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Book Details
Abstract
Written by some of the world's most famous anatomists, the 10th edition of The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology continues to present medical students with a comprehensive and easily digestible review of this complex topic. Clearly written and well-structured descriptions include just the information that’s needed, while nearly 600 illustrations help provide a clinically oriented guide to human development, utilizing a week-by-week and stage-by-stage approach to describe fetal organ and system development.
- Review questions and answers at the end of each chapter allow for effective exam preparation.
- Covers the latest advances in embryology, including normal and abnormal embryogenesis, causes of birth defects, and the role of genes in human development.
- Details how discoveries in molecular biology have affected clinical practice, including the development of sophisticated new techniques such as recumbent DNA technology and stem cell manipulation.
- Clinical case presentations, highlighted in special boxes, demonstrate how embryology concepts relate to clinical practice and are ideal for preparing for the USMLE Step 1.
- Three-dimensional animations — 2 new to this edition — help visual learners understand the subjects as discussed in the book as a whole.
- New and thoroughly revised assessment questions by Mark Torchia.
- Presents an authoritative description of human embryology through all stages of development.
- Rich illustrations correspond to the text to enhance comprehension.
- Medicine eBook is accessible on a variety of devices.
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Front Cover | cover | ||
IFC_Student Consult | IFC1 | ||
Half title page | i | ||
Award | ii | ||
The Developing Human | iii | ||
Copyright Page | iv | ||
Dedication | v | ||
Contributors | vii | ||
Preface | xi | ||
Acknowledgments | xiii | ||
Table Of Contents | xv | ||
1 Introduction to Human Development | 1 | ||
Developmental Periods | 1 | ||
Stages of Embryonic Development | 2 | ||
Postnatal Period | 2 | ||
Infancy | 2 | ||
Childhood | 2 | ||
Puberty | 2 | ||
Adulthood | 4 | ||
Significance of Embryology | 4 | ||
Historical Gleanings | 4 | ||
Ancient Views of Human Embryology | 4 | ||
Embryology in the Middle Ages | 5 | ||
The Renaissance | 5 | ||
Genetics and Human Development | 7 | ||
Molecular Biology of Human Development | 7 | ||
Human Biokinetic Embryology | 8 | ||
Descriptive Terms in Embryology | 8 | ||
Clinically Oriented Problems | 8 | ||
Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 9 | ||
2 First Week of Human Development | 11 | ||
Gametogenesis | 11 | ||
Meiosis | 12 | ||
Spermatogenesis | 12 | ||
Oogenesis | 17 | ||
Prenatal Maturation of Oocytes | 17 | ||
Postnatal Maturation of Oocytes | 17 | ||
Comparison of Gametes | 17 | ||
Uterus, Uterine Tubes, and Ovaries | 18 | ||
Uterus | 18 | ||
Uterine Tubes | 18 | ||
Ovaries | 18 | ||
Female Reproductive Cycles | 20 | ||
Ovarian Cycle | 20 | ||
Follicular Development | 21 | ||
Ovulation | 22 | ||
Corpus Luteum | 22 | ||
Menstrual Cycle | 23 | ||
Phases of Menstrual Cycle | 24 | ||
Menstrual Phase | 24 | ||
Proliferative Phase | 24 | ||
Luteal Phase | 24 | ||
Ischemia | 24 | ||
Pregnancy | 24 | ||
Transportation of Gametes | 25 | ||
Oocyte Transport | 25 | ||
Sperm Transport | 25 | ||
Maturation of Sperms | 26 | ||
Viability of Gametes | 26 | ||
Sequence of Fertilization | 27 | ||
Phases of Fertilization | 29 | ||
Fertilization | 29 | ||
Cleavage of Zygote | 30 | ||
Formation of Blastocyst | 33 | ||
Summary of First Week | 35 | ||
Clinically Oriented Problems | 36 | ||
Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 37 | ||
3 Second Week of Human Development | 39 | ||
Completion of Implantation of Blastocyst | 39 | ||
Formation of Amniotic Cavity, Embryonic Disc, and Umbilical Vesicle | 41 | ||
Development of Chorionic Sac | 42 | ||
Implantation Sites of Blastocysts | 46 | ||
Summary of Implantation | 46 | ||
Summary of Second Week | 48 | ||
Clinically Oriented Problems | 49 | ||
Case 3–1 | 49 | ||
Case 3–2 | 49 | ||
Case 3–3 | 49 | ||
Case 3–4 | 49 | ||
Case 3–5 | 49 | ||
Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 50 | ||
4 Third Week of Human Development | 51 | ||
Gastrulation: Formation of Germ Layers | 51 | ||
Primitive Streak | 52 | ||
Fate of Primitive Streak | 54 | ||
Notochordal Process and Notochord | 54 | ||
Allantois | 58 | ||
Neurulation: Formation of Neural Tube | 58 | ||
Neural Plate and Neural Tube | 59 | ||
Neural Crest Formation | 59 | ||
Development of Somites | 61 | ||
Development of Intraembryonic Coelom | 62 | ||
Early Development of Cardiovascular System | 62 | ||
Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis | 62 | ||
Primordial Cardiovascular System | 62 | ||
Development of Chorionic Villi | 63 | ||
Summary of Third Week | 64 | ||
Clinically Oriented Problems | 67 | ||
Case 4–1 | 67 | ||
Case 4–2 | 67 | ||
Case 4–3 | 67 | ||
Case 4–4 | 67 | ||
Case 4–5 | 67 | ||
Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 67 | ||
5 Fourth to Eighth Weeks of Human Development | 69 | ||
Phases of Embryonic Development | 69 | ||
Folding of Embryo | 70 | ||
Folding of Embryo in the Median Plane | 70 | ||
Head Fold | 70 | ||
Tail Fold | 70 | ||
Folding of Embryo in the Horizontal Plane | 70 | ||
Germ Layer Derivatives | 70 | ||
Control of Embryonic Development | 72 | ||
Highlights of Fourth to Eighth Weeks | 74 | ||
Fourth Week | 74 | ||
Fifth Week | 75 | ||
Sixth Week | 78 | ||
Seventh Week | 78 | ||
Eighth Week | 84 | ||
Estimation of Embryonic Age | 85 | ||
Summary of Fourth to Eighth Weeks | 87 | ||
Clinically Oriented Problems | 88 | ||
Case 5–1 | 88 | ||
Case 5–2 | 88 | ||
Case 5–3 | 88 | ||
Case 5–4 | 89 | ||
Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 89 | ||
6 Fetal Period: | 91 | ||
Estimation of Fetal Age | 93 | ||
Trimesters of Pregnancy | 93 | ||
Measurements and Characteristics of Fetuses | 93 | ||
Highlights of Fetal Period | 94 | ||
Nine to Twelve Weeks | 94 | ||
Thirteen to Sixteen Weeks | 95 | ||
Seventeen to Twenty Weeks | 95 | ||
Twenty-One to Twenty-Five Weeks | 96 | ||
Twenty-Six to Twenty-Nine Weeks | 97 | ||
Thirty to Thirty-Four Weeks | 97 | ||
Thirty-Five to Thirty-Eight Weeks | 97 | ||
Expected Date of Delivery | 99 | ||
Factors Influencing Fetal Growth | 99 | ||
Cigarette Smoking | 99 | ||
Multiple Pregnancy | 99 | ||
Alcohol and Illicit Drugs | 99 | ||
Impaired Uteroplacental and Fetoplacental Blood Flow | 99 | ||
Genetic Factors and Growth Retardation | 100 | ||
Procedures for Assessing Fetal Status | 100 | ||
Ultrasonography | 100 | ||
Diagnostic Amniocentesis | 100 | ||
Alpha-Fetoprotein Assay | 101 | ||
Spectrophotometric Studies | 101 | ||
Chorionic Villus Sampling | 101 | ||
Cell Cultures and Chromosomal Analysis | 102 | ||
Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis | 102 | ||
Fetal Transfusion | 103 | ||
Fetoscopy | 103 | ||
Percutaneous Umbilical Cord Blood Sampling | 103 | ||
Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 103 | ||
Fetal Monitoring | 103 | ||
Summary of Fetal Period | 103 | ||
Clinically Oriented Problems | 104 | ||
Case 6–1 | 104 | ||
Case 6–2 | 104 | ||
Case 6–3 | 104 | ||
Case 6–4 | 104 | ||
Case 6–5 | 104 | ||
Case 6–6 | 104 | ||
Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 105 | ||
7 Placenta and Fetal Membranes | 107 | ||
Placenta | 107 | ||
Decidua | 109 | ||
Development of Placenta | 109 | ||
Placental Circulation | 111 | ||
Fetal Placental Circulation | 112 | ||
Maternal Placental Circulation | 112 | ||
Placental Membrane | 113 | ||
Functions of Placenta | 114 | ||
Placental Metabolism | 114 | ||
Placental Transfer | 114 | ||
Transfer of Gases | 115 | ||
Nutritional Substances | 116 | ||
Hormones | 116 | ||
Electrolytes | 116 | ||
Maternal Antibodies and Proteins | 116 | ||
Waste Products | 116 | ||
Drugs and Drug Metabolites | 116 | ||
Infectious Agents | 117 | ||
Placental Endocrine Synthesis and Secretion | 117 | ||
The Placenta as an Allograft* | 117 | ||
The Placenta as an Invasive Tumor-like Structure | 118 | ||
Uterine Growth during Pregnancy | 118 | ||
Parturition | 119 | ||
Stages of Labor | 119 | ||
Placenta and Fetal Membranes after Birth | 121 | ||
Maternal Surface of Placenta | 121 | ||
Fetal Surface of Placenta | 121 | ||
Umbilical Cord | 124 | ||
Amnion and Amniotic Fluid | 126 | ||
Amniotic Fluid | 126 | ||
Circulation of Amniotic Fluid | 127 | ||
Composition of Amniotic Fluid | 127 | ||
Significance of Amniotic Fluid | 127 | ||
Umbilical Vesicle | 129 | ||
Significance of Umbilical Vesicle | 130 | ||
Fate of Umbilical Vesicle | 130 | ||
Allantois | 130 | ||
Multiple Pregnancies | 130 | ||
Twins and Fetal Membranes | 130 | ||
Dizygotic Twins | 131 | ||
Monozygotic Twins | 132 | ||
Other Types of Multiple Births | 133 | ||
Summary of Placenta and Fetal Membranes | 135 | ||
Neonatal Period | 138 | ||
Clinically Oriented Problems | 138 | ||
Case 7–1 | 138 | ||
Case 7–2 | 139 | ||
Case 7–3 | 139 | ||
Case 7–4 | 139 | ||
Case 7–5 | 139 | ||
Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 139 | ||
8 Body Cavities, Mesenteries, and Diaphragm | 141 | ||
Embryonic Body Cavity | 141 | ||
Mesenteries | 144 | ||
Division of Embryonic Body Cavity | 144 | ||
Pleuropericardial Membranes | 145 | ||
Pleuroperitoneal Membranes | 146 | ||
Development of Diaphragm | 146 | ||
Septum Transversum | 147 | ||
Pleuroperitoneal Membranes | 147 | ||
Dorsal Mesentery of Esophagus | 147 | ||
Muscular Ingrowth from Lateral Body Walls | 148 | ||
Positional Changes and Innervation of Diaphragm | 148 | ||
Summary of Development of Body Cavities, Mesenteries, and Diaphragm | 151 | ||
Clinically Oriented Problems | 153 | ||
Case 8–1 | 153 | ||
Case 8–2 | 153 | ||
Case 8–3 | 153 | ||
Case 8–4 | 153 | ||
Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 153 | ||
9 Pharyngeal Apparatus, Face, and Neck | 155 | ||
Pharyngeal Arches | 155 | ||
Pharyngeal Arch Components | 157 | ||
Fate of Pharyngeal Arches | 158 | ||
Derivatives of Pharyngeal Arch Cartilages | 159 | ||
Derivatives of Pharyngeal Arch Muscles | 159 | ||
Derivatives of Pharyngeal Arch Nerves | 159 | ||
Pharyngeal Pouches | 161 | ||
Derivatives of Pharyngeal Pouches | 161 | ||
First Pharyngeal Pouch | 161 | ||
Second Pharyngeal Pouch | 161 | ||
Third Pharyngeal Pouch | 163 | ||
Histogenesis of Thymus | 163 | ||
Fourth Pharyngeal Pouch | 163 | ||
Histogenesis of Parathyroid and Thyroid Glands | 163 | ||
Pharyngeal Grooves | 164 | ||
Pharyngeal Membranes | 164 | ||
Development of Thyroid Gland | 168 | ||
Histogenesis of Thyroid Gland | 169 | ||
Development of Tongue | 172 | ||
Lingual Papillae and Taste Buds | 172 | ||
Nerve Supply of Tongue | 173 | ||
Development of Salivary Glands | 174 | ||
Development of Face | 174 | ||
Development of Nasal Cavities | 181 | ||
Paranasal Sinuses | 181 | ||
Vomeronasal Organ | 181 | ||
Development of Palate | 182 | ||
Primary Palate | 182 | ||
Secondary Palate | 182 | ||
Summary of Pharyngeal Apparatus, Face, and Neck | 191 | ||
Clinically Oriented Problems | 191 | ||
Case 9–1 | 191 | ||
Case 9–2 | 192 | ||
Case 9–3 | 192 | ||
Case 9–4 | 192 | ||
Case 9–5 | 192 | ||
Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 192 | ||
10 Respiratory System | 195 | ||
Respiratory Primordium | 195 | ||
Development of Larynx | 196 | ||
Development of Trachea | 198 | ||
Development of Bronchi and Lungs | 200 | ||
Maturation of Lungs | 201 | ||
Pseudoglandular Stage (5 to 17 Weeks) | 201 | ||
Canalicular Stage (16 to 25 Weeks) | 201 | ||
Terminal Sac Stage (24 Weeks to Late Fetal Period) | 201 | ||
Alveolar Stage (Late Fetal Period to 8 Years) | 204 | ||
Summary of Respiratory System | 206 | ||
Clinically Oriented Problems | 207 | ||
Case 10–1 | 207 | ||
Case 10–2 | 207 | ||
Case 10–3 | 207 | ||
Case 10–4 | 207 | ||
Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 207 | ||
11 Alimentary System | 209 | ||
Foregut | 210 | ||
Development of Esophagus | 210 | ||
Development of Stomach | 211 | ||
Rotation of Stomach | 211 | ||
Mesenteries of Stomach | 211 | ||
Omental Bursa | 211 | ||
Development of Duodenum | 214 | ||
Development of Liver and Biliary Apparatus | 217 | ||
Ventral Mesentery | 217 | ||
Development of Pancreas | 219 | ||
Histogenesis of Pancreas | 219 | ||
Development of Spleen | 221 | ||
Midgut | 221 | ||
Herniation of Midgut Loop | 223 | ||
Rotation of Midgut Loop | 224 | ||
Retraction of Intestinal Loops | 224 | ||
Fixation of Intestines | 224 | ||
Cecum and Appendix | 225 | ||
Hindgut | 233 | ||
Cloaca | 233 | ||
Partitioning of the Cloaca | 233 | ||
Anal Canal | 233 | ||
Summary of Alimentary System | 234 | ||
Clinically Oriented Problems | 239 | ||
Case 11–1 | 239 | ||
Case 11–2 | 239 | ||
Case 11–3 | 239 | ||
Case 11–4 | 239 | ||
Case 11–5 | 239 | ||
Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 239 | ||
12 Urogenital System | 241 | ||
Development of Urinary System | 243 | ||
Development of Kidneys and Ureters | 243 | ||
Pronephroi | 243 | ||
Mesonephroi | 243 | ||
Metanephroi | 245 | ||
Positional Changes of Kidneys | 247 | ||
Changes in Blood Supply of Kidneys | 249 | ||
Development of Urinary Bladder | 255 | ||
Development of Urethra | 258 | ||
Development of Suprarenal Glands | 259 | ||
Development of Genital System | 260 | ||
Development of Gonads | 260 | ||
Indifferent Gonads | 260 | ||
Primordial Germ Cells | 260 | ||
Sex Determination | 260 | ||
Development of Testes | 261 | ||
Development of Ovaries | 262 | ||
Development of Genital Ducts | 262 | ||
Development of Male Genital Ducts and Glands | 264 | ||
Seminal Glands | 264 | ||
Prostate | 264 | ||
Bulbourethral Glands | 264 | ||
Development of Female Genital Ducts and Glands | 264 | ||
Female Auxiliary Genital Glands | 266 | ||
Development of Vagina | 266 | ||
Vestigial Remains of Embryonic Genital Ducts | 266 | ||
Development of External Genitalia | 267 | ||
Development of Male External Genitalia | 267 | ||
Development of Female External Genitalia | 268 | ||
Development of Inguinal Canals | 276 | ||
Relocation of Testes and Ovaries | 278 | ||
Testicular Descent | 278 | ||
Ovarian Descent | 278 | ||
Summary of Urogenital System | 278 | ||
Clinically Oriented Problems | 280 | ||
Case 12–1 | 280 | ||
Case 12–2 | 281 | ||
Case 12–3 | 281 | ||
Case 12–4 | 281 | ||
Case 12–5 | 281 | ||
Case 12–6 | 281 | ||
Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 281 | ||
13 Cardiovascular System | 283 | ||
Early Development of Heart and Blood Vessels | 284 | ||
Development of Veins Associated with Embryonic Heart | 285 | ||
Development of Inferior Vena Cava | 287 | ||
Pharyngeal Arch Arteries and Other Branches of Dorsal Aortae | 288 | ||
Intersegmental Arteries | 288 | ||
Fate of Vitelline and Umbilical Arteries | 288 | ||
Later Development of Heart | 289 | ||
Circulation through Primordial Heart | 291 | ||
Partitioning of Primordial Heart | 293 | ||
Partitioning of Atrioventricular Canal | 293 | ||
Partitioning of Primordial Atrium | 294 | ||
Changes in Sinus Venosus | 294 | ||
Primordial Pulmonary Vein and Formation of Left Atrium | 294 | ||
Partitioning of Primordial Ventricle | 298 | ||
Partitioning of Bulbus Cordis and Truncus Arteriosus | 300 | ||
Development of Cardiac Valves | 300 | ||
Conducting System of Heart | 301 | ||
Birth Defects of Heart and Great Vessels | 301 | ||
Derivatives of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries | 317 | ||
Derivatives of First Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries | 317 | ||
Derivatives of Second Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries | 317 | ||
Derivatives of Third Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries | 318 | ||
Derivatives of Fourth Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries | 318 | ||
Fate of Fifth Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries | 320 | ||
Derivatives of Sixth Pair of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries | 320 | ||
Pharyngeal Arch Arterial Birth Defects | 320 | ||
Fetal and Neonatal Circulation | 325 | ||
Fetal Circulation | 325 | ||
Transitional Neonatal Circulation | 325 | ||
Derivatives of Fetal Vessels and Structures | 329 | ||
Umbilical Vein and Round Ligament of Liver | 329 | ||
Ductus Venosus and Ligamentum Venosum | 329 | ||
Umbilical Arteries and Abdominal Ligaments | 330 | ||
Foramen Ovale and Oval Fossa | 330 | ||
Ductus Arteriosus and Ligamentum Arteriosum | 330 | ||
Development of Lymphatic System | 331 | ||
Development of Lymph Sacs and Lymphatic Ducts | 331 | ||
Development of Thoracic Duct | 331 | ||
Development of Lymph Nodes | 331 | ||
Development of Lymphocytes | 331 | ||
Development of Spleen and Tonsils | 332 | ||
Summary of Cardiovascular System | 332 | ||
Clinically Oriented Problems | 334 | ||
Case 13–1 | 334 | ||
Case 13–2 | 334 | ||
Case 13–3 | 334 | ||
Case 13–4 | 334 | ||
Case 13–5 | 334 | ||
Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 334 | ||
14 Skeletal System | 337 | ||
Development of Bone and Cartilage | 337 | ||
Histogenesis of Cartilage | 339 | ||
Histogenesis of Bone | 339 | ||
Intramembranous Ossification | 339 | ||
Endochondral Ossification | 340 | ||
Development of Joints | 341 | ||
Fibrous Joints | 342 | ||
Cartilaginous Joints | 342 | ||
Synovial Joints | 342 | ||
Development of Axial Skeleton | 342 | ||
Development of Vertebral Column | 342 | ||
Cartilaginous Stage of Vertebral Development | 342 | ||
Bony Stage of Vertebral Development | 342 | ||
Development of Ribs | 344 | ||
Development of Sternum | 344 | ||
Development of Cranium | 344 | ||
Cartilaginous Neurocranium | 345 | ||
Membranous Neurocranium | 346 | ||
Cartilaginous Viscerocranium | 346 | ||
Membranous Viscerocranium | 346 | ||
Cranium of Neonate | 346 | ||
Postnatal Growth of Cranium | 347 | ||
Development of Appendicular Skeleton | 349 | ||
Summary of Skeletal System | 353 | ||
Clinically Oriented Problems | 353 | ||
Case 14-1 | 353 | ||
Case 14-2 | 353 | ||
Case 14-3 | 353 | ||
Case 14-4 | 353 | ||
Case 14-5 | 353 | ||
Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 353 | ||
15 Muscular System | 355 | ||
Development of Skeletal Muscle | 355 | ||
Myotomes | 357 | ||
Pharyngeal Arch Muscles | 358 | ||
Ocular Muscles | 358 | ||
Tongue Muscles | 358 | ||
Limb Muscles | 358 | ||
Development of Smooth Muscle | 358 | ||
Development of Cardiac Muscle | 359 | ||
Summary of Muscular System | 361 | ||
Clinically Oriented Problems | 361 | ||
Case 15–1 | 361 | ||
Case 15–2 | 361 | ||
Case 15–3 | 361 | ||
Case 15–4 | 362 | ||
Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 362 | ||
16 Development of Limbs | 363 | ||
Early Stages of Limb Development | 363 | ||
Final Stages of Limb Development | 367 | ||
Cutaneous Innervation of Limbs | 367 | ||
Blood Supply of Limbs | 371 | ||
Birth Defects of Limbs | 372 | ||
Summary of Limb Development | 377 | ||
Clinically Oriented Problems | 377 | ||
Case 16–1 | 377 | ||
Case 16–2 | 378 | ||
Case 16–3 | 378 | ||
Case 16–4 | 378 | ||
Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 378 | ||
17 Nervous System | 379 | ||
Development of Nervous System | 379 | ||
Development of Spinal Cord | 382 | ||
Development of Spinal Ganglia | 384 | ||
Development of Spinal Meninges | 385 | ||
Positional Changes of Spinal Cord | 387 | ||
Myelination of Nerve Fibers | 387 | ||
Development of Brain | 392 | ||
Brain Flexures | 392 | ||
Hindbrain | 392 | ||
Myelencephalon | 392 | ||
Metencephalon | 395 | ||
Choroid Plexuses and Cerebrospinal Fluid | 396 | ||
Midbrain | 396 | ||
Forebrain | 396 | ||
Diencephalon | 396 | ||
Telencephalon | 400 | ||
Cerebral Commissures | 402 | ||
Birth Defects of Brain | 403 | ||
Development of Peripheral Nervous System | 412 | ||
Spinal Nerves | 412 | ||
Cranial Nerves | 412 | ||
Somatic Efferent Cranial Nerves | 412 | ||
Nerves of Pharyngeal Arches | 413 | ||
Special Sensory Nerves | 414 | ||
Development of Autonomic Nervous System | 414 | ||
Sympathetic Nervous System | 414 | ||
Parasympathetic Nervous System | 414 | ||
Summary of Nervous System | 414 | ||
Clinically Oriented Problems | 415 | ||
Case 17–1 | 415 | ||
Case 17–2 | 415 | ||
Case 17–3 | 415 | ||
Case 17–4 | 415 | ||
Case 17–5 | 416 | ||
Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 416 | ||
18 Development of Eyes and Ears | 417 | ||
Development of Eyes and Related Structures | 417 | ||
Retina | 419 | ||
Ciliary Body | 423 | ||
Iris | 423 | ||
Lens | 425 | ||
Aqueous Chambers | 426 | ||
Cornea | 427 | ||
Choroid and Sclera | 427 | ||
Eyelids | 427 | ||
Lacrimal Glands | 428 | ||
Development of Ears | 428 | ||
Internal Ears | 428 | ||
Middle Ears | 430 | ||
External Ears | 431 | ||
Summary of Eye Development | 434 | ||
Summary of Ear Development | 435 | ||
Clinically Oriented Problems | 435 | ||
Case 18–1 | 435 | ||
Case 18–2 | 435 | ||
Case 18–3 | 435 | ||
Case 18–4 | 435 | ||
Case 18–5 | 435 | ||
Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 436 | ||
19 Integumentary System | 437 | ||
Development of Skin and Appendages | 437 | ||
Epidermis | 437 | ||
Dermis | 439 | ||
Glands | 440 | ||
Sebaceous Glands | 440 | ||
Sweat Glands | 440 | ||
Mammary Glands | 442 | ||
Hairs | 445 | ||
Nails | 446 | ||
Teeth | 446 | ||
Bud Stage of Tooth Development | 448 | ||
Cap Stage of Tooth Development | 448 | ||
Bell Stage of Tooth Development | 449 | ||
Tooth Eruption | 449 | ||
Variations of Tooth Shape | 452 | ||
Summary of Integumentary System | 454 | ||
Clinically Oriented Problems | 454 | ||
Case 19–1 | 454 | ||
Case 19–2 | 454 | ||
Case 19–3 | 454 | ||
Case 19–4 | 454 | ||
Case 19–5 | 454 | ||
Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 454 | ||
20 Human Birth Defects | 457 | ||
Classification of Birth Defects | 457 | ||
Teratology: Study of Abnormal Development | 458 | ||
Birth Defects Caused by Genetic Factors | 458 | ||
Numeric Chromosomal Abnormalities | 459 | ||
Turner Syndrome | 462 | ||
Trisomy of Autosomes | 462 | ||
Trisomy of Sex Chromosomes | 465 | ||
Structural Chromosomal Abnormalities | 466 | ||
Translocation | 466 | ||
Deletion | 466 | ||
Birth Defects Caused by Mutant Genes | 469 | ||
Developmental Signaling Pathways | 471 | ||
Birth Defects Caused by Environmental Factors | 472 | ||
Principles of Teratogenesis | 472 | ||
Critical Periods of Human Development | 472 | ||
Dose of Drugs or Chemicals | 475 | ||
Genotype of Embryo | 475 | ||
Human Teratogens | 475 | ||
Drugs as Teratogens | 476 | ||
Cigarette smoking | 476 | ||
Alcohol | 476 | ||
Androgens and progestogens | 477 | ||
Antibiotics | 478 | ||
Anticoagulants | 478 | ||
Anticonvulsants | 478 | ||
Antineoplastic agents | 479 | ||
Corticosteroids | 479 | ||
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 479 | ||
Insulin and hypoglycemic drugs | 479 | ||
Retinoic acid | 479 | ||
Analgesics | 479 | ||
Thyroid drugs | 479 | ||
Tranquilizers | 480 | ||
Psychotropic drugs | 480 | ||
Illicit drugs | 480 | ||
Environmental Chemicals as Teratogens | 480 | ||
Organic mercury | 480 | ||
Lead | 481 | ||
Polychlorinated biphenyls | 481 | ||
Infectious Agents as Teratogens | 481 | ||
Congenital rubella | 481 | ||
Cytomegalovirus | 481 | ||
Herpes simplex virus | 481 | ||
Varicella | 481 | ||
Human immunodeficiency virus | 481 | ||
Toxoplasmosis | 482 | ||
Congenital syphilis | 482 | ||
Radiation as a Teratogen | 483 | ||
Ultrasonic Waves | 483 | ||
Maternal Factors as Teratogens | 483 | ||
Mechanical Factors as Teratogens | 484 | ||
Birth Defects Caused by Multifactorial Inheritance | 484 | ||
Summary of Birth Defects | 484 | ||
Clinically Oriented Problems | 485 | ||
Case 20–1 | 485 | ||
Case 20–2 | 485 | ||
Case 20–3 | 485 | ||
Case 20–4 | 485 | ||
Case 20–5 | 485 | ||
Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 485 | ||
21 Common Signaling Pathways Used During Development | 487 | ||
Intercellular Communication | 488 | ||
Gap Junctions | 488 | ||
Cell Adhesion Molecules | 489 | ||
Cadherins | 489 | ||
Immunoglobulin Superfamily | 489 | ||
Morphogens | 490 | ||
Retinoic Acid | 490 | ||
Transforming Growth Factor-β and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins | 490 | ||
Hedgehog | 491 | ||
WNT/β-Catenin Pathway | 492 | ||
Protein Kinases | 493 | ||
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases | 493 | ||
Common Features | 493 | ||
Regulation of Angiogenesis by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases | 494 | ||
Hippo Signaling Pathway | 494 | ||
Notch-Delta Pathway | 494 | ||
Transcription Factors | 496 | ||
HOX Proteins | 496 | ||
PAX Genes | 496 | ||
Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors | 497 | ||
Epigenetics | 497 | ||
Histones | 498 | ||
Histone Acetylation | 498 | ||
Histone Methylation | 498 | ||
DNA Methylation | 498 | ||
MicroRNAs | 499 | ||
Stem Cells: Differentiation Versus Pluripotency | 499 | ||
Summary of Common Signaling Pathways Used during Development | 500 | ||
Bibliography and Suggested Reading | 500 | ||
Appendix Discussion of Clinically Oriented Problems | 503 | ||
Chapter 1 | 503 | ||
Chapter 2 | 503 | ||
Chapter 3 | 504 | ||
Chapter 4 | 504 | ||
Chapter 5 | 505 | ||
Chapter 6 | 505 | ||
Chapter 7 | 506 | ||
Chapter 8 | 506 | ||
Chapter 9 | 506 | ||
Chapter 10 | 507 | ||
Chapter 11 | 507 | ||
Chapter 12 | 508 | ||
Chapter 13 | 509 | ||
Chapter 14 | 509 | ||
Chapter 15 | 510 | ||
Chapter 16 | 510 | ||
Chapter 17 | 510 | ||
Chapter 18 | 511 | ||
Chapter 19 | 512 | ||
Chapter 20 | 512 | ||
Index | 513 | ||
A | 513 | ||
B | 514 | ||
C | 514 | ||
D | 516 | ||
E | 516 | ||
F | 517 | ||
G | 517 | ||
H | 517 | ||
I | 518 | ||
J | 518 | ||
K | 518 | ||
L | 518 | ||
M | 519 | ||
N | 519 | ||
O | 520 | ||
P | 520 | ||
Q | 521 | ||
R | 521 | ||
S | 522 | ||
T | 522 | ||
U | 523 | ||
V | 523 | ||
W | 524 | ||
X | 524 | ||
Y | 524 | ||
Z | 524 | ||
IBC_ClinicalKey ads | IBC1 |