||
| Making a good impression | 1101 | ||
| Grooming | 1101 | ||
| Clothing | 1101 | ||
| Conduct | 1101 | ||
| Interview tips | 1101 | ||
| Follow-up | 1102 | ||
| The employment offer | 1102 | ||
| Accepting an offer | 1102 | ||
| Terms of employment | 1104 | ||
| Conditional offer | 1104 | ||
| Probation | 1104 | ||
| Benefits | 1104 | ||
| How to refuse or leave a job without leaving a negative impression | 1104 | ||
| Key points | 1105 | ||
| Appendix | 1107 | ||
| Glossary | 1109 | ||
| References | 1137 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 1137 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 1137 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 1137 | ||
| Chapter 8 | 1137 | ||
| Chapter 9 | 1138 | ||
| Chapter 10 | 1138 | ||
| Chapter 11 | 1138 | ||
| Chapter 12 | 1138 | ||
| Chapter 16 | 1138 | ||
| Chapter 18 | 1139 | ||
| Additional resources | 1139 | ||
| Chapter 19 | 1139 | ||
| Chapter 20 | 1139 | ||
| Chapter 21 | 1140 | ||
| Chapter 23 | 1140 | ||
| Chapter 27 | 1140 | ||
| Chapter 30 | 1140 | ||
| Chapter 34 | 1140 | ||
| Chapter 35 | 1141 | ||
| Chapter 36 | 1141 | ||
| Chapter 37 | 1142 | ||
| Chapter 38 | 1142 | ||
| Chapter 39 | 1142 | ||
| Chapter 47 | 1142 | ||
| Chapter 48 | 1142 | ||
| Index | 1143 | ||
| Procedures | 1158 | ||
| Chapter 20 Preventing infection | 1158 | ||
| Chapter 23 Body mechanics: moving, positioning, transferring, and lifting the client | 1158 | ||
| Chapter 24 Exercise and activity | 1158 | ||
| Chapter 26 Beds and bed making | 1158 | ||
| Chapter 27 Nutrition and fluids | 1158 | ||
| Chapter 29 Personal hygiene | 1158 | ||
| Chapter 30 Grooming and dressing | 1158 | ||
| Chapter 31 Urinary elimination | 1159 | ||
| Chapter 32 Bowel elimination | 1159 | ||
| Chapter 38 Caring for mothers and infants | 1159 | ||
| Chapter 40 Assisting with medications | 1159 | ||
| Chapter 41 Measuring height, weight, and vital signs | 1159 | ||
| Chapter 42 Wound care | 1159 | ||
| Chapter 43 Heat and cold applications | 1159 | ||
| Chapter 44 Oxygen needs | 1159 | ||
| Chapter 45 Assisting with the physical examination | 1159 | ||
| Chapter 47 Caring for a client who is dying | 1159 | ||
| Contents | ifc-1 | ||
| Appendix 3 | Insert-1 | ||
| Vital signs | Insert-1 | ||
| Normal body temperatures | Insert-1 | ||
| Pulse | Insert-1 | ||
| Respirations | Insert-1 | ||
| Blood pressure | Insert-1 | ||
| Normal: | Insert-1 | ||
| Abnormal: | Insert-1 | ||
| Positioning | Insert-1 | ||
| Measurement conversions | Insert-2 | ||
| Range-of-motion (ROM) definitions | Insert-2 | ||
| Abbreviations | Insert-2 | ||
| 24-hour clock | Insert-2 |