BOOK
Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease E-Book
Mark Feldman | Lawrence S. Friedman | Lawrence J. Brandt
(2015)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
- Consult this title on your favorite e-reader.
- Get the essential gastroenterology information you need from one authoritative source with an outstanding global reputation for excellence.
- Zero in on the key information you need to know with a consistent, full-color chapter design.
- Stay up to date with emerging and challenging topics: enteric microbiota and probiotics; fecal microbiota transplantation; Clostridium difficile colitis; and factitious gastrointestinal diseases.
- Incorporate the latest findings and improvements in care for liver disease patients—from diagnosis and treatment through post-treatment strategies and management of complications.
- Expert Consult eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience allows you to search all of the text, figures, references, and videos from the book on a variety of devices.
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Vol-1 | Vol-1-Cover | ||
Front cover | Vol-1-Cover | ||
IFC_Vol.1 | IBC2 | ||
Sleisenger and Fordtran’s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease | Vol-1-iii | ||
Copyright page | Vol-1-iv | ||
Dedication | Vol-1-v | ||
Contributors | Vol-1-vii | ||
Foreword | Vol-1-xix | ||
Preface | Vol-1-xxi | ||
Table of Contents | Vol-1-xxiii | ||
Video Contents | Vol-1-xxix | ||
Abbreviation List | Vol-1-xxxi | ||
I Biology of the Gastrointestinal Tract | 1 | ||
1 Cellular Growth and Neoplasia | 3 | ||
Chapter Outline | 3 | ||
Mechanisms of Normal Cell Homeostasis | 3 | ||
Cellular Proliferation | 3 | ||
Apoptosis | 4 | ||
Senescence | 4 | ||
Signaling Pathways That Regulate Cellular Growth | 4 | ||
Intestinal Tumor Development | 6 | ||
Multistep Formation | 6 | ||
Clonal Expansion | 8 | ||
Cancer Stem Cells | 8 | ||
Neoplasia-Associated Genes | 8 | ||
Oncogenes | 8 | ||
Peptide Growth Factor Oncogenes | 8 | ||
Protein Kinase–Related Oncogenes | 8 | ||
Signal Transduction–Related Oncogenes (Membrane-Associated G Proteins) | 8 | ||
Nuclear Oncogenes | 9 | ||
Tumor Suppressor Genes | 9 | ||
Tumor Suppressor Gene Inactivation | 10 | ||
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Gene | 10 | ||
TP53 Gene | 10 | ||
SMAD4 Gene | 10 | ||
DNA Repair Genes | 10 | ||
Oncogenic Signaling Pathways | 11 | ||
Noncoding RNAs | 11 | ||
Epigenetics | 12 | ||
Tumor Metabolism | 12 | ||
Environmental and Microenvironmental Influences | 12 | ||
Chemical Carcinogenesis | 12 | ||
Dietary Factors | 12 | ||
Microbiome | 13 | ||
Inflammation and Cancer | 13 | ||
Biological Features of Tumor Metastasis | 13 | ||
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition | 13 | ||
Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis | 14 | ||
Molecular Medicine: Current and Future Approaches in Gastrointestinal Oncology | 14 | ||
Molecular Diagnostics | 14 | ||
Genome-wide Association Studies | 14 | ||
Whole Genome Sequencing and Exome Sequencing | 15 | ||
Key References | 15 | ||
References | 15.e1 | ||
2 Mucosal Immunology and Inflammation* | 16 | ||
Chapter Outline | 16 | ||
Immune Responses in Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue | 16 | ||
Controlled/Physiologic Inflammation | 16 | ||
Oral Tolerance | 17 | ||
Unusual Immunoglobulins of Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue | 18 | ||
Physiology of Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue and the Intestinal Barrier | 20 | ||
Functional Anatomy of Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue | 20 | ||
Peyer’s Patches and M Cells | 20 | ||
Intestinal Epithelial Cells | 21 | ||
Antigen Trafficking Across the Epithelium | 21 | ||
Recognition of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns by Pattern Recognition Receptors | 21 | ||
Antigen Presentation in the Gut | 22 | ||
Intestinal Mononuclear Cells | 22 | ||
Intraepithelial Lymphocytes | 22 | ||
Lamina Propria Mononuclear Cells | 24 | ||
T Cell Differentiation | 24 | ||
Innate Lymphoid Cells | 25 | ||
Dendritic Cells | 25 | ||
Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue–Relevant Chemokines | 25 | ||
Key References | 26 | ||
References | 27.e1 | ||
3 The Enteric Microbiota | 28 | ||
Chapter Outline | 28 | ||
Life without Microbes | 28 | ||
Primer on Terminology | 28 | ||
Methodologies Used to Study the Microbiota | 29 | ||
Next-Generation Sequencing | 29 | ||
HITChip | 30 | ||
Metagenomics | 30 | ||
Characteristics of the Human Gastrointestinal Microbiota | 30 | ||
Host-Microbe Spatial Relationships | 30 | ||
Host-Microbe Age-Sensitive Relationships | 31 | ||
Microbe-Microbe Signaling | 31 | ||
Language of Host-Microbe Dialogue | 32 | ||
Microbes, Immunity, and Metabolic Health | 33 | ||
Microbiota Composition and Disease Associations | 33 | ||
Microbes and Drugs | 33 | ||
Therapeutic Manipulation of the Microbiota | 34 | ||
Intestinal Virome | 34 | ||
Future Directions | 35 | ||
Key References | 35 | ||
References | 35.e1 | ||
4 Gastrointestinal Hormones and Neurotransmitters | 36 | ||
Chapter Outline | 36 | ||
Hormones and Neurotransmitters | 36 | ||
Definitions | 36 | ||
Modes of Transmitter Release | 37 | ||
Endocrine | 37 | ||
Paracrine | 37 | ||
Autocrine | 37 | ||
Neurotransmission | 37 | ||
Transducing Signals From the Gastrointestinal Lumen | 38 | ||
Recognizing Signals Through Cell Surface Receptors | 40 | ||
G Protein–Coupled Receptors | 40 | ||
Signaling Through Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate | 40 | ||
Signaling Through Calcium | 40 | ||
Enzyme–Coupled Receptors | 40 | ||
Ion Channel–Coupled Receptors | 41 | ||
Nutrient Chemosensing | 41 | ||
Lipids | 41 | ||
Proteins and Amino Acids | 41 | ||
Tastants | 42 | ||
Sensing the Microbiome | 42 | ||
Other Factors That Stimulate Transmitter Release | 42 | ||
The Transmitters | 42 | ||
Gut Neuropeptides | 43 | ||
Gastrin | 43 | ||
Cholecystokinin | 44 | ||
Secretin | 44 | ||
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide | 44 | ||
Glucagon | 45 | ||
Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide | 45 | ||
Pancreatic Polypeptide Family | 46 | ||
Substance P and the Tachykinins | 46 | ||
Somatostatin | 46 | ||
Motilin | 47 | ||
Leptin | 47 | ||
Ghrelin | 47 | ||
Neurotransmitters | 47 | ||
Acetylcholine | 47 | ||
Catecholamines | 48 | ||
Dopamine | 48 | ||
Serotonin | 48 | ||
Histamine | 48 | ||
Nitric Oxide | 49 | ||
Cannabinoids and Other Chemical Transmitters | 49 | ||
Cannabinoids | 49 | ||
Adenosine | 50 | ||
Cytokines | 50 | ||
The Importance of Hormones and Neurotransmitters | 50 | ||
Growth and Abnormal Growth of the Gastrointestinal Mucosa | 50 | ||
Growth Factor Receptors | 51 | ||
Epidermal Growth Factor | 51 | ||
Transforming Growth Factor-α | 51 | ||
Transforming Growth Factor-β | 51 | ||
Insulin-like Growth Factors | 51 | ||
Fibroblast Growth Factor and Platelet-Derived Growth Factor | 51 | ||
Trefoil Factors | 52 | ||
Diabetes Mellitus and the Gastrointestinal Tract | 52 | ||
Gastrointestinal Regulation of Appetite | 53 | ||
Key References | 53 | ||
References | 54.e1 | ||
II Nutrition in Gastroenterology | 55 | ||
5 Nutritional Principles and Assessment of the Gastroenterology Patient | 57 | ||
Chapter Outline | 57 | ||
Basic Nutritional Concepts | 57 | ||
Energy Stores | 57 | ||
Energy Metabolism | 57 | ||
Resting Energy Expenditure | 57 | ||
Energy Expenditure of Physical Activity | 58 | ||
Thermic Effect of Feeding | 58 | ||
Recommended Energy Intake in Hospitalized Patients | 58 | ||
Methods Incorporating Metabolic Stress Factors | 59 | ||
Method without a Stress Factor | 59 | ||
Caloric Delivery and Avoidance of Hyperglycemia | 59 | ||
Protein | 61 | ||
Nitrogen Balance | 61 | ||
Carbohydrate | 62 | ||
Lipids | 62 | ||
Essential Fatty Acids | 62 | ||
Major Minerals | 62 | ||
Micronutrients | 62 | ||
Vitamins | 63 | ||
Trace Minerals | 63 | ||
Physiologic and Pathophysiologic Factors Affecting Micronutrient Requirements | 70 | ||
Age | 70 | ||
Malabsorption and Maldigestion | 70 | ||
Starvation | 71 | ||
Malnutrition | 72 | ||
Protein-Energy Malnutrition | 72 | ||
Primary versus Secondary Protein-Energy Malnutrition: A Body Compartment Perspective | 73 | ||
Protein-Energy Malnutrition in Children | 73 | ||
Kwashiorkor | 74 | ||
Marasmus | 74 | ||
Nutritional Dwarfism | 74 | ||
Physiologic Impairments Caused by Protein-Energy Malnutrition | 75 | ||
System Effects | 75 | ||
Gastrointestinal Tract | 75 | ||
Cardiovascular System | 75 | ||
Immune System | 75 | ||
Respiratory System | 75 | ||
Endocrine System | 75 | ||
Other Effects | 75 | ||
Wound Healing | 75 | ||
Skin | 76 | ||
Hair | 76 | ||
Kidneys | 76 | ||
Bone Marrow | 76 | ||
Nutritional Assessment Techniques | 76 | ||
History | 76 | ||
Weight Loss | 76 | ||
Food Intake | 76 | ||
Evidence of Malabsorption | 77 | ||
Evidence of Specific Nutrient Deficiencies | 77 | ||
Influence of Disease on Nutrient Requirements | 77 | ||
Functional Status | 77 | ||
Physical Examination | 77 | ||
Hydration Status | 77 | ||
Tissue Depletion | 77 | ||
Muscle Function | 77 | ||
Specific Nutrient Deficiencies | 77 | ||
Anthropometry | 77 | ||
Functional Measures of Protein-Calorie Status | 79 | ||
Biochemical Measures of Protein-Calorie Status | 79 | ||
Serum Proteins | 79 | ||
Creatinine-Height Index | 79 | ||
Discriminant Analyses of Protein-Calorie Status | 79 | ||
Rapid Screening Tools for Assessment of Targeted Populations | 80 | ||
Subjective Global Assessment | 80 | ||
Mini-Nutritional Assessment | 80 | ||
Aggressive Nutritional Support in the Hospitalized Patient | 81 | ||
Malnourished Patients Undergoing Major Surgery | 81 | ||
Patients Hospitalized with Decompensated Alcoholic Liver Disease | 82 | ||
Patients Undergoing Radiation Therapy | 82 | ||
Key References | 82 | ||
References | 82.e1 | ||
6 Nutritional Management | 83 | ||
Chapter Outline | 83 | ||
Nutrition in Specific Disease States | 83 | ||
Intestinal Failure (Short Bowel Syndrome) | 83 | ||
Pancreatitis | 84 | ||
Crohn’s Disease | 84 | ||
Liver Disease | 85 | ||
Diverticular Disease | 86 | ||
Dumping Syndrome | 86 | ||
Cancer | 86 | ||
Obesity | 86 | ||
Critical Illness | 87 | ||
Nutritional Therapy | 88 | ||
Parenteral Nutrition | 88 | ||
Central Parenteral Nutrition Formulation | 88 | ||
Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition Formulation | 89 | ||
Administration | 89 | ||
Laboratory Testing | 89 | ||
Metabolic Complications | 90 | ||
Vascular Access Devices | 90 | ||
Central Venous Catheter Complications | 91 | ||
Enteral Nutrition | 91 | ||
Nasoenteric Tube Access | 91 | ||
Percutaneous Endoscopic Enteral Access | 93 | ||
Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy | 93 | ||
Indications. | 93 | ||
Cancer. | 93 | ||
Stroke. | 93 | ||
Dementia. | 93 | ||
Disabling Neurologic Conditions. | 94 | ||
Procedure. | 94 | ||
Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrojejunostomy | 96 | ||
Direct Percutaneous Jejunostomy | 97 | ||
Surgical Enteral Access | 98 | ||
Fluoroscopic Percutaneous Enteral Access | 98 | ||
Enteral Feeding | 98 | ||
Water Requirements | 98 | ||
Advancement of Tube Feedings | 99 | ||
Enteral Formulations | 99 | ||
Blenderized Formulations. | 99 | ||
Standard Polymeric Formulations. | 99 | ||
Predigested Formulations. | 99 | ||
Specialty Formulations. | 99 | ||
Immune-Modulating Formulas. | 99 | ||
Renal Formulas. | 99 | ||
Enteral Feeding Complications | 99 | ||
Oral Diet Therapy | 100 | ||
Clear Liquid Diets | 100 | ||
Full Liquid Diets | 100 | ||
Soft Diets | 100 | ||
Fiber- and Residue-Restricted Diets | 100 | ||
High-Fiber Diets | 100 | ||
Post-gastrectomy and Anti-dumping Diets | 100 | ||
Low-Fat Diets | 100 | ||
Acknowledgment | 101 | ||
Key References | 101 | ||
References | 101.e1 | ||
7 Obesity | 102 | ||
Chapter Outline | 102 | ||
Definitions | 103 | ||
Body Mass Index | 103 | ||
Central Adiposity | 103 | ||
Prevalence and Costs | 103 | ||
Causes | 104 | ||
Energy Imbalance | 104 | ||
Environmental Agents | 104 | ||
Intrauterine Factors | 104 | ||
Neonatal Environment | 104 | ||
Adiposity Rebound | 104 | ||
Drug-Induced Weight Gain | 104 | ||
Diet | 105 | ||
Physical Inactivity | 105 | ||
Smoking | 105 | ||
Viruses | 105 | ||
Microbiome | 105 | ||
Host Agents | 105 | ||
Genetic Causes | 105 | ||
Neurophysiologic Factors | 105 | ||
Pathology and Pathophysiology | 106 | ||
Fat Cell as an Endocrine Cell | 106 | ||
Brown Adipose Tissue | 106 | ||
Visceral and Ectopic Fat | 106 | ||
Complications and Consequences | 106 | ||
Diseases and Disorders | 106 | ||
Disorders Related to Enlarged and Visceral Fat Cells | 106 | ||
Diabetes | 106 | ||
Lipid Derangements | 106 | ||
Cardiovascular Diseases | 107 | ||
Hypertension | 107 | ||
Kidney Disease | 107 | ||
Gallbladder Disease | 107 | ||
Liver Disease | 107 | ||
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease | 107 | ||
Cancer | 107 | ||
Endocrine Effects | 108 | ||
Pneumonia | 108 | ||
Disorders Associated with Increased Fat Mass | 108 | ||
Obstructive Sleep Apnea | 108 | ||
Diseases of the Bones, Joints, Muscles, Connective Tissue, and Skin | 108 | ||
Psychosocial Dysfunction | 109 | ||
Death | 109 | ||
Benefits of Weight Loss | 109 | ||
Evaluation | 109 | ||
History | 109 | ||
Physical Examination | 110 | ||
Laboratory Studies | 111 | ||
Prevention | 111 | ||
Treatment | 111 | ||
Diets | 111 | ||
Popular Diets | 112 | ||
Low-Fat Diets | 112 | ||
Low Energy Density Diets | 112 | ||
Low-Carbohydrate Diets | 112 | ||
Very Low-Calorie Diets | 112 | ||
Commercial Programs | 113 | ||
Lifestyle Modification | 113 | ||
Exercise | 113 | ||
Pharmacotherapy | 113 | ||
Mechanisms of Drug Action | 114 | ||
FDA-Approved Medications | 114 | ||
Orlistat | 114 | ||
Sympathomimetic Amines | 115 | ||
Lorcaserin | 115 | ||
Topiramate and Phentermine Extended Release | 115 | ||
Bupropion and Naltrexone | 116 | ||
Drugs Approved for an Indication Other than Obesity | 116 | ||
Metformin | 116 | ||
Bupropion | 116 | ||
Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Agonists | 117 | ||
Exenatide | 117 | ||
Liraglutide | 117 | ||
Pramlintide | 117 | ||
Pramlintide and Phentermine | 118 | ||
Zonisamide | 118 | ||
Surgery | 118 | ||
Key References | 118 | ||
References | 118.e1 | ||
8 Surgical and Endoscopic Treatment of Obesity | 119 | ||
Chapter Outline | 119 | ||
Evaluation and Selection of Bariatric Surgery Candidates | 120 | ||
Surgical Techniques | 120 | ||
Surgical Complications | 122 | ||
Nutritional Deficiencies | 123 | ||
Outcomes | 123 | ||
Endoscopic Management of Bariatric Surgical Complications | 124 | ||
Ulceration | 124 | ||
Postoperative Gastrointestinal Bleeding | 124 | ||
Stenosis | 125 | ||
Foreign Body Complications | 125 | ||
Leaks and Fistulae | 126 | ||
Pancreaticobiliary Disease | 127 | ||
Weight Regain and Dilated Gastrojejunal Anastomosis | 127 | ||
Endoscopic Treatments for Obesity | 127 | ||
Key References | 129 | ||
References | 129.e1 | ||
9 Feeding and Eating Disorders | 130 | ||
Chapter Outline | 130 | ||
Epidemiology | 130 | ||
Causative Factors | 131 | ||
Satiety | 131 | ||
Appetite | 131 | ||
Energy Storage | 131 | ||
Onset and Course | 132 | ||
Evaluation | 132 | ||
Diagnosis of Specific Disorders | 132 | ||
Anorexia Nervosa | 133 | ||
Binge Eating Disorder | 134 | ||
Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder and Unspecified Feeding or Eating Disorder | 134 | ||
Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) | 134 | ||
Pica | 135 | ||
Rumination Disorder | 135 | ||
Differential Diagnosis | 135 | ||
Nutritional, Medical, and Laboratory Evaluation | 136 | ||
Nutritional Evaluation | 136 | ||
Medical Evaluation | 137 | ||
Laboratory Evaluation | 138 | ||
Gastrointestinal Abnormalities Associated with Eating Disorders | 138 | ||
Management of Eating Disorders in the Adult | 142 | ||
Psychiatric Treatment | 142 | ||
Psychotherapy | 143 | ||
Pharmacotherapy | 144 | ||
Weight Management | 144 | ||
Medical Management of GI Symptoms | 145 | ||
Key References | 147 | ||
References | 147.e1 | ||
10 Food Allergies | 148 | ||
Chapter Outline | 148 | ||
Definitions and Prevalence | 148 | ||
Definitions | 148 | ||
Prevalence | 148 | ||
Pathogenesis | 149 | ||
Clinical Features | 151 | ||
IgE-Mediated Disorders | 152 | ||
Pollen-Food Allergy Syndrome | 152 | ||
Gastrointestinal Allergy | 152 | ||
Infantile Colic | 152 | ||
Mixed IgE- and Non–IgE-Mediated Disorders | 152 | ||
Eosinophilic Esophagitis | 153 | ||
Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis | 153 | ||
Allergic Eosinophilic Proctocolitis | 153 | ||
Non–IgE-Mediated Disorders | 154 | ||
Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome | 154 | ||
Dietary Protein-Induced Enteropathy | 154 | ||
Celiac Disease | 154 | ||
Dermatitis Herpetiformis | 155 | ||
Other Gastrointestinal Disorders | 155 | ||
Diagnosis | 155 | ||
Treatment and Natural History | 155 | ||
Key References | 157 | ||
References | 157.e1 | ||
III Symptoms, Signs, and Biopsychosocial Issues | 159 | ||
11 Acute Abdominal Pain | 161 | ||
Chapter Outline | 161 | ||
Anatomy | 161 | ||
Visceral Pain | 161 | ||
Somatic-Parietal Pain | 164 | ||
Referred Pain | 164 | ||
Evaluation | 164 | ||
Approach to Acute Care | 165 | ||
History | 165 | ||
Chronology | 165 | ||
Location | 166 | ||
Intensity and Character | 166 | ||
Aggravating and Alleviating Factors | 166 | ||
Associated Symptoms | 166 | ||
Past Medical History | 166 | ||
Physical Examination | 166 | ||
Abdominal Examination | 167 | ||
Genital, Rectal, and Pelvic Examinations | 167 | ||
Laboratory Data | 167 | ||
Imaging Studies | 167 | ||
CT | 167 | ||
US | 167 | ||
Other Diagnostic Tests | 168 | ||
Causes | 168 | ||
Acute Appendicitis | 168 | ||
Acute Biliary Disease | 169 | ||
Small Bowel Obstruction | 169 | ||
Acute Diverticulitis | 170 | ||
Acute Pancreatitis | 170 | ||
Perforated Peptic Ulcer | 170 | ||
Acute Mesenteric Ischemia | 171 | ||
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm | 171 | ||
Abdominal Compartment Syndrome | 171 | ||
Other Intra-abdominal Causes | 172 | ||
Extra-abdominal and Systemic Causes | 172 | ||
Special Circumstances | 172 | ||
Extremes of Age | 172 | ||
Pregnancy | 173 | ||
Immunocompromised Hosts | 173 | ||
Pharmacologic Management | 174 | ||
Key References | 174 | ||
References | 174.e1 | ||
12 Chronic Abdominal Pain | 175 | ||
Chapter Outline | 175 | ||
Definition and Clinical Approach | 175 | ||
Abdominal Wall Pain | 176 | ||
Anterior Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment and Myofascial Pain Syndromes | 176 | ||
Slipping Rib Syndrome | 177 | ||
Thoracic Nerve Radiculopathy | 177 | ||
Functional Abdominal Pain Syndrome | 177 | ||
Epidemiology | 177 | ||
Pathophysiology | 178 | ||
Ascending Visceral Pain Transmission | 178 | ||
Descending Modulation of Pain | 179 | ||
Visceral Sensitization | 179 | ||
Biochemical Mechanisms of Sensitization | 179 | ||
Role of the Central Nervous System | 179 | ||
Clinical Implications | 180 | ||
Clinical Features | 180 | ||
History | 180 | ||
Patient Behavior | 180 | ||
Physical Examination | 181 | ||
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis | 181 | ||
Treatment | 181 | ||
Establishing a Successful Patient-Physician Relationship | 181 | ||
Instituting a Treatment Plan | 182 | ||
Pharmacotherapy | 182 | ||
Mental Health Referral and Psychological Treatments | 183 | ||
Role of Laparoscopy with Lysis of Adhesions | 183 | ||
Narcotic Bowel Syndrome | 183 | ||
Key References | 184 | ||
References | 184.e1 | ||
13 Symptoms of Esophageal Disease | 185 | ||
Chapter Outline | 185 | ||
Dysphagia | 185 | ||
Pathophysiology | 185 | ||
Differential Diagnosis and Approach | 186 | ||
Oropharyngeal Dysphagia | 186 | ||
Esophageal Dysphagia | 186 | ||
Odynophagia | 188 | ||
Globus Sensation | 189 | ||
Pathophysiology | 189 | ||
Approach | 189 | ||
Hiccups | 189 | ||
Chest Pain of Esophageal Origin | 189 | ||
Pathophysiology | 190 | ||
Approach | 190 | ||
Heartburn and Regurgitation | 191 | ||
Pathophysiology | 191 | ||
Approach | 192 | ||
Extraesophageal Symptoms of GERD | 192 | ||
Key References | 193 | ||
References | 193.e1 | ||
14 Dyspepsia | 194 | ||
Chapter Outline | 194 | ||
Definition | 194 | ||
Organic Causes of Dyspepsia | 194 | ||
Intolerance to Food or Drugs | 195 | ||
PUD | 195 | ||
GERD | 195 | ||
Gastric and Esophageal Cancer | 195 | ||
Pancreatic and Biliary Tract Disorders | 195 | ||
Other GI or Systemic Disorders | 196 | ||
Functional Dyspepsia | 196 | ||
Dyspepsia Symptom Complex | 196 | ||
Pattern and Heterogeneity | 196 | ||
Subgroups | 196 | ||
Overlap with Heartburn and IBS | 197 | ||
Epidemiology | 198 | ||
Pathophysiology | 198 | ||
Delayed Gastric Emptying | 198 | ||
Impaired Gastric Accommodation to a Meal | 198 | ||
Hypersensitivity to Gastric Distension | 198 | ||
Altered Duodenal Sensitivity to Lipids or Acid | 199 | ||
Other Mechanisms | 199 | ||
Pathogenic Factors | 199 | ||
Genetic Predisposition | 199 | ||
Infection | 199 | ||
Hp Infection | 199 | ||
Postinfection Functional Dyspepsia | 199 | ||
Psychosocial Factors | 199 | ||
Approach to Uninvestigated Dyspepsia | 200 | ||
History and Physical Examination | 200 | ||
Laboratory Testing | 200 | ||
Initial Management Strategies | 200 | ||
Prompt Endoscopy and Directed Treatment | 200 | ||
Test and Treat for Hp Infection | 201 | ||
Empirical Antisecretory Drug Therapy | 201 | ||
Recommendations | 201 | ||
Additional Investigations | 202 | ||
Treatment of Functional Dyspepsia | 202 | ||
General Measures | 202 | ||
Pharmacologic Treatment | 202 | ||
Acid-Suppressive Drugs | 202 | ||
Eradication of Hp Infection | 202 | ||
Prokinetic Agents | 202 | ||
Antidepressants | 203 | ||
Other Pharmacotherapeutic Approaches | 203 | ||
New Drug Development | 203 | ||
Psychological Interventions | 204 | ||
Recommendations | 205 | ||
Key References | 206 | ||
References | 206.e1 | ||
15 Nausea and Vomiting | 207 | ||
Chapter Outline | 207 | ||
Pathophysiology | 207 | ||
Clinical Characteristics | 208 | ||
Causes | 208 | ||
Acute Vomiting | 209 | ||
Acute Intestinal Obstruction | 209 | ||
Gastric Outlet Obstruction | 209 | ||
Intestinal Infarction | 210 | ||
Extraintestinal Causes | 210 | ||
Toxins and Drugs | 210 | ||
Metabolic Causes | 210 | ||
Infectious Causes | 210 | ||
Neurologic Causes | 210 | ||
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting | 211 | ||
Chronic or Relapsing Vomiting | 211 | ||
Partial Intestinal Obstruction | 211 | ||
Gastric Outlet Obstruction | 211 | ||
GI Motility Disorders | 211 | ||
Neurologic Disorders | 211 | ||
Nausea and Vomiting During Pregnancy | 212 | ||
Functional Vomiting | 212 | ||
Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome | 213 | ||
Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome | 213 | ||
Rumination Syndrome | 214 | ||
Evaluation | 214 | ||
Acute Vomiting | 214 | ||
Basic Tests | 214 | ||
Imaging | 214 | ||
Additional Tests | 215 | ||
Chronic Vomiting | 215 | ||
Esophageal Manometry | 216 | ||
Measurement of Gastric Emptying | 216 | ||
Cutaneous Electrogastrography | 216 | ||
GI Manometry | 216 | ||
Autonomic Function Tests | 216 | ||
Histopathologic Studies | 216 | ||
Complications | 216 | ||
Emetic Injuries to the Esophagus and Stomach | 216 | ||
Spasm of the Glottis and Aspiration Pneumonia | 217 | ||
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Metabolic Alterations | 217 | ||
Nutritional Deficiencies | 217 | ||
Treatment | 217 | ||
Correction of Metabolic Complications | 217 | ||
Pharmacologic Treatment | 217 | ||
Central Antiemetic Agents | 217 | ||
Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists | 217 | ||
Benzamides. | 217 | ||
Benzimidazole Derivatives. | 217 | ||
Phenothiazines and Butyrophenones | 218 | ||
Antihistamines and Antimuscarinic Agents | 218 | ||
Serotonin Antagonists | 218 | ||
Glucocorticoids | 218 | ||
Cannabinoids | 218 | ||
Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists | 218 | ||
Adjuvant Agents and Therapies | 218 | ||
Gastric Prokinetic Agents | 219 | ||
Serotonin 5-HT4 Receptor Agonists | 219 | ||
Motilin Receptor Agonists | 219 | ||
Gastric Electrical Stimulation | 219 | ||
Key References | 219 | ||
References | 220.e1 | ||
16 Diarrhea | 221 | ||
Chapter Outline | 221 | ||
Definition | 221 | ||
Pathophysiology | 222 | ||
Osmotic Diarrhea | 222 | ||
Secretory Diarrhea | 223 | ||
Complex Diarrhea | 224 | ||
Clinical Classification | 226 | ||
Acute versus Chronic Diarrhea | 226 | ||
Large-Volume versus Small-Volume Diarrhea | 226 | ||
Osmotic versus Secretory Diarrhea | 226 | ||
Watery versus Fatty versus Inflammatory Diarrhea | 226 | ||
Epidemiologic Features | 226 | ||
Differential Diagnosis | 227 | ||
Evaluation | 229 | ||
History | 229 | ||
Physical Examination | 229 | ||
Further Evaluation of Acute Diarrhea | 230 | ||
Further Evaluation of Chronic Diarrhea | 231 | ||
Chronic Watery Diarrhea | 232 | ||
Chronic Inflammatory Diarrhea | 234 | ||
Chronic Fatty Diarrhea | 234 | ||
Treatment | 235 | ||
Empirical Therapy of Acute Diarrhea | 235 | ||
Empirical Therapy of Chronic Diarrhea | 235 | ||
Selected Diarrheal Syndromes | 236 | ||
IBS and Functional Diarrhea | 236 | ||
Microscopic Colitis | 237 | ||
Postsurgical Diarrhea | 237 | ||
Diarrhea after Gastric Surgery | 237 | ||
Diarrhea after Bowel Resection | 238 | ||
Ileostomy Diarrhea | 238 | ||
Postcholecystectomy Diarrhea | 238 | ||
Bile Acid–Induced Diarrhea | 238 | ||
Diarrhea in Hospitalized Patients | 238 | ||
Factitious Diarrhea | 239 | ||
Idiopathic Secretory Diarrhea | 240 | ||
Diarrhea of Obscure Origin | 240 | ||
Key References | 240 | ||
References | 241.e1 | ||
17 Intestinal Gas | 242 | ||
Chapter Outline | 242 | ||
Composition and Volume of GI Gas | 242 | ||
Gas Metabolism and Excretion | 242 | ||
Diffusion of Gas Between the Intestinal Lumen and Blood | 242 | ||
Mouth to Stomach | 243 | ||
Small Intestine | 243 | ||
Colon | 243 | ||
Passage of Fermentable Products into the Colon | 244 | ||
Metabolic Activity of Colonic Microflora | 245 | ||
Odoriferous Gases | 245 | ||
Anal Gas Evacuation | 245 | ||
Intestinal Propulsion, Accommodation, and Tolerance to Gas | 246 | ||
Clinical Gas Problems | 246 | ||
Repetitive Eructation | 247 | ||
Vol-2 | Vol-2-Cover | ||
Front cover | Vol-2-Cover | ||
IFC_Vol.2 | Vol-2-IFC2 | ||
Sleisenger and Fordtran’s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease | Vol-2-iii | ||
Copyright page | Vol-2-iv | ||
Dedication | Vol-2-v | ||
Contributors | Vol-2-vii | ||
Foreword | Vol-2-xix | ||
Preface | Vol-2-xxi | ||
Table of Contents | Vol-2-xxiii | ||
Video Contents | Vol-2-xxix | ||
Abbreviation List | Vol-2-xxxi | ||
IX Liver | 1215 | ||
71 Embryology, Anatomy, Histology, and Developmental Anomalies of the Liver | 1217 | ||
Chapter Outline | 1217 | ||
Embryology | 1217 | ||
Hepatic Stem Cells and Maturational Lineages | 1218 | ||
Vascular Development | 1219 | ||
Anatomy | 1219 | ||
Nerves | 1220 | ||
Lymphatics | 1220 | ||
Histology | 1220 | ||
Organization of the Liver Parenchyma | 1221 | ||
Developmental Anomalies (See Chapter 62) | 1222 | ||
Riedel’s Lobe | 1222 | ||
Abernethy Malformation | 1222 | ||
Key References | 1222 | ||
References | 1222.e1 | ||
72 Liver Physiology and Energy Metabolism | 1223 | ||
Chapter Outline | 1223 | ||
Liver Cell Types and Organization | 1223 | ||
Parenchymal Cells | 1223 | ||
Hepatocytes | 1223 | ||
Plasma Membranes | 1223 | ||
Cell Junctions. | 1224 | ||
Cytoskeleton | 1224 | ||
Nucleus | 1224 | ||
Transport between the Nucleus and Cytoplasm. | 1224 | ||
Endoplasmic Reticulum | 1225 | ||
Golgi Complex | 1225 | ||
Lysosomes | 1225 | ||
Mitochondria | 1225 | ||
Peroxisomes | 1225 | ||
Exocytosis and Endocytosis | 1225 | ||
Bile Duct Epithelial Cells | 1226 | ||
Sinusoidal Cells | 1226 | ||
Hepatic Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells | 1226 | ||
Kupffer Cells | 1227 | ||
Perisinusoidal Cells | 1227 | ||
Hepatic Stellate Cells | 1227 | ||
Pit Cells | 1227 | ||
Integration of the Functions of the Different Cell Types | 1227 | ||
Cell-Matrix Interactions | 1228 | ||
Components of the Extracellular Matrix | 1228 | ||
Regeneration and Apoptosis of Liver Cells | 1228 | ||
Regeneration | 1228 | ||
Gene Expression During Regeneration | 1228 | ||
Immediate Early Genes | 1229 | ||
Delayed Early Genes | 1229 | ||
Cell Cycle Genes | 1230 | ||
Integration of Cytokine and Growth Factors in Regeneration | 1230 | ||
Apoptosis | 1230 | ||
Autophagy | 1231 | ||
Protein Synthesis and Degradation in the Liver | 1232 | ||
Hepatic Gene Expression | 1232 | ||
Nuclear Receptors | 1232 | ||
Protein Folding | 1232 | ||
Protein Catabolism | 1233 | ||
Hepatic Nutrient Metabolism | 1234 | ||
Carbohydrate | 1234 | ||
Regulation of Glucose Uptake and Efflux from the Hepatocyte | 1234 | ||
Formation of Glucose-6-Phosphate | 1234 | ||
Conversion of Glucose-6-Phosphate to Glucose | 1235 | ||
Hepatic Metabolism of Galactose and Fructose | 1236 | ||
Glycogen Formation | 1236 | ||
Regulation of Glycolytic-Gluconeogenic Pathways | 1236 | ||
Carbohydrate Metabolism in Cirrhosis | 1237 | ||
Lipid | 1237 | ||
Fatty Acid Synthesis | 1237 | ||
Beta Oxidation of Fatty Acids | 1237 | ||
Mitochondrial Beta Oxidation | 1237 | ||
Peroxisomal Beta Oxidation | 1238 | ||
Lipoproteins | 1238 | ||
Types | 1238 | ||
Apolipoproteins | 1239 | ||
Lipolytic Enzymes and Lipid Transport Proteins | 1239 | ||
Intestinal and Hepatic Lipid Transport | 1239 | ||
Transport of ApoB-Containing Lipoproteins | 1240 | ||
Transport of ApoA-Containing High-Density Lipoproteins | 1241 | ||
Lipoprotein Receptors | 1241 | ||
Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor | 1241 | ||
Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor | 1241 | ||
Chylomicron Remnant Receptor | 1241 | ||
Low-Density Lipoprotein Scavenger Receptor | 1241 | ||
High-Density Lipoprotein Receptor | 1241 | ||
Derangement of Lipid Metabolism in Liver Disease | 1242 | ||
Key References | 1242 | ||
References | 1242.e1 | ||
73 Liver Chemistry and Function Tests | 1243 | ||
Chapter Outline | 1243 | ||
Bilirubin (See Chapter 21) | 1243 | ||
Metabolism | 1243 | ||
Measurement | 1244 | ||
Approach to the Patient with an Elevated Level | 1244 | ||
Aminotransferases | 1245 | ||
Approach to the Patient with an Elevated Level | 1246 | ||
Alkaline Phosphatase | 1247 | ||
GGTP | 1247 | ||
5′-Nucleotidase | 1248 | ||
Approach to the Patient with an Elevated Level | 1248 | ||
Tests of Hepatic Synthetic Function | 1249 | ||
Albumin | 1249 | ||
Prothrombin Time | 1250 | ||
Tests to Detect Hepatic Fibrosis | 1250 | ||
Quantitative Liver Function Tests | 1251 | ||
Indocyanine Green Clearance | 1251 | ||
Galactose Elimination Capacity | 1251 | ||
Caffeine Clearance | 1251 | ||
Lidocaine Metabolite Formation | 1251 | ||
Aminopyrine Breath Test | 1251 | ||
Bile Acids | 1252 | ||
Specific Applications of Liver Biochemical Testing | 1252 | ||
Drug-Induced Liver Injury | 1252 | ||
Surgical Candidacy and Organ Allocation | 1252 | ||
Key References | 1253 | ||
References | 1253.e1 | ||
74 Overview of Cirrhosis | 1254 | ||
Chapter Outline | 1254 | ||
Pathogenesis | 1254 | ||
Diagnosis | 1254 | ||
Natural History | 1257 | ||
Prognosis | 1259 | ||
Treatment | 1259 | ||
Reversal of Fibrosis | 1260 | ||
Key References | 1260 | ||
References | 1260.e1 | ||
75 Hemochromatosis | 1261 | ||
Chapter Outline | 1261 | ||
Causes of Iron Overload | 1261 | ||
Pathophysiology | 1262 | ||
Intestinal Iron Absorption | 1262 | ||
Hepcidin | 1262 | ||
HFE Protein | 1263 | ||
Iron-Induced Tissue Injury and Fibrosis | 1264 | ||
Clinical Features | 1264 | ||
Diagnosis | 1265 | ||
Treatment and Prognosis | 1268 | ||
Family Screening | 1269 | ||
Key References | 1269 | ||
References | 1269.e1 | ||
76 Wilson Disease | 1270 | ||
Chapter Outline | 1270 | ||
Copper Metabolism | 1270 | ||
Molecular Pathogenesis | 1270 | ||
Pathology | 1272 | ||
Clinical Features | 1272 | ||
Hepatic Presentation | 1273 | ||
Neurologic Presentation | 1273 | ||
Psychiatric Presentation | 1273 | ||
Ocular Signs | 1273 | ||
Involvement of Other Systems | 1273 | ||
Diagnosis | 1274 | ||
Tests | 1274 | ||
Approach | 1275 | ||
Mutation Analysis | 1275 | ||
Presymptomatic Diagnosis of First-Degree Relatives | 1276 | ||
Treatment | 1276 | ||
Prognosis | 1278 | ||
Key References | 1278 | ||
References | 1279.e1 | ||
77 Other Inherited Metabolic Disorders of the Liver | 1280 | ||
Chapter Outline | 1280 | ||
Clinical Features of Metabolic Liver Disease | 1280 | ||
α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency | 1281 | ||
Pathophysiology | 1281 | ||
Clinical Features | 1281 | ||
Histopathology | 1282 | ||
Diagnosis | 1282 | ||
Treatment | 1282 | ||
Glycogen Storage Diseases | 1283 | ||
Type I | 1283 | ||
Clinical Features | 1283 | ||
Hepatic Involvement | 1284 | ||
Diagnosis | 1284 | ||
Treatment | 1284 | ||
Type III | 1285 | ||
Clinical Features | 1285 | ||
Treatment | 1285 | ||
Type IV | 1285 | ||
Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation | 1285 | ||
Porphyrias | 1287 | ||
Pathophysiology | 1287 | ||
Acute Porphyrias | 1287 | ||
Cutaneous Porphyrias | 1288 | ||
Hepatic Involvement | 1289 | ||
Diagnosis | 1289 | ||
Treatment | 1290 | ||
Tyrosinemia | 1290 | ||
Pathophysiology | 1290 | ||
Clinical and Pathologic Features | 1291 | ||
Diagnosis | 1291 | ||
Treatment | 1292 | ||
Urea Cycle Defects | 1292 | ||
Pathophysiology | 1292 | ||
Clinical Features | 1293 | ||
Diagnosis | 1294 | ||
Treatment | 1294 | ||
Arginase Deficiency | 1295 | ||
Bile Acid Synthesis and Transport Defects | 1295 | ||
Bile Acid Synthesis Defects | 1296 | ||
Diagnosis | 1296 | ||
Disorders of Enzymes Involved in Modification of the Steroid Ring | 1296 | ||
Disorders of Enzymes Involved in Side-Chain Modification | 1297 | ||
Peroxisomal Disorders | 1297 | ||
Bile Acid Transport Defects | 1298 | ||
Treatment | 1299 | ||
CF | 1299 | ||
Clinical and Pathologic Features | 1299 | ||
Pathophysiology | 1299 | ||
Diagnosis | 1300 | ||
Treatment | 1300 | ||
Mitochondrial Liver Diseases | 1300 | ||
Key References | 1301 | ||
References | 1301.e1 | ||
78 Hepatitis A | 1302 | ||
Chapter Outline | 1302 | ||
Virology | 1302 | ||
Epidemiology | 1303 | ||
Pathogenesis | 1304 | ||
Clinical Features | 1304 | ||
Fulminant Hepatitis A | 1305 | ||
Extrahepatic Manifestations | 1305 | ||
Autoimmune Hepatitis after Acute Hepatitis A | 1305 | ||
Diagnosis | 1305 | ||
Prevention and Treatment | 1306 | ||
Immunization against Hepatitis A Virus in Patients with Chronic Illnesses | 1307 | ||
Key References | 1308 | ||
References | 1308.e1 | ||
79 Hepatitis B | 1309 | ||
Chapter Outline | 1309 | ||
Epidemiology | 1309 | ||
Geographic Distribution and Sources of Infection | 1309 | ||
Infectivity | 1310 | ||
Prevalence | 1310 | ||
Clinical Outcomes | 1310 | ||
Acute Hepatitis B | 1310 | ||
Chronic Hepatitis B | 1311 | ||
Virology | 1311 | ||
Viral Replication | 1311 | ||
Genotypes | 1311 | ||
Mutations | 1312 | ||
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Gene | 1312 | ||
Precore, Basal Core Promoter, and Core Genes | 1314 | ||
HBV DNA Polymerase | 1314 | ||
Pathogenesis | 1314 | ||
Natural History | 1315 | ||
Serum ALT as a Surrogate Marker for Disease Activity | 1316 | ||
HBV DNA Level and Long-Term Complications | 1316 | ||
Clinical and Pathologic Features | 1317 | ||
Acute Hepatitis B | 1317 | ||
Chronic Hepatitis B | 1317 | ||
Extrahepatic Manifestations | 1317 | ||
Arthritis-Dermatitis | 1317 | ||
Polyarteritis Nodosa | 1317 | ||
Glomerulonephritis | 1317 | ||
Cryoglobulinemia | 1318 | ||
Histopathologic Features | 1318 | ||
Acute Flares | 1318 | ||
Spontaneous Flares | 1318 | ||
Immunosuppressive Therapy–Induced Flares | 1319 | ||
Antiviral Therapy–Induced Flares | 1320 | ||
During Interferon Therapy. | 1320 | ||
During Nucleos(t)ide Analog Therapy. | 1321 | ||
After Withdrawal of Nucleos(t)ide Analog. | 1321 | ||
During Antiretroviral Therapy. | 1321 | ||
Flares Associated with Genotypic Variation | 1321 | ||
Flares Caused by Infection with Other Viruses | 1321 | ||
Diagnosis | 1321 | ||
Treatment | 1322 | ||
Goals | 1322 | ||
Cultural Barriers | 1323 | ||
Choice of Agent | 1323 | ||
Definitions of Response | 1323 | ||
Nucleoside and Nucleotide Analogs | 1324 | ||
Lamivudine | 1324 | ||
Adefovir Dipivoxil | 1325 | ||
Entecavir | 1325 | ||
Telbivudine | 1325 | ||
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate | 1325 | ||
Emtricitabine | 1325 | ||
HBV DNA Monitoring | 1325 | ||
Drug Failure | 1326 | ||
Interferon | 1326 | ||
Combination Interferon and Nucleos(t)ide Analog Therapy | 1326 | ||
Guidelines | 1326 | ||
Special Populations | 1327 | ||
Pregnant Women | 1327 | ||
Severe Acute Hepatitis | 1327 | ||
Cirrhosis | 1328 | ||
HBV-HIV Coinfection | 1328 | ||
HBV-HCV Coinfection | 1328 | ||
Urgent Treatment | 1328 | ||
Prevention | 1329 | ||
Hepatitis B Immune Globulin | 1329 | ||
Hepatitis B Vaccine | 1329 | ||
Vaccination Schedule | 1329 | ||
Postexposure and Perinatal Prophylaxis | 1329 | ||
Bivalent Vaccine | 1330 | ||
Recommendations | 1330 | ||
Key References | 1330 | ||
References | 1331.e1 | ||
80 Hepatitis C* | 1332 | ||
Chapter Outline | 1332 | ||
Virology | 1332 | ||
Structure | 1332 | ||
Genomic Organization | 1333 | ||
Viral Replication and Life Cycle | 1333 | ||
Virus Protein Function | 1334 | ||
Genotypes and Quasispecies | 1335 | ||
Epidemiology | 1336 | ||
Incidence and Prevalence | 1336 | ||
Transmission | 1336 | ||
Percutaneous Transmission | 1336 | ||
Nonpercutaneous Transmission | 1337 | ||
Sporadic HCV Infection | 1337 | ||
Pathogenesis | 1337 | ||
Viral Mechanisms | 1337 | ||
Immune-Mediated Mechanisms | 1337 | ||
Clinical Features | 1338 | ||
Acute Hepatitis C | 1338 | ||
Chronic Hepatitis C | 1339 | ||
Extrahepatic Manifestations | 1339 | ||
Diagnosis | 1340 | ||
Indirect Assays | 1340 | ||
Direct Assays | 1340 | ||
HCV Genotype | 1340 | ||
Selection of Serologic and Virologic Tests | 1341 | ||
Liver Biopsy and Noninvasive Assessment of Fibrosis | 1341 | ||
Natural History | 1343 | ||
Factors Associated with Progression | 1343 | ||
Hepatocellular Carcinoma | 1344 | ||
Treatment | 1344 | ||
Goals | 1345 | ||
Virologic Response | 1345 | ||
Drugs | 1345 | ||
Interferons | 1345 | ||
Ribavirin | 1345 | ||
Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents | 1346 | ||
Acute Hepatitis C | 1346 | ||
Chronic Hepatitis C | 1346 | ||
Pegylated Interferon and Ribavirin | 1346 | ||
Pegylated Interferon, Ribavirin, and a First-Generation Protease Inhibitor | 1347 | ||
Pegylated Interferon, Ribavirin, and Other Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents | 1348 | ||
Interferon-Free Therapies | 1349 | ||
Indications and Contraindications | 1349 | ||
Monitoring and Safety | 1350 | ||
HCV-HIV Coinfection | 1351 | ||
Liver Transplant Recipients | 1351 | ||
Key References | 1352 | ||
References | 1352.e1 | ||
81 Hepatitis D | 1353 | ||
Chapter Outline | 1353 | ||
Epidemiology | 1353 | ||
Virology | 1354 | ||
Pathogenesis | 1355 | ||
Diagnosis | 1355 | ||
HDV RNA | 1355 | ||
Hepatitis D Antigen | 1356 | ||
Antibody to HDV | 1356 | ||
Natural History | 1357 | ||
Clinical Features | 1357 | ||
Treatment | 1358 | ||
Interferon | 1358 | ||
Combination Antiviral Therapy | 1358 | ||
Novel Drugs | 1359 | ||
Prevention | 1359 | ||
Key References | 1359 | ||
References | 1359.e1 | ||
82 Hepatitis E | 1360 | ||
Chapter Outline | 1360 | ||
Virology | 1360 | ||
Epidemiology | 1360 | ||
Genotypes 1 and 2 | 1361 | ||
Genotypes 3 and 4 | 1362 | ||
Pathogenesis | 1362 | ||
Clinical Features | 1364 | ||
Acute Hepatitis E | 1364 | ||
Chronic Hepatitis E | 1364 | ||
Diagnosis | 1364 | ||
Treatment and Prevention | 1365 | ||
Key References | 1365 | ||
References | 1365.e1 | ||
83 Hepatitis Caused by Other Viruses | 1366 | ||
Chapter Outline | 1366 | ||
Hepatitis G and GB Agent Infection | 1366 | ||
Virology | 1366 | ||
Epidemiology | 1367 | ||
Clinical Features | 1367 | ||
Diagnosis | 1367 | ||
GB Virus Type C and HIV | 1367 | ||
Treatment | 1368 | ||
TT Virus Infection | 1368 | ||
Virology | 1368 | ||
Epidemiology | 1369 | ||
Clinical Features | 1369 | ||
Treatment | 1369 | ||
Sanban, Yonban, and SEN Virus and TTV-like Minivirus Infections | 1369 | ||
Systemic Viral Infections That May Involve the Liver | 1369 | ||
EBV | 1369 | ||
Cytomegalovirus | 1370 | ||
HSV | 1371 | ||
Varicella-Zoster Virus | 1372 | ||
Other Viruses | 1372 | ||
Key References | 1372 | ||
References | 1373.e1 | ||
84 Bacterial, Parasitic, and Fungal Infections of the Liver, Including Liver Abscesses | 1374 | ||
Chapter Outline | 1374 | ||
Bacterial Infections Involving or Affecting the Liver | 1374 | ||
Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria | 1374 | ||
Toxic Shock Syndrome: Staphylococcus aureus or Group A Streptococci | 1374 | ||
Clostridium perfringens | 1374 | ||
Actinomyces | 1375 | ||
Listeria | 1375 | ||
Shigella and Salmonella | 1375 | ||
Yersinia | 1375 | ||
Gonococci | 1375 | ||
Legionella | 1375 | ||
Burkholderia pseudomallei (Melioidosis) | 1376 | ||
Brucella | 1376 | ||
Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever) | 1376 | ||
Bartonella (Oroya Fever) | 1376 | ||
Bacillary Angiomatosis and AIDS | 1376 | ||
Bacterial Sepsis and Jaundice | 1376 | ||
Chlamydia | 1376 | ||
Fitz-Hugh–Curtis Syndrome | 1376 | ||
Rickettsiae | 1376 | ||
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever | 1376 | ||
Ehrlichiae | 1377 | ||
Spirochetes | 1377 | ||
Leptospirosis | 1377 | ||
Syphilis | 1377 | ||
Secondary Syphilis | 1377 | ||
Tertiary (Late) Syphilis | 1377 | ||
Lyme Disease | 1377 | ||
TB and Other Mycobacteria | 1378 | ||
Parasites (Tables 84-1 and 84-2) | 1378 | ||
Protozoa (see also Chapter 113) | 1378 | ||
Malaria | 1378 | ||
The Plasmodium Life Cycle | 1378 | ||
Histopathologic Features | 1378 |