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The Developing Human

The Developing Human

Keith L. Moore | T. V. N. Persaud | Mark G. Torchia

(2015)

Additional Information

Book Details

Abstract

Written by some of the world's most famous anatomists, the 10th edition of The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology continues to present medical students with a comprehensive and easily digestible review of this complex topic. Clearly written and well-structured descriptions include just the information that’s needed, while nearly 600 illustrations help provide a clinically oriented guide to human development, utilizing a week-by-week and stage-by-stage approach to describe fetal organ and system development. 

  • Review questions and answers at the end of each chapter allow for effective exam preparation.
  • Covers the latest advances in embryology, including normal and abnormal embryogenesis, causes of birth defects, and the role of genes in human development.
  • Details how discoveries in molecular biology have affected clinical practice, including the development of sophisticated new techniques such as recumbent DNA technology and stem cell manipulation.
  • Clinical case presentations, highlighted in special boxes, demonstrate how embryology concepts relate to clinical practice and are ideal for preparing for the USMLE Step 1.
  • Three-dimensional animations2 new to this edition — help visual learners understand the subjects as discussed in the book as a whole.
  • New and thoroughly revised assessment questions by Mark Torchia.
  • Presents an authoritative description of human embryology through all stages of development.
  • Rich illustrations correspond to the text to enhance comprehension.
  • Medicine eBook is accessible on a variety of devices.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover cover
IFC_Student Consult IFC1
Half title page i
Award ii
The Developing Human iii
Copyright Page iv
Dedication v
Contributors vii
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Table Of Contents xv
1 Introduction to Human Development 1
Developmental Periods 1
Stages of Embryonic Development 2
Postnatal Period 2
Infancy 2
Childhood 2
Puberty 2
Adulthood 4
Significance of Embryology 4
Historical Gleanings 4
Ancient Views of Human Embryology 4
Embryology in the Middle Ages 5
The Renaissance 5
Genetics and Human Development 7
Molecular Biology of Human Development 7
Human Biokinetic Embryology 8
Descriptive Terms in Embryology 8
Clinically Oriented Problems 8
Bibliography and Suggested Reading 9
2 First Week of Human Development 11
Gametogenesis 11
Meiosis 12
Spermatogenesis 12
Oogenesis 17
Prenatal Maturation of Oocytes 17
Postnatal Maturation of Oocytes 17
Comparison of Gametes 17
Uterus, Uterine Tubes, and Ovaries 18
Uterus 18
Uterine Tubes 18
Ovaries 18
Female Reproductive Cycles 20
Ovarian Cycle 20
Follicular Development 21
Ovulation 22
Corpus Luteum 22
Menstrual Cycle 23
Phases of Menstrual Cycle 24
Menstrual Phase 24
Proliferative Phase 24
Luteal Phase 24
Ischemia 24
Pregnancy 24
Transportation of Gametes 25
Oocyte Transport 25
Sperm Transport 25
Maturation of Sperms 26
Viability of Gametes 26
Sequence of Fertilization 27
Phases of Fertilization 29
Fertilization 29
Cleavage of Zygote 30
Formation of Blastocyst 33
Summary of First Week 35
Clinically Oriented Problems 36
Bibliography and Suggested Reading 37
3 Second Week of Human Development 39
Completion of Implantation of Blastocyst 39
Formation of Amniotic Cavity, Embryonic Disc, and Umbilical Vesicle 41
Development of Chorionic Sac 42
Implantation Sites of Blastocysts 46
Summary of Implantation 46
Summary of Second Week 48
Clinically Oriented Problems 49
Case 3–1 49
Case 3–2 49
Case 3–3 49
Case 3–4 49
Case 3–5 49
Bibliography and Suggested Reading 50
4 Third Week of Human Development 51
Gastrulation: Formation of Germ Layers 51
Primitive Streak 52
Fate of Primitive Streak 54
Notochordal Process and Notochord 54
Allantois 58
Neurulation: Formation of Neural Tube 58
Neural Plate and Neural Tube 59
Neural Crest Formation 59
Development of Somites 61
Development of Intraembryonic Coelom 62
Early Development of Cardiovascular System 62
Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis 62
Primordial Cardiovascular System 62
Development of Chorionic Villi 63
Summary of Third Week 64
Clinically Oriented Problems 67
Case 4–1 67
Case 4–2 67
Case 4–3 67
Case 4–4 67
Case 4–5 67
Bibliography and Suggested Reading 67
5 Fourth to Eighth Weeks of Human Development 69
Phases of Embryonic Development 69
Folding of Embryo 70
Folding of Embryo in the Median Plane 70
Head Fold 70
Tail Fold 70
Folding of Embryo in the Horizontal Plane 70
Germ Layer Derivatives 70
Control of Embryonic Development 72
Highlights of Fourth to Eighth Weeks 74
Fourth Week 74
Fifth Week 75
Sixth Week 78
Seventh Week 78
Eighth Week 84
Estimation of Embryonic Age 85
Summary of Fourth to Eighth Weeks 87
Clinically Oriented Problems 88
Case 5–1 88
Case 5–2 88
Case 5–3 88
Case 5–4 89
Bibliography and Suggested Reading 89
6 Fetal Period: 91
Estimation of Fetal Age 93
Trimesters of Pregnancy 93
Measurements and Characteristics of Fetuses 93
Highlights of Fetal Period 94
Nine to Twelve Weeks 94
Thirteen to Sixteen Weeks 95
Seventeen to Twenty Weeks 95
Twenty-One to Twenty-Five Weeks 96
Twenty-Six to Twenty-Nine Weeks 97
Thirty to Thirty-Four Weeks 97
Thirty-Five to Thirty-Eight Weeks 97
Expected Date of Delivery 99
Factors Influencing Fetal Growth 99
Cigarette Smoking 99
Multiple Pregnancy 99
Alcohol and Illicit Drugs 99
Impaired Uteroplacental and Fetoplacental Blood Flow 99
Genetic Factors and Growth Retardation 100
Procedures for Assessing Fetal Status 100
Ultrasonography 100
Diagnostic Amniocentesis 100
Alpha-Fetoprotein Assay 101
Spectrophotometric Studies 101
Chorionic Villus Sampling 101
Cell Cultures and Chromosomal Analysis 102
Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis 102
Fetal Transfusion 103
Fetoscopy 103
Percutaneous Umbilical Cord Blood Sampling 103
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 103
Fetal Monitoring 103
Summary of Fetal Period 103
Clinically Oriented Problems 104
Case 6–1 104
Case 6–2 104
Case 6–3 104
Case 6–4 104
Case 6–5 104
Case 6–6 104
Bibliography and Suggested Reading 105
7 Placenta and Fetal Membranes 107
Placenta 107
Decidua 109
Development of Placenta 109
Placental Circulation 111
Fetal Placental Circulation 112
Maternal Placental Circulation 112
Placental Membrane 113
Functions of Placenta 114
Placental Metabolism 114
Placental Transfer 114
Transfer of Gases 115
Nutritional Substances 116
Hormones 116
Electrolytes 116
Maternal Antibodies and Proteins 116
Waste Products 116
Drugs and Drug Metabolites 116
Infectious Agents 117
Placental Endocrine Synthesis and Secretion 117
The Placenta as an Allograft* 117
The Placenta as an Invasive Tumor-like Structure 118
Uterine Growth during Pregnancy 118
Parturition 119
Stages of Labor 119
Placenta and Fetal Membranes after Birth 121
Maternal Surface of Placenta 121
Fetal Surface of Placenta 121
Umbilical Cord 124
Amnion and Amniotic Fluid 126
Amniotic Fluid 126
Circulation of Amniotic Fluid 127
Composition of Amniotic Fluid 127
Significance of Amniotic Fluid 127
Umbilical Vesicle 129
Significance of Umbilical Vesicle 130
Fate of Umbilical Vesicle 130
Allantois 130
Multiple Pregnancies 130
Twins and Fetal Membranes 130
Dizygotic Twins 131
Monozygotic Twins 132
Other Types of Multiple Births 133
Summary of Placenta and Fetal Membranes 135
Neonatal Period 138
Clinically Oriented Problems 138
Case 7–1 138
Case 7–2 139
Case 7–3 139
Case 7–4 139
Case 7–5 139
Bibliography and Suggested Reading 139
8 Body Cavities, Mesenteries, and Diaphragm 141
Embryonic Body Cavity 141
Mesenteries 144
Division of Embryonic Body Cavity 144
Pleuropericardial Membranes 145
Pleuroperitoneal Membranes 146
Development of Diaphragm 146
Septum Transversum 147
Pleuroperitoneal Membranes 147
Dorsal Mesentery of Esophagus 147
Muscular Ingrowth from Lateral Body Walls 148
Positional Changes and Innervation of Diaphragm 148
Summary of Development of Body Cavities, Mesenteries, and Diaphragm 151
Clinically Oriented Problems 153
Case 8–1 153
Case 8–2 153
Case 8–3 153
Case 8–4 153
Bibliography and Suggested Reading 153
9 Pharyngeal Apparatus, Face, and Neck 155
Pharyngeal Arches 155
Pharyngeal Arch Components 157
Fate of Pharyngeal Arches 158
Derivatives of Pharyngeal Arch Cartilages 159
Derivatives of Pharyngeal Arch Muscles 159
Derivatives of Pharyngeal Arch Nerves 159
Pharyngeal Pouches 161
Derivatives of Pharyngeal Pouches 161
First Pharyngeal Pouch 161
Second Pharyngeal Pouch 161
Third Pharyngeal Pouch 163
Histogenesis of Thymus 163
Fourth Pharyngeal Pouch 163
Histogenesis of Parathyroid and Thyroid Glands 163
Pharyngeal Grooves 164
Pharyngeal Membranes 164
Development of Thyroid Gland 168
Histogenesis of Thyroid Gland 169
Development of Tongue 172
Lingual Papillae and Taste Buds 172
Nerve Supply of Tongue 173
Development of Salivary Glands 174
Development of Face 174
Development of Nasal Cavities 181
Paranasal Sinuses 181
Vomeronasal Organ 181
Development of Palate 182
Primary Palate 182
Secondary Palate 182
Summary of Pharyngeal Apparatus, Face, and Neck 191
Clinically Oriented Problems 191
Case 9–1 191
Case 9–2 192
Case 9–3 192
Case 9–4 192
Case 9–5 192
Bibliography and Suggested Reading 192
10 Respiratory System 195
Respiratory Primordium 195
Development of Larynx 196
Development of Trachea 198
Development of Bronchi and Lungs 200
Maturation of Lungs 201
Pseudoglandular Stage (5 to 17 Weeks) 201
Canalicular Stage (16 to 25 Weeks) 201
Terminal Sac Stage (24 Weeks to Late Fetal Period) 201
Alveolar Stage (Late Fetal Period to 8 Years) 204
Summary of Respiratory System 206
Clinically Oriented Problems 207
Case 10–1 207
Case 10–2 207
Case 10–3 207
Case 10–4 207
Bibliography and Suggested Reading 207
11 Alimentary System 209
Foregut 210
Development of Esophagus 210
Development of Stomach 211
Rotation of Stomach 211
Mesenteries of Stomach 211
Omental Bursa 211
Development of Duodenum 214
Development of Liver and Biliary Apparatus 217
Ventral Mesentery 217
Development of Pancreas 219
Histogenesis of Pancreas 219
Development of Spleen 221
Midgut 221
Herniation of Midgut Loop 223
Rotation of Midgut Loop 224
Retraction of Intestinal Loops 224
Fixation of Intestines 224
Cecum and Appendix 225
Hindgut 233
Cloaca 233
Partitioning of the Cloaca 233
Anal Canal 233
Summary of Alimentary System 234
Clinically Oriented Problems 239
Case 11–1 239
Case 11–2 239
Case 11–3 239
Case 11–4 239
Case 11–5 239
Bibliography and Suggested Reading 239
12 Urogenital System 241
Development of Urinary System 243
Development of Kidneys and Ureters 243
Pronephroi 243
Mesonephroi 243
Metanephroi 245
Positional Changes of Kidneys 247
Changes in Blood Supply of Kidneys 249
Development of Urinary Bladder 255
Development of Urethra 258
Development of Suprarenal Glands 259
Development of Genital System 260
Development of Gonads 260
Indifferent Gonads 260
Primordial Germ Cells 260
Sex Determination 260
Development of Testes 261
Development of Ovaries 262
Development of Genital Ducts 262
Development of Male Genital Ducts and Glands 264
Seminal Glands 264
Prostate 264
Bulbourethral Glands 264
Development of Female Genital Ducts and Glands 264
Female Auxiliary Genital Glands 266
Development of Vagina 266
Vestigial Remains of Embryonic Genital Ducts 266
Development of External Genitalia 267
Development of Male External Genitalia 267
Development of Female External Genitalia 268
Development of Inguinal Canals 276
Relocation of Testes and Ovaries 278
Testicular Descent 278
Ovarian Descent 278
Summary of Urogenital System 278
Clinically Oriented Problems 280
Case 12–1 280
Case 12–2 281
Case 12–3 281
Case 12–4 281
Case 12–5 281
Case 12–6 281
Bibliography and Suggested Reading 281
13 Cardiovascular System 283
Early Development of Heart and Blood Vessels 284
Development of Veins Associated with Embryonic Heart 285
Development of Inferior Vena Cava 287
Pharyngeal Arch Arteries and Other Branches of Dorsal Aortae 288
Intersegmental Arteries 288
Fate of Vitelline and Umbilical Arteries 288
Later Development of Heart 289
Circulation through Primordial Heart 291
Partitioning of Primordial Heart 293
Partitioning of Atrioventricular Canal 293
Partitioning of Primordial Atrium 294
Changes in Sinus Venosus 294
Primordial Pulmonary Vein and Formation of Left Atrium 294
Partitioning of Primordial Ventricle 298
Partitioning of Bulbus Cordis and Truncus Arteriosus 300
Development of Cardiac Valves 300
Conducting System of Heart 301
Birth Defects of Heart and Great Vessels 301
Derivatives of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries 317
Derivatives of First Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries 317
Derivatives of Second Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries 317
Derivatives of Third Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries 318
Derivatives of Fourth Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries 318
Fate of Fifth Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries 320
Derivatives of Sixth Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries 320
Pharyngeal Arch Arterial Birth Defects 320
Fetal and Neonatal Circulation 325
Fetal Circulation 325
Transitional Neonatal Circulation 325
Derivatives of Fetal Vessels and Structures 329
Umbilical Vein and Round Ligament of Liver 329
Ductus Venosus and Ligamentum Venosum 329
Umbilical Arteries and Abdominal Ligaments 330
Foramen Ovale and Oval Fossa 330
Ductus Arteriosus and Ligamentum Arteriosum 330
Development of Lymphatic System 331
Development of Lymph Sacs and Lymphatic Ducts 331
Development of Thoracic Duct 331
Development of Lymph Nodes 331
Development of Lymphocytes 331
Development of Spleen and Tonsils 332
Summary of Cardiovascular System 332
Clinically Oriented Problems 334
Case 13–1 334
Case 13–2 334
Case 13–3 334
Case 13–4 334
Case 13–5 334
Bibliography and Suggested Reading 334
14 Skeletal System 337
Development of Bone and Cartilage 337
Histogenesis of Cartilage 339
Histogenesis of Bone 339
Intramembranous Ossification 339
Endochondral Ossification 340
Development of Joints 341
Fibrous Joints 342
Cartilaginous Joints 342
Synovial Joints 342
Development of Axial Skeleton 342
Development of Vertebral Column 342
Cartilaginous Stage of Vertebral Development 342
Bony Stage of Vertebral Development 342
Development of Ribs 344
Development of Sternum 344
Development of Cranium 344
Cartilaginous Neurocranium 345
Membranous Neurocranium 346
Cartilaginous Viscerocranium 346
Membranous Viscerocranium 346
Cranium of Neonate 346
Postnatal Growth of Cranium 347
Development of Appendicular Skeleton 349
Summary of Skeletal System 353
Clinically Oriented Problems 353
Case 14-1 353
Case 14-2 353
Case 14-3 353
Case 14-4 353
Case 14-5 353
Bibliography and Suggested Reading 353
15 Muscular System 355
Development of Skeletal Muscle 355
Myotomes 357
Pharyngeal Arch Muscles 358
Ocular Muscles 358
Tongue Muscles 358
Limb Muscles 358
Development of Smooth Muscle 358
Development of Cardiac Muscle 359
Summary of Muscular System 361
Clinically Oriented Problems 361
Case 15–1 361
Case 15–2 361
Case 15–3 361
Case 15–4 362
Bibliography and Suggested Reading 362
16 Development of Limbs 363
Early Stages of Limb Development 363
Final Stages of Limb Development 367
Cutaneous Innervation of Limbs 367
Blood Supply of Limbs 371
Birth Defects of Limbs 372
Summary of Limb Development 377
Clinically Oriented Problems 377
Case 16–1 377
Case 16–2 378
Case 16–3 378
Case 16–4 378
Bibliography and Suggested Reading 378
17 Nervous System 379
Development of Nervous System 379
Development of Spinal Cord 382
Development of Spinal Ganglia 384
Development of Spinal Meninges 385
Positional Changes of Spinal Cord 387
Myelination of Nerve Fibers 387
Development of Brain 392
Brain Flexures 392
Hindbrain 392
Myelencephalon 392
Metencephalon 395
Choroid Plexuses and Cerebrospinal Fluid 396
Midbrain 396
Forebrain 396
Diencephalon 396
Telencephalon 400
Cerebral Commissures 402
Birth Defects of Brain 403
Development of Peripheral Nervous System 412
Spinal Nerves 412
Cranial Nerves 412
Somatic Efferent Cranial Nerves 412
Nerves of Pharyngeal Arches 413
Special Sensory Nerves 414
Development of Autonomic Nervous System 414
Sympathetic Nervous System 414
Parasympathetic Nervous System 414
Summary of Nervous System 414
Clinically Oriented Problems 415
Case 17–1 415
Case 17–2 415
Case 17–3 415
Case 17–4 415
Case 17–5 416
Bibliography and Suggested Reading 416
18 Development of Eyes and Ears 417
Development of Eyes and Related Structures 417
Retina 419
Ciliary Body 423
Iris 423
Lens 425
Aqueous Chambers 426
Cornea 427
Choroid and Sclera 427
Eyelids 427
Lacrimal Glands 428
Development of Ears 428
Internal Ears 428
Middle Ears 430
External Ears 431
Summary of Eye Development 434
Summary of Ear Development 435
Clinically Oriented Problems 435
Case 18–1 435
Case 18–2 435
Case 18–3 435
Case 18–4 435
Case 18–5 435
Bibliography and Suggested Reading 436
19 Integumentary System 437
Development of Skin and Appendages 437
Epidermis 437
Dermis 439
Glands 440
Sebaceous Glands 440
Sweat Glands 440
Mammary Glands 442
Hairs 445
Nails 446
Teeth 446
Bud Stage of Tooth Development 448
Cap Stage of Tooth Development 448
Bell Stage of Tooth Development 449
Tooth Eruption 449
Variations of Tooth Shape 452
Summary of Integumentary System 454
Clinically Oriented Problems 454
Case 19–1 454
Case 19–2 454
Case 19–3 454
Case 19–4 454
Case 19–5 454
Bibliography and Suggested Reading 454
20 Human Birth Defects 457
Classification of Birth Defects 457
Teratology: Study of Abnormal Development 458
Birth Defects Caused by Genetic Factors 458
Numeric Chromosomal Abnormalities 459
Turner Syndrome 462
Trisomy of Autosomes 462
Trisomy of Sex Chromosomes 465
Structural Chromosomal Abnormalities 466
Translocation 466
Deletion 466
Birth Defects Caused by Mutant Genes 469
Developmental Signaling Pathways 471
Birth Defects Caused by Environmental Factors 472
Principles of Teratogenesis 472
Critical Periods of Human Development 472
Dose of Drugs or Chemicals 475
Genotype of Embryo 475
Human Teratogens 475
Drugs as Teratogens 476
Cigarette smoking 476
Alcohol 476
Androgens and progestogens 477
Antibiotics 478
Anticoagulants 478
Anticonvulsants 478
Antineoplastic agents 479
Corticosteroids 479
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors 479
Insulin and hypoglycemic drugs 479
Retinoic acid 479
Analgesics 479
Thyroid drugs 479
Tranquilizers 480
Psychotropic drugs 480
Illicit drugs 480
Environmental Chemicals as Teratogens 480
Organic mercury 480
Lead 481
Polychlorinated biphenyls 481
Infectious Agents as Teratogens 481
Congenital rubella 481
Cytomegalovirus 481
Herpes simplex virus 481
Varicella 481
Human immunodeficiency virus 481
Toxoplasmosis 482
Congenital syphilis 482
Radiation as a Teratogen 483
Ultrasonic Waves 483
Maternal Factors as Teratogens 483
Mechanical Factors as Teratogens 484
Birth Defects Caused by Multifactorial Inheritance 484
Summary of Birth Defects 484
Clinically Oriented Problems 485
Case 20–1 485
Case 20–2 485
Case 20–3 485
Case 20–4 485
Case 20–5 485
Bibliography and Suggested Reading 485
21 Common Signaling Pathways Used During Development 487
Intercellular Communication 488
Gap Junctions 488
Cell Adhesion Molecules 489
Cadherins 489
Immunoglobulin Superfamily 489
Morphogens 490
Retinoic Acid 490
Transforming Growth Factor-β and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins 490
Hedgehog 491
WNT/β-Catenin Pathway 492
Protein Kinases 493
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases 493
Common Features 493
Regulation of Angiogenesis by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases 494
Hippo Signaling Pathway 494
Notch-Delta Pathway 494
Transcription Factors 496
HOX Proteins 496
PAX Genes 496
Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors 497
Epigenetics 497
Histones 498
Histone Acetylation 498
Histone Methylation 498
DNA Methylation 498
MicroRNAs 499
Stem Cells: Differentiation Versus Pluripotency 499
Summary of Common Signaling Pathways Used during Development 500
Bibliography and Suggested Reading 500
Appendix Discussion of Clinically Oriented Problems 503
Chapter 1 503
Chapter 2 503
Chapter 3 504
Chapter 4 504
Chapter 5 505
Chapter 6 505
Chapter 7 506
Chapter 8 506
Chapter 9 506
Chapter 10 507
Chapter 11 507
Chapter 12 508
Chapter 13 509
Chapter 14 509
Chapter 15 510
Chapter 16 510
Chapter 17 510
Chapter 18 511
Chapter 19 512
Chapter 20 512
Index 513
A 513
B 514
C 514
D 516
E 516
F 517
G 517
H 517
I 518
J 518
K 518
L 518
M 519
N 519
O 520
P 520
Q 521
R 521
S 522
T 522
U 523
V 523
W 524
X 524
Y 524
Z 524
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