BOOK
Merrill's Atlas of Radiographic Positioning and Procedures - E-Book
Bruce W. Long | Jeannean Hall Rollins | Barbara J. Smith
(2015)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
More than 400 projections make it easier to learn anatomy, properly position the patient, set exposures, and take high-quality radiographs! With Merrill's Atlas of Radiographic Positioning & Procedures, 13th Edition, you will develop the skills to produce clear radiographic images to help physicians make accurate diagnoses. Going beyond anatomy and positioning, Volume 3 prepares you for special imaging modalities and situations such as pediatric imaging, mobile radiography, operating room radiography, cardiac catheterization, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and radiation therapy. Written by radiologic imaging experts Bruce Long, Jeannean Hall Rollins, and Barbara Smith, Merrill's Atlas is not just the gold standard in radiographic positioning references, and the most widely used, but also an excellent review in preparing for ARRT and certification exams!
- Comprehensive, full-color coverage of anatomy and positioning makes Merrill's Atlas the most in-depth text and reference available for radiography students and practitioners.
- Coverage of common and unique positioning procedures includes special chapters on trauma, surgical radiography, geriatrics/pediatrics, and bone densitometry, to help prepare you for the full scope of situations you will encounter.
- Coverage of special imaging modalities and situations in this volume includes mobile radiography, operating room radiography, computed tomography, cardiac catheterization, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, nuclear medicine technology, bone densitometry, positron emission tomography, and radiation therapy.
- UNIQUE! Collimation sizes and other key information are provided for each relevant projection.
- Frequently performed projections are identified with a special icon to help you focus on what you need to know as an entry-level radiographer.
- Numerous CT and MRI images enhance your comprehension of cross-sectional anatomy and help you prepare for the Registry examination.
- Projection summary tables in each procedural chapter offer general chapter overviews and serve as handy study guides.
- Summary tables provide quick access to projection overviews, guides to anatomy, pathology tables for bone groups and body systems, and exposure technique charts.
- Bulleted lists provide clear instructions on how to correctly position the patient and body part when performing procedures.
- Pathology summary tables provide quick access to the likely pathologies for each bone group or body system.
- NEW positioning photos show current digital imaging equipment and technology.
- NEW! Coverage of the latest advances in digital imaging also includes more digital radiographs with greater contrast resolution of pertinent anatomy.
- UPDATED Pediatric Imaging chapter addresses care for the patient with autism, strategies for visit preparation, appropriate communication, and environmental considerations.
- UPDATED Geriatric Radiography chapter describes how to care for the patient with Alzheimer’s Disease and other related conditions.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Endsheet 2 | IFC2 | ||
| Endsheet 3 | IFC3 | ||
| half-title page | i | ||
| Merrill's Atlas of Radiographic Positioning and Procedures | iii | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Previous Authors | v | ||
| The Merrill’s Team | vi | ||
| Advisory Board | vii | ||
| Chapter Content Experts | viii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Learning and Perfecting Positioning Skills | ix | ||
| New to This Edition | ix | ||
| New Patient Photography | ix | ||
| Revised Image Evaluation Criteria | ix | ||
| Working with the Obese Patient | ix | ||
| Fully Revised Pediatric Chapter | ix | ||
| Updated Geriatric Chapter | ix | ||
| Consolidated Cranial Chapters | ix | ||
| Digital Radiography Collimation | ix | ||
| English/Metric IR Sizes | x | ||
| Integration of CT and MRI | x | ||
| New Illustrations | x | ||
| Digital Radiography Updated | x | ||
| Computed Radiography | x | ||
| Obsolete Projections Deleted | x | ||
| New Radiographs | x | ||
| Learning Aids for the Student | x | ||
| Pocket Guide to Radiography | x | ||
| Radiographic Anatomy, Positioning, and Procedures Workbook | x | ||
| Teaching Aids for the Instructor | x | ||
| Evolve Instructor Electronic Resources | x | ||
| Mosby’s Radiography Online | x | ||
| Evolve—Online Course Management | x | ||
| Acknowledgments | xii | ||
| Contributors | xii | ||
| Table of Contents | xiii | ||
| 22 Central Nervous System | 1 | ||
| Outline | 1 | ||
| Anatomy | 2 | ||
| Brain | 2 | ||
| Spinal Cord | 3 | ||
| Meninges | 3 | ||
| Ventricular System | 4 | ||
| Radiography | 5 | ||
| Plain Radiographic Examination | 5 | ||
| Myelography | 6 | ||
| Contrast Media | 6 | ||
| Preparation of Examining Room | 7 | ||
| Examination Procedure | 7 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 10 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 12 | ||
| Vascular and Interventional Procedures | 14 | ||
| Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty | 16 | ||
| Other Neuroradiographic Procedures | 16 | ||
| Provocative Diskography | 16 | ||
| Interventional Pain Management | 16 | ||
| Selected bibliography | 18 | ||
| 23 Vascular, Cardiac, and Interventional Radiography | 19 | ||
| Outline | 19 | ||
| Historical Development | 20 | ||
| Anatomy | 22 | ||
| Circulatory System | 22 | ||
| Blood-Vascular System | 23 | ||
| Lymphatic System | 26 | ||
| Angiography | 28 | ||
| Definitions and Indications | 28 | ||
| Angiographic Studies | 29 | ||
| Contrast Media | 29 | ||
| Injection Techniques | 29 | ||
| Digital Subtraction Angiographic Procedures | 30 | ||
| Magnification | 33 | ||
| Three-Dimensional Intraarterial Angiography | 34 | ||
| Angiographic Supplies and Equipment | 35 | ||
| Needles | 35 | ||
| Guidewires | 35 | ||
| Introducer Sheaths | 36 | ||
| Catheterization | 36 | ||
| Patient Care | 38 | ||
| Preparation of Examining Room | 39 | ||
| Radiation Protection | 39 | ||
| Angiography Team | 39 | ||
| Angiography in the Future | 39 | ||
| Angiography | 40 | ||
| Thoracic Aortography | 40 | ||
| Abdominal Aortography | 41 | ||
| Pulmonary Arteriography | 42 | ||
| Visceral Arteriography | 42 | ||
| Celiac Arteriogram | 43 | ||
| Hepatic Arteriogram | 43 | ||
| Splenic Arteriogram | 44 | ||
| Superior Mesenteric Arteriogram | 44 | ||
| Inferior Mesenteric Arteriogram | 44 | ||
| Renal Arteriogram | 45 | ||
| Other Abdominal Arteriograms | 45 | ||
| Peripheral Angiography | 46 | ||
| Upper Limb Arteriograms | 46 | ||
| Upper Limb Venograms | 46 | ||
| Lower Limb Arteriograms | 47 | ||
| Lower Limb Venograms | 47 | ||
| Cerebral Angiography | 49 | ||
| Cerebral Anatomy | 49 | ||
| Technique | 52 | ||
| Circulation Time and Imaging Program | 53 | ||
| Equipment | 54 | ||
| Position of head | 54 | ||
| Aortic Arch Angiogram (for Cranial Vessels) | 55 | ||
| Simultaneous Biplane Oblique Projections | 55 | ||
| Anterior Circulation | 56 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 56 | ||
| Anteroposterior Axial Projection (Supraorbital) | 57 | ||
| Anteroposterior Axial Oblique Projection (Transorbital) | 58 | ||
| Posterior Circulation | 58 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 58 | ||
| Anteroposterior Axial Projection | 59 | ||
| Venography | 60 | ||
| Superior Venacavogram | 60 | ||
| Inferior Venacavogram | 60 | ||
| Visceral Venography | 61 | ||
| Hepatic Venogram | 61 | ||
| Renal Venogram | 61 | ||
| Interventional Radiology | 62 | ||
| Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty and Stenting | 62 | ||
| Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Endografts | 65 | ||
| Transcatheter Embolization | 66 | ||
| Inferior Vena Cava Filter Placement | 68 | ||
| Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt | 72 | ||
| Other Procedures | 72 | ||
| Interventional Radiology: Present and Future | 74 | ||
| Cardiac Catheterization | 75 | ||
| General Indications | 75 | ||
| Contraindications, Complications, and Associated Risks | 77 | ||
| Specialized Equipment | 78 | ||
| Angiographic Supplies and Equipment | 78 | ||
| Catheters | 78 | ||
| Contrast media | 78 | ||
| Pressure injector | 79 | ||
| Imaging | 79 | ||
| Physiologic equipment | 79 | ||
| Other Equipment | 80 | ||
| Patient Positioning for Cardiac Catheterization | 81 | ||
| Catheterization Methods and Techniques | 81 | ||
| Precatheterization Care | 81 | ||
| Catheter Introduction | 82 | ||
| Physiologic Equipment | 82 | ||
| Catheterization Studies and Procedures | 82 | ||
| Basic Diagnostic Studies of the Vascular System | 82 | ||
| Adults | 82 | ||
| Children | 86 | ||
| Advanced Diagnostic Studies of the Vascular System in Adults and Children | 86 | ||
| Advanced Diagnostic Studies of the Conduction System in Adults and Children | 86 | ||
| Interventional Procedures of the Vascular System | 88 | ||
| Adults | 88 | ||
| Children | 92 | ||
| Interventional Procedures of the Conduction System in Adults and Children | 94 | ||
| Postcatheterization Care | 95 | ||
| Cardiac Catheterization Trends | 95 | ||
| Catheter-Based Therapies | 95 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 95 | ||
| Electron Beam Computed Tomography | 95 | ||
| Selected bibliography | 98 | ||
| 24 Pediatric Imaging | 99 | ||
| Outline | 99 | ||
| Introduction to Pediatric Imaging | 100 | ||
| Waiting Room | 100 | ||
| Specific Pediatric Considerations | 101 | ||
| Safety | 101 | ||
| Communication | 101 | ||
| Respect Patient/Parent Rights and Dignity | 101 | ||
| Provide Adequate Care and Service to the Patient and Family | 101 | ||
| Age-Based Development | 102 | ||
| Premature Infants | 102 | ||
| Neonate (0 to 28 Days) | 102 | ||
| Infant (28 Days to 18 Months) | 102 | ||
| Toddler (18 Months to 3 Years) | 103 | ||
| Preschooler (3 to 5 Years) | 103 | ||
| School Age (6 to 12 Years) | 104 | ||
| Adolescent (12 to 18 Years) | 104 | ||
| Patients with Special Needs | 105 | ||
| Autism Spectrum Disorders* | 105 | ||
| Special considerations for imaging | 105 | ||
| Personal space and body awareness | 106 | ||
| Touch | 106 | ||
| Patient responses | 106 | ||
| Communication | 106 | ||
| Noise | 106 | ||
| Injections/needle sticks | 107 | ||
| Tips for radiographers | 107 | ||
| Radiation Protection | 108 | ||
| Dose and Diagnostic Information | 108 | ||
| Child versus adult | 108 | ||
| Shielding and dose reduction | 108 | ||
| Discussing radiation risks and benefits with parents | 108 | ||
| Radiographers holding for exams | 110 | ||
| Artifacts | 110 | ||
| Common Pediatric Positions and Projections | 112 | ||
| Abdomen, Gastrointestinal, and Genitourinary Studies | 112 | ||
| Abdomen | 112 | ||
| Positioning and immobilization | 113 | ||
| Pathology | 114 | ||
| Intussusception. | 114 | ||
| Pneumoperitoneum | 115 | ||
| Gastrointestinal and genitourinary studies | 116 | ||
| Radiation protection | 116 | ||
| Vesicoureteral reflux | 117 | ||
| Chest | 118 | ||
| Chest (<1 Year) | 119 | ||
| Chest (>1 Year) | 121 | ||
| Image evaluation | 121 | ||
| Chest (3 to 18 Years) | 124 | ||
| Upright | 124 | ||
| Supine | 124 | ||
| Image evaluation | 124 | ||
| Pelvis and Hips | 125 | ||
| General principles | 125 | ||
| Initial images | 125 | ||
| Preparation and communication | 126 | ||
| Positioning and immobilization | 126 | ||
| Evaluating images | 126 | ||
| Limb Radiography | 127 | ||
| Immobilization | 127 | ||
| Newborn to 2 years old | 127 | ||
| Preschool age | 129 | ||
| School age | 129 | ||
| Radiation protection | 129 | ||
| Fractures | 129 | ||
| Salter-Harris | 130 | ||
| Plastic or bow | 130 | ||
| Greenstick | 130 | ||
| Torus | 130 | ||
| Toddler’s fracture | 130 | ||
| Supracondylar fracture | 131 | ||
| Image evaluation | 131 | ||
| Skull and Paranasal Sinuses | 132 | ||
| Skull | 132 | ||
| Paranasal sinuses | 135 | ||
| Soft Tissue Neck | 137 | ||
| Foreign Bodies | 139 | ||
| Airway Foreign Body | 139 | ||
| Ingested Foreign Body | 139 | ||
| Selected Pediatric Conditions and Syndromes | 141 | ||
| Cystic Fibrosis | 141 | ||
| Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip | 142 | ||
| Nonaccidental Trauma (Child Abuse) | 143 | ||
| Imaging Protocol at Boston Children’s Hospital (BCH) | 146 | ||
| Childhood Pathologies | 147 | ||
| Osteogenesis Imperfecta | 147 | ||
| Type I | 147 | ||
| Type II | 147 | ||
| Type III | 147 | ||
| Type IV | 147 | ||
| Pathologic Fractures and Benign and Malignant Neoplasms | 148 | ||
| Osteochondroma | 148 | ||
| Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC) | 149 | ||
| Osteoid Osteoma | 149 | ||
| Malignant Neoplasms | 150 | ||
| Osteosarcoma | 150 | ||
| Ewing sarcoma | 150 | ||
| Pneumonia | 150 | ||
| Progeria | 152 | ||
| Scoliosis | 152 | ||
| Idiopathic | 152 | ||
| Neuromuscular | 153 | ||
| Congenital | 153 | ||
| Scoliosis imaging | 153 | ||
| Cobb angle, patterns of scoliosis, and estimation of rotation | 154 | ||
| Lateral bends | 154 | ||
| Skeletal maturity | 154 | ||
| Treatment options | 154 | ||
| Advances in Technology | 155 | ||
| Radiography | 155 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 155 | ||
| Ultrasound | 156 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 156 | ||
| Interventional Radiology | 157 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 159 | ||
| Selected bibliography | 159 | ||
| 25 Geriatric Radiography | 161 | ||
| Outline | 161 | ||
| Demographics and Social Effects of Aging | 162 | ||
| Elder Abuse | 165 | ||
| Attitudes toward the Older Adult | 165 | ||
| Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial Effects of Aging | 166 | ||
| Physiology of Aging | 168 | ||
| Aging of the Organ Systems | 168 | ||
| Integumentary system disorders | 168 | ||
| Nervous system disorders | 168 | ||
| Sensory system disorders | 169 | ||
| Musculoskeletal system disorders | 170 | ||
| Cardiovascular system disorders | 170 | ||
| Gastrointestinal system disorders | 171 | ||
| Immune system decline | 172 | ||
| Respiratory system disorders | 172 | ||
| Hematologic system disorders | 173 | ||
| Genitourinary system disorders | 173 | ||
| Endocrine system disorders | 173 | ||
| Summary | 173 | ||
| Patient Care | 175 | ||
| Patient and Family Education | 175 | ||
| Communication | 175 | ||
| Transportation and Lifting | 175 | ||
| Skin Care | 175 | ||
| Contrast Agent Administration | 176 | ||
| Joint Commission Criteria | 176 | ||
| Age-related competencies | 176 | ||
| Performing the Radiographic Procedure | 176 | ||
| Radiographer’s Role | 176 | ||
| Radiographic Positioning for Geriatric Patients | 177 | ||
| Chest | 177 | ||
| Spine | 178 | ||
| Pelvis and Hip | 179 | ||
| Upper Extremity | 180 | ||
| Lower Extremity | 181 | ||
| Technical Factors | 181 | ||
| Conclusion | 182 | ||
| Selected bibliography | 182 | ||
| 26 Mobile Radiography | 183 | ||
| Outline | 183 | ||
| Principles of Mobile Radiography | 184 | ||
| Mobile X-Ray Machines | 184 | ||
| Technical Considerations | 184 | ||
| Grid | 185 | ||
| Anode Heel Effect | 186 | ||
| Source–to–Image Receptor Distance | 187 | ||
| Radiographic Technique Charts | 187 | ||
| Radiation Safety | 188 | ||
| Isolation Considerations | 189 | ||
| Performing Mobile Examinations | 190 | ||
| Initial Procedures | 190 | ||
| Examination | 190 | ||
| Patient Considerations | 190 | ||
| Assessment of the patient’s condition | 190 | ||
| Patient mobility | 191 | ||
| Fractures | 191 | ||
| Interfering devices | 191 | ||
| Positioning and asepsis | 191 | ||
| Radiography | 192 | ||
| Chest | 192 | ||
| Anteroposterior Projection* | 192 | ||
| Upright or supine | 192 | ||
| Position of patient | 192 | ||
| Position of part | 192 | ||
| Central ray | 192 | ||
| Collimation | 192 | ||
| Digital Radiography | 193 | ||
| Structures shown | 193 | ||
| AP or PA Projection* | 194 | ||
| Right or left lateral decubitus position | 194 | ||
| Position of patient | 194 | ||
| Position of part | 194 | ||
| Central ray | 194 | ||
| Collimation | 194 | ||
| Structures shown | 195 | ||
| Abdomen | 196 | ||
| AP Projection* | 196 | ||
| Position of patient | 196 | ||
| Position of part | 196 | ||
| Central ray | 196 | ||
| Collimation | 196 | ||
| Structures shown | 196 | ||
| Anteroposterior or Posteroanterior Projection* | 198 | ||
| Left lateral decubitus position | 198 | ||
| Position of patient | 198 | ||
| Position of part | 198 | ||
| Central ray | 199 | ||
| Collimation | 199 | ||
| Structures shown | 199 | ||
| Pelvis | 200 | ||
| AP Projection* | 200 | ||
| Position of patient | 200 | ||
| Position of part | 200 | ||
| Central ray | 201 | ||
| Collimation | 201 | ||
| Structures shown | 201 | ||
| Femur | 202 | ||
| AP Projection* | 202 | ||
| Position of patient | 202 | ||
| Position of part | 202 | ||
| Central ray | 203 | ||
| Collimation | 203 | ||
| Digital Radiography | 203 | ||
| Structures shown | 203 | ||
| Lateral Projection* | 204 | ||
| Mediolateral or lateromedial projection | 204 | ||
| Dorsal decubitus position | 204 | ||
| Position of patient | 204 | ||
| Position of part | 204 | ||
| Mediolateral projection | 204 | ||
| Lateromedial projection | 204 | ||
| Central ray | 205 | ||
| Collimation | 205 | ||
| Digital Radiography | 205 | ||
| Structures shown | 205 | ||
| Cervical Spine | 206 | ||
| Lateral Projection* | 206 | ||
| Right or left dorsal decubitus position | 206 | ||
| Position of patient | 206 | ||
| Position of part | 206 | ||
| Central ray | 207 | ||
| Collimation | 207 | ||
| Digital Radiography | 207 | ||
| Structures shown | 207 | ||
| Chest and Abdomen: Neonate | 208 | ||
| AP Projection | 208 | ||
| Position of patient | 208 | ||
| Position of part | 209 | ||
| Central ray | 210 | ||
| Collimation | 210 | ||
| Structures shown | 210 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 211 | ||
| Dorsal decubitus position | 211 | ||
| Position of patient | 211 | ||
| Position of part | 211 | ||
| Central ray | 212 | ||
| Collimation | 212 | ||
| Structures shown | 212 | ||
| Selected bibliography | 212 | ||
| 27 Surgical Radiography | 213 | ||
| Outline | 213 | ||
| Surgical Team | 214 | ||
| Sterile Team Members | 215 | ||
| Nonsterile Team Members | 216 | ||
| Proper Surgical Attire | 216 | ||
| Operating Room Attire | 217 | ||
| Personal Hygiene | 217 | ||
| Dance of the Operating Room | 218 | ||
| Proper Image Receptor Handling in the Sterile Field | 219 | ||
| Enemies of the Sterile Field | 220 | ||
| Equipment | 221 | ||
| Cleaning of Equipment | 222 | ||
| Radiation Exposure Considerations | 223 | ||
| Fluoroscopic Procedures for the Operating Room | 223 | ||
| Operative (Immediate) Cholangiography | 223 | ||
| Position of patient | 224 | ||
| Position of C-arm | 224 | ||
| Structures shown | 225 | ||
| Chest (Line Placement, Bronchoscopy) | 226 | ||
| Position of patient | 226 | ||
| Position of C-arm | 226 | ||
| Structures shown | 226 | ||
| Cervical Spine (Anterior Cervical Diskectomy and Fusion) | 227 | ||
| Position of patient | 227 | ||
| Position of C-arm | 227 | ||
| PA projection | 227 | ||
| Lateral projection | 227 | ||
| Structures shown | 227 | ||
| Lumbar Spine | 228 | ||
| Position of patient | 228 | ||
| Position of C-arm | 228 | ||
| AP projection | 228 | ||
| Lateral projection | 229 | ||
| Structures shown | 229 | ||
| Hip (Cannulated Hip Screws or Hip Pinning) | 230 | ||
| Position of patient | 230 | ||
| Position of C-arm | 230 | ||
| Structures shown | 232 | ||
| Femur Nail | 233 | ||
| Position of patient and C-arm | 233 | ||
| Antegrade femoral nailing | 233 | ||
| Retrograde femoral nailing | 234 | ||
| Method | 234 | ||
| Structures shown | 235 | ||
| Tibia (Nail) | 236 | ||
| Position of patient | 236 | ||
| Position of C-arm | 236 | ||
| Structures shown | 237 | ||
| Humerus | 238 | ||
| Position of patient | 238 | ||
| Position of C-arm | 238 | ||
| Structures shown | 239 | ||
| Femoral/Tibial Arteriogram | 240 | ||
| Position of Patient | 240 | ||
| Position of C-arm | 240 | ||
| Structures shown | 241 | ||
| Mobile Radiography Procedures for the Operating Room | 242 | ||
| Cervical Spine | 242 | ||
| Position of patient | 242 | ||
| Position of image receptor and portable machine | 242 | ||
| Structures shown | 242 | ||
| Thoracic or Lumbar Spine | 244 | ||
| Position of patient | 244 | ||
| Lateral projection | 244 | ||
| PA projection | 244 | ||
| Structures shown | 244 | ||
| Extremity Examinations | 246 | ||
| Position of patient | 246 | ||
| Structures shown | 247 | ||
| Selected bibliography | 250 | ||
| 28 Sectional Anatomy for Radiographers | 251 | ||
| Outline | 251 | ||
| Overview | 252 | ||
| Cranial Region | 253 | ||
| Thoracic Region | 269 | ||
| Abdominopelvic Region | 282 | ||
| Selected bibliography | 300 | ||
| 29 Computed Tomography | 301 | ||
| Outline | 301 | ||
| Fundamentals of Computed Tomography | 302 | ||
| Computed Tomography and Conventional Radiography | 302 | ||
| Historical Development | 305 | ||
| Computed Tomography Scanner Generation Classifications | 305 | ||
| Technical Aspects | 308 | ||
| System Components | 309 | ||
| Computer | 309 | ||
| Gantry and Table | 309 | ||
| Operator’s Console | 311 | ||
| Other Components | 311 | ||
| Display monitor | 311 | ||
| Workstation for image manipulation and multiplanar reconstruction | 313 | ||
| Diagnostic Applications | 313 | ||
| Contrast Media | 316 | ||
| Power Injector Use for Administering Intravenous Contrast Media | 317 | ||
| Equipment | 317 | ||
| Patient Care and Injection Safety | 318 | ||
| Factors Affecting Image Quality | 318 | ||
| Spatial Resolution | 318 | ||
| Contrast Resolution | 318 | ||
| Temporal Resolution | 318 | ||
| Noise | 318 | ||
| Artifacts | 319 | ||
| Other Factors | 319 | ||
| Patient factors | 319 | ||
| Scan times | 320 | ||
| Scan diameter | 320 | ||
| Special Features | 321 | ||
| Dynamic Scanning | 321 | ||
| Single Slice Spiral or Helical Computed Tomography | 321 | ||
| Multislice Spiral or Helical Computed Tomography | 323 | ||
| Computed Tomography Angiography | 324 | ||
| Three-Dimensional Imaging | 326 | ||
| Maximum intensity projection | 326 | ||
| Shaded surface display | 326 | ||
| Volume rendering | 326 | ||
| Radiation Treatment Planning | 327 | ||
| PET/CT Scanners | 327 | ||
| Quality Control | 329 | ||
| Computed Tomography and Radiation Dose | 329 | ||
| Estimating Effective Dose | 331 | ||
| Factors That Affect Dose | 331 | ||
| Comparison of Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 333 | ||
| Future Considerations | 333 | ||
| Basic Computed Tomography Examination Protocols | 336 | ||
| Selected bibliography | 340 | ||
| 30 Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 341 | ||
| Outline | 341 | ||
| Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 342 | ||
| Comparison of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Conventional Radiography | 342 | ||
| Historical Development | 342 | ||
| Physical Principles | 343 | ||
| Signal Production | 343 | ||
| Significance of the Signal | 344 | ||
| Equipment | 345 | ||
| Console | 345 | ||
| Equipment Room | 345 | ||
| Magnet Room | 346 | ||
| Infection Control | 348 | ||
| Safety of Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 348 | ||
| Examination Protocols | 351 | ||
| Imaging Parameters | 351 | ||
| Positioning | 353 | ||
| Coils | 354 | ||
| Patient Monitoring | 354 | ||
| Contrast Media | 355 | ||
| Gating | 356 | ||
| Other Considerations | 357 | ||
| Clinical Applications | 357 | ||
| Central Nervous System | 357 | ||
| Chest | 358 | ||
| Abdomen | 360 | ||
| Pelvis | 360 | ||
| Musculoskeletal System | 360 | ||
| Vessels | 363 | ||
| Diffusion and Perfusion | 364 | ||
| Spectroscopy | 365 | ||
| Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 366 | ||
| Conclusion | 367 | ||
| Selected bibliography | 368 | ||
| 31 Diagnostic Ultrasound | 369 | ||
| Outline | 369 | ||
| Principles of Diagnostic Ultrasound | 370 | ||
| Characteristics of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers | 370 | ||
| Resource Organizations | 371 | ||
| Historical Development | 371 | ||
| Physical Principles | 372 | ||
| Properties of Sound Waves | 372 | ||
| Acoustic impedance | 372 | ||
| Velocity of sound | 372 | ||
| Transducer Selection | 372 | ||
| Volume Scanning and Three-Dimensional and Four-Dimensional Imaging | 372 | ||
| Anatomic Relationships and Landmarks | 373 | ||
| Clinical Applications | 374 | ||
| Characteristics of the Sonographic Image | 374 | ||
| Abdomen and Retroperitoneum | 376 | ||
| Liver and biliary tree | 378 | ||
| Pancreas | 380 | ||
| Spleen | 381 | ||
| Kidneys and bladder | 382 | ||
| Musculoskeletal Structures | 383 | ||
| Superficial Structures | 383 | ||
| Neonatal Neurosonography | 385 | ||
| Gynecologic Applications | 386 | ||
| Anatomic features of the pelvis | 386 | ||
| Sonography of the female pelvis | 387 | ||
| Obstetric Applications | 388 | ||
| Vascular Applications | 392 | ||
| Cardiologic Applications | 393 | ||
| Procedure for Echocardiography | 393 | ||
| Cardiac Pathology | 393 | ||
| Congenital heart lesions | 396 | ||
| Conclusion | 396 | ||
| Selected bibliography | 398 | ||
| 32 Nuclear Medicine | 399 | ||
| Outline | 399 | ||
| Principles of Nuclear Medicine | 400 | ||
| Historical Development | 400 | ||
| Comparison with Other Modalities | 401 | ||
| Physical Principles of Nuclear Medicine | 403 | ||
| Basic Nuclear Physics | 403 | ||
| Nuclear Pharmacy | 404 | ||
| Radiation Safety in Nuclear Medicine | 407 | ||
| Instrumentation in Nuclear Medicine | 408 | ||
| Modern-Day Gamma Camera | 408 | ||
| Collimator | 409 | ||
| Crystal and light pipe | 409 | ||
| Multihead gamma camera systems | 409 | ||
| Multi-crystal gamma camera | 409 | ||
| Computers | 409 | ||
| Quantitative Analysis | 410 | ||
| Imaging Methods | 410 | ||
| Static Imaging | 410 | ||
| Whole-Body Imaging | 412 | ||
| Dynamic Imaging | 412 | ||
| SPECT Imaging | 413 | ||
| Combined SPECT and Computed Tomography Imaging | 415 | ||
| Clinical Nuclear Medicine | 415 | ||
| Bone Scintigraphy | 415 | ||
| Bone scan | 415 | ||
| Principle | 415 | ||
| Radiopharmaceutical | 415 | ||
| 33 Bone Densitometry | 441 | ||
| Outline | 441 | ||
| Principles of Bone Densitometry | 442 | ||
| Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry and Conventional Radiography | 443 | ||
| History of Bone Densitometry | 443 | ||
| Bone Biology and Remodeling | 445 | ||
| Osteoporosis | 447 | ||
| Fractures and Falls | 449 | ||
| Bone Health Recommendations | 450 | ||
| Surgeon general’s report on bone health and osteoporosis | 450 | ||
| Physical and Mathematic Principles of Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry | 451 | ||
| Pencil-Beam and Array-Beam Techniques | 454 | ||
| Accuracy and Precision | 455 | ||
| Performing precision assessment | 456 | ||
| Procedure to determine precision error for each technologist | 456 | ||
| Cross-Calibration of Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Machines | 457 | ||
| Z-Scores and T-Scores | 457 | ||
| Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Scanning | 458 | ||
| Radiation Protection | 458 | ||
| Patient Care and Education | 459 | ||
| Patient History | 459 | ||
| Reporting, Confidentiality, Record Keeping, and Scan Storage | 460 | ||
| Computer Competency | 460 | ||
| Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Scanner Longitudinal Quality Control | 461 | ||
| Anatomy, Positioning, and Analysis | 463 | ||
| Serial scans | 463 | ||
| PA lumbar spine | 464 | ||
| Proximal femur | 466 | ||
| Forearm | 468 | ||
| Other Bone Densitometry Techniques | 469 | ||
| Central (or Axial) Skeletal Measurements | 469 | ||
| Total body and body composition | 471 | ||
| Skeletal Health Assessment in Children from Infancy to Adolescence | 473 | ||
| Fracture prediction and definition of osteoporosis | 473 | ||
| DXA assessment in children and adolescents with disease that may affect the skeleton | 473 | ||
| QCT in children and adolescents | 473 | ||
| Densitometry in infants and young children | 473 | ||
| DXA interpretation and reporting in children and adolescents | 473 | ||
| Peripheral Skeletal Measurements | 474 | ||
| Fracture Risk Models | 475 | ||
| Conclusion | 476 | ||
| Resources for information and instruction | 478 | ||
| Selected bibliography | 478 | ||
| 34 Radiation Oncology | 479 | ||
| Outline | 479 | ||
| Principles of Radiation Oncology | 480 | ||
| Historical Development | 481 | ||
| Cancer | 481 | ||
| Risk Factors | 482 | ||
| External Factors | 482 | ||
| Internal factors | 482 | ||
| Familial adenomatous polyposis | 483 | ||
| Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome | 483 | ||
| Familial cancer research | 483 | ||
| Tissue Origins of Cancer | 483 | ||
| Theory | 484 | ||
| Technical Aspects | 485 | ||
| External-Beam Therapy and Brachytherapy | 485 | ||
| Equipment | 485 | ||
| Cobalt-60 units | 486 | ||
| Linear accelerators | 487 | ||
| Multileaf collimation | 489 | ||
| Steps in Radiation Oncology | 489 | ||
| Simulation | 489 | ||
| Dosimetry | 494 | ||
| Treatment | 496 | ||
| TomoTherapy | 499 | ||
| CyberKnife | 499 | ||
| Clinical Applications | 502 | ||
| Lung Cancer | 502 | ||
| Prostate Cancer | 502 | ||
| Head and Neck Cancers | 503 | ||
| Cervical Cancer | 503 | ||
| Hodgkin Lymphoma | 503 | ||
| Breast Cancer | 504 | ||
| Laryngeal Cancer | 504 | ||
| Skin Cancer | 504 | ||
| Medulloblastoma | 504 | ||
| Future Trends | 505 | ||
| Conclusion | 505 | ||
| Selected bibliography | 507 | ||
| Index | I-1 | ||
| A | I-1 | ||
| B | I-4 | ||
| C | I-6 | ||
| D | I-13 | ||
| E | I-15 | ||
| F | I-17 | ||
| G | I-19 | ||
| H | I-20 | ||
| I | I-22 | ||
| J | I-24 | ||
| K | I-24 | ||
| L | I-24 | ||
| M | I-27 | ||
| N | I-30 | ||
| O | I-31 | ||
| P | I-32 | ||
| Q | I-35 | ||
| R | I-35 | ||
| S | I-38 | ||
| T | I-43 | ||
| U | I-46 | ||
| V | I-47 | ||
| W | I-49 | ||
| X | I-49 | ||
| Y | I-49 | ||
| Z | I-49 | ||
| Index | e1 | ||
| A | e1 | ||
| B | e3 | ||
| C | e4 | ||
| D | e7 | ||
| E | e8 | ||
| F | e9 | ||
| G | e10 | ||
| H | e11 | ||
| I | e11 | ||
| J | e13 | ||
| K | e13 | ||
| L | e13 | ||
| M | e13 | ||
| N | e15 | ||
| O | e15 | ||
| P | e16 | ||
| Q | e17 | ||
| R | e17 | ||
| S | e19 | ||
| T | e21 | ||
| U | e22 | ||
| V | e23 | ||
| W | e23 | ||
| X | e23 | ||
| Y | e23 | ||
| Z | e23 | ||
| Endsheet 6 | IBC6 | ||
| Endsheet 7 | IBC7 |