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Book Details
Abstract
Written by some of the world's most famous anatomists, the 10th edition of The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology continues to present medical students with a comprehensive and easily digestible review of this complex topic. Clearly written and well-structured descriptions include just the information that’s needed, while nearly 600 illustrations help provide a clinically oriented guide to human development, utilizing a week-by-week and stage-by-stage approach to describe fetal organ and system development.
- Review questions and answers at the end of each chapter allow for effective exam preparation.
- Covers the latest advances in embryology, including normal and abnormal embryogenesis, causes of birth defects, and the role of genes in human development.
- Details how discoveries in molecular biology have affected clinical practice, including the development of sophisticated new techniques such as recumbent DNA technology and stem cell manipulation.
- Clinical case presentations, highlighted in special boxes, demonstrate how embryology concepts relate to clinical practice and are ideal for preparing for the USMLE Step 1.
- Three-dimensional animations — 2 new to this edition — help visual learners understand the subjects as discussed in the book as a whole.
- New and thoroughly revised assessment questions by Mark Torchia.
- Presents an authoritative description of human embryology through all stages of development.
- Rich illustrations correspond to the text to enhance comprehension.
- Medicine eBook is accessible on a variety of devices.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | cover | ||
| IFC_Student Consult | IFC1 | ||
| Half title page | i | ||
| Award | ii | ||
| The Developing Human | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Contributors | vii | ||
| Preface | xi | ||
| Acknowledgments | xiii | ||
| Table Of Contents | xv | ||
| 1 Introduction to Human Development | 1 | ||
| Developmental Periods | 1 | ||
| Stages of Embryonic Development | 2 | ||
| Postnatal Period | 2 | ||
| Infancy | 2 | ||
| Childhood | 2 | ||
| Puberty | 2 | ||
| Adulthood | 4 | ||
| Significance of Embryology | 4 | ||
| Historical Gleanings | 4 | ||
| Ancient Views of Human Embryology | 4 | ||
| Embryology in the Middle Ages | 5 | ||
| The Renaissance | 5 | ||
| Genetics and Human Development | 7 | ||
| Molecular Biology of Human Development | 7 | ||
| Human Biokinetic Embryology | 8 | ||
| Descriptive Terms in Embryology | 8 | ||
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 8 | ||
| Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 9 | ||
| 2 First Week of Human Development | 11 | ||
| Gametogenesis | 11 | ||
| Meiosis | 12 | ||
| Spermatogenesis | 12 | ||
| Oogenesis | 17 | ||
| Prenatal Maturation of Oocytes | 17 | ||
| Postnatal Maturation of Oocytes | 17 | ||
| Comparison of Gametes | 17 | ||
| Uterus, Uterine Tubes, and Ovaries | 18 | ||
| Uterus | 18 | ||
| Uterine Tubes | 18 | ||
| Ovaries | 18 | ||
| Female Reproductive Cycles | 20 | ||
| Ovarian Cycle | 20 | ||
| Follicular Development | 21 | ||
| Ovulation | 22 | ||
| Corpus Luteum | 22 | ||
| Menstrual Cycle | 23 | ||
| Phases of Menstrual Cycle | 24 | ||
| Menstrual Phase | 24 | ||
| Proliferative Phase | 24 | ||
| Luteal Phase | 24 | ||
| Ischemia | 24 | ||
| Pregnancy | 24 | ||
| Transportation of Gametes | 25 | ||
| Oocyte Transport | 25 | ||
| Sperm Transport | 25 | ||
| Maturation of Sperms | 26 | ||
| Viability of Gametes | 26 | ||
| Sequence of Fertilization | 27 | ||
| Phases of Fertilization | 29 | ||
| Fertilization | 29 | ||
| Cleavage of Zygote | 30 | ||
| Formation of Blastocyst | 33 | ||
| Summary of First Week | 35 | ||
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 36 | ||
| Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 37 | ||
| 3 Second Week of Human Development | 39 | ||
| Completion of Implantation of Blastocyst | 39 | ||
| Formation of Amniotic Cavity, Embryonic Disc, and Umbilical Vesicle | 41 | ||
| Development of Chorionic Sac | 42 | ||
| Implantation Sites of Blastocysts | 46 | ||
| Summary of Implantation | 46 | ||
| Summary of Second Week | 48 | ||
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 49 | ||
| Case 3–1 | 49 | ||
| Case 3–2 | 49 | ||
| Case 3–3 | 49 | ||
| Case 3–4 | 49 | ||
| Case 3–5 | 49 | ||
| Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 50 | ||
| 4 Third Week of Human Development | 51 | ||
| Gastrulation: Formation of Germ Layers | 51 | ||
| Primitive Streak | 52 | ||
| Fate of Primitive Streak | 54 | ||
| Notochordal Process and Notochord | 54 | ||
| Allantois | 58 | ||
| Neurulation: Formation of Neural Tube | 58 | ||
| Neural Plate and Neural Tube | 59 | ||
| Neural Crest Formation | 59 | ||
| Development of Somites | 61 | ||
| Development of Intraembryonic Coelom | 62 | ||
| Early Development of Cardiovascular System | 62 | ||
| Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis | 62 | ||
| Primordial Cardiovascular System | 62 | ||
| Development of Chorionic Villi | 63 | ||
| Summary of Third Week | 64 | ||
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 67 | ||
| Case 4–1 | 67 | ||
| Case 4–2 | 67 | ||
| Case 4–3 | 67 | ||
| Case 4–4 | 67 | ||
| Case 4–5 | 67 | ||
| Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 67 | ||
| 5 Fourth to Eighth Weeks of Human Development | 69 | ||
| Phases of Embryonic Development | 69 | ||
| Folding of Embryo | 70 | ||
| Folding of Embryo in the Median Plane | 70 | ||
| Head Fold | 70 | ||
| Tail Fold | 70 | ||
| Folding of Embryo in the Horizontal Plane | 70 | ||
| Germ Layer Derivatives | 70 | ||
| Control of Embryonic Development | 72 | ||
| Highlights of Fourth to Eighth Weeks | 74 | ||
| Fourth Week | 74 | ||
| Fifth Week | 75 | ||
| Sixth Week | 78 | ||
| Seventh Week | 78 | ||
| Eighth Week | 84 | ||
| Estimation of Embryonic Age | 85 | ||
| Summary of Fourth to Eighth Weeks | 87 | ||
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 88 | ||
| Case 5–1 | 88 | ||
| Case 5–2 | 88 | ||
| Case 5–3 | 88 | ||
| Case 5–4 | 89 | ||
| Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 89 | ||
| 6 Fetal Period: | 91 | ||
| Estimation of Fetal Age | 93 | ||
| Trimesters of Pregnancy | 93 | ||
| Measurements and Characteristics of Fetuses | 93 | ||
| Highlights of Fetal Period | 94 | ||
| Nine to Twelve Weeks | 94 | ||
| Thirteen to Sixteen Weeks | 95 | ||
| Seventeen to Twenty Weeks | 95 | ||
| Twenty-One to Twenty-Five Weeks | 96 | ||
| Twenty-Six to Twenty-Nine Weeks | 97 | ||
| Thirty to Thirty-Four Weeks | 97 | ||
| Thirty-Five to Thirty-Eight Weeks | 97 | ||
| Expected Date of Delivery | 99 | ||
| Factors Influencing Fetal Growth | 99 | ||
| Cigarette Smoking | 99 | ||
| Multiple Pregnancy | 99 | ||
| Alcohol and Illicit Drugs | 99 | ||
| Impaired Uteroplacental and Fetoplacental Blood Flow | 99 | ||
| Genetic Factors and Growth Retardation | 100 | ||
| Procedures for Assessing Fetal Status | 100 | ||
| Ultrasonography | 100 | ||
| Diagnostic Amniocentesis | 100 | ||
| Alpha-Fetoprotein Assay | 101 | ||
| Spectrophotometric Studies | 101 | ||
| Chorionic Villus Sampling | 101 | ||
| Cell Cultures and Chromosomal Analysis | 102 | ||
| Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis | 102 | ||
| Fetal Transfusion | 103 | ||
| Fetoscopy | 103 | ||
| Percutaneous Umbilical Cord Blood Sampling | 103 | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 103 | ||
| Fetal Monitoring | 103 | ||
| Summary of Fetal Period | 103 | ||
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 104 | ||
| Case 6–1 | 104 | ||
| Case 6–2 | 104 | ||
| Case 6–3 | 104 | ||
| Case 6–4 | 104 | ||
| Case 6–5 | 104 | ||
| Case 6–6 | 104 | ||
| Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 105 | ||
| 7 Placenta and Fetal Membranes | 107 | ||
| Placenta | 107 | ||
| Decidua | 109 | ||
| Development of Placenta | 109 | ||
| Placental Circulation | 111 | ||
| Fetal Placental Circulation | 112 | ||
| Maternal Placental Circulation | 112 | ||
| Placental Membrane | 113 | ||
| Functions of Placenta | 114 | ||
| Placental Metabolism | 114 | ||
| Placental Transfer | 114 | ||
| Transfer of Gases | 115 | ||
| Nutritional Substances | 116 | ||
| Hormones | 116 | ||
| Electrolytes | 116 | ||
| Maternal Antibodies and Proteins | 116 | ||
| Waste Products | 116 | ||
| Drugs and Drug Metabolites | 116 | ||
| Infectious Agents | 117 | ||
| Placental Endocrine Synthesis and Secretion | 117 | ||
| The Placenta as an Allograft* | 117 | ||
| The Placenta as an Invasive Tumor-like Structure | 118 | ||
| Uterine Growth during Pregnancy | 118 | ||
| Parturition | 119 | ||
| Stages of Labor | 119 | ||
| Placenta and Fetal Membranes after Birth | 121 | ||
| Maternal Surface of Placenta | 121 | ||
| Fetal Surface of Placenta | 121 | ||
| Umbilical Cord | 124 | ||
| Amnion and Amniotic Fluid | 126 | ||
| Amniotic Fluid | 126 | ||
| Circulation of Amniotic Fluid | 127 | ||
| Composition of Amniotic Fluid | 127 | ||
| Significance of Amniotic Fluid | 127 | ||
| Umbilical Vesicle | 129 | ||
| Significance of Umbilical Vesicle | 130 | ||
| Fate of Umbilical Vesicle | 130 | ||
| Allantois | 130 | ||
| Multiple Pregnancies | 130 | ||
| Twins and Fetal Membranes | 130 | ||
| Dizygotic Twins | 131 | ||
| Monozygotic Twins | 132 | ||
| Other Types of Multiple Births | 133 | ||
| Summary of Placenta and Fetal Membranes | 135 | ||
| Neonatal Period | 138 | ||
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 138 | ||
| Case 7–1 | 138 | ||
| Case 7–2 | 139 | ||
| Case 7–3 | 139 | ||
| Case 7–4 | 139 | ||
| Case 7–5 | 139 | ||
| Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 139 | ||
| 8 Body Cavities, Mesenteries, and Diaphragm | 141 | ||
| Embryonic Body Cavity | 141 | ||
| Mesenteries | 144 | ||
| Division of Embryonic Body Cavity | 144 | ||
| Pleuropericardial Membranes | 145 | ||
| Pleuroperitoneal Membranes | 146 | ||
| Development of Diaphragm | 146 | ||
| Septum Transversum | 147 | ||
| Pleuroperitoneal Membranes | 147 | ||
| Dorsal Mesentery of Esophagus | 147 | ||
| Muscular Ingrowth from Lateral Body Walls | 148 | ||
| Positional Changes and Innervation of Diaphragm | 148 | ||
| Summary of Development of Body Cavities, Mesenteries, and Diaphragm | 151 | ||
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 153 | ||
| Case 8–1 | 153 | ||
| Case 8–2 | 153 | ||
| Case 8–3 | 153 | ||
| Case 8–4 | 153 | ||
| Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 153 | ||
| 9 Pharyngeal Apparatus, Face, and Neck | 155 | ||
| Pharyngeal Arches | 155 | ||
| Pharyngeal Arch Components | 157 | ||
| Fate of Pharyngeal Arches | 158 | ||
| Derivatives of Pharyngeal Arch Cartilages | 159 | ||
| Derivatives of Pharyngeal Arch Muscles | 159 | ||
| Derivatives of Pharyngeal Arch Nerves | 159 | ||
| Pharyngeal Pouches | 161 | ||
| Derivatives of Pharyngeal Pouches | 161 | ||
| First Pharyngeal Pouch | 161 | ||
| Second Pharyngeal Pouch | 161 | ||
| Third Pharyngeal Pouch | 163 | ||
| Histogenesis of Thymus | 163 | ||
| Fourth Pharyngeal Pouch | 163 | ||
| Histogenesis of Parathyroid and Thyroid Glands | 163 | ||
| Pharyngeal Grooves | 164 | ||
| Pharyngeal Membranes | 164 | ||
| Development of Thyroid Gland | 168 | ||
| Histogenesis of Thyroid Gland | 169 | ||
| Development of Tongue | 172 | ||
| Lingual Papillae and Taste Buds | 172 | ||
| Nerve Supply of Tongue | 173 | ||
| Development of Salivary Glands | 174 | ||
| Development of Face | 174 | ||
| Development of Nasal Cavities | 181 | ||
| Paranasal Sinuses | 181 | ||
| Vomeronasal Organ | 181 | ||
| Development of Palate | 182 | ||
| Primary Palate | 182 | ||
| Secondary Palate | 182 | ||
| Summary of Pharyngeal Apparatus, Face, and Neck | 191 | ||
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 191 | ||
| Case 9–1 | 191 | ||
| Case 9–2 | 192 | ||
| Case 9–3 | 192 | ||
| Case 9–4 | 192 | ||
| Case 9–5 | 192 | ||
| Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 192 | ||
| 10 Respiratory System | 195 | ||
| Respiratory Primordium | 195 | ||
| Development of Larynx | 196 | ||
| Development of Trachea | 198 | ||
| Development of Bronchi and Lungs | 200 | ||
| Maturation of Lungs | 201 | ||
| Pseudoglandular Stage (5 to 17 Weeks) | 201 | ||
| Canalicular Stage (16 to 25 Weeks) | 201 | ||
| Terminal Sac Stage (24 Weeks to Late Fetal Period) | 201 | ||
| Alveolar Stage (Late Fetal Period to 8 Years) | 204 | ||
| Summary of Respiratory System | 206 | ||
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 207 | ||
| Case 10–1 | 207 | ||
| Case 10–2 | 207 | ||
| Case 10–3 | 207 | ||
| Case 10–4 | 207 | ||
| Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 207 | ||
| 11 Alimentary System | 209 | ||
| Foregut | 210 | ||
| Development of Esophagus | 210 | ||
| Development of Stomach | 211 | ||
| Rotation of Stomach | 211 | ||
| Mesenteries of Stomach | 211 | ||
| Omental Bursa | 211 | ||
| Development of Duodenum | 214 | ||
| Development of Liver and Biliary Apparatus | 217 | ||
| Ventral Mesentery | 217 | ||
| Development of Pancreas | 219 | ||
| Histogenesis of Pancreas | 219 | ||
| Development of Spleen | 221 | ||
| Midgut | 221 | ||
| Herniation of Midgut Loop | 223 | ||
| Rotation of Midgut Loop | 224 | ||
| Retraction of Intestinal Loops | 224 | ||
| Fixation of Intestines | 224 | ||
| Cecum and Appendix | 225 | ||
| Hindgut | 233 | ||
| Cloaca | 233 | ||
| Partitioning of the Cloaca | 233 | ||
| Anal Canal | 233 | ||
| Summary of Alimentary System | 234 | ||
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 239 | ||
| Case 11–1 | 239 | ||
| Case 11–2 | 239 | ||
| Case 11–3 | 239 | ||
| Case 11–4 | 239 | ||
| Case 11–5 | 239 | ||
| Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 239 | ||
| 12 Urogenital System | 241 | ||
| Development of Urinary System | 243 | ||
| Development of Kidneys and Ureters | 243 | ||
| Pronephroi | 243 | ||
| Mesonephroi | 243 | ||
| Metanephroi | 245 | ||
| Positional Changes of Kidneys | 247 | ||
| Changes in Blood Supply of Kidneys | 249 | ||
| Development of Urinary Bladder | 255 | ||
| Development of Urethra | 258 | ||
| Development of Suprarenal Glands | 259 | ||
| Development of Genital System | 260 | ||
| Development of Gonads | 260 | ||
| Indifferent Gonads | 260 | ||
| Primordial Germ Cells | 260 | ||
| Sex Determination | 260 | ||
| Development of Testes | 261 | ||
| Development of Ovaries | 262 | ||
| Development of Genital Ducts | 262 | ||
| Development of Male Genital Ducts and Glands | 264 | ||
| Seminal Glands | 264 | ||
| Prostate | 264 | ||
| Bulbourethral Glands | 264 | ||
| Development of Female Genital Ducts and Glands | 264 | ||
| Female Auxiliary Genital Glands | 266 | ||
| Development of Vagina | 266 | ||
| Vestigial Remains of Embryonic Genital Ducts | 266 | ||
| Development of External Genitalia | 267 | ||
| Development of Male External Genitalia | 267 | ||
| Development of Female External Genitalia | 268 | ||
| Development of Inguinal Canals | 276 | ||
| Relocation of Testes and Ovaries | 278 | ||
| Testicular Descent | 278 | ||
| Ovarian Descent | 278 | ||
| Summary of Urogenital System | 278 | ||
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 280 | ||
| Case 12–1 | 280 | ||
| Case 12–2 | 281 | ||
| Case 12–3 | 281 | ||
| Case 12–4 | 281 | ||
| Case 12–5 | 281 | ||
| Case 12–6 | 281 | ||
| Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 281 | ||
| 13 Cardiovascular System | 283 | ||
| Early Development of Heart and Blood Vessels | 284 | ||
| Development of Veins Associated with Embryonic Heart | 285 | ||
| Development of Inferior Vena Cava | 287 | ||
| Pharyngeal Arch Arteries and Other Branches of Dorsal Aortae | 288 | ||
| Intersegmental Arteries | 288 | ||
| Fate of Vitelline and Umbilical Arteries | 288 | ||
| Later Development of Heart | 289 | ||
| Circulation through Primordial Heart | 291 | ||
| Partitioning of Primordial Heart | 293 | ||
| Partitioning of Atrioventricular Canal | 293 | ||
| Partitioning of Primordial Atrium | 294 | ||
| Changes in Sinus Venosus | 294 | ||
| Primordial Pulmonary Vein and Formation of Left Atrium | 294 | ||
| Partitioning of Primordial Ventricle | 298 | ||
| Partitioning of Bulbus Cordis and Truncus Arteriosus | 300 | ||
| Development of Cardiac Valves | 300 | ||
| Conducting System of Heart | 301 | ||
| Birth Defects of Heart and Great Vessels | 301 | ||
| Derivatives of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries | 317 | ||
| Derivatives of First Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries | 317 | ||
| Derivatives of Second Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries | 317 | ||
| Derivatives of Third Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries | 318 | ||
| Derivatives of Fourth Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries | 318 | ||
| Fate of Fifth Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries | 320 | ||
| Derivatives of Sixth Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries | 320 | ||
| Pharyngeal Arch Arterial Birth Defects | 320 | ||
| Fetal and Neonatal Circulation | 325 | ||
| Fetal Circulation | 325 | ||
| Transitional Neonatal Circulation | 325 | ||
| Derivatives of Fetal Vessels and Structures | 329 | ||
| Umbilical Vein and Round Ligament of Liver | 329 | ||
| Ductus Venosus and Ligamentum Venosum | 329 | ||
| Umbilical Arteries and Abdominal Ligaments | 330 | ||
| Foramen Ovale and Oval Fossa | 330 | ||
| Ductus Arteriosus and Ligamentum Arteriosum | 330 | ||
| Development of Lymphatic System | 331 | ||
| Development of Lymph Sacs and Lymphatic Ducts | 331 | ||
| Development of Thoracic Duct | 331 | ||
| Development of Lymph Nodes | 331 | ||
| Development of Lymphocytes | 331 | ||
| Development of Spleen and Tonsils | 332 | ||
| Summary of Cardiovascular System | 332 | ||
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 334 | ||
| Case 13–1 | 334 | ||
| Case 13–2 | 334 | ||
| Case 13–3 | 334 | ||
| Case 13–4 | 334 | ||
| Case 13–5 | 334 | ||
| Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 334 | ||
| 14 Skeletal System | 337 | ||
| Development of Bone and Cartilage | 337 | ||
| Histogenesis of Cartilage | 339 | ||
| Histogenesis of Bone | 339 | ||
| Intramembranous Ossification | 339 | ||
| Endochondral Ossification | 340 | ||
| Development of Joints | 341 | ||
| Fibrous Joints | 342 | ||
| Cartilaginous Joints | 342 | ||
| Synovial Joints | 342 | ||
| Development of Axial Skeleton | 342 | ||
| Development of Vertebral Column | 342 | ||
| Cartilaginous Stage of Vertebral Development | 342 | ||
| Bony Stage of Vertebral Development | 342 | ||
| Development of Ribs | 344 | ||
| Development of Sternum | 344 | ||
| Development of Cranium | 344 | ||
| Cartilaginous Neurocranium | 345 | ||
| Membranous Neurocranium | 346 | ||
| Cartilaginous Viscerocranium | 346 | ||
| Membranous Viscerocranium | 346 | ||
| Cranium of Neonate | 346 | ||
| Postnatal Growth of Cranium | 347 | ||
| Development of Appendicular Skeleton | 349 | ||
| Summary of Skeletal System | 353 | ||
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 353 | ||
| Case 14-1 | 353 | ||
| Case 14-2 | 353 | ||
| Case 14-3 | 353 | ||
| Case 14-4 | 353 | ||
| Case 14-5 | 353 | ||
| Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 353 | ||
| 15 Muscular System | 355 | ||
| Development of Skeletal Muscle | 355 | ||
| Myotomes | 357 | ||
| Pharyngeal Arch Muscles | 358 | ||
| Ocular Muscles | 358 | ||
| Tongue Muscles | 358 | ||
| Limb Muscles | 358 | ||
| Development of Smooth Muscle | 358 | ||
| Development of Cardiac Muscle | 359 | ||
| Summary of Muscular System | 361 | ||
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 361 | ||
| Case 15–1 | 361 | ||
| Case 15–2 | 361 | ||
| Case 15–3 | 361 | ||
| Case 15–4 | 362 | ||
| Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 362 | ||
| 16 Development of Limbs | 363 | ||
| Early Stages of Limb Development | 363 | ||
| Final Stages of Limb Development | 367 | ||
| Cutaneous Innervation of Limbs | 367 | ||
| Blood Supply of Limbs | 371 | ||
| Birth Defects of Limbs | 372 | ||
| Summary of Limb Development | 377 | ||
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 377 | ||
| Case 16–1 | 377 | ||
| Case 16–2 | 378 | ||
| Case 16–3 | 378 | ||
| Case 16–4 | 378 | ||
| Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 378 | ||
| 17 Nervous System | 379 | ||
| Development of Nervous System | 379 | ||
| Development of Spinal Cord | 382 | ||
| Development of Spinal Ganglia | 384 | ||
| Development of Spinal Meninges | 385 | ||
| Positional Changes of Spinal Cord | 387 | ||
| Myelination of Nerve Fibers | 387 | ||
| Development of Brain | 392 | ||
| Brain Flexures | 392 | ||
| Hindbrain | 392 | ||
| Myelencephalon | 392 | ||
| Metencephalon | 395 | ||
| Choroid Plexuses and Cerebrospinal Fluid | 396 | ||
| Midbrain | 396 | ||
| Forebrain | 396 | ||
| Diencephalon | 396 | ||
| Telencephalon | 400 | ||
| Cerebral Commissures | 402 | ||
| Birth Defects of Brain | 403 | ||
| Development of Peripheral Nervous System | 412 | ||
| Spinal Nerves | 412 | ||
| Cranial Nerves | 412 | ||
| Somatic Efferent Cranial Nerves | 412 | ||
| Nerves of Pharyngeal Arches | 413 | ||
| Special Sensory Nerves | 414 | ||
| Development of Autonomic Nervous System | 414 | ||
| Sympathetic Nervous System | 414 | ||
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | 414 | ||
| Summary of Nervous System | 414 | ||
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 415 | ||
| Case 17–1 | 415 | ||
| Case 17–2 | 415 | ||
| Case 17–3 | 415 | ||
| Case 17–4 | 415 | ||
| Case 17–5 | 416 | ||
| Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 416 | ||
| 18 Development of Eyes and Ears | 417 | ||
| Development of Eyes and Related Structures | 417 | ||
| Retina | 419 | ||
| Ciliary Body | 423 | ||
| Iris | 423 | ||
| Lens | 425 | ||
| Aqueous Chambers | 426 | ||
| Cornea | 427 | ||
| Choroid and Sclera | 427 | ||
| Eyelids | 427 | ||
| Lacrimal Glands | 428 | ||
| Development of Ears | 428 | ||
| Internal Ears | 428 | ||
| Middle Ears | 430 | ||
| External Ears | 431 | ||
| Summary of Eye Development | 434 | ||
| Summary of Ear Development | 435 | ||
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 435 | ||
| Case 18–1 | 435 | ||
| Case 18–2 | 435 | ||
| Case 18–3 | 435 | ||
| Case 18–4 | 435 | ||
| Case 18–5 | 435 | ||
| Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 436 | ||
| 19 Integumentary System | 437 | ||
| Development of Skin and Appendages | 437 | ||
| Epidermis | 437 | ||
| Dermis | 439 | ||
| Glands | 440 | ||
| Sebaceous Glands | 440 | ||
| Sweat Glands | 440 | ||
| Mammary Glands | 442 | ||
| Hairs | 445 | ||
| Nails | 446 | ||
| Teeth | 446 | ||
| Bud Stage of Tooth Development | 448 | ||
| Cap Stage of Tooth Development | 448 | ||
| Bell Stage of Tooth Development | 449 | ||
| Tooth Eruption | 449 | ||
| Variations of Tooth Shape | 452 | ||
| Summary of Integumentary System | 454 | ||
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 454 | ||
| Case 19–1 | 454 | ||
| Case 19–2 | 454 | ||
| Case 19–3 | 454 | ||
| Case 19–4 | 454 | ||
| Case 19–5 | 454 | ||
| Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 454 | ||
| 20 Human Birth Defects | 457 | ||
| Classification of Birth Defects | 457 | ||
| Teratology: Study of Abnormal Development | 458 | ||
| Birth Defects Caused by Genetic Factors | 458 | ||
| Numeric Chromosomal Abnormalities | 459 | ||
| Turner Syndrome | 462 | ||
| Trisomy of Autosomes | 462 | ||
| Trisomy of Sex Chromosomes | 465 | ||
| Structural Chromosomal Abnormalities | 466 | ||
| Translocation | 466 | ||
| Deletion | 466 | ||
| Birth Defects Caused by Mutant Genes | 469 | ||
| Developmental Signaling Pathways | 471 | ||
| Birth Defects Caused by Environmental Factors | 472 | ||
| Principles of Teratogenesis | 472 | ||
| Critical Periods of Human Development | 472 | ||
| Dose of Drugs or Chemicals | 475 | ||
| Genotype of Embryo | 475 | ||
| Human Teratogens | 475 | ||
| Drugs as Teratogens | 476 | ||
| Cigarette smoking | 476 | ||
| Alcohol | 476 | ||
| Androgens and progestogens | 477 | ||
| Antibiotics | 478 | ||
| Anticoagulants | 478 | ||
| Anticonvulsants | 478 | ||
| Antineoplastic agents | 479 | ||
| Corticosteroids | 479 | ||
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 479 | ||
| Insulin and hypoglycemic drugs | 479 | ||
| Retinoic acid | 479 | ||
| Analgesics | 479 | ||
| Thyroid drugs | 479 | ||
| Tranquilizers | 480 | ||
| Psychotropic drugs | 480 | ||
| Illicit drugs | 480 | ||
| Environmental Chemicals as Teratogens | 480 | ||
| Organic mercury | 480 | ||
| Lead | 481 | ||
| Polychlorinated biphenyls | 481 | ||
| Infectious Agents as Teratogens | 481 | ||
| Congenital rubella | 481 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus | 481 | ||
| Herpes simplex virus | 481 | ||
| Varicella | 481 | ||
| Human immunodeficiency virus | 481 | ||
| Toxoplasmosis | 482 | ||
| Congenital syphilis | 482 | ||
| Radiation as a Teratogen | 483 | ||
| Ultrasonic Waves | 483 | ||
| Maternal Factors as Teratogens | 483 | ||
| Mechanical Factors as Teratogens | 484 | ||
| Birth Defects Caused by Multifactorial Inheritance | 484 | ||
| Summary of Birth Defects | 484 | ||
| Clinically Oriented Problems | 485 | ||
| Case 20–1 | 485 | ||
| Case 20–2 | 485 | ||
| Case 20–3 | 485 | ||
| Case 20–4 | 485 | ||
| Case 20–5 | 485 | ||
| Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 485 | ||
| 21 Common Signaling Pathways Used During Development | 487 | ||
| Intercellular Communication | 488 | ||
| Gap Junctions | 488 | ||
| Cell Adhesion Molecules | 489 | ||
| Cadherins | 489 | ||
| Immunoglobulin Superfamily | 489 | ||
| Morphogens | 490 | ||
| Retinoic Acid | 490 | ||
| Transforming Growth Factor-β and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins | 490 | ||
| Hedgehog | 491 | ||
| WNT/β-Catenin Pathway | 492 | ||
| Protein Kinases | 493 | ||
| Receptor Tyrosine Kinases | 493 | ||
| Common Features | 493 | ||
| Regulation of Angiogenesis by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases | 494 | ||
| Hippo Signaling Pathway | 494 | ||
| Notch-Delta Pathway | 494 | ||
| Transcription Factors | 496 | ||
| HOX Proteins | 496 | ||
| PAX Genes | 496 | ||
| Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors | 497 | ||
| Epigenetics | 497 | ||
| Histones | 498 | ||
| Histone Acetylation | 498 | ||
| Histone Methylation | 498 | ||
| DNA Methylation | 498 | ||
| MicroRNAs | 499 | ||
| Stem Cells: Differentiation Versus Pluripotency | 499 | ||
| Summary of Common Signaling Pathways Used during Development | 500 | ||
| Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 500 | ||
| Appendix Discussion of Clinically Oriented Problems | 503 | ||
| Chapter 1 | 503 | ||
| Chapter 2 | 503 | ||
| Chapter 3 | 504 | ||
| Chapter 4 | 504 | ||
| Chapter 5 | 505 | ||
| Chapter 6 | 505 | ||
| Chapter 7 | 506 | ||
| Chapter 8 | 506 | ||
| Chapter 9 | 506 | ||
| Chapter 10 | 507 | ||
| Chapter 11 | 507 | ||
| Chapter 12 | 508 | ||
| Chapter 13 | 509 | ||
| Chapter 14 | 509 | ||
| Chapter 15 | 510 | ||
| Chapter 16 | 510 | ||
| Chapter 17 | 510 | ||
| Chapter 18 | 511 | ||
| Chapter 19 | 512 | ||
| Chapter 20 | 512 | ||
| Index | 513 | ||
| A | 513 | ||
| B | 514 | ||
| C | 514 | ||
| D | 516 | ||
| E | 516 | ||
| F | 517 | ||
| G | 517 | ||
| H | 517 | ||
| I | 518 | ||
| J | 518 | ||
| K | 518 | ||
| L | 518 | ||
| M | 519 | ||
| N | 519 | ||
| O | 520 | ||
| P | 520 | ||
| Q | 521 | ||
| R | 521 | ||
| S | 522 | ||
| T | 522 | ||
| U | 523 | ||
| V | 523 | ||
| W | 524 | ||
| X | 524 | ||
| Y | 524 | ||
| Z | 524 | ||
| IBC_ClinicalKey ads | IBC1 |