Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The leading medical-surgical text for LPN/LVN students, Linton's Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing, 6th Edition offers just the right level of information to equip today’s students to effectively care for adults and older adults. Covering both medical-surgical and psychiatric mental health conditions and disorders, this comprehensive text addresses the LPN/LVN's role in a variety of care settings, including acute care and long-term care, with a special emphasis on assignment and supervision responsibilities. It also emphasizes culturally competent care and holistic nursing, while thoroughly covering all relevant NCLEX-PN test plan content No other resource offers the breadth of topics at a level that is so perfectly tailored to the LPN/LVN student.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Inside front cover | ifc1 | ||
| Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing | i | ||
| Copyright page | ii | ||
| Dedication | iii | ||
| Acknowledgments | iv | ||
| Contributors and Reviewers | v | ||
| LPN Advisory Board | ix | ||
| To the Instructor | x | ||
| Organization | x | ||
| Key Features | x | ||
| Accessible Language | x | ||
| Key Terms with Phonetic Pronunciations | x | ||
| Nursing Diagnoses, Goals, and Outcome Criteria | xi | ||
| Key Points | xi | ||
| Boxed Features Content | xi | ||
| Other Features | xi | ||
| Updated Content Throughout | xi | ||
| Multiple-Choice, Multiple-Response, and Short Answer Review Questions | xi | ||
| Ancillaries | xi | ||
| For the Instructor | xi | ||
| To the Student | xii | ||
| Key Features | xii | ||
| Reading and Review Tools | xii | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | xii | ||
| Chapter Features | xii | ||
| Table of Contents | xiii | ||
| Unit I Patient Care Concepts | 1 | ||
| 1 The Health Care System | 1 | ||
| Objectives | 1 | ||
| Key Terms | 1 | ||
| Organization of the Health Care System | 1 | ||
| Health Care Reform | 2 | ||
| Administration | 2 | ||
| Public Health | 2 | ||
| Primary Prevention. | 2 | ||
| Secondary Prevention. | 2 | ||
| Tertiary Prevention. | 2 | ||
| Components of the Health Care System | 3 | ||
| Outpatient Care | 3 | ||
| Physicians’ Offices | 3 | ||
| Clinics | 3 | ||
| Health Maintenance Organizations | 4 | ||
| Ambulatory Surgery Centers (Outpatient or Day Surgery) | 4 | ||
| Home Health Agencies | 4 | ||
| History of Home Health Care. | 4 | ||
| Focus of Home Health Care. | 5 | ||
| Funding of Home Care Services. | 5 | ||
| Types of Home Care Agencies. | 5 | ||
| Voluntary Agencies. | 5 | ||
| Official Agencies. | 5 | ||
| Proprietary Agencies. | 6 | ||
| Hospital-Based Agencies. | 6 | ||
| Home Health Care Services. | 6 | ||
| Physical Therapy. | 6 | ||
| Speech Therapy. | 6 | ||
| Occupational Therapy. | 6 | ||
| Social Work Services. | 6 | ||
| Home Health Aide Services. | 6 | ||
| Homemaker Services. | 6 | ||
| Enterostomal and Wound Care Therapy. | 6 | ||
| Other Home Health Care Services. | 6 | ||
| Specialty Home Care Services. | 6 | ||
| Pediatric Home Care. | 7 | ||
| Mental Health Home Care. | 7 | ||
| Hospice | 7 | ||
| Adult Day Centers | 7 | ||
| Inpatient Care | 8 | ||
| Hospitals | 8 | ||
| Psychiatric Hospitals | 8 | ||
| Rehabilitation Centers | 8 | ||
| Long-Term Care Facilities | 9 | ||
| Financing Health Care | 10 | ||
| Medicare | 11 | ||
| Medicaid | 11 | ||
| Nursing’s Role in Cost Containment | 11 | ||
| Quality and Safety in Health Care | 12 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 13 | ||
| Key Points | 13 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 14 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 14 | ||
| 2 Nursing in Varied Patient Care Settings | 16 | ||
| Objectives | 16 | ||
| Key Terms | 16 | ||
| Community and Home Health Nursing | 16 | ||
| Community Health Nursing | 16 | ||
| Community Health Nursing Roles | 16 | ||
| Community-Based Nursing | 17 | ||
| Home Health Nursing | 17 | ||
| Reimbursement Realities in Home Health Nursing | 17 | ||
| Physician Must Design or Authorize a Plan of Care. | 18 | ||
| Care Must Be Skilled, Intermittent, Reasonable, and Necessary. | 18 | ||
| Patient Must Be Homebound. | 18 | ||
| Home Health Agency Must Be Medicare Certified. | 18 | ||
| Types of Home Health Services | 18 | ||
| Skilled Nursing. | 19 | ||
| Skilled Observation and Assessment. | 19 | ||
| Teaching. | 19 | ||
| Performing Skilled Procedures. | 19 | ||
| Specialty Home Care | 19 | ||
| Intravenous Therapy. | 19 | ||
| Ventilator Therapy. | 20 | ||
| Communication Between Home Health Care Team Members | 20 | ||
| Documentation. | 20 | ||
| Case Conferences. | 20 | ||
| Rehabilitation | 21 | ||
| Rehabilitation Concepts | 21 | ||
| Rehabilitation Is a Process of Restoration | 21 | ||
| Impairment Is a Disturbance in Functioning | 21 | ||
| Disability Is a Measurable Loss of Function | 21 | ||
| Handicap Is an Inability to Perform Daily Activities | 21 | ||
| Levels of Disability | 21 | ||
| Goals of Rehabilitation | 21 | ||
| Return of Function | 21 | ||
| Prevention of Further Disability | 22 | ||
| Legislation | 22 | ||
| Rehabilitation Team | 23 | ||
| Approaches to Rehabilitation | 23 | ||
| Long-Term Care | 24 | ||
| Risks for Institutionalization | 24 | ||
| Levels of Care | 24 | ||
| Domiciliary Care Homes | 25 | ||
| Personal Care Homes | 25 | ||
| Intermediate Care Facilities | 25 | ||
| Skilled Nursing Facilities | 25 | ||
| Impact of Relocation | 25 | ||
| Effects of Institutionalization | 25 | ||
| Depersonalization | 26 | ||
| Indignity | 26 | ||
| Redefinition of “Normal” | 26 | ||
| Regression | 26 | ||
| Social Withdrawal | 27 | ||
| Principles of Long-Term Residential Care | 27 | ||
| Promotion of Independence | 27 | ||
| Maintenance of Function | 27 | ||
| Maintenance of Autonomy | 28 | ||
| Assisted Living | 28 | ||
| Continuing Care Retirement Communities | 28 | ||
| Other Patient Care Settings | 28 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 28 | ||
| Key Points | 28 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 29 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 29 | ||
| 3 Legal and Ethical Considerations | 31 | ||
| Objectives | 31 | ||
| Key Terms | 31 | ||
| Ethics | 31 | ||
| Principles of Ethics | 32 | ||
| Values | 32 | ||
| Values Clarification | 33 | ||
| Values Conflicts | 33 | ||
| Philosophical Bases for Ethics | 33 | ||
| Steps in Processing Ethical Dilemmas | 33 | ||
| Institutional Ethics Committees | 34 | ||
| Legal Implications for Nursing Practice | 34 | ||
| Types of Law | 38 | ||
| Tort | 38 | ||
| Malpractice Insurance | 39 | ||
| Legal Considerations in Specific Situations | 39 | ||
| Confidentiality | 39 | ||
| Consent | 39 | ||
| Physicians’ Orders | 40 | ||
| DNR (Do Not Resuscitate) Orders | 40 | ||
| Short Staffing | 40 | ||
| Floating | 41 | ||
| Right to Refuse Treatment | 41 | ||
| Risk Management | 41 | ||
| Summary | 41 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 41 | ||
| Key Points | 41 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 42 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 42 | ||
| 4 The Leadership Role of the Licensed Practical Nurse | 44 | ||
| Objectives | 44 | ||
| Key Terms | 44 | ||
| Leadership versus Management | 45 | ||
| Leadership Styles | 46 | ||
| Autocratic Leadership | 46 | ||
| Democratic Leadership | 46 | ||
| Laissez-Faire Leadership | 47 | ||
| Multicratic Leadership | 47 | ||
| Transformational Leadership | 47 | ||
| Classic Management Theories | 47 | ||
| Theory X | 47 | ||
| Theory Y | 48 | ||
| Functions in the Management Process | 48 | ||
| Planning | 48 | ||
| Organizing | 49 | ||
| Directing | 49 | ||
| Coordinating | 50 | ||
| Controlling | 50 | ||
| Continuous Quality Improvement | 50 | ||
| Conflict Resolution | 51 | ||
| Tips for Effective Management | 52 | ||
| Licensed Practical Nurse as a Leader | 52 | ||
| Team Nursing | 52 | ||
| Role of the Team Leader | 52 | ||
| Issues Related to Team Leadership | 52 | ||
| Making Assignments | 52 | ||
| Accident Prevention and Safety | 53 | ||
| Accountability | 53 | ||
| Characteristics of an Effective Team Leader | 54 | ||
| Characteristics of an Effective Team | 54 | ||
| Licensed Practical Nurse as Charge Nurse | 54 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 55 | ||
| Key Points | 55 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 55 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 55 | ||
| 5 The Nurse-Patient Relationship | 57 | ||
| Objectives | 57 | ||
| Key Terms | 57 | ||
| Holistic View of Nursing Care | 57 | ||
| Use of the Self in Nursing | 57 | ||
| Values, Beliefs, and Attitudes | 58 | ||
| Knowledge | 58 | ||
| Skills | 58 | ||
| Perspective of the Patient | 59 | ||
| Patient versus Client | 59 | ||
| Patients’ Rights | 59 | ||
| Patients’ Expectations | 60 | ||
| Explanation of the Care | 60 | ||
| Patients as Partners in Care | 60 | ||
| Acceptance of Patient Behaviors | 60 | ||
| Safety and Security | 60 | ||
| Guidelines for the Nurse-Patient Relationship | 60 | ||
| Helping Role | 60 | ||
| Communication | 61 | ||
| Empathetic Response | 64 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 65 | ||
| Key Points | 65 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 65 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 65 | ||
| 6 Cultural Aspects of Nursing Care | 67 | ||
| Objectives | 67 | ||
| Key Terms | 67 | ||
| Cultural Concepts | 67 | ||
| Characteristics of Culture | 67 | ||
| Similarities | 67 | ||
| Differences | 68 | ||
| Family. | 68 | ||
| Religion. | 68 | ||
| Communication. | 68 | ||
| Educational Background and Economic Level. | 75 | ||
| Cultural Beliefs Related to Health and Illness | 75 | ||
| Dimensions of American Culture | 76 | ||
| Traditional Health Habits and Beliefs of Major Ethnic Groups in the United States | 76 | ||
| Caucasians (Euro-Americans) | 76 | ||
| African Americans | 77 | ||
| Latinos/Hispanics | 77 | ||
| Asians | 77 | ||
| Native Americans | 77 | ||
| Middle Easterners | 77 | ||
| Cultural Influences on Patient and Family Interactions with the Health Care System | 78 | ||
| Hospital Health Care | 78 | ||
| Community and Home Health Care | 78 | ||
| Long-Term Facility Health Care | 78 | ||
| Cultural Expressions and Implications for Nursing Care | 79 | ||
| Therapeutic Relationship | 79 | ||
| Basic Physiologic Needs | 79 | ||
| Drug Therapy | 80 | ||
| Patient Teaching | 80 | ||
| Complementary and Alternative Therapies | 81 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 81 | ||
| Key Points | 81 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 81 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 81 | ||
| 7 The Nurse and the Family | 83 | ||
| Objectives | 83 | ||
| Key Terms | 83 | ||
| Types of Families | 83 | ||
| Family and Culture | 84 | ||
| Family Developmental Theory | 84 | ||
| Two-Parent Nuclear Family Life Cycle and Developmental Tasks | 84 | ||
| Beginning Families | 84 | ||
| Families with Young Children | 84 | ||
| Families with Adolescents | 84 | ||
| Launching Children and Moving On | 84 | ||
| Families in Later Life | 85 | ||
| Divorced Family and Stepparent Family Life Cycle and Developmental Tasks | 85 | ||
| Gay and Lesbian Family Life Cycle and Developmental Tasks | 85 | ||
| Family Roles and Communications | 85 | ||
| Family Role Structure | 85 | ||
| Family Interaction | 86 | ||
| Family Communication Patterns | 86 | ||
| Functional Communication | 86 | ||
| Dysfunctional Communication | 87 | ||
| Family Coping | 87 | ||
| Stress and Adaptation | 87 | ||
| Coping Strategies | 87 | ||
| Family Nursing Care | 88 | ||
| Role of the Nurse | 88 | ||
| Community Resources | 88 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 89 | ||
| Key Points | 89 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 89 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 89 | ||
| 8 Health and Illness | 91 | ||
| Objectives | 91 | ||
| Key Terms | 91 | ||
| Health-Illness Continuum | 91 | ||
| Traditional Views of Health and Illness | 91 | ||
| Current Views of Health and Illness | 91 | ||
| Basic Human Needs | 92 | ||
| Adaptation to Stress | 93 | ||
| Stress Response | 93 | ||
| Coping | 94 | ||
| Adaptation | 94 | ||
| Homeostasis | 95 | ||
| Health Promotion, Disease Prevention, and Health Maintenance | 95 | ||
| Concept of Illness | 96 | ||
| Illness Behavior | 96 | ||
| Sick Role | 97 | ||
| Impact of Illness on the Family | 97 | ||
| Implications for Nursing Care | 97 | ||
| Prevent Health Problems | 97 | ||
| Help to Satisfy the Patient’s Unmet Basic Human Needs | 97 | ||
| Increase Adaptability | 97 | ||
| Foster Independence | 98 | ||
| Prevent and Manage Crises | 98 | ||
| Carry Out Prescribed Regimens | 98 | ||
| Manage Symptoms | 98 | ||
| Reorder Time | 98 | ||
| Adjust to Changes in the Course of the Illness | 98 | ||
| Prevent Social Isolation | 98 | ||
| Attempt to Normalize Social Interactions | 99 | ||
| Help Family Members to Deal with the Patient’s Illness | 99 | ||
| Assist Terminally Ill Patients to a Peaceful Death | 99 | ||
| Complementary and Alternative Therapies | 99 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 101 | ||
| Key Points | 101 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 102 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 102 | ||
| 9 Nutrition | 103 | ||
| Objectives | 103 | ||
| Key Terms | 103 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System | 103 | ||
| Digestion and Absorption | 103 | ||
| Regulators of Gastrointestinal Activity | 104 | ||
| Digestive Process | 104 | ||
| Mechanisms of Absorption | 104 | ||
| Nutrients | 104 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 104 | ||
| Protein | 105 | ||
| Fat | 105 | ||
| Fluids, Vitamins, and Minerals | 105 | ||
| Factors Affecting Digestion | 105 | ||
| Psychologic State | 105 | ||
| Bacterial Action | 105 | ||
| Food Processing | 105 | ||
| Energy | 105 | ||
| Energy Expenditure | 105 | ||
| Measurement of Energy Expenditure | 105 | ||
| Body Size and Composition. | 105 | ||
| Periods of Growth. | 105 | ||
| Hormones. | 106 | ||
| Other Factors. | 106 | ||
| Energy Measurements and Calculations | 106 | ||
| Dietary Reference Intakes | 106 | ||
| Carbohydrates | 106 | ||
| Definition and Composition of Carbohydrates | 106 | ||
| Classification and Food Sources of Carbohydrates | 106 | ||
| Carbohydrate Metabolism | 106 | ||
| Dietary Fiber | 107 | ||
| Functions of Carbohydrates in the Body | 107 | ||
| Recommended Dietary Allowance/Dietary Reference Intake | 108 | ||
| Lipids | 108 | ||
| Lipid Transport and Storage | 109 | ||
| Lipid Metabolism | 110 | ||
| Recommended Dietary Allowance/Dietary Reference Intake | 110 | ||
| Food Sources of Fat | 110 | ||
| Functions of Lipids | 110 | ||
| Proteins | 110 | ||
| Definition and Composition of Proteins | 110 | ||
| Protein Metabolism and Synthesis | 110 | ||
| Protein Deficiency | 111 | ||
| Evaluation of Protein Quality | 111 | ||
| Functions of Proteins | 112 | ||
| Recommended Dietary Allowance/Dietary Reference Intake | 112 | ||
| Kilocalories of Macronutrients | 112 | ||
| Vitamins | 112 | ||
| Fat-Soluble Vitamins | 112 | ||
| Water-Soluble Vitamins | 113 | ||
| Minerals | 113 | ||
| Water | 113 | ||
| Age-Related Changes | 113 | ||
| Energy | 113 | ||
| Nutritional Care of the Older Adult | 117 | ||
| Dietary Planning | 117 | ||
| Nutrition Programs | 117 | ||
| Nutritional Needs during Prolonged Illness | 117 | ||
| Nutritional Care in Institutional Settings | 117 | ||
| Guidelines for Dietary Planning | 117 | ||
| MyPlate | 117 | ||
| Food Labeling | 120 | ||
| Vegetarian Diets | 120 | ||
| Nursing Assessment of Nutritional Status | 120 | ||
| Dietary History | 121 | ||
| Anthropometric Data | 121 | ||
| Biochemical Assessment: Laboratory Data | 123 | ||
| Weight Management and Eating Disorders | 123 | ||
| Overweight and Obesity | 124 | ||
| Underweight | 124 | ||
| Eating Disorders | 124 | ||
| Anorexia Nervosa | 124 | ||
| Bulimia Nervosa | 124 | ||
| Binge Eating Disorder | 125 | ||
| Nutritional Support with Supplemental Feedings | 125 | ||
| Enteral Tube Feedings | 125 | ||
| Parenteral Nutrition | 126 | ||
| Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition | 126 | ||
| Total Parenteral Nutrition | 126 | ||
| Transitional Feeding | 126 | ||
| Therapeutic Diets | 126 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 127 | ||
| Key Points | 127 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 128 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 128 | ||
| 10 Developmental Processes | 129 | ||
| Objectives | 129 | ||
| Key Terms | 129 | ||
| Young Adulthood | 129 | ||
| Developmental Tasks | 129 | ||
| Health Problems | 130 | ||
| Health Care Needs | 130 | ||
| Middle Years | 132 | ||
| Developmental Tasks | 132 | ||
| Health Problems | 132 | ||
| Health Care Needs | 133 | ||
| Older Adults | 133 | ||
| Developmental Tasks | 134 | ||
| Health Problems | 134 | ||
| Health Care Needs | 134 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 135 | ||
| Key Points | 135 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 135 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 135 | ||
| 11 The Older Patient | 137 | ||
| Objectives | 137 | ||
| Key Terms | 137 | ||
| Definitions | 137 | ||
| Roles of the Gerontological Nurse | 137 | ||
| Ageism—Myths and Stereotypes | 138 | ||
| Myths about Aging | 138 | ||
| Biologic and Physiologic Factors in Aging | 140 | ||
| Theories of Biologic Aging | 140 | ||
| Physiologic Changes in Body Systems | 140 | ||
| Nervous System | 140 | ||
| Respiratory System | 141 | ||
| Cardiovascular System | 141 | ||
| Renal System | 142 | ||
| Integumentary System | 142 | ||
| Gastrointestinal System | 142 | ||
| Musculoskeletal System | 143 | ||
| Sensory System | 143 | ||
| Hearing | 143 | ||
| Vision | 143 | ||
| Taste and Smell | 144 | ||
| Psychosocial Theories of Aging | 144 | ||
| Erikson’s Developmental Tasks | 145 | ||
| Disengagement, Activity, and Continuity Theories | 145 | ||
| Coping and Adaptation | 145 | ||
| Family | 146 | ||
| Functional Assessment | 146 | ||
| Drug Therapy and Older Adults | 147 | ||
| Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion | 147 | ||
| Adverse Drug Reactions | 148 | ||
| The Nurse and the Older Patient | 149 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 149 | ||
| Key Points | 149 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 149 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 149 | ||
| 12 The Nursing Process and Critical Thinking | 151 | ||
| Objectives | 151 | ||
| Key Terms | 151 | ||
| Components of the Nursing Process | 151 | ||
| Assessment | 152 | ||
| Subjective Data: Health History Interview | 152 | ||
| Objective Data | 154 | ||
| Physical Examination. | 154 | ||
| Inspection. | 155 | ||
| Palpation. | 155 | ||
| Percussion. | 155 | ||
| Auscultation. | 155 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests. | 156 | ||
| Patient Records. | 156 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis | 157 | ||
| Planning | 159 | ||
| Intervention (Implementation) | 160 | ||
| Evaluation | 160 | ||
| Clinical Pathways | 160 | ||
| Concept Maps | 160 | ||
| Nursing Documentation | 161 | ||
| Documentation Formats | 161 | ||
| Evidence-Based Practice | 163 | ||
| Critical Thinking | 163 | ||
| Relationship of Critical Thinking to the Nursing Process | 163 | ||
| Characteristics of a Critical Thinker | 164 | ||
| Critical Thinking Tools | 165 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 165 | ||
| Key Points | 165 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 166 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 166 | ||
| Unit II Physiologic Responses to Illness | 167 | ||
| 13 Immunity, Inflammation, and Infection | 167 | ||
| Objectives | 167 | ||
| Key Terms | 167 | ||
| Physical and Chemical Barriers | 167 | ||
| Immunity | 168 | ||
| Innate (Natural) versus Acquired Immunity | 168 | ||
| Cells and Organs Involved in Immunity | 169 | ||
| Nonspecific Defenses against Infection | 169 | ||
| Specific Defenses against Infection—Immune Response | 169 | ||
| Antibody-Mediated (Immediate) Immunity | 169 | ||
| Cell-Mediated (Delayed) Immunity | 170 | ||
| Inflammatory Process | 170 | ||
| Actions in the Inflammatory Process | 170 | ||
| Cardiovascular Changes | 170 | ||
| Increased Permeability | 170 | ||
| Chemical Mediators | 170 | ||
| Antiinflammation | 170 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms of Inflammation | 171 | ||
| Wound Healing | 171 | ||
| Infection | 172 | ||
| Infectious Agents | 173 | ||
| Bacteria | 173 | ||
| Viruses | 173 | ||
| Fungi | 173 | ||
| Protozoa | 173 | ||
| Rickettsiae | 173 | ||
| Helminths | 174 | ||
| Prions | 174 | ||
| Transmission of Infection | 174 | ||
| Causative Agent | 174 | ||
| Reservoir | 174 | ||
| Portal of Exit | 174 | ||
| Mode of Transfer | 174 | ||
| Portal of Entry | 174 | ||
| Susceptible Host | 174 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms of Infection | 174 | ||
| Types of Infections | 175 | ||
| Community-Acquired Infections | 175 | ||
| Prevention and Control. | 175 | ||
| Health Care–Associated Infections | 176 | ||
| Care of Patients with Infection | 178 | ||
| Medical Asepsis | 179 | ||
| Hand Hygiene | 179 | ||
| Surgical Asepsis | 180 | ||
| Standard Precautions | 180 | ||
| Transmission-Based (Isolation) Precautions | 181 | ||
| Airborne Infection Isolation Precautions | 181 | ||
| Droplet Precautions | 181 | ||
| Contact Precautions | 181 | ||
| Personal Protective Equipment for Health Care Personnel | 182 | ||
| Protective Environment | 183 | ||
| Bioterrorism | 184 | ||
| Immunocompromised Patients | 184 | ||
| Nursing Care of Patients with Infections | 184 | ||
| Immunodeficiency | 185 | ||
| Causes and Risk Factors | 185 | ||
| Unit III Acute Care | 234 | ||
| 16 First Aid, Emergency Care, and Disaster Management | 234 | ||
| Objectives | 234 | ||
| Key Terms | 234 | ||
| General Principles of Emergency Care | 234 | ||
| Guidelines for First-Aid Treatment | 235 | ||
| Nursing Assessment in Emergencies | 235 | ||
| Health History | 235 | ||
| Chief Complaint | 235 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 235 | ||
| Past Medical History | 235 | ||
| Physical Examination | 235 | ||
| Specific Emergencies | 236 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Arrest | 236 | ||
| Causes. | 236 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms. | 236 | ||
| Nursing Assessment. | 236 | ||
| Interventions. | 236 | ||
| Choking or Airway Obstruction | 236 | ||
| Unit IV Long-Term Care and Home Health Care | 315 | ||
| 20 Falls | 315 | ||
| Objectives | 315 | ||
| Key Terms | 315 | ||
| Definition of Falls | 315 | ||
| Incidence and Risk Factors | 315 | ||
| Restraints | 316 | ||
| Safety Restraint Device (Srd) | 316 | ||
| Chemical Restraints | 318 | ||
| Nursing Assessment and Intervention | 318 | ||
| Fall Prevention | 318 | ||
| Reducing Fear | 320 | ||
| Reducing Fall-Related Injuries | 321 | ||
| When a Fall Occurs | 321 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 322 | ||
| Key Points | 322 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 323 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 323 | ||
| 21 Immobility | 325 | ||
| Objectives | 325 | ||
| Key Terms | 325 | ||
| Nursing Assessment and Intervention | 327 | ||
| Exercise | 327 | ||
| Range-of-Motion Exercises | 328 | ||
| Isometric Exercises | 328 | ||
| Positioning | 328 | ||
| Skin Integrity | 328 | ||
| Development of Pressure Ulcers | 329 | ||
| Preventing Pressure Ulcers | 329 | ||
| Stages of Pressure Ulcers | 331 | ||
| Stage I: Nonblanchable Erythema. | 331 | ||
| Stage II: Partial Thickness. | 331 | ||
| Stage III: Full-Thickness Skin Loss. | 331 | ||
| Stage IV: Full-Thickness Tissue Loss. | 332 | ||
| Additional Stages. | 332 | ||
| Treatment | 332 | ||
| Respiratory Status | 332 | ||
| Food and Fluid Intake | 333 | ||
| Elimination | 333 | ||
| Constipation | 333 | ||
| Urinary Incontinence | 334 | ||
| Circulatory Effects | 334 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 334 | ||
| Key Points | 334 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 335 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 335 | ||
| 22 Delirium and Dementia | 336 | ||
| Objectives | 336 | ||
| Key Terms | 336 | ||
| Delirium | 336 | ||
| Mild Neurocognitive Disorder | 338 | ||
| Major Neurocognitive Disorder (Dementia) | 338 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with a Neurocognitive Disorder | 339 | ||
| Assessment | 339 | ||
| Interventions: Delirium | 340 | ||
| Acute Confusion | 340 | ||
| Disturbed Sleep Pattern | 341 | ||
| Risk for Injury | 341 | ||
| Interventions: Dementia | 341 | ||
| Self-Care Deficit | 341 | ||
| Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements | 343 | ||
| Disturbed Sleep Pattern | 344 | ||
| Risk for Injury | 344 | ||
| Chronic Confusion and Impaired Verbal Communication | 344 | ||
| Guidelines for Working with Patients with Dementia | 344 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 345 | ||
| Key Points | 345 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 345 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 345 | ||
| 23 Incontinence | 347 | ||
| Objectives | 347 | ||
| Key Terms | 347 | ||
| Urinary Incontinence: Prevalence and Costs | 347 | ||
| Physiology of Urination | 347 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests and Procedures | 348 | ||
| Laboratory Tests | 348 | ||
| Postvoid Residual Volume | 349 | ||
| Provocative Stress Testing | 349 | ||
| Common Therapeutic Measures | 349 | ||
| Behavioral Interventions | 349 | ||
| Bladder Training | 349 | ||
| Habit Training | 349 | ||
| Prompted Voiding | 349 | ||
| Pelvic Muscle Rehabilitation | 349 | ||
| Urge Suppression. | 350 | ||
| Reflex Training | 350 | ||
| Drug Therapy | 350 | ||
| Urine Collection Devices | 350 | ||
| External Devices | 350 | ||
| Indwelling Catheters | 352 | ||
| Intermittent Self-Catheterization | 352 | ||
| Garments and Pads for Incontinence | 352 | ||
| Penile Compression Device | 352 | ||
| Pelvic Organ Support Devices | 353 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 353 | ||
| Types of Urinary Incontinence | 353 | ||
| Urge Incontinence | 353 | ||
| Description | 353 | ||
| Management | 354 | ||
| Overflow Incontinence | 354 | ||
| Description | 354 | ||
| Management | 355 | ||
| Stress Incontinence | 355 | ||
| Description | 355 | ||
| Management | 356 | ||
| Functional Incontinence | 357 | ||
| Description | 357 | ||
| Management | 357 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Urinary Incontinence | 357 | ||
| Assessment | 357 | ||
| Health History | 357 | ||
| Chief Complaint. | 357 | ||
| Pattern. | 357 | ||
| Volume. | 357 | ||
| Related Symptoms. | 357 | ||
| Medical History. | 357 | ||
| Review of Systems. | 357 | ||
| Functional Assessment. | 357 | ||
| Physical Examination | 357 | ||
| Interventions | 358 | ||
| Deficient Knowledge | 358 | ||
| Incontinence | 359 | ||
| Bladder Training or Retraining | 359 | ||
| Habit Training | 359 | ||
| Social Isolation | 359 | ||
| Situational Low Self-Esteem | 359 | ||
| Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity | 359 | ||
| Risk for Infection | 360 | ||
| Bowel (Fecal) Incontinence | 361 | ||
| Physiologic Process of Defecation | 361 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests and Procedures | 361 | ||
| Common Therapeutic Measures | 361 | ||
| Enemas | 361 | ||
| Pouches | 362 | ||
| Drug Therapy | 362 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 362 | ||
| Biofeedback | 362 | ||
| Dietary Changes | 362 | ||
| Types of Bowel (Fecal) Incontinence | 363 | ||
| Overflow Incontinence | 363 | ||
| Unit V Cancer | 384 | ||
| 25 The Patient with Cancer | 384 | ||
| Objectives | 384 | ||
| Key Terms | 384 | ||
| Why Study Cancer? | 384 | ||
| What is Cancer? | 385 | ||
| Normal Body Cells | 385 | ||
| Benign Tumors | 385 | ||
| Malignant Tumors | 385 | ||
| Malignant Transformation | 386 | ||
| Classification of Tumors | 386 | ||
| Anatomic Site | 386 | ||
| Staging System for Cancer | 386 | ||
| Risk Factors | 387 | ||
| Seven Warning Signs | 388 | ||
| Prevention and Early Detection | 388 | ||
| Health Promotion | 388 | ||
| Avoidance of Carcinogens | 388 | ||
| Identification of High-Risk People | 389 | ||
| Screening for Cancer | 389 | ||
| Diagnosis of Cancer | 389 | ||
| Medical Treatment of Cancer | 389 | ||
| Surgery | 389 | ||
| Radiotherapy | 393 | ||
| Caregiver Safety | 393 | ||
| External Radiation | 394 | ||
| Procedure. | 394 | ||
| Patient Preparation. | 394 | ||
| Internal Radiation | 394 | ||
| Sealed-Source Radiation. | 394 | ||
| Unsealed-Source Radiation. | 394 | ||
| Side Effects | 395 | ||
| Bone Marrow Suppression. | 395 | ||
| Alopecia. | 395 | ||
| Anorexia. | 395 | ||
| Dry Mouth. | 395 | ||
| Effects on Reproduction. | 395 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 395 | ||
| Types of Antineoplastic Drugs | 395 | ||
| Side Effects | 398 | ||
| Biotherapy | 399 | ||
| Bone Marrow and Stem Cell Transplantation | 400 | ||
| Hormone Therapy | 400 | ||
| Complementary and Alternative Therapies | 400 | ||
| Unproven Methods of Cancer Treatment | 400 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient Who Has Cancer | 401 | ||
| Diagnostic Phase | 401 | ||
| Assessment | 401 | ||
| Health History | 401 | ||
| Chief Complaint. | 401 | ||
| Past Medical History. | 401 | ||
| Family History. | 401 | ||
| Review of Systems. | 401 | ||
| Functional Assessment. | 401 | ||
| Physical Examination | 403 | ||
| Interventions | 403 | ||
| Ineffective Denial | 403 | ||
| Anxiety | 403 | ||
| Deficient Knowledge | 404 | ||
| Treatment Phase | 404 | ||
| Assessment | 404 | ||
| Health History | 404 | ||
| Physical Examination | 404 | ||
| Interventions | 405 | ||
| Anxiety | 405 | ||
| Ineffective Coping | 406 | ||
| Risk for Injury | 406 | ||
| Pneumonitis and Pulmonary Fibrosis. | 406 | ||
| Cardiac Toxicity. | 406 | ||
| Neurotoxicity. | 406 | ||
| Cystitis and Diarrhea. | 406 | ||
| Thrombocytopenia. | 406 | ||
| Anemia. | 406 | ||
| Reproductive Cells. | 406 | ||
| Risk for Infection | 406 | ||
| Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements | 407 | ||
| Impaired Oral Mucous Membranes | 407 | ||
| Constipation | 408 | ||
| Fatigue | 409 | ||
| Disturbed Body Image | 409 | ||
| Grieving | 409 | ||
| Interrupted Family Processes | 409 | ||
| Ineffective Self-Health Management | 409 | ||
| Chemotherapy. | 409 | ||
| Recovery and Rehabilitation | 410 | ||
| Terminal Illness | 410 | ||
| Oncologic Emergencies | 411 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 412 | ||
| Key Points | 412 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 412 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 413 | ||
| 26 The Patient with an Ostomy | 414 | ||
| Objectives | 414 | ||
| Key Terms | 414 | ||
| Indications and Preparation for Ostomy Surgery | 414 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient Having Ostomy Surgery | 415 | ||
| Assessment | 415 | ||
| Interventions | 415 | ||
| Anxiety and Grieving | 415 | ||
| Deficient Knowledge | 415 | ||
| Fecal Diversion | 415 | ||
| Ileostomy | 416 | ||
| Procedure | 416 | ||
| Postoperative Nursing Care of the Patient with an Ileostomy | 418 | ||
| Assessment | 418 | ||
| Health History | 418 | ||
| Physical Examination | 418 | ||
| Interventions | 419 | ||
| Risk for Deficient Fluid Volume | 419 | ||
| Risk for Ineffective Tissue Perfusion (of Stoma) | 419 | ||
| Impaired Skin Integrity | 419 | ||
| Disturbed Body Image | 420 | ||
| Sexual Dysfunction and/or Ineffective Sexuality Pattern | 420 | ||
| Ineffective Self-Health Management | 421 | ||
| Risk for Injury | 421 | ||
| Continent (Pouch) Ileostomy | 421 | ||
| Procedure | 422 | ||
| Postoperative Nursing Care of the Patient with a Continent Ileostomy | 422 | ||
| Assessment | 422 | ||
| Interventions | 422 | ||
| Risk for Injury | 422 | ||
| Deficient Knowledge | 422 | ||
| Ileoanal Reservoir (Ileoanal Anastomosis) | 422 | ||
| Procedure | 423 | ||
| Complications | 423 | ||
| Obstruction. | 423 | ||
| Peritonitis. | 423 | ||
| Inflammation. | 423 | ||
| Postoperative Nursing Care of the Patient with an Ileoanal Reservoir | 423 | ||
| Assessment | 423 | ||
| Interventions | 423 | ||
| Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity | 423 | ||
| Bowel Incontinence | 424 | ||
| Risk for Injury | 424 | ||
| Colostomy | 424 | ||
| Procedure | 424 | ||
| Postoperative Nursing Care of the Patient with a Colostomy | 424 | ||
| Assessment | 424 | ||
| Interventions | 425 | ||
| Ineffective Self-Health Management | 425 | ||
| Risk for Injury | 427 | ||
| Urinary Diversion | 427 | ||
| Ileal Conduit | 428 | ||
| Procedure | 428 | ||
| Complications | 428 | ||
| Postoperative Nursing Care of the Patient with an Ileal Conduit | 428 | ||
| Continent Internal Reservoirs | 429 | ||
| Unit VI Neurologic Disorders | 435 | ||
| 27 Neurologic Disorders | 435 | ||
| Objectives | 435 | ||
| Key Terms | 435 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System | 435 | ||
| Age-Related Changes | 439 | ||
| Pathophysiology of Neurologic Diseases | 439 | ||
| Nursing Assessment of Neurologic Function | 441 | ||
| Health History | 441 | ||
| Chief Complaint and History of Present Illness. | 441 | ||
| Past Medical History. | 441 | ||
| Family History. | 443 | ||
| Review of Systems. | 443 | ||
| Functional Assessment. | 443 | ||
| Physical Examination | 443 | ||
| Basic Neurologic Examination | 443 | ||
| Level of Consciousness. | 443 | ||
| Pupillary Evaluation. | 443 | ||
| Neuromuscular Response. | 443 | ||
| Vital Signs. | 443 | ||
| General Physical Examination. | 443 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests and Procedures | 445 | ||
| Advanced Neurologic Examination | 445 | ||
| Cranial Nerves. | 445 | ||
| Coordination and Balance. | 445 | ||
| Neuromuscular Function. | 446 | ||
| Sensory Function. | 446 | ||
| Pain. | 446 | ||
| Temperature. | 447 | ||
| Light Touch. | 447 | ||
| Vibration. | 447 | ||
| Position. | 447 | ||
| Tactile Discrimination. | 447 | ||
| Reflexes. | 447 | ||
| Lumbar Puncture | 448 | ||
| Electroencephalography | 448 | ||
| Electromyography | 449 | ||
| Radiologic Studies | 449 | ||
| Brain Scan. | 449 | ||
| Cerebral Angiography and Digital Subtraction Angiography. | 449 | ||
| Computed Tomography. | 449 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging. | 449 | ||
| Common Therapeutic Measures | 449 | ||
| Drug Therapy | 449 | ||
| Surgery | 449 | ||
| Preoperative Nursing Care | 450 | ||
| Postoperative Nursing Care | 450 | ||
| Increased Intracranial Pressure | 451 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 451 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 451 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 452 | ||
| Disorders of the Nervous System | 453 | ||
| Headache | 453 | ||
| Migraine Headache | 453 | ||
| Cluster Headache | 453 | ||
| Tension Headache | 453 | ||
| Seizure Disorder | 453 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis | 453 | ||
| Seizure Classification | 454 | ||
| Partial Seizures. | 454 | ||
| Generalized Seizures. | 454 | ||
| Status Epilepticus. | 454 | ||
| Aura. | 454 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 455 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 455 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with a Seizure Disorder | 455 | ||
| Assessment | 455 | ||
| Interventions | 455 | ||
| Risk for Injury | 455 | ||
| Ineffective Coping and Deficient Knowledge | 458 | ||
| Head Injury | 458 | ||
| Types of Head Injuries | 458 | ||
| Scalp Injuries. | 458 | ||
| Concussion. | 458 | ||
| Contusion. | 458 | ||
| Hematomas. | 458 | ||
| Subdural Hematoma. | 458 | ||
| Epidural Hematoma. | 458 | ||
| Intracerebral Hemorrhage. | 459 | ||
| Penetrating Injuries. | 459 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 459 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with a Head Injury | 459 | ||
| Assessment | 459 | ||
| Interventions | 461 | ||
| Risk for Ineffective Cerebral Tissue Perfusion | 461 | ||
| Ineffective Breathing Pattern | 461 | ||
| Risk for Injury | 461 | ||
| Risk for Infection | 461 | ||
| Impaired Physical Mobility | 461 | ||
| Disturbed Body Image and Ineffective Role Performance | 461 | ||
| Brain Tumors | 461 | ||
| Causes and Risk Factors | 461 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 462 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 462 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with a Brain Tumor | 462 | ||
| Assessment | 462 | ||
| Interventions | 462 | ||
| Acute Pain | 462 | ||
| Risk for Acute Confusion and Impaired Memory | 462 | ||
| Risk for Injury | 462 | ||
| Impaired Physical Mobility and Self-Care Deficits (Bathing, Dressing, Feeding, Toileting) | 462 | ||
| Ineffective Coping | 463 | ||
| Infectious and Inflammatory Conditions: Meningitis | 463 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 463 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis | 463 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 463 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Meningitis | 463 | ||
| Assessment | 463 | ||
| Interventions | 464 | ||
| Risk for Ineffective Cerebral Tissue Perfusion | 464 | ||
| Ineffective Breathing Pattern | 464 | ||
| Acute Pain | 464 | ||
| Risk for Injury | 464 | ||
| Deficient Fluid Volume | 464 | ||
| Risk for Disuse Syndrome | 464 | ||
| Infectious and Inflammatory Conditions: Encephalitis | 464 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 464 | ||
| Unit VII Respiratory Disorders | 531 | ||
| 30 Disorders of the Upper Respiratory Tract | 531 | ||
| Objectives | 531 | ||
| Key Terms | 531 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology of the Nose, Sinuses, and Throat | 531 | ||
| Nose | 531 | ||
| Sinuses | 531 | ||
| Throat | 532 | ||
| Age-Related Changes in the Nose, Sinuses, and Throat | 532 | ||
| Nursing Assessment of the Nose, Sinuses, and Throat | 533 | ||
| Health History | 533 | ||
| Chief Complaint and History of Present Illness | 533 | ||
| Past Medical History | 533 | ||
| Review of Systems | 533 | ||
| Physical Examination | 533 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests and Procedures | 533 | ||
| Throat Culture | 533 | ||
| Laryngoscopy | 534 | ||
| Common Therapeutic Measures | 534 | ||
| Nose Drops | 534 | ||
| Humidification | 535 | ||
| Tracheostomy Suctioning | 535 | ||
| Tracheostomy Care | 538 | ||
| Nasal Surgery | 538 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient Having Nasal Surgery | 539 | ||
| Assessment | 539 | ||
| Interventions | 539 | ||
| Decreased Cardiac Output | 539 | ||
| Acute Pain | 539 | ||
| Impaired Gas Exchange | 539 | ||
| Disturbed Body Image | 539 | ||
| Disorders of the Nose and Sinuses | 539 | ||
| Sinusitis | 539 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 540 | ||
| Complications | 540 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis and Treatment | 540 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 540 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient Having Sinus Surgery | 540 | ||
| Nasal Polyps | 540 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient Having Nasal Polyp Surgery | 540 | ||
| Allergic Rhinitis | 541 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 541 | ||
| Unit VIII Hematologic and Immunologic Disorders | 622 | ||
| 33 Hematologic Disorders | 622 | ||
| Objectives | 622 | ||
| Key Terms | 622 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology of the Hematologic System | 622 | ||
| Anatomic Structures and Components of the Hematologic System | 622 | ||
| Bone Marrow | 622 | ||
| Kidneys | 622 | ||
| Liver | 622 | ||
| Spleen | 622 | ||
| Blood | 623 | ||
| Red Blood Cells (RBCs or Erythrocytes). | 623 | ||
| Platelets (Thrombocytes). | 623 | ||
| Clotting Factors. | 623 | ||
| Plasma. | 624 | ||
| Physiologic Functions of the Hematologic System | 624 | ||
| Oxygenation | 624 | ||
| Hemostasis | 624 | ||
| Age-Related Changes | 624 | ||
| Nursing Assessment of the Hematologic System | 624 | ||
| Health History | 624 | ||
| Chief Complaint and History of Present Illness | 624 | ||
| Past Medical History | 624 | ||
| Family History | 625 | ||
| Review of Systems | 625 | ||
| Functional Assessment | 626 | ||
| Occupation and Hobbies. | 626 | ||
| Self-Concept. | 626 | ||
| Activity and Exercise. | 626 | ||
| Sleep and Rest. | 626 | ||
| Nutrition. | 626 | ||
| Interpersonal Relationships. | 626 | ||
| Coping and Stress. | 626 | ||
| Perception of Health. | 626 | ||
| Physical Examination | 626 | ||
| General Survey | 627 | ||
| Skin | 627 | ||
| Head and Neck | 627 | ||
| Thorax | 627 | ||
| Lungs. | 627 | ||
| Heart and Vascular System. | 627 | ||
| Abdomen | 627 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests and Procedures | 627 | ||
| Blood Tests | 627 | ||
| Bone Marrow Biopsy | 629 | ||
| Common Therapeutic Measures | 629 | ||
| Nursing Actions for the Patient at Risk for Injury from Low Red Blood Cell Counts | 629 | ||
| Nursing Actions for the Patient at Risk for Injury from Bleeding | 629 | ||
| Blood Product Transfusions | 629 | ||
| Typing for Transfusions | 629 | ||
| Transfusions of Packed Red Blood Cells | 630 | ||
| Platelet Transfusions | 630 | ||
| Fresh Frozen Plasma Transfusions | 630 | ||
| Reactions to Blood Transfusions | 630 | ||
| Colony-Stimulating Factors | 632 | ||
| Disorders of the Hematologic System | 632 | ||
| Red Blood Cell Disorders | 632 | ||
| Polycythemia Vera | 632 | ||
| Aplastic Anemia | 633 | ||
| Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia | 634 | ||
| Iron Deficiency Anemia | 635 | ||
| Pernicious Anemia (Vitamin B12 Anemia) | 635 | ||
| Sickle Cell Anemia | 635 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms of Sickle Cell Crisis. | 636 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis of Sickle Cell Disease. | 636 | ||
| Medical Treatment of the Patient in Sickle Cell Crisis. | 636 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient in Sickle Cell Crisis | 636 | ||
| Assessment | 636 | ||
| Interventions | 636 | ||
| Acute Pain | 636 | ||
| Anxiety | 637 | ||
| Risk for Injury | 637 | ||
| Risk for Deficient Fluid Volume | 638 | ||
| Ineffective Self-Health Management | 638 | ||
| Coagulation Disorders | 638 | ||
| Thrombocytopenia | 638 | ||
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation | 639 | ||
| Hemophilia | 639 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms. | 639 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis. | 639 | ||
| Medical Treatment. | 639 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Hemophilia | 639 | ||
| Assessment | 639 | ||
| Interventions | 639 | ||
| Risk for Injury | 639 | ||
| Acute Pain | 640 | ||
| Ineffective Self-Health Management | 640 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 640 | ||
| Key Points | 640 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 641 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 641 | ||
| 34 Immunologic Disorders | 642 | ||
| Objectives | 642 | ||
| Key Terms | 642 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology of the Immune System | 642 | ||
| Anatomic Structures and Components of the Immune System | 642 | ||
| Bone Marrow | 642 | ||
| Stem Cells | 642 | ||
| White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) | 642 | ||
| Neutrophils. | 642 | ||
| Monocytes and Macrophages. | 643 | ||
| Eosinophils. | 643 | ||
| Basophils. | 643 | ||
| Mast Cells. | 643 | ||
| B Lymphocytes (B Cells). | 643 | ||
| T Lymphocytes (T Cells). | 643 | ||
| Cytokines | 643 | ||
| Eicosanoids | 644 | ||
| Thymus | 644 | ||
| Lymph, Lymphatics, and Lymph Nodes | 644 | ||
| Liver | 644 | ||
| Spleen | 644 | ||
| Peyer Patches | 644 | ||
| Physiologic Functions of the Immune System | 644 | ||
| Innate Immunity | 644 | ||
| Anatomic and Physiologic Barriers. | 644 | ||
| Inflammation. | 645 | ||
| Phagocytosis. | 645 | ||
| Acquired Immunity | 645 | ||
| Antibody-Mediated Immunity. | 645 | ||
| Cell-Mediated Immunity. | 646 | ||
| Tolerance | 646 | ||
| Age-Related Changes | 646 | ||
| Nursing Assessment of the Immune System | 646 | ||
| Health History | 646 | ||
| Chief Complaint and History of Present Illness | 646 | ||
| Past Medical History | 646 | ||
| Family History | 646 | ||
| Review of Systems | 647 | ||
| Functional Assessment | 647 | ||
| Occupation and Hobbies. | 647 | ||
| Self-Concept. | 647 | ||
| Activity and Exercise. | 648 | ||
| Sleep and Rest. | 648 | ||
| Nutrition. | 648 | ||
| Interpersonal Relationships. | 648 | ||
| Coping and Stress. | 648 | ||
| Perception of Health. | 648 | ||
| Physical Examination | 648 | ||
| General Survey | 648 | ||
| Skin | 648 | ||
| Head and Neck | 648 | ||
| Thorax | 648 | ||
| Lungs. | 648 | ||
| Heart and Vascular System. | 648 | ||
| Abdomen | 648 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests and Procedures | 648 | ||
| Blood Tests | 651 | ||
| Cultures of Blood, Urine, Sputum, and Stool | 651 | ||
| Skin Tests | 651 | ||
| Common Therapeutic Measures | 651 | ||
| Nursing Actions for the Patient at Risk for Injury from Infection | 651 | ||
| Bone Marrow Transplantation and Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation | 651 | ||
| White Blood Cell Disorders of the Immune System | 653 | ||
| Neutropenia | 653 | ||
| Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma | 654 | ||
| Hodgkin Disease | 654 | ||
| Leukemia | 654 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms of Acute Leukemia | 654 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis of Acute Leukemia | 655 | ||
| Medical Treatment of the Patient with Acute Leukemia | 655 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Acute Leukemia | 655 | ||
| Assessment | 655 | ||
| Interventions | 656 | ||
| Risk for Injury | 656 | ||
| Infection. | 656 | ||
| Thrombocytopenia. | 656 | ||
| Anemia. | 656 | ||
| Fatigue | 656 | ||
| Impaired Oral Mucous Membrane | 656 | ||
| Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements | 656 | ||
| Anxiety | 656 | ||
| Ineffective Self-Health Management | 657 | ||
| Other Immune System Disorders | 657 | ||
| Hypersensitivity Reactions | 657 | ||
| Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura | 657 | ||
| Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura | 657 | ||
| Autoimmune Diseases | 658 | ||
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 658 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 658 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis | 658 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 658 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 659 | ||
| Assessment | 659 | ||
| Interventions | 659 | ||
| Fatigue | 659 | ||
| Acute Pain | 659 | ||
| Disturbed Body Image | 659 | ||
| Ineffective Coping | 659 | ||
| Ineffective Self-Health Management | 659 | ||
| Transplant Rejection | 660 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 660 | ||
| Key Points | 660 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 661 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 661 | ||
| 35 Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome | 663 | ||
| Objectives | 663 | ||
| Key Terms | 663 | ||
| History | 663 | ||
| Demographics | 664 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 664 | ||
| Life Cycle of Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 667 | ||
| Body’s Response to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection | 668 | ||
| Stages of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection | 668 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection | 668 | ||
| Complications | 668 | ||
| Opportunistic Infections | 669 | ||
| Parasitic Infections | 669 | ||
| Cryptosporidiosis and Isosporiasis | 669 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis | 669 | ||
| Fungal Infections | 670 | ||
| Microsporidiosis | 670 | ||
| Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia | 670 | ||
| Aspergillosis | 671 | ||
| Candidiasis | 671 | ||
| Coccidioidomycosis | 671 | ||
| Cryptococcosis | 671 | ||
| Histoplasmosis | 671 | ||
| Viral Infections | 671 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus Infections | 671 | ||
| Herpes Simplex and Herpes Zoster | 671 | ||
| Oral Hairy Leukoplakia | 672 | ||
| Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy | 672 | ||
| Bacterial Infections | 672 | ||
| Bacillary Angiomatosis | 672 | ||
| Mycobacterium avium Complex | 672 | ||
| Tuberculosis | 672 | ||
| Oncologic Conditions | 672 | ||
| Kaposi Sarcoma | 672 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 673 | ||
| Treatment. | 673 | ||
| Lymphoma | 673 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 673 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 673 | ||
| Pharmacology | 674 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection | 674 | ||
| Assessment | 674 | ||
| Health History | 677 | ||
| Physical Examination | 677 | ||
| Interventions | 678 | ||
| Ineffective Self-Health Management | 678 | ||
| Anxiety | 678 | ||
| Risk for Infection | 678 | ||
| Impaired Oral Mucous Membrane | 678 | ||
| Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements | 678 | ||
| Deficient Fluid Volume | 678 | ||
| Acute Confusion or Chronic Confusion | 679 | ||
| Acute Pain or Chronic Pain | 679 | ||
| Ineffective Coping | 679 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 679 | ||
| Key Points | 679 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 680 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 680 | ||
| Unit IX Cardiovascular Disorders | 681 | ||
| 36 Cardiac Disorders | 681 | ||
| Objectives | 681 | ||
| Key Terms | 681 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart | 681 | ||
| Chambers | 681 | ||
| Muscle Layers | 682 | ||
| Valves | 682 | ||
| Atrioventricular Valves | 682 | ||
| Semilunar Valves | 682 | ||
| Heart Sounds | 683 | ||
| Coronary Blood Flow | 683 | ||
| Conduction System | 684 | ||
| Cardiac Innervation | 685 | ||
| Cardiac Function | 685 | ||
| Cardiac Cycle | 685 | ||
| Cardiac Output | 685 | ||
| Preload. | 685 | ||
| Contractility. | 685 | ||
| Afterload. | 685 | ||
| Myocardial Oxygen Consumption | 685 | ||
| Age-Related Changes | 685 | ||
| Heart | 686 | ||
| Blood Vessels | 686 | ||
| Nursing Assessment of Cardiac Function | 686 | ||
| Health History | 686 | ||
| Chief Complaint and History of Present Illness | 686 | ||
| Medical History | 686 | ||
| Family History | 686 | ||
| Review of Systems | 686 | ||
| Functional Assessment | 686 | ||
| Physical Examination | 687 | ||
| Vital Signs | 687 | ||
| Blood Pressure. | 687 | ||
| Pulses. | 687 | ||
| Respirations. | 687 | ||
| Skin | 687 | ||
| Heart Sounds | 687 | ||
| Heart Murmurs. | 688 | ||
| Extremities | 688 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests and Procedures | 688 | ||
| Electrocardiogram | 688 | ||
| Ambulatory Electrocardiogram (Holter Monitor) | 691 | ||
| Implantable Loop Recorder | 691 | ||
| Echocardiogram (Heart Sonogram) | 692 | ||
| Transesophageal Echocardiogram | 692 | ||
| Stress Test (Exercise Tolerance Test) | 692 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 692 | ||
| Multiple-Gated Acquisition Scan | 692 | ||
| Myocardial Perfusion Imaging | 692 | ||
| Ultrafast Computed Tomography | 693 | ||
| Cardiac Catheterization (Cardiac Angiography, Coronary Arteriography) | 693 | ||
| Electrophysiology Study | 694 | ||
| Laboratory Tests | 694 | ||
| Arterial Blood Gases | 694 | ||
| Pulse Oximetry | 694 | ||
| Cardiac Markers | 694 | ||
| Troponin. | 694 | ||
| Creatine Kinase. | 694 | ||
| Myoglobin. | 695 | ||
| Complete Blood Count | 695 | ||
| White Blood Cell Count. | 695 | ||
| Red Blood Cell Count. | 695 | ||
| Hematocrit. | 695 | ||
| Hemoglobin. | 695 | ||
| Platelet (Thrombocyte) Count. | 695 | ||
| Lipid Profile | 695 | ||
| B-Type Natriuretic Peptide | 696 | ||
| C-Reactive Protein | 696 | ||
| Common Therapeutic Measures | 696 | ||
| Drug Therapy | 696 | ||
| Cardiac Glycosides | 696 | ||
| Antianginals | 696 | ||
| Antidysrhythmics | 696 | ||
| Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors | 696 | ||
| Diuretics | 696 | ||
| Anticoagulants | 702 | ||
| Heparin. | 702 | ||
| Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin. | 702 | ||
| Warfarin. | 703 | ||
| Dabigatran. | 703 | ||
| Antiplatelet Agents | 703 | ||
| Fibrinolytic Agents | 703 | ||
| Lipid-Lowering Agents | 703 | ||
| Analgesics | 703 | ||
| Diet Therapy | 704 | ||
| Sodium | 704 | ||
| Potassium | 704 | ||
| Oxygen Therapy | 704 | ||
| Pacemakers | 704 | ||
| Temporary Pacemakers | 704 | ||
| Permanent Pacemakers | 704 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with a Pacemaker | 704 | ||
| Automatic Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (AICD) | 705 | ||
| Complications. | 705 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with an Automatic Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator | 705 | ||
| Cardioversion | 705 | ||
| Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation | 706 | ||
| Defibrillation | 706 | ||
| Cardiac Surgery | 706 | ||
| Preoperative Nursing Care of the Cardiac Surgery Patient | 706 | ||
| Assessment | 706 | ||
| Unit X Digestive Disorders | 785 | ||
| 39 Upper Digestive Tract Disorders | 785 | ||
| Objectives | 785 | ||
| Key Terms | 785 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology of the Upper Digestive Tract | 785 | ||
| Mouth | 785 | ||
| Pharynx | 785 | ||
| Esophagus | 786 | ||
| Stomach | 786 | ||
| Age-Related Changes | 786 | ||
| Nursing Assessment of the Upper Digestive Tract | 786 | ||
| Health History | 786 | ||
| Chief Complaint and History of Present Illness | 786 | ||
| Functional Assessment | 787 | ||
| Physical Examination | 787 | ||
| Head and Neck | 787 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests and Procedures | 787 | ||
| Endoscopic Examination | 787 | ||
| Radiographic Studies | 787 | ||
| Laboratory Studies | 788 | ||
| Common Therapeutic Measures | 788 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Intubation | 788 | ||
| Tube Feedings | 788 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Decompression | 790 | ||
| Total Parenteral Nutrition | 792 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Surgery | 793 | ||
| Preoperative Nursing Care of the Patient Having Gastrointestinal Surgery | 793 | ||
| Postoperative Nursing Care of the Patient Who Has Had Gastrointestinal Surgery | 794 | ||
| Drug Therapy | 794 | ||
| Disorders Affecting Ingestion | 794 | ||
| Anorexia | 798 | ||
| Causes | 798 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis | 798 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 798 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Anorexia | 798 | ||
| Assessment | 798 | ||
| Interventions | 798 | ||
| Feeding Problems | 799 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis and Treatment | 799 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Feeding Problems | 799 | ||
| Assessment | 799 | ||
| Interventions | 799 | ||
| Oral Inflammation and Infections of the Oral Cavity | 799 | ||
| Stomatitis | 799 | ||
| Vincent Infection | 800 | ||
| Herpes Simplex Type 1 Infection | 800 | ||
| Aphthous Stomatitis | 800 | ||
| Candida Albicans | 800 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Oral Inflammation or Infection | 800 | ||
| Assessment | 800 | ||
| Interventions | 800 | ||
| Disorders of the Teeth and Gums | 800 | ||
| Dental Caries | 800 | ||
| Periodontal Disease | 801 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with a Tooth or Gum Disorder | 801 | ||
| Assessment | 801 | ||
| Interventions | 801 | ||
| Oral Cancer | 801 | ||
| Risk Factors | 801 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 801 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis and Treatment | 802 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Oral Cancer | 802 | ||
| Assessment | 802 | ||
| Interventions | 802 | ||
| Impaired Oral Mucous Membrane | 802 | ||
| Ineffective Breathing Pattern | 802 | ||
| Acute Pain | 803 | ||
| Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements | 803 | ||
| Impaired Verbal Communication | 803 | ||
| Disturbed Body Image | 803 | ||
| Risk for Infection | 803 | ||
| Ineffective Peripheral Tissue Perfusion of Graft | 803 | ||
| Parotitis | 803 | ||
| Achalasia | 803 | ||
| Esophageal Cancer | 804 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 804 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 804 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis | 804 | ||
| Medical and Surgical Treatment | 804 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Esophageal Cancer | 804 | ||
| Assessment | 804 | ||
| Interventions | 805 | ||
| Acute Pain | 805 | ||
| Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements | 805 | ||
| Anxiety | 805 | ||
| Risk for Injury | 805 | ||
| Impaired Gas Exchange | 805 | ||
| Deficient Knowledge | 806 | ||
| Disorders Affecting Digestion and Absorption | 806 | ||
| Nausea and Vomiting | 806 | ||
| Complications | 806 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 806 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Nausea and Vomiting | 806 | ||
| Assessment | 806 | ||
| Interventions | 806 | ||
| Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements and Deficient Fluid Volume | 806 | ||
| Risk for Aspiration | 807 | ||
| Hiatal Hernia | 807 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 807 | ||
| Causes | 808 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 808 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis | 808 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 808 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Hiatal Hernia | 809 | ||
| Assessment | 809 | ||
| Interventions | 809 | ||
| Chronic Pain | 809 | ||
| Risk for Aspiration | 809 | ||
| Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements | 809 | ||
| Postoperative Nursing Care of the Patient with Hiatal Hernia Repair | 809 | ||
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease | 810 | ||
| Unit XI Urologic Disorders | 890 | ||
| 42 Urologic Disorders | 890 | ||
| Objectives | 890 | ||
| Key Terms | 890 | ||
| Anatomy of the Urinary System | 890 | ||
| Kidneys and Ureters | 890 | ||
| Bladder and Urethra | 891 | ||
| Physiology of the Urinary System | 892 | ||
| Regulation and Excretion | 892 | ||
| Urine Production | 892 | ||
| Glomerular Filtration. | 892 | ||
| Tubular Reabsorption. | 893 | ||
| Tubular Secretion. | 893 | ||
| Urine Elimination | 893 | ||
| Regulation of Serum Calcium and Phosphate | 894 | ||
| Regulation of Blood Pressure | 894 | ||
| Hormonal Stimulation of Red Blood Cell Production | 894 | ||
| Age-Related Changes in the Urinary System | 894 | ||
| Nursing Assessment of the Urinary System | 894 | ||
| Health History | 894 | ||
| Chief Complaint | 894 | ||
| History of Present Illness | 895 | ||
| Past Medical History | 895 | ||
| Family History | 895 | ||
| Review of Systems | 895 | ||
| Functional Assessment | 895 | ||
| Physical Examination | 895 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests and Procedures | 896 | ||
| Urine Tests | 896 | ||
| Urinalysis | 896 | ||
| Urine Culture and Sensitivity | 896 | ||
| Creatinine Clearance | 896 | ||
| Blood Tests | 896 | ||
| Blood Urea Nitrogen | 896 | ||
| Serum Creatinine | 896 | ||
| Serum Electrolytes | 896 | ||
| Radiographic Tests and Procedures | 900 | ||
| Kidneys, Ureters, and Bladder | 900 | ||
| Intravenous Pyelogram | 900 | ||
| Renal Arteriogram | 900 | ||
| Cystogram | 900 | ||
| Renal Scan | 900 | ||
| Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 901 | ||
| Renal Ultrasound | 901 | ||
| Invasive Procedures | 901 | ||
| Renal Biopsy | 901 | ||
| Cystoscopy | 901 | ||
| Urodynamic Studies | 902 | ||
| Cystogram and Voiding Cystourethrogram | 902 | ||
| Cystometrogram | 902 | ||
| Common Therapeutic Measures | 902 | ||
| Catheterization | 902 | ||
| Ureteral Catheter | 903 | ||
| Nephrostomy Tube | 903 | ||
| Urinary Stent | 903 | ||
| Urologic Surgery | 903 | ||
| Preoperative Care | 903 | ||
| Postoperative Care | 903 | ||
| Drug Therapy | 903 | ||
| Urinary Tract Inflammation and Infections | 906 | ||
| Urethritis | 906 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 906 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis | 906 | ||
| Unit XII Musculoskeletal Disorders | 939 | ||
| 43 Connective Tissue Disorders | 939 | ||
| Objectives | 939 | ||
| Key Terms | 939 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology of Connective Tissues | 939 | ||
| Bone | 940 | ||
| Cartilage | 940 | ||
| Ligaments | 940 | ||
| Tendons | 940 | ||
| Joint Structure and Function | 940 | ||
| Age-Related Changes | 940 | ||
| Nursing Assessment of Connective Tissue Structures | 940 | ||
| Health History | 940 | ||
| Chief Complaint and History of Present Illness | 940 | ||
| Past Medical History | 940 | ||
| Accidents and Injuries. | 941 | ||
| Current and Past Medications. | 941 | ||
| Family History | 941 | ||
| Review of Systems | 941 | ||
| Functional Assessment | 941 | ||
| Physical Examination | 941 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests and Procedures | 941 | ||
| Common Therapeutic Measures | 942 | ||
| Physical and Occupational Therapy | 942 | ||
| Education and Support | 942 | ||
| Drug Therapy | 942 | ||
| Surgical Treatment | 949 | ||
| Disorders of Connective Tissue Structures | 949 | ||
| Osteoarthritis | 949 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 950 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 950 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis | 950 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 951 | ||
| Physical Measures. | 951 | ||
| Drug Therapy. | 951 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 951 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Osteoarthritis | 951 | ||
| Assessment | 951 | ||
| Interventions | 952 | ||
| Chronic Pain | 952 | ||
| Impaired Physical Mobility | 953 | ||
| Ineffective Coping | 954 | ||
| Ineffective Self-Health Management | 954 | ||
| Nursing Care after Total Joint Replacement | 954 | ||
| Assessment | 954 | ||
| Interventions | 955 | ||
| Acute Pain | 955 | ||
| Risk for Injury | 955 | ||
| Impaired Physical Mobility | 955 | ||
| Ineffective Peripheral Tissue Perfusion | 955 | ||
| Risk for Infection | 956 | ||
| Anxiety or Fear | 956 | ||
| Deficient Knowledge | 956 | ||
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | 956 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 956 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 957 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis | 958 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 958 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis | 959 | ||
| Assessment | 959 | ||
| Interventions | 959 | ||
| Chronic Pain | 959 | ||
| Activity Intolerance | 959 | ||
| Ineffective Coping | 960 | ||
| Social Isolation | 960 | ||
| Ineffective Self-Health Management | 960 | ||
| Osteoporosis | 960 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 960 | ||
| Risk Factors | 960 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 961 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis | 961 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 961 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Osteoporosis | 961 | ||
| Assessment | 961 | ||
| Interventions | 962 | ||
| Risk for Trauma | 962 | ||
| Chronic Pain | 962 | ||
| Ineffective Self-Health Management | 962 | ||
| Gout | 962 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 962 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 963 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis | 963 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 963 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Gout | 963 | ||
| Assessment | 963 | ||
| Interventions | 963 | ||
| Acute Pain | 963 | ||
| Impaired Physical Mobility | 964 | ||
| Impaired Urinary Elimination | 964 | ||
| Ineffective Self-Health Management | 964 | ||
| Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma) | 964 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 965 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 965 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis | 965 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 965 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Progressive Systemic Sclerosis | 965 | ||
| Assessment | 965 | ||
| Interventions | 966 | ||
| Impaired Skin Integrity | 966 | ||
| Self-Care Deficits (Bathing, Feeding, Toileting) | 966 | ||
| Chronic Pain | 966 | ||
| Social Isolation | 966 | ||
| Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements | 966 | ||
| Risk for Injury | 967 | ||
| Ineffective Self-Health Management | 967 | ||
| Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis | 967 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 967 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 967 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis | 967 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 967 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Polymyositis | 967 | ||
| Other Connective Tissue Disorders | 968 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 969 | ||
| Key Points | 969 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 969 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 969 | ||
| 44 Fractures | 971 | ||
| Objectives | 971 | ||
| Key Terms | 971 | ||
| Classification of Fractures | 971 | ||
| Cause and Risk Factors | 971 | ||
| Fracture Healing | 972 | ||
| Complications | 973 | ||
| Infection | 973 | ||
| Fat Embolism | 973 | ||
| Deep Vein Thrombosis | 974 | ||
| Compartment Syndrome | 974 | ||
| Shock | 974 | ||
| Joint Stiffness and Contractures | 974 | ||
| Malunion, Nonunion, and Delayed Union | 974 | ||
| Posttraumatic Arthritis | 975 | ||
| Avascular Necrosis | 975 | ||
| Complex Regional Pain Syndrome | 975 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 975 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests and Procedures | 975 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 976 | ||
| Reduction | 976 | ||
| Fixation | 976 | ||
| Common Therapeutic Measures | 977 | ||
| Casts, Splints, and Immobilizers | 977 | ||
| Traction | 979 | ||
| Electrical Stimulation and Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMFs) | 980 | ||
| Assistive Devices | 980 | ||
| Crutches | 980 | ||
| Gait Patterns | 981 | ||
| Walkers | 982 | ||
| Canes | 982 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with a Fracture | 983 | ||
| Assessment | 983 | ||
| Health History | 983 | ||
| Physical Examination | 983 | ||
| Interventions | 984 | ||
| Acute Pain | 984 | ||
| Ineffective Peripheral Tissue Perfusion | 984 | ||
| Risk for Infection | 984 | ||
| Impaired Physical Mobility | 984 | ||
| Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity | 984 | ||
| Activity Intolerance | 985 | ||
| Management of Specific Fractures | 985 | ||
| Hip Fracture | 985 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis | 985 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 985 | ||
| Postoperative Nursing Care of the Patient with a Hip Fracture | 986 | ||
| Assessment | 986 | ||
| Nursing Diagnoses, Goals, and Outcome Criteria: Hip Fracture | 986 | ||
| Interventions | 986 | ||
| Colles Fracture | 987 | ||
| Unit XIII Reproductive Disorders | 1005 | ||
| 46 Pituitary and Adrenal Disorders | 1005 | ||
| Objectives | 1005 | ||
| Key Terms | 1005 | ||
| Hormone Functions and Regulation | 1005 | ||
| Pituitary Gland | 1006 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology of the Pituitary Gland | 1006 | ||
| Nursing Assessment of the Patient with a Pituitary Disorder | 1007 | ||
| Health History | 1007 | ||
| Present Illness | 1007 | ||
| Past Medical History | 1008 | ||
| Family History | 1008 | ||
| Review of Systems | 1008 | ||
| Functional Assessment | 1008 | ||
| Physical Examination | 1008 | ||
| Age-Related Changes | 1008 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests and Procedures | 1008 | ||
| Radiographic Studies | 1008 | ||
| Laboratory Studies | 1009 | ||
| Disorders of the Pituitary Gland | 1010 | ||
| Hyperpituitarism | 1010 | ||
| Cause | 1010 | ||
| Prolactinemia. | 1011 | ||
| Gigantism. | 1011 | ||
| Acromegaly. | 1011 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 1011 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis | 1011 | ||
| Radiographic Studies. | 1011 | ||
| Laboratory Studies. | 1011 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 1012 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 1012 | ||
| Radiation. | 1013 | ||
| Drug Therapy. | 1013 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Hyperpituitarism | 1013 | ||
| Assessment | 1013 | ||
| Interventions | 1013 | ||
| Disturbed Body Image | 1013 | ||
| Activity Intolerance | 1013 | ||
| Chronic Pain | 1015 | ||
| Ineffective Self-Health Management | 1015 | ||
| Postoperative Nursing Care of the Patient with Hyperpituitarism | 1015 | ||
| Assessment | 1015 | ||
| Interventions | 1016 | ||
| Anxiety | 1016 | ||
| Decreased Intracranial Adaptive Capacity | 1016 | ||
| Acute Pain and Impaired Oral Mucous Membrane | 1016 | ||
| Risk for Injury | 1016 | ||
| Excess Fluid Volume or Deficient Fluid Volume | 1017 | ||
| Risk for Infection | 1017 | ||
| Hypopituitarism | 1017 | ||
| Cause and Pathophysiology | 1017 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 1017 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis | 1017 | ||
| Medical and Surgical Treatment | 1018 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Hypopituitarism | 1018 | ||
| Assessment | 1018 | ||
| Interventions | 1018 | ||
| Posterior Pituitary Disorders | 1019 | ||
| Diabetes Insipidus | 1019 | ||
| Cause | 1019 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1019 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 1019 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis | 1019 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Diabetes Insipidus | 1020 | ||
| Assessment | 1020 | ||
| Interventions | 1020 | ||
| Anxiety and Disturbed Body Image | 1020 | ||
| Deficient Fluid Volume | 1020 | ||
| Activity Intolerance | 1020 | ||
| Ineffective Self-Health Management | 1021 | ||
| Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone | 1021 | ||
| Cause | 1021 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1021 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 1021 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis | 1021 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 1021 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone | 1021 | ||
| Assessment | 1021 | ||
| Interventions | 1022 | ||
| Risk for Injury | 1022 | ||
| Excess Fluid Volume | 1022 | ||
| Ineffective Self-Health Management | 1022 | ||
| Adrenal Glands | 1022 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology of the Adrenal Glands | 1022 | ||
| Medulla | 1022 | ||
| Cortex | 1023 | ||
| Function of the Adrenal Glands | 1023 | ||
| Mineralocorticoids | 1023 | ||
| Renin, Angiotensin, and Aldosterone | 1023 | ||
| Glucocorticoids | 1023 | ||
| Sex Hormones | 1024 | ||
| Nursing Assessment of the Patient with an Adrenal Disorder | 1024 | ||
| Health History | 1024 | ||
| Present Illness | 1024 | ||
| Past Medical History | 1024 | ||
| Review of Systems | 1024 | ||
| Functional Assessment | 1024 | ||
| Physical Examination | 1024 | ||
| Age-Related Changes | 1024 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests and Procedures | 1024 | ||
| Disorders of the Adrenal Glands | 1024 | ||
| Adrenal Hypofunction (Addison Disease) | 1024 | ||
| Cause | 1024 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1025 | ||
| Acute Adrenal Crisis (Addisonian Crisis). | 1025 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis | 1026 | ||
| Laboratory Studies. | 1026 | ||
| Electrocardiogram. | 1026 | ||
| Radiographic Studies. | 1027 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 1027 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Addison Disease | 1027 | ||
| Assessment | 1027 | ||
| Interventions | 1027 | ||
| Ineffective Peripheral Tissue Perfusion | 1027 | ||
| Risk for Injury | 1027 | ||
| Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements | 1030 | ||
| Fatigue | 1030 | ||
| Disturbed Body Image | 1030 | ||
| Ineffective Self-Health Management | 1030 | ||
| Adrenal Hypersecretion (Cushing Syndrome) | 1030 | ||
| Cause | 1030 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1030 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis | 1031 | ||
| Laboratory Studies. | 1031 | ||
| Radiographic Studies. | 1031 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 1031 | ||
| Drug Therapy. | 1031 | ||
| Radiation. | 1031 | ||
| Surgical Management. | 1032 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Cushing Syndrome | 1032 | ||
| Assessment | 1032 | ||
| Interventions | 1032 | ||
| Risk for Infection | 1032 | ||
| Anxiety | 1032 | ||
| Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity | 1032 | ||
| Risk for Injury | 1032 | ||
| Disturbed Body Image | 1033 | ||
| Ineffective Self-Health Management | 1033 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Adrenalectomy Patient | 1033 | ||
| Preoperative Nursing Care | 1033 | ||
| Postoperative Nursing Care | 1033 | ||
| Pheochromocytoma | 1033 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 1034 | ||
| Key Points | 1034 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 1034 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 1034 | ||
| 47 Thyroid and Parathyroid Disorders | 1036 | ||
| Objectives | 1036 | ||
| Key Terms | 1036 | ||
| Thyroid Gland | 1036 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology of the Thyroid Gland | 1036 | ||
| Age-Related Changes in Thyroid Function | 1036 | ||
| Nursing Assessment of the Thyroid Gland | 1037 | ||
| Health History | 1037 | ||
| Physical Examination | 1037 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests and Procedures | 1037 | ||
| Disorders of the Thyroid Gland | 1038 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 1038 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 1038 | ||
| Complications | 1038 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis | 1040 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 1040 | ||
| Drug Therapy. | 1040 | ||
| Thionamides. | 1040 | ||
| Iodides. | 1040 | ||
| Radioactive Iodine. | 1040 | ||
| Surgical Treatment. | 1040 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Nonsurgical Patient with Hyperthyroidism | 1041 | ||
| Assessment | 1041 | ||
| Interventions | 1042 | ||
| Decreased Cardiac Output | 1042 | ||
| Disturbed Sleep Pattern | 1042 | ||
| Hyperthermia | 1042 | ||
| Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements | 1042 | ||
| Risk for Injury | 1043 | ||
| Impaired Comfort | 1043 | ||
| Diarrhea | 1043 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient Having a Thyroidectomy | 1043 | ||
| Assessment | 1043 | ||
| Preoperative Care | 1043 | ||
| Postoperative Care | 1043 | ||
| Interventions | 1043 | ||
| Ineffective Airway Clearance | 1043 | ||
| Decreased Cardiac Output | 1045 | ||
| Disturbed Body Image | 1045 | ||
| Acute Pain | 1045 | ||
| Risk for Infection | 1045 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 1045 | ||
| Cause and Risk Factors | 1046 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 1046 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis | 1047 | ||
| Complications | 1047 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 1047 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Hypothyroidism | 1047 | ||
| Assessment | 1047 | ||
| Interventions | 1048 | ||
| Activity Intolerance | 1048 | ||
| Imbalanced Nutrition: More Than Body Requirements | 1049 | ||
| Hypothermia | 1049 | ||
| Constipation | 1049 | ||
| Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity | 1049 | ||
| Decreased Cardiac Output | 1049 | ||
| Acute Confusion | 1049 | ||
| Disturbed Body Image | 1049 | ||
| Fatigue | 1049 | ||
| Deficient Knowledge | 1049 | ||
| Goiter | 1049 | ||
| Simple Goiter | 1049 | ||
| Nodules | 1050 | ||
| Thyroid Cancer | 1050 | ||
| Parathyroid Glands | 1050 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology of the Parathyroid Glands | 1050 | ||
| Nursing Assessment of Parathyroid Function | 1051 | ||
| Health History | 1051 | ||
| Physical Examination | 1051 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests and Procedures | 1051 | ||
| Disorders of the Parathyroid Glands | 1051 | ||
| Hyperparathyroidism | 1051 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 1051 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis | 1052 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 1052 | ||
| Surgical Intervention. | 1052 | ||
| Drug Therapy. | 1052 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Hyperparathyroidism | 1052 | ||
| Assessment | 1052 | ||
| Interventions | 1053 | ||
| Activity Intolerance and Risk for Injury | 1053 | ||
| Impaired Urinary Elimination | 1054 | ||
| Constipation | 1054 | ||
| Deficient Knowledge | 1054 | ||
| Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements | 1054 | ||
| Postoperative Care | 1054 | ||
| Hypoparathyroidism | 1054 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 1054 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis | 1055 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 1055 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Hypoparathyroidism | 1055 | ||
| Assessment | 1055 | ||
| Interventions | 1055 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 1055 | ||
| Key Points | 1055 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 1056 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 1056 | ||
| 48 Diabetes Mellitus and Hypoglycemia | 1058 | ||
| Objectives | 1058 | ||
| Key Terms | 1058 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 1058 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1058 | ||
| Role of Insulin | 1059 | ||
| Glucose. | 1059 | ||
| Fatty Acids. | 1059 | ||
| Protein. | 1060 | ||
| Cause | 1060 | ||
| Risk Factors | 1060 | ||
| Metabolic Syndrome | 1060 | ||
| Complications | 1061 | ||
| Long-Term Complications | 1061 | ||
| Microvascular Complications. | 1061 | ||
| Retinopathy. | 1061 | ||
| Nephropathy. | 1061 | ||
| Macrovascular Complications. | 1061 | ||
| Neuropathic Complications. | 1062 | ||
| Mononeuropathy. | 1062 | ||
| Polyneuropathy. | 1062 | ||
| Autonomic Neuropathy. | 1062 | ||
| Hypoglycemic Unawareness. | 1062 | ||
| Foot Complications of Diabetes. | 1062 | ||
| Prevention of Long-Term Complications. | 1063 | ||
| Acute Emergency Complications | 1064 | ||
| Acute Hypoglycemia. | 1064 | ||
| Treatment. | 1064 | ||
| Diabetic Ketoacidosis. | 1064 | ||
| Dehydration. | 1065 | ||
| Electrolyte Imbalance. | 1065 | ||
| Acidosis. | 1065 | ||
| Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Syndrome. | 1066 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis | 1066 | ||
| Prediabetes | 1066 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 1066 | ||
| Nutritional Management | 1066 | ||
| Exercise | 1068 | ||
| Insulin Therapy | 1069 | ||
| Route. | 1070 | ||
| Concentrations. | 1070 | ||
| Premixed Insulin Products. | 1070 | ||
| Dosing Schedules. | 1071 | ||
| Conventional Therapy. | 1071 | ||
| Basal-Bolus Insulin Therapy. | 1071 | ||
| Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion. | 1071 | ||
| Insulin Injection. | 1071 | ||
| Insulin Pump. | 1072 | ||
| Oral Hypoglycemics (Antihyperglycemics or Antidiabetics) | 1073 | ||
| Sulfonylureas. | 1073 | ||
| Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors. | 1073 | ||
| Biguanides. | 1074 | ||
| Thiazolidinediones. | 1074 | ||
| Meglitinides and d-Phenylalanines. | 1074 | ||
| Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors. | 1074 | ||
| Sodium Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors. | 1074 | ||
| Combination Oral Medications. | 1074 | ||
| Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose. | 1075 | ||
| Glycosylated Glucose Levels | 1075 | ||
| Complications of Therapy | 1077 | ||
| Hypoglycemia. | 1077 | ||
| Somogyi Phenomenon. | 1077 | ||
| Dawn Phenomenon. | 1077 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Diabetes Mellitus | 1077 | ||
| Assessment | 1077 | ||
| Health History | 1077 | ||
| Chief Complaint and History of Present Illness. | 1077 | ||
| Past Medical History. | 1077 | ||
| Family History. | 1077 | ||
| Review of Systems. | 1077 | ||
| Functional Assessment. | 1078 | ||
| Physical Examination | 1078 | ||
| Interventions | 1078 | ||
| Ineffective Self-Health Management | 1079 | ||
| Ineffective Family Therapeutic Regimen Management | 1082 | ||
| Risk for Deficient Fluid Volume | 1083 | ||
| Risk for Injury | 1083 | ||
| Activity Intolerance | 1083 | ||
| Chronic Pain | 1083 | ||
| Impaired Skin Integrity | 1083 | ||
| Acute Confusion | 1083 | ||
| Ineffective Coping | 1083 | ||
| Hypoglycemia | 1084 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1084 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms | 1084 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis | 1084 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 1084 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Hypoglycemia | 1086 | ||
| Assessment | 1086 | ||
| Interventions | 1086 | ||
| Deficient Knowledge | 1086 | ||
| Risk for Injury | 1086 | ||
| Ineffective Self-Health Management | 1086 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 1086 | ||
| Key Points | 1086 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 1087 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 1087 | ||
| Unit XIV Reproductive Disorders | 1088 | ||
| 49 Female Reproductive Disorders | 1088 | ||
| Objectives | 1088 | ||
| Key Terms | 1088 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System | 1088 | ||
| External Genitalia | 1088 | ||
| Internal Genitalia | 1089 | ||
| Breasts | 1089 | ||
| Menstrual Cycle | 1089 | ||
| Nursing Assessment of the Female Reproductive System | 1092 | ||
| Health History | 1092 | ||
| Chief Complaint and History of Present Illness | 1092 | ||
| Past Medical History | 1092 | ||
| Menstrual History. | 1092 | ||
| Obstetric-Gynecologic History. | 1092 | ||
| Family History | 1092 | ||
| Review of Systems | 1092 | ||
| Functional Assessment | 1092 | ||
| Physical Examination | 1092 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests and Procedures | 1093 | ||
| Pelvic Examination | 1093 | ||
| Stains and Cultures | 1094 | ||
| Endometrial and Cervical Biopsies | 1095 | ||
| Colposcopy | 1095 | ||
| Culdoscopy | 1095 | ||
| Laparoscopy | 1096 | ||
| Dilation and Curettage | 1096 | ||
| Mammography | 1096 | ||
| Breast Self-Examination | 1097 | ||
| Breast Biopsy | 1097 | ||
| Common Therapeutic Measures | 1098 | ||
| Douching | 1098 | ||
| Cauterization | 1098 | ||
| Application of Heat | 1098 | ||
| Drug Therapy | 1099 | ||
| Surgical Procedures | 1099 | ||
| Disorders of the Female Reproductive System | 1103 | ||
| Uterine Bleeding Disorders | 1103 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1103 | ||
| Cause and Risk Factors | 1103 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis and Treatment | 1103 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Uterine Bleeding | 1103 | ||
| Assessment | 1103 | ||
| Interventions | 1105 | ||
| Deficient Knowledge | 1105 | ||
| Anxiety | 1105 | ||
| Infections | 1105 | ||
| Vulvitis and Vaginitis | 1105 | ||
| Pathophysiology. | 1105 | ||
| Cause and Risk Factors. | 1105 | ||
| Signs and Symptoms. | 1105 | ||
| Complications. | 1105 | ||
| Unit XV Integumentary Disorders | 1183 | ||
| 52 Skin Disorders | 1183 | ||
| Objectives | 1183 | ||
| Key Terms | 1183 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin | 1183 | ||
| Functions of the Skin | 1183 | ||
| Protection | 1183 | ||
| Temperature Regulation | 1184 | ||
| Secretion | 1184 | ||
| Sensation | 1184 | ||
| Synthesis of Vitamin D | 1184 | ||
| Blood Reservoir | 1184 | ||
| Age-Related Changes in the Skin | 1184 | ||
| Nursing Assessment of the Skin | 1185 | ||
| Health History | 1185 | ||
| Chief Complaint and History of Present Illness | 1185 | ||
| Past Medical History | 1185 | ||
| Review of Systems | 1185 | ||
| Functional Assessment | 1185 | ||
| Physical Examination | 1186 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests and Procedures | 1188 | ||
| Culture and Microscopic Examination of Skin Specimens | 1188 | ||
| Wood’s Light Examination | 1188 | ||
| Patch Testing for Allergy | 1188 | ||
| Biopsy | 1188 | ||
| Common Therapeutic Measures | 1188 | ||
| Dressings | 1188 | ||
| Negative Pressure Wound Therapy | 1190 | ||
| Soaks and Wet Wraps | 1190 | ||
| Phototherapy | 1190 | ||
| Drug Therapy | 1190 | ||
| Disorders of the Skin | 1190 | ||
| Pruritus | 1190 | ||
| Cause and Risk Factors | 1193 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 1193 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Pruritus | 1193 | ||
| Assessment | 1193 | ||
| Interventions | 1193 | ||
| Inflammatory Conditions and Infections | 1194 | ||
| Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) | 1194 | ||
| Pathophysiology. | 1194 | ||
| Cause and Risk Factors. | 1194 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis. | 1194 | ||
| Medical Treatment. | 1194 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Atopic Dermatitis | 1194 | ||
| Assessment | 1194 | ||
| Interventions | 1194 | ||
| Impaired Skin Integrity | 1194 | ||
| Risk for Infection | 1195 | ||
| Disturbed Body Image | 1195 | ||
| Contact Dermatitis | 1195 | ||
| Seborrheic Dermatitis | 1195 | ||
| Pathophysiology. | 1195 | ||
| Cause and Risk Factors. | 1195 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis. | 1195 | ||
| Medical Treatment. | 1195 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Seborrheic Dermatitis | 1195 | ||
| Assessment | 1195 | ||
| Interventions | 1195 | ||
| Psoriasis | 1196 | ||
| Pathophysiology. | 1196 | ||
| Cause and Risk Factors. | 1196 | ||
| Medical Diagnosis. | 1196 | ||
| Medical Treatment. | 1196 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Psoriasis | 1196 | ||
| Assessment | 1196 | ||
| Interventions | 1197 | ||
| Ineffective Self-Health Management | 1197 | ||
| Disturbed Body Image | 1197 | ||
| Social Isolation | 1197 | ||
| Intertrigo | 1197 | ||
| Pathophysiology. | 1197 | ||
| Unit XVI Disorders of the Eyes and Ears | 1219 | ||
| 53 Eye and Vision Disorders | 1219 | ||
| Objectives | 1219 | ||
| Key Terms | 1219 | ||
| Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye | 1219 | ||
| External Structures | 1219 | ||
| Eyeball | 1220 | ||
| Sclera | 1220 | ||
| Choroid | 1220 | ||
| Retina | 1220 | ||
| Optic Nerve | 1220 | ||
| Fluid Chambers | 1221 | ||
| Anterior Chamber. | 1221 | ||
| Posterior Chamber. | 1221 | ||
| Lens | 1221 | ||
| Visual Pathway | 1221 | ||
| Age-Related Changes in the Eye | 1222 | ||
| Nursing Assessment of the Eye | 1222 | ||
| Health History | 1222 | ||
| History of Present Illness | 1222 | ||
| Past Medical History | 1222 | ||
| Family History | 1222 | ||
| Functional Assessment | 1222 | ||
| Physical Examination | 1222 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests and Procedures | 1223 | ||
| Ophthalmoscopic Examination | 1224 | ||
| Refractometry | 1224 | ||
| Visual Fields | 1224 | ||
| Tonometry | 1224 | ||
| Measure of Electrical Potential | 1224 | ||
| Fluorescein Angiography and Corneal Staining | 1225 | ||
| Imaging Procedures | 1226 | ||
| Amsler Grid Test | 1226 | ||
| Common Therapeutic Measures | 1226 | ||
| Eye Irrigation | 1226 | ||
| Topical Medications | 1227 | ||
| Eye Surgery | 1229 | ||
| Preoperative Nursing Care | 1229 | ||
| Unit XVII Mental Health and Illness | 1272 | ||
| 55 Psychologic Responses to Illness | 1272 | ||
| Objectives | 1272 | ||
| Key Terms | 1272 | ||
| Definition of Mental Health | 1272 | ||
| Stress | 1273 | ||
| Homeostasis | 1274 | ||
| Personality | 1274 | ||
| Growth and Development | 1274 | ||
| Behavioral Theory | 1274 | ||
| Psychologic Responses to Illness | 1274 | ||
| Coping with Illness | 1274 | ||
| Factors That Affect Coping with Illness | 1275 | ||
| Age. | 1275 | ||
| Cultural Beliefs. | 1275 | ||
| Spirituality. | 1275 | ||
| Self-Concept. | 1276 | ||
| Family and Community Resources. | 1276 | ||
| Emotions. | 1276 | ||
| Stress. | 1276 | ||
| Fear. | 1277 | ||
| Anxiety. | 1277 | ||
| Loss. | 1277 | ||
| Grief and Mourning. | 1277 | ||
| Coping Mechanisms and Strategies | 1278 | ||
| Defense Mechanisms | 1278 | ||
| Conscious Coping Strategies | 1278 | ||
| Maladaptive Coping Mechanisms and Strategies | 1279 | ||
| Helplessness | 1279 | ||
| Powerlessness | 1279 | ||
| Denial | 1279 | ||
| Nursing Process in Illness | 1280 | ||
| Assessment | 1280 | ||
| Nursing Diagnosis | 1280 | ||
| Nursing Goals, Outcome Criteria, and Interventions | 1280 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 1281 | ||
| Key Points | 1281 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 1281 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 1281 | ||
| 56 Psychiatric Disorders | 1283 | ||
| Objectives | 1283 | ||
| Key Terms | 1283 | ||
| Establishing Therapeutic Relationships | 1284 | ||
| Being Available | 1284 | ||
| Listening | 1284 | ||
| Clarifying | 1284 | ||
| Sharing Observations | 1284 | ||
| Accepting Silence | 1285 | ||
| Nursing Assessment of the Psychiatric Patient | 1285 | ||
| Mental Status Examination | 1286 | ||
| Appearance | 1286 | ||
| Mood and Affect | 1286 | ||
| Speech and Language | 1286 | ||
| Thought Content | 1286 | ||
| Perceptual Disturbances | 1287 | ||
| Insight and Judgment | 1287 | ||
| Sensorium | 1287 | ||
| Memory and Attention | 1287 | ||
| General Intellectual Level | 1287 | ||
| Suicide Risk Assessment | 1287 | ||
| Types of Psychiatric Disorders | 1287 | ||
| Anxiety Disorders | 1287 | ||
| Panic Disorder | 1288 | ||
| Specific Phobia | 1288 | ||
| Agoraphobia | 1288 | ||
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | 1288 | ||
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | 1288 | ||
| Acute Stress Disorder | 1289 | ||
| Somatic Symptom Disorder | 1289 | ||
| Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurologic Symptom Disorder) | 1289 | ||
| Illness Anxiety Disorder | 1289 | ||
| Dissociative Disorders | 1289 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 1290 | ||
| Drug Therapy. | 1290 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with an Anxiety Disorder, Somatic Symptom Disorder, or Dissociative Disorder | 1291 | ||
| Assessment | 1291 | ||
| Interventions | 1291 | ||
| Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorders | 1291 | ||
| Cause and Risk Factors | 1291 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 1292 | ||
| Drug Therapy. | 1292 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Schizophrenia | 1294 | ||
| Assessment | 1294 | ||
| Interventions | 1294 | ||
| Acute Confusion | 1294 | ||
| Disturbed Personal Identity | 1294 | ||
| Impaired Verbal Communication | 1294 | ||
| Self-Neglect | 1295 | ||
| Schizoaffective Disorder | 1295 | ||
| Major Depressive and Bipolar Disorders | 1295 | ||
| Cause and Risk Factors | 1295 | ||
| Medical Treatment | 1295 | ||
| Drug Therapy. | 1295 | ||
| Electroconvulsive Therapy. | 1296 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Major Depression | 1298 | ||
| Assessment | 1298 | ||
| Interventions | 1298 | ||
| Risk for Self-Directed Violence | 1298 | ||
| Chronic Low Self-Esteem or Situational Low Self-Esteem | 1298 | ||
| Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements | 1298 | ||
| Disturbed Sleep Pattern | 1298 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Bipolar Disorder with Manic Episodes | 1299 | ||
| Assessment | 1299 | ||
| Interventions | 1300 | ||
| Risk for Injury | 1300 | ||
| Risk for Other-Directed Violence | 1300 | ||
| Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements | 1300 | ||
| Disturbed Sleep Pattern | 1300 | ||
| Neurocognitive Disorders | 1300 | ||
| Personality Disorders | 1301 | ||
| Borderline Personality Disorder | 1301 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Patient with Borderline Personality Disorder | 1302 | ||
| Assessment | 1302 | ||
| Interventions | 1302 | ||
| Risk for Self-Directed Violence and Risk for Self-Mutilation | 1302 | ||
| Impaired Social Interaction | 1302 | ||
| Disturbed Personal Identity | 1302 | ||
| Summary | 1302 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 1302 | ||
| Key Points | 1302 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 1303 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 1303 | ||
| 57 Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders | 1305 | ||
| Objectives | 1305 | ||
| Key Terms | 1305 | ||
| The Science of Addiction | 1305 | ||
| Cause and Risk Factors | 1306 | ||
| Biology and Genes | 1306 | ||
| Environmental Factors | 1306 | ||
| Other Factors | 1307 | ||
| Comorbidity | 1307 | ||
| Prescription Drugs | 1307 | ||
| Prevention and Treatment | 1307 | ||
| Prevention | 1307 | ||
| Treatment | 1308 | ||
| Gambling Disorder | 1308 | ||
| Nursing Assessment of the Person with an Addiction | 1309 | ||
| Health History | 1309 | ||
| Patterns and Consequences of Substance Use and Addictive Disorders | 1309 | ||
| Defense Mechanisms | 1309 | ||
| Physical Examination | 1310 | ||
| Diagnostic Tests | 1310 | ||
| Blood Alcohol Study | 1310 | ||
| Urine Drug Screening | 1310 | ||
| Hair Analysis | 1310 | ||
| Substance-Related Disorders | 1310 | ||
| Alcohol and Alcoholism | 1312 | ||
| Medical Complications | 1313 | ||
| Wernicke Encephalopathy. | 1313 | ||
| Korsakoff Psychosis. | 1313 | ||
| Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. | 1313 | ||
| Treatment for Alcohol Addiction | 1313 | ||
| Intervention. | 1314 | ||
| Detoxification. | 1314 | ||
| Rehabilitation. | 1314 | ||
| Alcoholics Anonymous. | 1314 | ||
| Relapse Prevention. | 1315 | ||
| Aftercare and Recovery. | 1316 | ||
| Medications. | 1316 | ||
| Caffeine | 1317 | ||
| Cannabis (Marijuana) | 1318 | ||
| Hallucinogens | 1318 | ||
| LSD | 1318 | ||
| PCP | 1318 | ||
| Inhalants | 1318 | ||
| Opioids | 1318 | ||
| Heroin | 1318 | ||
| Sedatives, Hypnotics, and Anxiolytics | 1319 | ||
| Stimulants | 1319 | ||
| Amphetamines | 1319 | ||
| Methamphetamine. | 1319 | ||
| Cocaine | 1319 | ||
| Crack | 1320 | ||
| Tobacco | 1320 | ||
| Other or Unknown Substances | 1320 | ||
| Conditions Associated with Substance use Disorders | 1320 | ||
| Treatment for Substance use Disorders | 1321 | ||
| Detoxification | 1321 | ||
| Medications | 1321 | ||
| Methadone | 1321 | ||
| Clonidine | 1321 | ||
| Naloxone | 1322 | ||
| Rehabilitation | 1322 | ||
| Aftercare and Recovery | 1322 | ||
| Methadone Maintenance | 1322 | ||
| Nursing Care of the Person with a Substance Use Disorder | 1323 | ||
| Assessment | 1323 | ||
| Interventions | 1323 | ||
| Special Problems for Populations of People with Substance Use Disorders | 1324 | ||
| Older Adults | 1324 | ||
| Adolescents | 1325 | ||
| Comorbidity or Dual Diagnosis | 1325 | ||
| Peer Assistance Programs | 1326 | ||
| Get Ready for the NCLEX® Examination! | 1326 | ||
| Key Points | 1326 | ||
| Additional Learning Resources | 1327 | ||
| Review Questions for the NCLEX® Examination | 1327 | ||
| Glossary | 1329 | ||
| A | 1329 | ||
| B | 1330 | ||
| C | 1330 | ||
| D | 1332 | ||
| E | 1333 | ||
| F | 1334 | ||
| G | 1334 | ||
| H | 1334 | ||
| I | 1335 | ||
| J | 1336 | ||
| K | 1336 | ||
| L | 1336 | ||
| M | 1336 | ||
| N | 1337 | ||
| P | 1338 | ||
| Q | 1340 | ||
| R | 1340 | ||
| S | 1340 | ||
| T | 1341 | ||
| U | 1342 | ||
| V | 1342 | ||
| W | 1342 | ||
| X | 1342 | ||
| Index | 1343 | ||
| A | 1343 | ||
| B | 1346 | ||
| C | 1348 | ||
| D | 1353 | ||
| E | 1356 | ||
| F | 1358 | ||
| G | 1360 | ||
| H | 1361 | ||
| I | 1364 | ||
| J | 1366 | ||
| K | 1366 | ||
| L | 1366 | ||
| M | 1368 | ||
| N | 1370 | ||
| O | 1372 | ||
| P | 1373 | ||
| Q | 1377 | ||
| R | 1377 | ||
| S | 1379 | ||
| T | 1382 | ||
| U | 1384 | ||
| V | 1385 | ||
| W | 1386 | ||
| X | 1387 | ||
| Y | 1387 | ||
| Z | 1387 | ||
| Last page of book | 1390 | ||
| Inside back cover | ibc1 |