BOOK
SPEC - Nathan and Oski's Hematology and Oncology of Infancy and Childhood, 8th Edition, 12-Month Access, eBook
Stuart H. Orkin | David G. Nathan | David Ginsburg | A. Thomas Look | David E. Fisher | Samuel Lux
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Written by the leading names in pediatric oncology and hematology, Nathan and Oski’s Hematology and Oncology of Infancy and Childhood offers you the essential tools you need to overcome the unique challenges and complexities of childhood cancers and hematologic disorders. Meticulously updated, this exciting full-color set brings together the pathophysiology of disease with detailed clinical guidance to provide you with the most comprehensive, authoritative, up-to-date information for diagnosing and treating children.
- Consult this title on your favorite e-reader , conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability.
- Form a definitive diagnosis and create the best treatment plans possible with comprehensive coverage of all pediatric cancers, including less-common tumors, as well as all hematologic disorders, including newly recognized ones.
- Develop a thorough, understanding of the underlying science of diseases through summaries of relevant pathophysiology balanced with clear, practical clinical guidance. Nathan and Oski’s is the only comprehensive product on the market that relates pathophysiology in such depth to hematologic and oncologic diseases affecting children.
- Quickly and effortlessly access the key information you need with the help of a consistent organization from chapter to chapter and from volume to volume.
- Stay at the forefront of your field thanks to new and revised chapters covering topics such as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, lysosomal storage diseases, childhood genetic predisposition to cancer, and oncology informatics.
- Learn about the latest breakthroughs in diagnosis and management, making this the most complete guide in pediatric hematology and oncology.
- Discover the latest in focused molecularly targeted therapies derived from the exponential growth of knowledge about basic biology and genetics underlying the field.
- Rely on it anytime, anywhere!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9780323291774v1_WEB | 1 | ||
| Front Cover | 1 | ||
| Inside Front Cover | 2 | ||
| Nathan and Oski's Hematology and Oncology of Infancy and Childhood, 8/e | 3 | ||
| Copyright Page | 6 | ||
| Contributors | 7 | ||
| Preface | 19 | ||
| Table Of Contents | 21 | ||
| Acronyms | 27 | ||
| A | 27 | ||
| B | 28 | ||
| C | 28 | ||
| D | 30 | ||
| E | 30 | ||
| F | 31 | ||
| G | 31 | ||
| H | 32 | ||
| I | 32 | ||
| J | 33 | ||
| K | 33 | ||
| L | 34 | ||
| M | 34 | ||
| N | 35 | ||
| O | 36 | ||
| P | 36 | ||
| Q | 37 | ||
| R | 37 | ||
| S | 38 | ||
| T | 39 | ||
| U | 40 | ||
| V | 40 | ||
| W | 40 | ||
| X | 40 | ||
| Y | 41 | ||
| Z | 41 | ||
| I Neonatal Hematology | 43 | ||
| 1 Anatomy and Physiology of Hematopoiesis | 45 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 45 | ||
| History* | 46 | ||
| Phylogeny | 46 | ||
| Marrow Anatomy | 46 | ||
| Hematopoietic Cells | 48 | ||
| Stem Cells | 48 | ||
| Progenitor Cells | 51 | ||
| Erythroid Colony-Forming Cells | 51 | ||
| Granulocyte and Macrophage Colony-Forming Cells | 53 | ||
| Megakaryocyte Colony-Forming Cells | 53 | ||
| Precursors and Mature Cells | 53 | ||
| Erythroid Development | 53 | ||
| Neutrophil Production | 54 | ||
| Bone Marrow Examination and Megakaryocytopoiesis | 54 | ||
| The Hematopoietic Growth Factors | 56 | ||
| The Lymphohematopoietic Cytokines | 57 | ||
| The Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Ligands | 58 | ||
| The Interleukin 1 Gene Family | 58 | ||
| The Chemokines | 58 | ||
| The Tumor Necrosis Factors | 58 | ||
| The Interferons | 58 | ||
| The Transforming Growth Factor Beta Gene Family | 58 | ||
| Actions of Hematopoietic Growth Factors | 58 | ||
| Predominantly Lineage Specific HGFs: G-CSF, M-CSF, IL-5, TPO, and EPO | 58 | ||
| Multilineage Hematopoietic Growth Factors: IL-3 and GM-CSF | 59 | ||
| Other Interleukins | 59 | ||
| Early-Acting Hematopoietic Growth Factors: Stem Cell Factor and Flt3 Ligand | 60 | ||
| Other Stem Cell Factors: Wnt, Jagged, BMP, and Angiopoietin-like Growth Factors | 60 | ||
| Synergistic Factors: IL-1, IL-6, and IL-11 | 61 | ||
| Negative Regulator of Hematopoiesis: Transforming Growth Factor Beta | 62 | ||
| Molecular Biology of Hematopoietic Growth Factors | 62 | ||
| Genomic Analysis of the Cytokine and Cytokine Receptor Genes | 62 | ||
| Structures of the Hematopoietic Growth Factor Proteins | 63 | ||
| Hematopoietic Growth Factor Gene Disruptions | 64 | ||
| Hematopoietin Receptor Ligands | 64 | ||
| Hematopoietic Growth Factor Genes: Regulation of Expression | 65 | ||
| Expression of Hematopoietic Growth Factors by Monocytes/Macrophages and Dendritic Cells: G-CSF, M-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-6, and SCF | 65 | ||
| Regulation of EPO Expression by Hypoxia | 66 | ||
| Regulation of Thrombopoietin Gene Expression | 68 | ||
| Hematopoietic Growth Factor Receptors | 68 | ||
| Types of Hematopoietic Growth Factor Receptors | 68 | ||
| Structure and Binding Properties of Receptors | 68 | ||
| Receptor Function | 69 | ||
| Lineage-Specific Factors and Induction of Differentiation | 69 | ||
| Signal Transduction | 70 | ||
| Hematopoietic Growth Factor Signaling Through the RAS Pathway. | 73 | ||
| Biology of Hematopoiesis | 75 | ||
| Stem Cells | 75 | ||
| Transcription Factors and Stem Cells | 76 | ||
| Growth Factors and Stem Cells | 78 | ||
| Erythropoiesis | 79 | ||
| Transcription Factors and Erythropoiesis | 80 | ||
| Growth Factors and Erythropoiesis | 80 | ||
| Negative Regulation of Erythropoiesis | 81 | ||
| Myelopoiesis | 81 | ||
| Phagocyte Development | 81 | ||
| Transcription Factors and Myelopoiesis | 82 | ||
| Growth Factors and Myelopoiesis | 82 | ||
| Megakaryocytopoiesis | 83 | ||
| Thrombopoietin | 83 | ||
| Circulating Platelets | 83 | ||
| Clinical Use of Hematopoietic Growth Factors | 84 | ||
| Human Clinical Studies | 84 | ||
| Malignant Disease | 84 | ||
| Bone Marrow Transplantation | 85 | ||
| G-CSF. | 85 | ||
| Myelodysplasia | 86 | ||
| G-CSF. | 86 | ||
| Aplastic Anemia | 86 | ||
| G-CSF. | 87 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection | 87 | ||
| GM-CSF. | 87 | ||
| Inherited Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes | 87 | ||
| Anemia of Chronic Renal Failure | 89 | ||
| Other Indications for Recombinant Erythropoietin Therapy | 90 | ||
| Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura. TPO Mimetics. | 90 | ||
| Stem Cell and Progenitor Cell Mobilization | 90 | ||
| Toxicity of Treatment with Colony-Stimulating Factors | 91 | ||
| Antibodies to Recombinant Factors | 91 | ||
| Conclusion | 92 | ||
| Key References | 92 | ||
| References | 94 | ||
| 2 The Neonatal Erythrocyte and Its Disorders | 115 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 115 | ||
| Introduction | 115 | ||
| The Neonatal Erythrocyte | 115 | ||
| Erythrocyte Size | 115 | ||
| Erythrocyte Shape and Deformability | 115 | ||
| Membrane Differences | 116 | ||
| Globin Composition and Oxygen Transport | 117 | ||
| Cellular Metabolism | 117 | ||
| Life Span | 118 | ||
| Normal Hematologic Values | 118 | ||
| Hemoglobin and Hematocrit | 118 | ||
| Cord Clamping and Placental Transfusion | 119 | ||
| Site of Blood Sampling | 119 | ||
| Reticulocytes | 119 | ||
| Erythrocyte Indices | 119 | ||
| Mean Corpuscular Volume | 119 | ||
| Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin | 119 | ||
| Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration | 119 | ||
| Erythrocyte Morphology | 119 | ||
| Neonatal Anemia | 119 | ||
| Hemorrhage in the Fetus and Newborn | 120 | ||
| Prenatal Hemorrhage | 120 | ||
| Fetomaternal Hemorrhage (FMH) | 120 | ||
| Abruptio Placentae | 120 | ||
| Placenta Previa | 122 | ||
| Vasa Previa | 122 | ||
| Velamentous Insertion of the Cord | 122 | ||
| Twin-Twin Transfusion and Related Disorders | 122 | ||
| Traumatic Fetal Hemorrhage | 122 | ||
| Placental Lesions | 122 | ||
| Other Causes of Fetal Hemorrhage | 123 | ||
| Intrapartum Hemorrhage | 123 | ||
| Placenta | 123 | ||
| Laceration of the Placenta. | 123 | ||
| Umbilical Vessels | 123 | ||
| Intrapartum Trauma | 123 | ||
| Cranial Hemorrhage. | 123 | ||
| Subgaleal Hemorrhage. | 123 | ||
| Cephalohematoma. | 123 | ||
| Intracranial Hemorrhage. | 123 | ||
| Abdominal Hemorrhage. | 123 | ||
| Adrenal Hemorrhage. | 124 | ||
| Hepatic Hemorrhage. | 124 | ||
| Splenic Hemorrhage. | 124 | ||
| Postpartum Hemorrhage | 124 | ||
| Neonatal Coagulopathy | 124 | ||
| Iatrogenic Causes | 124 | ||
| Other Causes of Hemorrhage | 124 | ||
| Clinical Manifestations of Fetal and Neonatal Hemorrhage | 124 | ||
| Hemolysis in the Fetus and Newborn | 125 | ||
| Extrinsic Hemolysis | 125 | ||
| Blood Group Incompatibility | 125 | ||
| Other Causes of Extrinsic Hemolysis | 125 | ||
| Angiopathic Anemias | 126 | ||
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation. | 126 | ||
| Vascular-Related Causes, Including Kasabach-Merritt Syndrome. | 126 | ||
| Oxidant Exposure | 126 | ||
| Other Causes of Hemolysis | 126 | ||
| Intrinsic Hemolysis | 127 | ||
| Disorders of Erythrocyte Metabolism | 127 | ||
| Disorders of the Hexose Monophosphate Shunt and Associated Pathways | 127 | ||
| Disorders of the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway | 128 | ||
| Disorders of Glutathione Metabolism | 128 | ||
| Disorders of the Erythrocyte Membrane | 128 | ||
| Hereditary Spherocytosis. | 128 | ||
| Hereditary Elliptocytosis, Hereditary Pyropoikilocytosis, and Related Disorders. | 128 | ||
| Hereditary Stomatocytosis Syndromes | 128 | ||
| Hemoglobin Disorders | 128 | ||
| α-Globin Defects | 129 | ||
| Homozygous α-Thalassemia. | 129 | ||
| Hb H Disease. | 129 | ||
| β-Globin Defects | 129 | ||
| γδβ and εγδβ Thalassemia. | 129 | ||
| Unstable Hemoglobins | 129 | ||
| Decreased Erythrocyte Production | 129 | ||
| Genetic Syndromes | 129 | ||
| Diamond-Blackfan Anemia | 129 | ||
| Fanconi Anemia | 130 | ||
| Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome | 130 | ||
| Pearson Syndrome | 130 | ||
| Aase Syndrome | 130 | ||
| Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemia | 130 | ||
| Bone Marrow Replacement Syndromes | 131 | ||
| Transient Myeloproliferative Disorder | 131 | ||
| Congenital Leukemia | 131 | ||
| Osteopetrosis | 131 | ||
| Other Replacement Syndromes | 131 | ||
| Infectious Suppression | 131 | ||
| Parvovirus B19 Infection | 131 | ||
| Other Causes of Erythrocyte Underproduction | 131 | ||
| Nutritional Anemia | 131 | ||
| Medications | 132 | ||
| The Late Anemia of Rh Disease | 132 | ||
| Physiologic Anemia and Anemia of Prematurity | 132 | ||
| Physiologic Anemia | 132 | ||
| Anemia of Prematurity | 132 | ||
| Pathogenesis | 132 | ||
| Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention | 133 | ||
| Approach to the Anemic Infant | 134 | ||
| Polycythemia Hyperviscosity Syndrome | 136 | ||
| Key References | 137 | ||
| References | 139 | ||
| 3 Immune Hemolytic Disease | 147 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 147 | ||
| Historical Aspects | 147 | ||
| The Rh Blood Group System | 148 | ||
| Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics | 148 | ||
| RhD Alloimmunization | 150 | ||
| Maternal Rh Sensitization | 151 | ||
| The Nature of Rh Sensitization | 151 | ||
| Primary and Secondary Immune Responses | 151 | ||
| Dose of Antigen Necessary to Produce RhD Sensitization | 152 | ||
| Incidence of RhD Sensitization | 152 | ||
| Prevention of Rh Sensitization | 153 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Rh Hemolytic Disease | 154 | ||
| Severity of Rh Hemolytic Disease | 154 | ||
| Degrees of Severity | 154 | ||
| Pathogenesis of Hydrops | 155 | ||
| Factors Affecting the Severity of Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn | 155 | ||
| Transfer of Antibody to the Fetus | 155 | ||
| Mechanism of Red Blood Cell Hemolysis | 155 | ||
| Antibody Specificity and Severity of Hemolytic Disease | 155 | ||
| Antibody Detection | 157 | ||
| Manual Methods | 157 | ||
| Automated Analysis | 157 | ||
| Prediction of Fetal Hemolytic Disease | 157 | ||
| Determination of Fetal Blood Type | 157 | ||
| Paternal Blood Typing | 157 | ||
| Fetal Blood Typing | 158 | ||
| Prediction of Severity of Disease | 158 | ||
| Pregnancy History | 158 | ||
| Maternal Antibody Titers | 158 | ||
| Amniotic Fluid Spectrophotometry | 159 | ||
| Ultrasound Assessment | 159 | ||
| Percutaneous Fetal Blood Sampling | 160 | ||
| Management of Maternal Alloimmunization | 160 | ||
| Suppression of Alloimmunization | 160 | ||
| Fetal Treatment | 161 | ||
| Induced Early Delivery | 161 | ||
| Intrauterine Transfusions for Fetal Hemolytic Disease | 161 | ||
| Blood for Intrauterine Transfusion | 162 | ||
| Treatment of the Neonate with Hemolytic Disease | 162 | ||
| General Measures | 162 | ||
| Exchange Transfusion | 164 | ||
| Indications for Exchange Transfusion. | 164 | ||
| Free Bilirubin and Reserve Albumin Binding Studies. | 164 | ||
| Technique of Exchange Transfusion. | 164 | ||
| Complications of Exchange Transfusion. | 165 | ||
| Management of Special Problems | 165 | ||
| Syndrome of Hepatocellular Damage | 165 | ||
| Infants Who Have Undergone Fetal Transfusions | 165 | ||
| Follow-Up Care of the Infant with Hemolytic Disease | 166 | ||
| Long-Term Neurodevelopment Outcome After Severe Fetal Anemia | 166 | ||
| Other Maternal Alloantibodies Causing Fetal and Neonatal Hemolytic Disease | 166 | ||
| Alloantibodies Other than A and B | 166 | ||
| ABO Hemolytic Disease | 169 | ||
| Conclusions | 170 | ||
| Key References | 170 | ||
| References | 172 | ||
| 4 Neonatal Jaundice and Disorders of Bilirubin Metabolism* | 178 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 178 | ||
| Introduction | 178 | ||
| Bilirubin Metabolism | 178 | ||
| Bilirubin Production and Transport | 178 | ||
| Hepatic Uptake of Bilirubin | 180 | ||
| Bilirubin Conjugation | 182 | ||
| Bilirubin Excretion | 182 | ||
| Enterohepatic Circulation of Bilirubin | 184 | ||
| Diagnosis of Hyperbilirubinemia | 184 | ||
| Total Serum Bilirubin Measurements | 184 | ||
| Transcutaneous Bilirubinometry | 186 | ||
| Toxicity of Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia | 186 | ||
| Kernicterus | 186 | ||
| Nonpathologic Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia | 187 | ||
| Physiologic Jaundice | 187 | ||
| Breastfeeding and Jaundice | 187 | ||
| Disorders of Pathologic Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia | 188 | ||
| Disorders of Production | 188 | ||
| Isoimmunization | 188 | ||
| Erythrocyte Enzymatic and Structural Defects | 189 | ||
| Infection | 189 | ||
| Sequestration | 189 | ||
| Polycythemia | 189 | ||
| Disorders of Conjugation | 189 | ||
| Gilbert’s Syndrome | 189 | ||
| Clinical Presentation. | 189 | ||
| Pathophysiology. | 191 | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment. | 192 | ||
| Crigler-Najjar Syndrome Types I and II | 193 | ||
| Pathophysiology. | 193 | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment. | 194 | ||
| Disorders of Enterohepatic Circulation | 195 | ||
| Other Causes of Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia | 195 | ||
| Management and Treatment of Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia | 195 | ||
| Phototherapy | 198 | ||
| Exchange Transfusion | 198 | ||
| Pharmacotherapy | 199 | ||
| Feeding Strategies | 200 | ||
| Disorders of Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia | 200 | ||
| Rotor Syndrome | 200 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 200 | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment | 201 | ||
| Dubin-Johnson Syndrome | 201 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 201 | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment | 202 | ||
| Key References | 202 | ||
| References | 205 | ||
| 5 Hemostasis in the Newborn and Infant | 217 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 217 | ||
| Ontogeny of the Human Hemostatic System | 217 | ||
| Coagulation Factors | 217 | ||
| Natural Inhibitors of Coagulation | 218 | ||
| Vitamin K–Dependent Factors | 219 | ||
| The Fetal and Neonatal Fibrinolytic System | 220 | ||
| D-Dimers | 220 | ||
| von Willebrand Factor | 220 | ||
| Platelets | 220 | ||
| Megakaryocytes During Fetal Development | 220 | ||
| Platelet Number, Size, and Survival During Development | 221 | ||
| Platelet Structure | 221 | ||
| Platelet Function | 221 | ||
| Platelet Activation During the Birth Process | 222 | ||
| Blood Vessel Wall: Age and Anticoagulant Properties | 222 | ||
| Maternal Preeclampsia and Fetal Hemostasis | 222 | ||
| Summary of Hemostatic Differences Between Neonates and Older Children and Adults | 222 | ||
| Clinical Aspects of Developmental Hemostasis | 222 | ||
| Hemorrhagic Disorders in Neonates | 222 | ||
| Clinical Findings | 222 | ||
| Laboratory Evaluation | 222 | ||
| Sample Collection. | 223 | ||
| Screening Coagulation Tests in Neonates. | 223 | ||
| Bleeding Time. | 223 | ||
| Platelet Function Analyzer. | 223 | ||
| Hereditary Coagulation Factor Deficiencies | 223 | ||
| Inheritance. | 223 | ||
| Clinical Findings. | 224 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 224 | ||
| Treatment. | 224 | ||
| Mode of Delivery. | 224 | ||
| Specific Coagulation Factor Deficiencies | 224 | ||
| Fibrinogen Deficiency. | 224 | ||
| Factor II Deficiency. | 225 | ||
| Factor V Deficiency. | 225 | ||
| Factor VII Deficiency. | 225 | ||
| Factor VIII Deficiency. | 225 | ||
| Factor IX Deficiency. | 225 | ||
| Factor X Deficiency. | 225 | ||
| Factor XI Deficiency. | 225 | ||
| Factor XIII Deficiency. | 225 | ||
| Hereditary Deficiencies of Multiple Coagulation Factors. | 226 | ||
| Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn | 226 | ||
| Historical Background. | 226 | ||
| Prophylactic Vitamin K Administration. | 226 | ||
| Bleeding Caused by Vitamin K Deficiency in the Newborn. | 226 | ||
| Laboratory Diagnosis of Vitamin K Deficiency in the Newborn. | 227 | ||
| Treatment. | 227 | ||
| Liver Disease | 227 | ||
| von Willebrand Disease | 228 | ||
| Platelet Disorders | 228 | ||
| Quantitative Platelet Disorders. | 228 | ||
| Epidemiology. | 228 | ||
| Pathogenesis. | 228 | ||
| Increased Platelet Destruction. | 228 | ||
| Immune Thrombocytopenia. | 228 | ||
| Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia. | 228 | ||
| Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia. | 229 | ||
| Nonimmune Thrombocytopenia | 230 | ||
| Sepsis and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation. | 230 | ||
| Exchange Transfusion, Hyperbilirubinemia, and Phototherapy. | 230 | ||
| Hypoxia and Placental Insufficiency. | 230 | ||
| Vascular Malformations. | 230 | ||
| Thrombosis and Familial Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. | 230 | ||
| Decreased Platelet Production. | 230 | ||
| congenital viral infection. | 230 | ||
| drug-induced thrombocytopenia. | 230 | ||
| congenital leukemia and other malignant diseases. | 230 | ||
| down syndrome–transient myeloproliferative disorder. | 230 | ||
| Inherited Platelet Disorders. | 231 | ||
| Disorders with Small Platelets | 231 | ||
| wiskott-aldrich syndrome. | 231 | ||
| x-linked thrombocytopenia. | 231 | ||
| Disorders with Normal-Size Platelets | 231 | ||
| congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia. | 231 | ||
| thrombocytopenia with absent radii. | 231 | ||
| amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia with radioulnar synostosis. | 231 | ||
| Disorders with Large Platelets | 231 | ||
| paris-trousseau syndrome or jacobsen syndrome. | 231 | ||
| velocardiofacial syndrome. | 232 | ||
| hypersplenism. | 232 | ||
| Clinical Impact of Neonatal Thrombocytopenia. | 232 | ||
| Treatment. | 232 | ||
| Thrombocytosis in the Newborn. | 232 | ||
| Qualitative Platelet Disorders. | 232 | ||
| Phototherapy. | 232 | ||
| Medications | 232 | ||
| aspirin. | 232 | ||
| indomethacin. | 232 | ||
| Maternal Diabetes. | 232 | ||
| Diet. | 233 | ||
| Amniotic Fluid. | 233 | ||
| Nitric Oxide. | 233 | ||
| Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. | 233 | ||
| Thrombotic Disorders in Neonates | 233 | ||
| Congenital Prothrombotic Disorders | 233 | ||
| Homozygous Prothrombotic Disorders. | 233 | ||
| Clinical Findings. | 233 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 233 | ||
| Initial Treatment. | 233 | ||
| Long-Term Therapy. | 234 | ||
| Heterozygous Prothrombotic Disorders. | 234 | ||
| Treatment. | 234 | ||
| Acquired Prothrombotic Disorders | 234 | ||
| Venous Catheter–Related Thrombosis. | 234 | ||
| Arterial Catheter–Related Thrombosis. | 234 | ||
| Diagnosis. | 235 | ||
| Sequelae. | 235 | ||
| Prophylaxis with Heparin. | 235 | ||
| Renal Vein Thrombosis. | 235 | ||
| Clinical Findings and Etiology. | 235 | ||
| Coagulation Abnormalities. | 235 | ||
| Diagnosis and Treatment. | 235 | ||
| Outcome. | 235 | ||
| Spontaneous Venous and Arterial Thrombosis. | 235 | ||
| Anticoagulation Therapy in Newborns | 235 | ||
| Heparin Therapy in Newborns. | 235 | ||
| 9780323291774v2_WEB | 1734 | ||
| Front Cover | 1734 | ||
| Nathan and Oski’s Hematology and Oncology of Infancy and Childhood | 1737 | ||
| Copyright Page | 1738 | ||
| Contributors | 1739 | ||
| Preface | 1751 | ||
| Table Of Contents | 1753 | ||
| Acronyms | 1759 | ||
| A | 1759 | ||
| B | 1760 | ||
| C | 1760 | ||
| D | 1762 | ||
| E | 1762 | ||
| F | 1763 | ||
| G | 1763 | ||
| H | 1764 | ||
| I | 1764 | ||
| J | 1765 | ||
| K | 1765 | ||
| L | 1766 | ||
| M | 1766 | ||
| N | 1767 | ||
| O | 1768 | ||
| P | 1768 | ||
| Q | 1769 | ||
| R | 1769 | ||
| S | 1770 | ||
| T | 1771 | ||
| U | 1772 | ||
| V | 1772 | ||
| W | 1772 | ||
| X | 1772 | ||
| Y | 1773 | ||
| Z | 1773 | ||
| XII Biology of Cancer | 1775 | ||
| 39 Origins and Evolution of Pediatric Cancers | 1777 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 1777 | ||
| Pediatric Versus Adult Cancers | 1778 | ||
| Childhood ALL as a Model of Clonal Evolution | 1779 | ||
| Evolutionary Penetrance of Disease | 1783 | ||
| Evolutionary Dynamics and Clinical Outcome | 1784 | ||
| Key References | 1785 | ||
| References | 1787 | ||
| 40 Epidemiology of Leukemia in Childhood | 1789 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 1789 | ||
| Descriptive Epidemiology | 1790 | ||
| International Patterns | 1790 | ||
| Age-Specific Incidence and Sex Ratio | 1790 | ||
| Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia | 1791 | ||
| Acute Myeloid Leukemia | 1791 | ||
| Chronic Myeloid Leukemia | 1791 | ||
| Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Other Myeloproliferative Diseases | 1791 | ||
| Ethnic Origin | 1791 | ||
| Socioeconomic Status | 1791 | ||
| Time Trends | 1793 | ||
| Clustering of Leukemia in Space and Time | 1793 | ||
| Genetic Factors and Familial Aggregation | 1793 | ||
| Concordance of Childhood Leukemia in Twins | 1794 | ||
| Leukemia and Cancer in the Families of Children with Leukemia | 1794 | ||
| Cancer in Offspring of Patients Treated for Childhood Leukemia | 1794 | ||
| Other Conditions in Relatives of Patients with Leukemia | 1794 | ||
| Human Leukocyte Antigen–DR and Susceptibility to Childhood ALL | 1794 | ||
| Susceptibility to Childhood ALL: Genetic Polymorphisms | 1795 | ||
| Prenatal Origin of Childhood ALL | 1795 | ||
| Infection | 1796 | ||
| The Kinlen Hypothesis: Residence in Areas with High Population Mixing | 1796 | ||
| Infections during the Index Pregnancy | 1796 | ||
| Antibiotic Use and Immunizations during the Index Pregnancy | 1796 | ||
| Association of Childhood Leukemia with Factors Related to the Immune System | 1797 | ||
| Breastfeeding | 1797 | ||
| Immunizations | 1797 | ||
| Sibship Size | 1797 | ||
| Early Child Care and Preschool Experiences | 1797 | ||
| Infection and Related Exposures during the Lifetime of the Index Child | 1797 | ||
| Chloramphenicol | 1798 | ||
| Index Child’s Contact with Animals | 1798 | ||
| Leukemia and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination | 1798 | ||
| Seasonal Variations in the Onset of Childhood Leukemia | 1798 | ||
| Environmental Exposures | 1798 | ||
| Radiation Exposure | 1798 | ||
| Parental Occupational Exposures | 1799 | ||
| Exposure to Chemicals and Dust | 1800 | ||
| Pesticides | 1800 | ||
| Agent Orange. | 1800 | ||
| Hydrocarbons and Solvents | 1800 | ||
| Metal Dusts and Fumes | 1800 | ||
| Wood Dust | 1801 | ||
| Traffic | 1801 | ||
| Electromagnetic and Radiofrequency Field Exposure | 1801 | ||
| Lifestyle | 1801 | ||
| Maternal Diet and Vitamin Supplement Use during Pregnancy | 1801 | ||
| Postnatal Diet of the Index Child and Use of Vitamin Supplements | 1802 | ||
| Tobacco Smoking by Parents | 1802 | ||
| Alcohol | 1802 | ||
| Maternal Reproductive History | 1802 | ||
| Maternal Age and Birth Order | 1802 | ||
| Prior Fetal Loss | 1803 | ||
| Oral Contraceptives | 1803 | ||
| Maternal Illness and Use of Medications during the Index Pregnancy | 1803 | ||
| Ultrasound Examinations | 1803 | ||
| Anesthesia during Labor | 1803 | ||
| Medical History of the Index Child | 1803 | ||
| Congenital Anomalies | 1803 | ||
| Birth Weight and Length at Birth | 1804 | ||
| Vitamin K | 1804 | ||
| Future Directions | 1804 | ||
| Key References | 1804 | ||
| References | 1807 | ||
| 41 Informatics | 1815 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 1815 | ||
| DNA-Based Methods | 1815 | ||
| Comparative Genomic Hybridization | 1815 | ||
| Genotyping | 1816 | ||
| Capillary (Sanger) Sequencing | 1816 | ||
| Pyrosequencing | 1816 | ||
| DNA Microarrays | 1816 | ||
| Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Arrays | 1817 | ||
| Chromatin Immunoprecipitation, ChIP-Chip, ChIP-Seq | 1818 | ||
| Genome-Wide Association Studies | 1819 | ||
| Exome Sequencing/Targeted Sequencing | 1819 | ||
| Whole Genome Sequencing | 1821 | ||
| RNA-Based Methods | 1822 | ||
| Whole Transcriptome Shotgun Sequencing (RNA-Seq) | 1822 | ||
| Expression Profiling | 1822 | ||
| Protein-Based Methods | 1824 | ||
| Protein Microarrays | 1824 | ||
| Mass Spectrometry | 1824 | ||
| Informatics | 1826 | ||
| False-Positive Rate, Sample Size, and Validation | 1826 | ||
| Clustering and Classification | 1826 | ||
| Gene Set Enrichment Analysis | 1826 | ||
| Conclusions | 1826 | ||
| Key References | 1827 | ||
| References | 1828 | ||
| 42 Genetic Predisposition to Cancer | 1832 | ||
| Chapter Outline | 1832 | ||
| Principles of Cancer Predisposition | 1832 | ||
| Identification of a Child with a Condition Predisposing to Cancer | 1833 | ||
| Features of Family History Suggestive of a Heritable Predisposition to Cancer | 1833 | ||
| Tumor Features Suggestive of a Heritable Predisposition to Cancer | 1833 | ||
| Other Clinical Features Suggestive of a Heritable Predisposition to Cancer | 1835 | ||
| Dermatologic Findings | 1835 | ||
| Developmental or Cognitive Abnormalities | 1837 | ||
| Overgrowth | 1837 | ||
| Specific Congenital Anomalies | 1837 | ||
| Other Physical Features | 1837 | ||
| Incidental Identification of a Child with a Condition Predisposing to Cancer | 1838 | ||
| Genetic Testing for a Heritable Predisposition to Cancer | 1838 | ||
| Complexities of Childhood Cancer Genetic Testing | 1838 | ||
| Guidelines for Testing Children for a Heritable Predisposition to Cancer | 1839 | ||
| Management of Children with a Heritable Predisposition to Cancer | 1839 | ||
| Principles of Tumor Surveillance | 1839 | ||
| Cancer Prevention Strategies | 1839 | ||
| Specific Syndromes Predisposing to Cancer | 1840 | ||
| Hereditary Retinoblastoma | 1840 | ||
| Incidence | 1840 | ||
| Genetics | 1843 | ||
| Tumor Risks and Surveillance | 1843 | ||
| Li-Fraumeni Syndrome | 1844 | ||
| Incidence | 1844 | ||
| Genetics | 1844 |