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Abstract
All of the essential information you need from the world’s foremost medical physiology textbook – right in your pocket! Pocket Companion to Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13th Edition, reflects the structure and content of the larger text, helping you recall and easily review the most essential, need-to-know concepts in physiology.
- Important information can be grasped quickly , thanks to concise, readable text carefully crafted to make physiology easier to understand.
- New science from the 13th edition of the text keeps you up to date.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| IFC1 | IFC | ||
| IFC2 | i | ||
| NOTE TO INSTRUCTORS | ii | ||
| Pocket Companionto Guyton and Hall Textbookof Medical Physiology | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Contributors | v | ||
| Preface | vii | ||
| Contents | ix | ||
| Unit I - Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1 - Functional Organization of the Human Body and Control of the “Internal Environment” | 3 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF HOMEOSTASIS—MAINTENANCE OF NEARLY CONSTANT INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT (p. 4) | 4 | ||
| CONTROL SYSTEMS OF THE BODY (p. 6) | 6 | ||
| SUMMARY—AUTOMATICITY OF THE BODY (p. 10) | 8 | ||
| Chapter 2 - The Cell and Its Functions | 9 | ||
| ORGANIZATION OF THE CELL (P. 11) | 9 | ||
| PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF THE CELL (P. 12) | 9 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS OF THE CELL (P. 19) | 14 | ||
| Chapter 3 - Genetic Control of Protein Synthesis, Cell Function, and Cell Reproduction | 19 | ||
| TRANSLATION—SYNTHESIS OF POLYPEPTIDES ON RIBOSOMES FROM GENETIC CODE IN MRNA (P. 33) | 23 | ||
| CONTROL OF GENE FUNCTION AND BIOCHEMICAL ACTIVITY IN CELLS (P. 35) | 23 | ||
| THE DNA–GENETIC SYSTEM CONTROLS CELL REPRODUCTION (P. 37) | 25 | ||
| Unit II - Membrane Physiology,Nerve, and Muscle | 29 | ||
| Chapter 4 - Transport of Substances Through Cell Membranes | 31 | ||
| DIFFUSION (P. 47) | 31 | ||
| “ACTIVE TRANSPORT” OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH MEMBRANES (P. 54) | 35 | ||
| Chapter 5 - Membrane Potentials and Action Potentials | 38 | ||
| BASIC PHYSICS OF MEMBRANE POTENTIALS (P. 61) | 38 | ||
| RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL OF NEURONS (P. 63) | 39 | ||
| NEURON ACTION POTENTIAL (P. 65) | 40 | ||
| PROPAGATION OF THE ACTION POTENTIAL (P. 69) | 42 | ||
| SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SIGNAL TRANSMISSION IN NERVE TRUNKS (P. 71) | 43 | ||
| Chapter 6 - Contraction of Skeletal Muscle | 44 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGICAL ANATOMY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE (P. 75) | 44 | ||
| GENERAL MECHANISM OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION (P. 77) | 45 | ||
| MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION (P. 78) | 46 | ||
| ENERGETICS OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION (P. 82) | 48 | ||
| CHARACTERISTICS OF WHOLE MUSCLE CONTRACTION (P. 83) | 49 | ||
| Chapter 7 - Excitation of Skeletal Muscle: Neuromuscular Transmission and Excitation-Contraction Coupling | 51 | ||
| TRANSMISSION OF IMPULSES FROM NERVE ENDINGS TO SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS: THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION (P. 89) | 51 | ||
| MUSCLE ACTION POTENTIAL (P. 93) | 53 | ||
| EXCITATION-CONTRACTION COUPLING (P. 93) | 53 | ||
| Chapter 8 - Excitation and Contraction of Smooth Muscle | 55 | ||
| CONTRACTION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE | 55 | ||
| NERVOUS AND HORMONAL CONTROL OF SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION (P. 102) | 58 | ||
| Unit III - The Heart | 61 | ||
| Chapter 9 - Cardiac Muscle; The Heart as a Pump and Function of the Heart Valves | 63 | ||
| DISTINGUISHING FEATURES OF CARDIAC MUSCLE COMPARED WITH SKELETAL MUSCLE (P. 109) | 63 | ||
| THE CARDIAC CYCLE (P. 113) | 65 | ||
| REGULATION OF HEART PUMPING (P. 119) | 69 | ||
| Chapter 10 - Rhythmical Excitation of the Heart | 71 | ||
| SPECIALIZED EXCITATORY AND CONDUCTIVE SYSTEM OF THE HEART (P. 123) | 71 | ||
| CONTROL OF EXCITATION AND CONDUCTION IN THE HEART (P. 126) | 73 | ||
| Chapter 11 - The Normal Electrocardiogram | 76 | ||
| ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC LEADS (P. 134) | 77 | ||
| Chapter 12 - Electrocardiographic Interpretation of Cardiac Muscle and Coronary Blood Flow Abnormalities: Vectorial Analysis | 79 | ||
| PRINCIPLES OF VECTORIAL ANALYSIS OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAMS (P. 139) | 79 | ||
| CONDITIONS THAT CAUSE ABNORMAL VOLTAGES OF THE QRS COMPLEX (P. 147) | 81 | ||
| CURRENT OF INJURY (P. 148) | 82 | ||
| ABNORMALITIES IN THE T WAVE (P. 152) | 83 | ||
| Chapter 13 - Cardiac Arrhythmias and Their Electrocardiographic Interpretation | 84 | ||
| ABNORMAL SINUS RHYTHMS (P. 155) | 84 | ||
| ABNORMAL CARDIAC RHYTHMS THAT RESULT FROM IMPULSE CONDUCTION BLOCK (P. 156) | 84 | ||
| PREMATURE CONTRACTIONS (P. 158) | 85 | ||
| PAROXYSMAL TACHYCARDIA (P. 160) | 86 | ||
| VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION (P. 161) | 86 | ||
| ATRIAL FIBRILLATION (P. 164) | 87 | ||
| Unit IV - The Circulation | 89 | ||
| Chapter 14 - Overview of the Circulation; Biophysics of Pressure, Flow, and Resistance | 91 | ||
| PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CIRCULATION (P. 169) | 91 | ||
| BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CIRCULATORY FUNCTION (P. 170) | 93 | ||
| INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PRESSURE, FLOW, AND RESISTANCE (P. 171) | 94 | ||
| Chapter 15 - Vascular Distensibility and Functions of the Arterial and Venous Systems | 97 | ||
| VASCULAR DISTENSIBILITY (P. 179) | 97 | ||
| ARTERIAL PRESSURE PULSATIONS (P. 180) | 98 | ||
| VEINS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS (P. 184) | 100 | ||
| Chapter 16 - The Microcirculation and Lymphatic System: Capillary Fluid Exchange, Interstitial Fluid, and Lymph Flow | 103 | ||
| STRUCTURE OF THE MICROCIRCULATION AND CAPILLARY SYSTEM (P. 189) | 103 | ||
| EXCHANGE OF WATER, NUTRIENTS, AND OTHER SUBSTANCES BETWEEN BLOOD AND INTERSTITIAL FLUID (P. 191) | 104 | ||
| INTERSTITIUM AND INTERSTITIAL FLUID (P. 192) | 105 | ||
| CAPILLARY FLUID FILTRATION IS DETERMINED BY HYDROSTATIC AND COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURES AND THE CAPILLARY FILTRATION COEFFICIENT (... | 106 | ||
| THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM (P. 198) | 110 | ||
| Chapter 17 - Local and Humoral Control of Tissue Blood Flow | 113 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF BLOOD FLOW CONTROL (P. 203) | 113 | ||
| HUMORAL CONTROL OF THE CIRCULATION (P. 212) | 121 | ||
| Chapter 18 - Nervous Regulation of the Circulation and Rapid Control of Arterial Pressure | 123 | ||
| AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (P. 215) | 123 | ||
| ROLE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IN RAPID CONTROL OF ARTERIAL PRESSURE (P. 218) | 126 | ||
| Chapter 19 - Role of the Kidneys in Long-Term Control of Arterial Pressure and in Hypertension: The Integrated System for Arterial Pressure Regulation | 131 | ||
| RENAL–BODY FLUID SYSTEM FOR ARTERIAL PRESSURE CONTROL (P. 227) | 131 | ||
| HYPERTENSION (HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE) (P. 232) | 134 | ||
| THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM: ITS ROLE IN ARTERIAL PRESSURE CONTROL (P. 234) | 136 | ||
| SUMMARY OF THE INTEGRATED, MULTIFACETED SYSTEM FOR ARTERIAL PRESSURE REGULATION (P. 241) | 140 | ||
| Chapter 20 - Cardiac Output, Venous Return, and Their Regulation | 142 | ||
| CONTROL OF CARDIAC OUTPUT BY VENOUS RETURN—THE FRANK-STARLING MECHANISM OF THE HEART (P. 245) | 142 | ||
| PATHOLOGICALLY HIGH AND PATHOLOGICALLY LOW CARDIAC OUTPUT (P. 248) | 144 | ||
| A MORE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF CARDIAC OUTPUT REGULATION (P. 250) | 145 | ||
| METHODS FOR MEASURING CARDIAC OUTPUT | 147 | ||
| Chapter 21 - Muscle Blood Flow and Cardiac Output During Exercise; the Coronary Circulation and Ischemic Heart Disease | 148 | ||
| BLOOD FLOW IN SKELETAL MUSCLE DISTINCTLY INCREASES DURING EXERCISE (P. 259) | 148 | ||
| CORONARY CIRCULATION (P. 262) | 149 | ||
| Chapter 22 - Cardiac Failure | 154 | ||
| CIRCULATORY DYNAMICS IN CARDIAC FAILURE (P. 271) | 154 | ||
| UNILATERAL LEFT HEART FAILURE (P. 275) | 157 | ||
| LOW-OUTPUT CARDIAC FAILURE—CARDIOGENIC SHOCK (P. 275) | 157 | ||
| “HIGH-OUTPUT CARDIAC FAILURE” CAN OCCUR EVEN IN A NORMAL HEART THAT IS OVERLOADED (P. 279) | 158 | ||
| Chapter 23 - Heart Valves and Heart Sounds; Valvular and Congenital Heart Defects | 160 | ||
| HEART SOUNDS (P. 283) | 160 | ||
| ABNORMAL CIRCULATORY DYNAMICS ASSOCIATED WITH CONGENITAL CARDIAC DEFECTS (P. 286) | 163 | ||
| Chapter 24 - Circulatory Shock and Its Treatment | 165 | ||
| SHOCK CAUSED BY HYPOVOLEMIA—HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK (P. 294) | 165 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY OF TREATMENT IN SHOCK (P. 301) | 168 | ||
| OTHER EFFECTS OF SHOCK ON THE BODY | 171 | ||
| Unit V - The Body Fluids and Kidneys | 173 | ||
| Chapter 25 - The Body Fluid Compartments: Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids; Edema | 175 | ||
| FLUID INTAKE AND OUTPUT ARE BALANCED DURING STEADY-STATE CONDITIONS (P. 305) | 175 | ||
| TOTAL BODY FLUID IS DISTRIBUTED BETWEEN EXTRACELLULAR AND INTRACELLULAR FLUID (P. 306) | 175 | ||
| THE INDICATOR-DILUTION PRINCIPLE CAN BE USED TO MEASURE VOLUMES OF BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS (P. 308) | 177 | ||
| VOLUME AND OSMOLALITY OF EXTRACELLULAR AND INTRACELLULAR FLUIDS IN ABNORMAL STATES (P. 312) | 180 | ||
| EDEMA: EXCESS FLUID IN THE TISSUES (P. 316) | 181 | ||
| Chapter 26 - The Urinary System: Functional Anatomy and Urine Formation by the Kidneys | 185 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGICAL ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEYS (P. 324) | 185 | ||
| MICTURITION (P. 327) | 189 | ||
| URINE FORMATION RESULTS FROM GLOMERULAR FILTRATION, TUBULAR REABSORPTION, AND TUBULAR SECRETION (P. 331) | 190 | ||
| Chapter 27 - Glomerular Filtration, Renal Blood Flow, and Their Control | 192 | ||
| DETERMINANTS OF THE GFR (P. 337) | 192 | ||
| RENAL BLOOD FLOW (P. 340) | 194 | ||
| GFR AND RENAL BLOOD FLOW ARE CONTROLLED BY NEUROHUMORAL SYSTEMS AND INTRARENAL MECHANISMS (P. 341) | 195 | ||
| GFR AND RENAL BLOOD FLOW ARE AUTOREGULATED DURING CHANGES IN ARTERIAL PRESSURE (P. 342) | 196 | ||
| Chapter 28 - Renal Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion | 198 | ||
| REABSORPTION AND SECRETION ALONG VARIOUS PARTS OF THE NEPHRON (P. 353) | 201 | ||
| REGULATION OF TUBULAR REABSORPTION (P. 359) | 204 | ||
| USE OF CLEARANCE METHODS TO QUANTIFY KIDNEY FUNCTION (P. 365) | 207 | ||
| Chapter 29 - Urine Concentration and Dilution; Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Osmolarity and Sodium Concentration | 209 | ||
| KIDNEYS EXCRETE EXCESS WATER BY FORMING DILUTE URINE (P. 371) | 209 | ||
| KIDNEYS CONSERVE WATER BY EXCRETING CONCENTRATED URINE (P. 373) | 211 | ||
| QUANTIFYING THE RENAL URINE CONCENTRATION AND DILUTION: “FREE WATER” AND OSMOLAR CLEARANCES (P. 380) | 212 | ||
| CONTROL OF EXTRACELLULAR FLUID OSMOLARITY AND SODIUM CONCENTRATION (P. 381) | 213 | ||
| IMPORTANCE OF THIRST IN CONTROLLING EXTRACELLULAR FLUID OSMOLARITY AND SODIUM CONCENTRATION (P. 384) | 215 | ||
| Chapter 30 - Renal Regulation of Potassium, Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium; Integration of Renal Mechanisms for Control of Blood Volume and Extracellular Fluid Volume | 218 | ||
| REGULATION OF EXTRACELLULAR FLUID POTASSIUM CONCENTRATION AND POTASSIUM EXCRETION (P. 389) | 218 | ||
| CONTROL OF RENAL CALCIUM EXCRETION AND EXTRACELLULAR CALCIUM ION CONCENTRATION (P. 396) | 221 | ||
| INTEGRATION OF RENAL MECHANISMS FOR CONTROL OF EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (P. 398) | 222 | ||
| IMPORTANCE OF PRESSURE NATRIURESIS AND PRESSURE DIURESIS IN MAINTAINING BODY SODIUM AND FLUID BALANCE (P. 399) | 223 | ||
| DISTRIBUTION OF EXTRACELLULAR FLUID BETWEEN THE INTERSTITIAL SPACES AND VASCULAR SYSTEM (P. 401) | 225 | ||
| NERVOUS AND HORMONAL FACTORS INCREASE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF RENAL–BODY FLUID FEEDBACK CONTROL (P. 402) | 225 | ||
| INTEGRATED RESPONSES TO CHANGES IN SODIUM INTAKE (P. 405) | 227 | ||
| CONDITIONS THAT CAUSE LARGE INCREASES IN BLOOD VOLUME AND EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME (P. 405) | 228 | ||
| CONDITIONS THAT CAUSE LARGE INCREASES IN EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME BUT WITH NORMAL BLOOD VOLUME (P. 406) | 229 | ||
| Chapter 31 - Acid-Base Regulation | 230 | ||
| DEFENDING AGAINST CHANGES IN H+ CONCENTRATION: BUFFERS, LUNGS, AND KIDNEYS (P. 410) | 230 | ||
| BUFFERING OF H+ IN THE BODY FLUIDS (P. 410) | 231 | ||
| RESPIRATORY REGULATION OF ACID-BASE BALANCE (P. 414) | 233 | ||
| RENAL CONTROL OF ACID-BASE BALANCE (P. 415) | 233 | ||
| COMBINATION OF EXCESS H+ WITH PHOSPHATE AND AMMONIA BUFFERS IN THE TUBULE GENERATES “NEW” HCO3− (P. 418) | 235 | ||
| QUANTIFYING RENAL ACID-BASE EXCRETION (P. 420) | 237 | ||
| RENAL CORRECTION OF ACIDOSIS—INCREASED EXCRETION OF H+ AND ADDITION OF HCO3− TO THE EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (P. 421) | 237 | ||
| RENAL CORRECTION OF ALKALOSIS—DECREASED TUBULAR SECRETION OF H+ AND INCREASED EXCRETION OF HCO3− (P. 422) | 239 | ||
| Chapter 32 - Diuretics, Kidney Diseases | 241 | ||
| DIURETICS AND THEIR MECHANISMS OF ACTION (P. 427) | 241 | ||
| KIDNEY DISEASES (P. 429) | 241 | ||
| Unit VI - Blood Cells, Immunity, andBlood Coagulation | 249 | ||
| Chapter 33 - Red Blood Cells, Anemia, and Polycythemia | 251 | ||
| ERYTHROPOIETIN REGULATES RED BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION (P. 447) | 252 | ||
| ANEMIAS (P. 452) | 254 | ||
| POLYCYTHEMIA (P. 453) | 255 | ||
| Chapter 34 - Resistance of the Body to Infection: I. Leukocytes, Granulocytes, the Monocyte-Macrophage System, and Inflammation | 256 | ||
| NEUTROPHILS AND MACROPHAGES DEFEND AGAINST INFECTIONS (P. 457) | 257 | ||
| INFLAMMATION: ROLE OF NEUTROPHILS AND MACROPHAGES (P. 460) | 258 | ||
| LEUKEMIAS (P. 463) | 260 | ||
| Chapter 35 - Resistance of the Body to Infection: II. Immunity and Allergy | 262 | ||
| INNATE AND ACQUIRED IMMUNITY | 262 | ||
| SPECIFIC ATTRIBUTES OF THE B-LYMPHOCYTE SYSTEM—HUMORAL IMMUNITY AND THE ANTIBODIES (P. 469) | 264 | ||
| SPECIAL ATTRIBUTES OF THE T-LYMPHOCYTE SYSTEM—ACTIVATED T CELLS AND CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY (P. 472) | 266 | ||
| ALLERGY AND HYPERSENSITIVITY (P. 475) | 269 | ||
| Chapter 36 - Blood Types; Transfusion; Tissue and Organ Transplantation | 270 | ||
| O-A-B BLOOD TYPES (P. 477) | 270 | ||
| RH BLOOD TYPES (P. 479) | 271 | ||
| TRANSPLANTATION OF TISSUES AND ORGANS (P. 481) | 271 | ||
| Chapter 37 - Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation | 273 | ||
| MECHANISM OF BLOOD COAGULATION (P. 485) | 273 | ||
| CONDITIONS THAT CAUSE EXCESSIVE BLEEDING IN HUMANS (P. 490) | 277 | ||
| THROMBOEMBOLIC CONDITIONS (P. 491) | 278 | ||
| ANTICOAGULANTS FOR CLINICAL USE (P. 492) | 278 | ||
| Unit VII - Respiration | 279 | ||
| Chapter 38 - Pulmonary Ventilation | 281 | ||
| MECHANICS OF PULMONARY VENTILATION (P. 497) | 281 | ||
| PULMONARY VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES (P. 501) | 283 | ||
| FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY PASSAGEWAYS (P. 504) | 286 | ||
| Chapter 39 - Pulmonary Circulation, Pulmonary Edema, Pleural Fluid | 288 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGICAL ANATOMY OF THE PULMONARY CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (P. 509) | 288 | ||
| PRESSURES IN THE PULMONARY SYSTEM (P. 509) | 288 | ||
| REGIONAL BLOOD FLOW IN THE LUNGS DEPENDS ON HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE GRADIENTS CAUSED BY GRAVITY (P. 511) | 290 | ||
| PULMONARY CAPILLARY DYNAMICS (P. 513) | 291 | ||
| Chapter 40 - Principles of Gas Exchange; Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Through the Respiratory Membrane | 294 | ||
| EFFECT OF THE VENTILATION-PERFUSION RATIO ON ALVEOLAR GAS CONCENTRATION (P. 524) | 298 | ||
| Chapter 41 - Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Tissue Fluids | 302 | ||
| Chapter 42 - Regulation of Respiration | 308 | ||
| PERIPHERAL CHEMORECEPTORS FUNCTION TO REGULATE ARTERIAL OXYGEN LEVELS DURING HYPOXEMIA (P. 542) | 309 | ||
| REGULATION OF RESPIRATION DURING EXERCISE (P. 545) | 311 | ||
| Chapter 43 - Respiratory Insufficiency—Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Oxygen Therapy | 312 | ||
| HYPOXIA AND OXYGEN THERAPY (P. 554) | 317 | ||
| Unit VIII - Aviation, Space, and Deep-Sea Diving Physiology | 319 | ||
| Chapter 44 - Aviation, High Altitude, and Space Physiology | 321 | ||
| EFFECTS OF LOW OXYGEN PRESSURE ON THE BODY (P. 561) | 321 | ||
| Chapter 45 - Physiology of Deep-Sea Diving and Other Hyperbaric Conditions | 326 | ||
| Unit IX - The Nervous System: A. General Principles and Sensory Physiology | 331 | ||
| Chapter 46 - Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, and Neurotransmitters | 333 | ||
| GENERAL DESIGN OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM (P. 577) | 333 | ||
| SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION EXHIBITS SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS (P. 592) | 339 | ||
| Chapter 47 - Sensory Receptors, Neuronal Circuits for Processing Information | 340 | ||
| SENSORY RECEPTORS (P. 595) | 340 | ||
| TRANSMISSION AND PROCESSING OF SIGNALS IN NEURONAL POOLS (P. 601) | 343 | ||
| Chapter 48 - Somatic Sensations: I. General Organization, the Tactile and Position Senses | 345 | ||
| CLASSIFICATION OF SOMATIC SENSES (P. 607) | 345 | ||
| Chapter 49 - Somatic Sensations: II. Pain, Headache, and Thermal Sensations | 352 | ||
| FAST AND SLOW CLASSIFICATION OF PAIN SENSATION (P. 621) | 352 | ||
| THREE TYPES OF STIMULI (P. 621) | 352 | ||
| DUAL PATHWAYS FOR TRANSMISSION OF PAIN SIGNALS INTO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (P. 622) | 352 | ||
| PAIN SUPPRESSION (“ANALGESIA”) SYSTEM IN THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD (P. 625) | 354 | ||
| THERMAL SENSATIONS | 357 | ||
| Unit X - The Nervous System: B. The Special Senses | 359 | ||
| Chapter 50 - The Eye: I. Optics of Vision | 361 | ||
| PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF OPTICS (P. 635) | 361 | ||
| OPTICS OF THE EYE (P. 638) | 362 | ||
| Chapter 51 - The Eye: II. Receptor and Neural Function of the Retina | 366 | ||
| ANATOMY AND FUNCTION OF THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF THE RETINA (P. 647) | 366 | ||
| PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF VISION (P. 649) | 368 | ||
| COLOR VISION (P. 654) | 370 | ||
| NEURAL FUNCTION OF THE RETINA (P. 655) | 371 | ||
| Chapter 52 - The Eye: III. Central Neurophysiology of Vision | 375 | ||
| VISUAL PATHWAYS (P. 661) | 375 | ||
| ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION OF THE VISUAL CORTEX (P. 662) | 376 | ||
| NEURONAL PATTERNS OF STIMULATION DURING ANALYSIS OF THE VISUAL IMAGE (P. 664) | 377 | ||
| AUTONOMIC CONTROL OF ACCOMMODATION AND PUPILLARY APERTURE (P. 669) | 380 | ||
| Chapter 53 - The Sense of Hearing | 381 | ||
| THE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE AND THE OSSICULAR SYSTEM (P. 673) | 381 | ||
| COCHLEA (P. 674) | 382 | ||
| CENTRAL AUDITORY MECHANISMS (P. 679) | 385 | ||
| Chapter 54 - The Chemical Senses—Taste and Smell | 387 | ||
| PRIMARY SENSATIONS OF TASTE (P. 685) | 387 | ||
| SENSE OF SMELL (P. 688) | 389 | ||
| Unit XI - The Nervous System: C. Motorand Integrative Neurophysiology | 393 | ||
| Chapter 55 - Motor Functions of the Spinal Cord; the Cord Reflexes | 395 | ||
| ORGANIZATION OF THE SPINAL CORD FOR MOTOR FUNCTIONS (P. 695) | 395 | ||
| MUSCLE SENSORY RECEPTORS—MUSCLE SPINDLES AND GOLGI TENDON ORGANS—AND THEIR ROLES IN MUSCLE CONTROL (P. 697) | 396 | ||
| FLEXOR REFLEX AND THE WITHDRAWAL REFLEXES (P. 702) | 399 | ||
| CROSSED EXTENSOR REFLEX (P. 703) | 399 | ||
| REFLEXES OF POSTURE AND LOCOMOTION (P. 704) | 399 | ||
| SPINAL CORD TRANSECTION AND SPINAL SHOCK (P. 705) | 400 | ||
| Chapter 56 - Cortical and Brain Stem Control of Motor Function | 401 | ||
| Chapter 57 - Contributions of the Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia to Overall Motor Control | 410 | ||
| THE CEREBELLUM AND ITS MOTOR FUNCTIONS (P. 721) | 410 | ||
| NEURONAL CIRCUIT OF THE CEREBELLUM (P. 722) | 411 | ||
| FUNCTION OF THE CEREBELLUM IN OVERALL MOTOR CONTROL (P. 726) | 413 | ||
| BASAL GANGLIA—THEIR MOTOR FUNCTIONS (P. 730) | 415 | ||
| INTEGRATION OF THE MANY PARTS OF THE TOTAL MOTOR CONTROL SYSTEM (P. 735) | 419 | ||
| Chapter 58 - Cerebral Cortex, Intellectual Functions of the Brain, Learning, and Memory | 421 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGICAL ANATOMY OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX (P. 737) | 421 | ||
| FUNCTIONS OF SPECIFIC CORTICAL AREAS (P. 738) | 421 | ||
| THOUGHTS, CONSCIOUSNESS, AND MEMORY (P. 745) | 425 | ||
| Chapter 59 - Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain—The Limbic System and the Hypothalamus | 429 | ||
| ACTIVATING—DRIVING SYSTEMS OF THE BRAIN (P. 751) | 429 | ||
| NEUROHORMONAL CONTROL OF BRAIN ACTIVITY (P. 752) | 430 | ||
| LIMBIC SYSTEM (P. 754) | 431 | ||
| SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS OF OTHER PARTS OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM (P. 759) | 434 | ||
| Chapter 60 - States of Brain Activity—Sleep, Brain Waves, Epilepsy, Psychoses, and Dementia | 435 | ||
| SLEEP (P. 763) | 435 | ||
| BRAIN WAVES (P. 766) | 436 | ||
| EPILEPSY (P. 768) | 437 | ||
| Chapter 61 - The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla | 440 | ||
| GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (P. 773) | 440 | ||
| BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC FUNCTION (P. 775) | 442 | ||
| PHARMACOLOGY OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (P. 784) | 447 | ||
| Chapter 62 - Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Metabolism | 450 | ||
| CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW (P. 787) | 450 | ||
| CEREBROSPINAL FLUID SYSTEM (P. 790) | 452 | ||
| BRAIN METABOLISM (P. 794) | 456 | ||
| Unit XII - Gastrointestinal Physiology | 457 | ||
| Chapter 63 - General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function—Motility, Nervous Control, and Blood Circulation | 459 | ||
| GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY (P. 797) | 459 | ||
| NEURAL CONTROL OF GASTROINTESTINAL FUNCTION: ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (P. 799) | 460 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENTS IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT (P. 803) | 462 | ||
| GASTROINTESTINAL BLOOD FLOW: SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION (P. 804) | 464 | ||
| Chapter 64 - Propulsion and Mixing of Food in the Alimentary Tract | 466 | ||
| INGESTION OF FOOD (P. 807) | 466 | ||
| MOTOR FUNCTIONS OF THE STOMACH (P. 809) | 467 | ||
| MOVEMENTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE (P. 812) | 468 | ||
| MOVEMENTS OF THE COLON (P. 814) | 469 | ||
| Chapter 65 - Secretory Functions of the Alimentary Tract | 471 | ||
| GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ALIMENTARY TRACT SECRETION (P. 817) | 471 | ||
| SECRETION OF SALIVA (P. 819) | 471 | ||
| GASTRIC SECRETION (P. 821) | 472 | ||
| PANCREATIC SECRETION (P. 825) | 474 | ||
| BILE SECRETION BY THE LIVER; FUNCTIONS OF THE BILIARY TREE (P. 827) | 476 | ||
| SECRETIONS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE (P. 830) | 476 | ||
| SECRETIONS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE (P. 831) | 477 | ||
| Chapter 66 - Digestion and Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract | 478 | ||
| HYDROLYSIS IS THE MECHANISM OF DIGESTION (P. 833) | 478 | ||
| BASIC PRINCIPLES OF GASTROINTESTINAL ABSORPTION (P. 837) | 480 | ||
| ABSORPTION IN THE SMALL INTESTINE (P. 837) | 480 | ||
| ABSORPTION IN THE LARGE INTESTINE: FORMATION OF FECES (P. 841) | 483 | ||
| Chapter 67 - Physiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders | 485 | ||
| DISORDERS OF SWALLOWING AND THE ESOPHAGUS (P. 843) | 485 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE STOMACH (P. 843) | 485 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE (P. 845) | 486 | ||
| DISORDERS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE (P. 846) | 487 | ||
| GENERAL DISORDERS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT (P. 847) | 487 | ||
| Unit XIII - Metabolism and Temperature Regulation | 489 | ||
| Chapter 68 - Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate | 491 | ||
| TRANSPORT OF GLUCOSE THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE (P. 854) | 491 | ||
| STORAGE AND BREAKDOWN OF GLYCOGEN IN LIVER AND MUSCLE (P. 855) | 492 | ||
| RELEASE OF ENERGY FROM GLUCOSE BY THE GLYCOLYTIC PATHWAY (P. 856) | 492 | ||
| FORMATION OF ATP BY OXIDATION OF HYDROGEN: THE PROCESS OF OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (P. 858) | 493 | ||
| SUMMARY OF ATP FORMATION DURING BREAKDOWN OF GLUCOSE (P. 859) | 495 | ||
| ANAEROBIC RELEASE OF ENERGY—ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS (P. 860) | 496 | ||
| RELEASE OF ENERGY FROM GLUCOSE BY THE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY (P. 861) | 497 | ||
| FORMATION OF CARBOHYDRATES FROM PROTEINS AND FATS—GLUCONEOGENESIS (P. 861) | 497 | ||
| Chapter 69 - Lipid Metabolism | 498 | ||
| TRANSPORT OF LIPIDS IN THE BODY FLUIDS (P. 863) | 498 | ||
| FAT DEPOSITS (P. 865) | 499 | ||
| USE OF TRIGLYCERIDES FOR ENERGY (P. 866) | 500 | ||
| PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND CHOLESTEROL (P. 870) | 503 | ||
| ATHEROSCLEROSIS (P. 872) | 504 | ||
| Chapter 70 - Protein Metabolism | 506 | ||
| TRANSPORT AND STORAGE OF AMINO ACIDS (P. 875) | 506 | ||
| FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF THE PLASMA PROTEINS (P. 877) | 507 | ||
| HORMONAL REGULATION OF PROTEIN METABOLISM (P. 880) | 508 | ||
| Chapter 71 - The Liver as an Organ | 510 | ||
| HEPATIC VASCULAR AND LYMPH SYSTEMS (P. 881) | 510 | ||
| METABOLIC FUNCTIONS OF THE LIVER (P. 883) | 511 | ||
| MEASUREMENT OF BILIRUBIN IN BILE AS A CLINICAL DIAGNOSTIC TOOL (P. 884) | 513 | ||
| Chapter 72 - Dietary Balances; Regulation of Feeding; Obesity and Starvation; Vitamins and Minerals | 515 | ||
| METHODS FOR DETERMINING UTILIZATION OF NUTRIENTS BY THE BODY (P. 888) | 516 | ||
| REGULATION OF FOOD INTAKE AND ENERGY STORAGE (P. 889) | 516 | ||
| OBESITY (P. 894) | 521 | ||
| VITAMINS (P. 897) | 522 | ||
| MINERAL METABOLISM (P. 900) | 524 | ||
| Chapter 73 - Energetics and Metabolic Rate | 526 | ||
| ANAEROBIC VERSUS AEROBIC ENERGY (P. 904) | 526 | ||
| METABOLIC RATE (P. 906) | 527 | ||
| Chapter 74 - Body Temperature Regulation and Fever | 529 | ||
| NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURES (p. 911) | 529 | ||
| REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE—ROLE OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS (P. 915) | 531 | ||
| ABNORMALITIES OF BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION (P. 919) | 532 | ||
| Unit XIV - Endocrinology and Reproduction | 535 | ||
| Chapter 75 - Introduction to Endocrinology | 537 | ||
| COORDINATION OF BODY FUNCTIONS BY CHEMICAL MESSENGERS (P. 925) | 537 | ||
| MAINTENANCE OF HOMEOSTASIS AND REGULATION OF BODY PROCESSES (P. 925) | 537 | ||
| CHEMISTRY, SYNTHESIS, STORAGE, AND SECRETION OF HORMONES (P. 925) | 538 | ||
| MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF HORMONES (P. 930) | 539 | ||
| MEASUREMENT OF HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE BLOOD (P. 936) | 541 | ||
| Chapter 76 - Pituitary Hormones and Their Control by the Hypothalamus | 543 | ||
| PITUITARY GLAND AND ITS RELATION TO THE HYPOTHALAMUS (P. 939) | 543 | ||
| HYPOTHALAMUS CONTROLS PITUITARY SECRETION (P. 940) | 545 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF GROWTH HORMONE (P. 942) | 547 | ||
| THE POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND AND ITS RELATION TO THE HYPOTHALAMUS (P. 948) | 549 | ||
| Chapter 77 - Thyroid Metabolic Hormones | 553 | ||
| SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION OF THYROID HORMONES (P. 951) | 553 | ||
| FUNCTIONS OF THYROID HORMONES IN THE TISSUES (P. 954) | 556 | ||
| REGULATION OF THYROID HORMONE SECRETION (P. 958) | 558 | ||
| DISEASES OF THE THYROID (P. 960) | 559 | ||
| Chapter 78 - Adrenocortical Hormones | 561 | ||
| CHEMISTRY OF ADRENOCORTICAL\rSECRETION (p. 965) | 561 | ||
| FUNCTIONS OF THE MINERALOCORTICOIDS—ALDOSTERONE (P. 968) | 563 | ||
| FUNCTIONS OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS (P. 972) | 565 | ||
| ADRENAL ANDROGENS (P. 978) | 568 | ||
| ABNORMALITIES OF ADRENOCORTICAL SECRETION (P. 979) | 568 | ||
| Chapter 79 - Insulin, Glucagon, and Diabetes Mellitus | 571 | ||
| CHEMISTRY, SYNTHESIS, AND METABOLISM OF PANCREATIC HORMONES (p. 984) | 571 | ||
| INSULIN AND ITS METABOLIC EFFECTS (P. 983) | 572 | ||
| GLUCAGON AND ITS FUNCTIONS (P. 992) | 576 | ||
| SOMATOSTATIN INHIBITS GLUCAGON AND INSULIN SECRETION (P. 993) | 577 | ||
| DIABETES MELLITUS (P. 994) | 577 | ||
| Chapter 80 - Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism, Vitamin D, Bone, and Teeth | 579 | ||
| CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE REGULATION IN THE EXTRACELLULAR FLUID AND PLASMA (P. 1001) | 579 | ||
| BONE AND ITS RELATION TO EXTRACELLULAR CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE (P. 1003) | 581 | ||
| VITAMIN D (P. 1007) | 582 | ||
| PARATHYROID HORMONE (P. 1009) | 583 | ||
| CALCITONIN (P. 1012) | 584 | ||
| OVERALL CONTROL OF CALCIUM ION CONCENTRATION (P. 1013) | 584 | ||
| PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF PARATHYROID AND BONE DISEASES (P. 1014) | 585 | ||
| PHYSIOLOGY OF THE TEETH (P. 1016) | 586 | ||
| Chapter 81 - Reproductive and Hormonal Functions of the Male (and Function of the Pineal Gland) | 588 | ||
| SPERMATOGENESIS (P. 1021) | 588 | ||
| MALE SEXUAL ACT (P. 1026) | 589 | ||
| MALE SEX HORMONES (P. 1028) | 590 | ||
| MALE INFERTILITY (P. 1026) | 592 | ||
| Chapter 82 - Female Physiology Before Pregnancy and Female Hormones | 593 | ||
| FEMALE HORMONAL SYSTEM (P. 1037) | 593 | ||
| MONTHLY OVARIAN CYCLE (P. 1038) | 593 | ||
| FUNCTIONS OF THE OVARIAN HORMONES—ESTRADIOL AND PROGESTERONE (P. 1042) | 596 | ||
| FEMALE SEXUAL ACT (P. 1051) | 600 | ||
| FEMALE FERTILITY (P. 1052) | 600 | ||
| Chapter 83 - Pregnancy and Lactation | 602 | ||
| TRANSPORT, FERTILIZATION, AND IMPLANTATION OF THE DEVELOPING OVUM (P. 1055) | 602 | ||
| FUNCTION OF THE PLACENTA (P. 1057) | 604 | ||
| HORMONAL FACTORS IN PREGNANCY (P. 1059) | 605 | ||
| PARTURITION—THE PROCESS BY WHICH THE BABY IS BORN (P. 1064) | 607 | ||
| LACTATION (P. 1066) | 608 | ||
| Chapter 84 - Fetal and Neonatal Physiology | 610 | ||
| GROWTH AND FUNCTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE FETUS (P. 1071) | 610 | ||
| ADJUSTMENTS OF THE INFANT TO EXTRAUTERINE LIFE (P. 1073) | 611 | ||
| SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN THE NEONATE (P. 1076) | 612 | ||
| Unit XV - Sports Physiology | 615 | ||
| Chapter 85 - Sports Physiology | 617 | ||
| FEMALE AND MALE ATHLETES (P. 1085) | 617 | ||
| MUSCLES DURING EXERCISE (P. 1085) | 617 | ||
| RESPIRATION DURING EXERCISE (P. 1090) | 621 | ||
| CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DURING EXERCISE (P. 1092) | 622 | ||
| BODY HEAT IN EXERCISE (P. 1094) | 623 | ||
| Index | 625 | ||
| Normal Values for Selected Common Laboratory Measurements | IBC |