BOOK
Merrill's Atlas of Radiographic Positioning and Procedures - E-Book
Bruce W. Long | Jeannean Hall Rollins | Barbara J. Smith
(2015)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
More than 400 projections make it easier to learn anatomy, properly position the patient, set exposures, and take high-quality radiographs! With Merrill's Atlas of Radiographic Positioning & Procedures, 13th Edition, you will develop the skills to produce clear radiographic images to help physicians make accurate diagnoses. It separates anatomy and positioning information by organ systems — using full-color illustrations to show anatomical anatomy, and CT scans and MRI images to help you learn cross-section anatomy. Written by radiologic imaging experts Bruce Long, Jeannean Hall Rollins, and Barbara Smith, Merrill's Atlas is not just the gold standard in radiographic positioning references, and the most widely used, but also an excellent review in preparing for ARRT and certification exams!
- Comprehensive, full-color coverage of anatomy and positioning makes Merrill's Atlas the most in-depth text and reference available for radiography students and practitioners.
- Frequently performed projections are identified with a special icon to help you focus on what you need to know as an entry-level radiographer.
- Numerous CT and MRI images enhance your comprehension of cross-sectional anatomy and help you prepare for the Registry examination.
- UNIQUE! Collimation sizes and other key information are provided for each relevant projection.
- Bulleted lists provide clear instructions on how to correctly position the patient and body part when performing procedures.
- Summary tables provide quick access to projection overviews, guides to anatomy, pathology tables for bone groups and body systems, and exposure technique charts.
- NEW! Coverage of the latest advances in digital imaging also includes more digital radiographs with greater contrast resolution of pertinent anatomy.
- NEW positioning photos show current digital imaging equipment and technology.
- UPDATED coverage addresses contrast arthrography procedures, trauma radiography practices, plus current patient preparation, contrast media used, and the influence of digital technologies.
- UPDATED Mammography chapter reflects the evolution to digital mammography, as well as innovations in breast biopsy procedures.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Endsheet 2 | IFC2 | ||
| Endsheet 3 | IFC3 | ||
| half-title page | i | ||
| Merrill's Atlas of Radiographic Positioning and Procedures | iii | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Previous Authors | v | ||
| The Merrill’s Team | vi | ||
| Advisory Board | vii | ||
| Chapter Content Experts | viii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Learning and Perfecting Positioning Skills | ix | ||
| New to This Edition | ix | ||
| New Patient Photography | ix | ||
| Revised Image Evaluation Criteria | ix | ||
| Working with the Obese Patient | ix | ||
| Fully Revised Pediatric Chapter | ix | ||
| Updated Geriatric Chapter | ix | ||
| Consolidated Cranial Chapters | ix | ||
| Digital Radiography Collimation | ix | ||
| English/Metric IR Sizes | x | ||
| Integration of CT and MRI | x | ||
| New Illustrations | x | ||
| Digital Radiography Updated | x | ||
| Computed Radiography | x | ||
| Obsolete Projections Deleted | x | ||
| New Radiographs | x | ||
| Learning Aids for the Student | x | ||
| Pocket Guide to Radiography | x | ||
| Radiographic Anatomy, Positioning, and Procedures Workbook | x | ||
| Teaching Aids for the Instructor | x | ||
| Evolve Instructor Electronic Resources | x | ||
| Mosby’s Radiography Online | x | ||
| Evolve—Online Course Management | x | ||
| Acknowledgments | xii | ||
| Contributors | xii | ||
| Table of Contents | xiii | ||
| 11 Long Bone Measurement | 1 | ||
| Outline | 1 | ||
| Imaging Methods | 2 | ||
| Radiation Protection | 2 | ||
| Position of Patient | 2 | ||
| Position of Part | 2 | ||
| Localization of Joints | 2 | ||
| Computed Tomography Technique | 6 | ||
| 12 Contrast Arthrography | 7 | ||
| Outline | 7 | ||
| Overview | 8 | ||
| Contrast Arthrography Procedures Removed | 9 | ||
| Shoulder Arthrography | 10 | ||
| Contrast Arthrography of the Knee | 12 | ||
| Vertical Ray Method | 12 | ||
| Double-Contrast Arthrography of the Knee | 13 | ||
| Horizontal Ray Method | 13 | ||
| Medial meniscus | 13 | ||
| Lateral meniscus | 13 | ||
| Hip Arthrography | 14 | ||
| Other Joints | 16 | ||
| 13 Trauma Radiography | 17 | ||
| Outline | 17 | ||
| Introduction | 18 | ||
| Trauma Statistics | 18 | ||
| Preliminary Considerations | 20 | ||
| Specialized Equipment | 20 | ||
| Exposure Factors | 23 | ||
| Positioning of the Patient | 24 | ||
| Radiographer’s Role as Part of the Trauma Team | 25 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging Procedures | 25 | ||
| Radiation Protection | 25 | ||
| Patient Care | 26 | ||
| Best Practices in Trauma Radiography | 28 | ||
| Radiographic Procedures in Trauma | 29 | ||
| Patient Preparation | 29 | ||
| Breathing Instructions | 30 | ||
| Immobilization Devices | 30 | ||
| Image Receptor Size and Collimated Field | 30 | ||
| Central Ray, Part, and Image Receptor Alignment | 30 | ||
| Image Evaluation | 30 | ||
| Documentation | 30 | ||
| Radiography | 31 | ||
| Cervical Spine | 31 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 31 | ||
| Dorsal decubitus position | 31 | ||
| Trauma positioning tips | 31 | ||
| Patient position considerations | 31 | ||
| Structures shown | 31 | ||
| Cervicothoracic Region | 32 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 32 | ||
| Dorsal decubitus position | 32 | ||
| Trauma positioning tips | 32 | ||
| Patient position considerations | 32 | ||
| Structures shown | 32 | ||
| Compensating Filter | 32 | ||
| Cervical Spine | 33 | ||
| AP Axial Projection | 33 | ||
| Trauma positioning tips | 33 | ||
| Patient position considerations | 33 | ||
| Structures shown | 33 | ||
| AP Axial Oblique Projection | 34 | ||
| Trauma positioning tips | 34 | ||
| Patient position considerations | 34 | ||
| Structures shown | 34 | ||
| Thoracic and Lumbar Spine | 35 | ||
| Lateral Projections | 35 | ||
| Dorsal decubitus positions | 35 | ||
| Trauma positioning tips | 35 | ||
| Patient position considerations | 35 | ||
| Structures shown | 35 | ||
| Chest | 36 | ||
| AP Projection | 36 | ||
| Trauma positioning tips | 36 | ||
| Patient position considerations | 36 | ||
| Structures shown | 37 | ||
| Abdomen | 38 | ||
| AP Projection | 38 | ||
| Trauma positioning tips | 38 | ||
| Patient position considerations | 38 | ||
| Structures shown | 39 | ||
| AP Projection | 40 | ||
| Left lateral decubitus position | 40 | ||
| Trauma positioning tips | 40 | ||
| Patient position considerations | 40 | ||
| Structures shown | 40 | ||
| Pelvis | 41 | ||
| AP Projection | 41 | ||
| Trauma positioning tips | 41 | ||
| Patient position considerations | 41 | ||
| Structures shown | 41 | ||
| Cranium | 42 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 42 | ||
| Dorsal decubitus position | 42 | ||
| Trauma positioning tips | 42 | ||
| Patient position considerations | 42 | ||
| Structures shown | 43 | ||
| AP Projection | 44 | ||
| AP Axial Projection—Towne Method | 44 | ||
| Trauma positioning tips | 44 | ||
| Patient position considerations | 44 | ||
| Structures shown | 45 | ||
| Facial Bones | 46 | ||
| Acanthioparietal Projection | 46 | ||
| Reverse Waters Method | 46 | ||
| Trauma positioning tips | 46 | ||
| Patient position considerations | 46 | ||
| Structures shown | 46 | ||
| Upper Limb | 47 | ||
| Trauma positioning tips | 47 | ||
| Patient position considerations | 47 | ||
| Structures shown | 49 | ||
| Lower Limb | 50 | ||
| Trauma positioning tips | 50 | ||
| Patient position considerations | 50 | ||
| Structures shown | 52 | ||
| Other Imaging Procedures in Trauma | 53 | ||
| Computed Tomography | 53 | ||
| Diagnostic Medical Sonography | 55 | ||
| Selected bibliography | 56 | ||
| 14 Mouth and Salivary Glands | 57 | ||
| Outline | 57 | ||
| Summary of Projections | 58 | ||
| Anatomy | 59 | ||
| Mouth | 59 | ||
| Salivary Glands | 60 | ||
| Radiography | 62 | ||
| Sialography | 62 | ||
| Parotid Gland | 64 | ||
| Tangential Projection | 64 | ||
| Position of patient | 64 | ||
| Position of part | 64 | ||
| Supine body position | 64 | ||
| Prone body position | 65 | ||
| Central ray | 65 | ||
| Structures shown | 65 | ||
| Parotid and Submandibular Glands | 66 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 66 | ||
| R or L position | 66 | ||
| Position of patient | 66 | ||
| Position of part | 66 | ||
| Parotid gland | 66 | ||
| Submandibular gland | 66 | ||
| Central ray | 66 | ||
| Structures shown | 67 | ||
| 15 Anterior Part of Neck | 69 | ||
| Outline | 69 | ||
| Summary of Projections | 70 | ||
| Anatomy | 71 | ||
| Neck | 71 | ||
| Thyroid Gland | 71 | ||
| Parathyroid Glands | 71 | ||
| Pharynx | 72 | ||
| Larynx | 72 | ||
| Radiography | 74 | ||
| Soft Palate, Pharynx, and Larynx: Methods of Examination | 74 | ||
| Positive-Contrast Pharyngography | 74 | ||
| Deglutition | 74 | ||
| Gunson method | 75 | ||
| Pharynx and Larynx | 76 | ||
| Ap Projection | 76 | ||
| Position of patient | 76 | ||
| Position of part | 76 | ||
| Central ray | 77 | ||
| Collimation | 77 | ||
| Additional studies | 77 | ||
| Soft Palate, Pharynx, and Larynx | 78 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 78 | ||
| R or L position | 78 | ||
| Position of patient | 78 | ||
| Position of part | 78 | ||
| Central ray | 78 | ||
| Collimation | 78 | ||
| Procedure | 78 | ||
| 16 Abdomen | 81 | ||
| Outline | 81 | ||
| Summary of Projections | 82 | ||
| Anatomy | 83 | ||
| Abdominopelvic Cavity | 83 | ||
| Radiography | 86 | ||
| Abdominal Radiographic Procedures | 86 | ||
| Exposure Technique | 86 | ||
| Immobilization | 86 | ||
| Abdomen | 87 | ||
| Radiographic Projections | 87 | ||
| Positioning Protocols | 87 | ||
| Abdominal Sequencing | 87 | ||
| AP Projection | 89 | ||
| Supine; upright | 89 | ||
| Position of patient | 89 | ||
| Position of part | 89 | ||
| Central ray | 89 | ||
| Collimation | 89 | ||
| Structures shown | 90 | ||
| PA Projection | 91 | ||
| Upright | 91 | ||
| 17 Digestive System | 95 | ||
| Outline | 95 | ||
| Summary of Projections | 96 | ||
| Anatomy | 97 | ||
| Digestive System | 97 | ||
| Esophagus | 97 | ||
| Stomach | 98 | ||
| Small Intestine | 101 | ||
| Large Intestine | 102 | ||
| Liver and Biliary System | 104 | ||
| Pancreas and Spleen | 106 | ||
| Radiography | 110 | ||
| Technical Considerations | 110 | ||
| Gastrointestinal Transit | 110 | ||
| Examination Procedure | 110 | ||
| Contrast media | 111 | ||
| Radiologic apparatus | 113 | ||
| Preparation of examining room | 114 | ||
| Exposure time | 114 | ||
| Radiation Protection | 115 | ||
| Esophagus | 115 | ||
| Contrast Media Studies | 115 | ||
| Barium sulfate mixture | 115 | ||
| Examination procedures | 116 | ||
| Opaque Foreign Bodies | 117 | ||
| Esophagus | 118 | ||
| AP, PA, Oblique, and Lateral Projections | 118 | ||
| Position of patient | 118 | ||
| AP or PA Projection | 118 | ||
| AP or PA Oblique Projection | 118 | ||
| RAO or LPO Position | 118 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 118 | ||
| R or L Position | 118 | ||
| Central ray | 118 | ||
| Collimation | 118 | ||
| Structures shown | 118 | ||
| Barium administration and respiration | 119 | ||
| Stomach: Gastrointestinal Series | 120 | ||
| Preliminary Preparation | 120 | ||
| Preparation of patient | 120 | ||
| Barium sulfate suspension | 120 | ||
| Contrast Studies | 121 | ||
| Single-Contrast Examination | 121 | ||
| Position of patient | 121 | ||
| Double-Contrast Examination | 122 | ||
| Radiographic imaging procedure | 122 | ||
| Biphasic Examination | 123 | ||
| Hypotonic Duodenography | 123 | ||
| Stomach and Duodenum | 124 | ||
| PA Projection | 124 | ||
| Position of patient | 124 | ||
| Position of part | 124 | ||
| Central ray | 124 | ||
| Collimation | 124 | ||
| Structures shown | 124 | ||
| PA Axial Projection | 126 | ||
| Position of patient | 126 | ||
| Position of part | 126 | ||
| Central ray | 126 | ||
| Collimation | 126 | ||
| Structures shown | 127 | ||
| PA Oblique Projection | 128 | ||
| RAO position | 128 | ||
| Position of patient | 128 | ||
| Position of part | 128 | ||
| Central ray | 128 | ||
| Collimation | 128 | ||
| Structures shown | 129 | ||
| AP Oblique Projection | 130 | ||
| LPO position | 130 | ||
| Position of patient | 130 | ||
| Position of part | 130 | ||
| Central ray | 131 | ||
| Collimation | 131 | ||
| Structures shown | 131 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 132 | ||
| R position | 132 | ||
| Position of patient | 132 | ||
| Position of part | 132 | ||
| Central ray | 133 | ||
| Collimation | 133 | ||
| Structures shown | 133 | ||
| AP Projection | 134 | ||
| Position of patient | 134 | ||
| Position of part | 134 | ||
| Central ray | 134 | ||
| Collimation | 134 | ||
| Structures shown | 134 | ||
| Stomach. | 134 | ||
| Diaphragm. | 134 | ||
| Superior Stomach and Distal Esophagus | 136 | ||
| PA Oblique Projection | 136 | ||
| Position of patient | 136 | ||
| Position of part | 136 | ||
| Central ray | 137 | ||
| Collimation | 137 | ||
| Structures shown | 137 | ||
| Small Intestine | 138 | ||
| Preparation for Examination | 138 | ||
| Oral Method of Examination | 138 | ||
| Small Intestine | 139 | ||
| PA or AP Projection | 139 | ||
| Position of patient | 139 | ||
| Position of part | 139 | ||
| Central ray | 139 | ||
| Collimation | 139 | ||
| Structures shown | 139 | ||
| Complete Reflux Examination | 141 | ||
| Enteroclysis Procedure | 141 | ||
| Intubation Examination Procedures | 143 | ||
| Large Intestine | 144 | ||
| Contrast Media Studies | 144 | ||
| Contrast media | 144 | ||
| Preparation of intestinal tract | 146 | ||
| Standard barium enema apparatus | 146 | ||
| Preparation of barium suspensions | 147 | ||
| Preparation and care of patient | 147 | ||
| Insertion of enema tip | 148 | ||
| Single-Contrast Barium Enema | 148 | ||
| Administration of contrast medium | 148 | ||
| Positioning of opacified colon | 149 | ||
| Double-Contrast Barium Enema | 150 | ||
| Single-stage procedure | 150 | ||
| Welin method | 152 | ||
| Stage 1. | 152 | ||
| Stage 2. | 152 | ||
| Opacified Colon | 154 | ||
| PA Projection | 154 | ||
| Position of patient | 154 | ||
| Position of part | 154 | ||
| Central ray | 154 | ||
| Collimation | 154 | ||
| Structures shown | 154 | ||
| PA Axial Projection | 156 | ||
| Position of patient | 156 | ||
| Position of part | 156 | ||
| Central ray | 156 | ||
| Collimation | 156 | ||
| Structures shown | 156 | ||
| PA Oblique Projection | 157 | ||
| RAO position | 157 | ||
| Position of patient | 157 | ||
| Position of part | 157 | ||
| Central ray | 157 | ||
| Collimation | 157 | ||
| Structures shown | 157 | ||
| PA Oblique Projection | 158 | ||
| LAO position | 158 | ||
| Position of patient | 158 | ||
| Position of part | 158 | ||
| Central ray | 158 | ||
| Collimation | 158 | ||
| Structures shown | 158 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 159 | ||
| R or L position | 159 | ||
| Position of patient | 159 | ||
| Position of part | 159 | ||
| Central ray | 159 | ||
| Collimation | 159 | ||
| Structures shown | 159 | ||
| AP Projection | 160 | ||
| Position of patient | 160 | ||
| Position of part | 160 | ||
| Central ray | 160 | ||
| Collimation | 160 | ||
| Structures shown | 160 | ||
| AP Axial Projection | 161 | ||
| Position of patient | 161 | ||
| Position of part | 161 | ||
| Central ray | 161 | ||
| Collimation | 161 | ||
| Structures shown | 161 | ||
| AP Oblique Projection | 162 | ||
| LPO position | 162 | ||
| Position of patient | 162 | ||
| Position of part | 162 | ||
| Central ray | 162 | ||
| Collimation | 162 | ||
| Structures shown | 162 | ||
| AP Oblique Projection | 163 | ||
| RPO position | 163 | ||
| Position of patient | 163 | ||
| Position of part | 163 | ||
| Central ray | 163 | ||
| Collimation | 163 | ||
| Structures shown | 163 | ||
| Decubitus Positions | 164 | ||
| AP or PA Projection | 165 | ||
| Right lateral decubitus position | 165 | ||
| Position of patient | 165 | ||
| Position of part | 165 | ||
| Central ray | 165 | ||
| Collimation | 165 | ||
| Structures shown | 165 | ||
| Compensating Filter | 165 | ||
| PA or AP Projection | 166 | ||
| Left lateral decubitus position | 166 | ||
| Position of patient | 166 | ||
| Position of part | 166 | ||
| Central ray | 166 | ||
| Collimation | 166 | ||
| Structures shown | 166 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 167 | ||
| R or L ventral decubitus position | 167 | ||
| Position of patient | 167 | ||
| Position of part | 167 | ||
| Central ray | 167 | ||
| Collimation | 167 | ||
| Structures shown | 167 | ||
| AP, PA, Oblique, and Lateral Projections | 168 | ||
| Upright position | 168 | ||
| Axial Projection | 169 | ||
| Chassard-Lapiné Method | 169 | ||
| Position of patient | 169 | ||
| Position of part | 169 | ||
| Central ray | 169 | ||
| Collimation | 169 | ||
| Structures shown | 169 | ||
| Colostomy Studies | 170 | ||
| Preparation of intestinal tract | 170 | ||
| Colostomy enema equipment | 170 | ||
| Diagnostic Enema | 170 | ||
| Preparation of patient | 170 | ||
| Defecography | 172 | ||
| Biliary Tract | 173 | ||
| Biliary Tract and Gallbladder | 173 | ||
| Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography | 174 | ||
| Biliary Drainage Procedure and Stone Extraction | 175 | ||
| Postoperative (T-Tube) Cholangiography | 176 | ||
| Biliary Tract and Pancreatic Duct | 178 | ||
| Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography | 178 | ||
| Abdominal Fistulae and Sinuses | 180 | ||
| 18 Urinary System and Venipuncture | 181 | ||
| Outline | 181 | ||
| Summary of Projections | 182 | ||
| Urinary System Anatomy | 183 | ||
| Urinary System | 183 | ||
| Suprarenal Glands | 183 | ||
| Kidneys | 184 | ||
| Ureters | 186 | ||
| Urinary Bladder | 186 | ||
| Urethra | 187 | ||
| Prostate | 187 | ||
| Urinary System Radiography | 190 | ||
| Overview | 190 | ||
| Contrast Studies | 190 | ||
| Antegrade filling | 191 | ||
| Retrograde filling | 193 | ||
| Contrast media | 194 | ||
| Adverse reactions to iodinated media | 196 | ||
| Preparation of intestinal tract | 196 | ||
| Preparation of patient | 197 | ||
| Equipment | 198 | ||
| Procedure | 199 | ||
| Image quality and exposure technique | 199 | ||
| Motion control | 199 | ||
| Ureteral compression | 200 | ||
| Respiration | 200 | ||
| Preliminary Examination | 201 | ||
| Radiation Protection | 201 | ||
| Intravenous Urography | 201 | ||
| Radiographic Procedure | 202 | ||
| Urinary System | 204 | ||
| AP Projection | 204 | ||
| Position of patient | 204 | ||
| Position of part | 204 | ||
| Central ray | 204 | ||
| Collimation | 204 | ||
| Structures shown | 204 | ||
| AP Oblique Projection | 206 | ||
| RPO and LPO positions | 206 | ||
| Position of patient | 206 | ||
| Position of part | 206 | ||
| Central ray | 206 | ||
| Collimation | 206 | ||
| Structures shown | 206 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 207 | ||
| R or L position | 207 | ||
| Position of patient | 207 | ||
| Position of part | 207 | ||
| Central ray | 207 | ||
| Collimation | 207 | ||
| Structures shown | 207 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 208 | ||
| Dorsal decubitus position | 208 | ||
| Position of patient | 208 | ||
| Position of part | 208 | ||
| Central ray | 208 | ||
| Collimation | 208 | ||
| Structures shown | 208 | ||
| Renal Parenchyma | 209 | ||
| Nephrotomography | 209 | ||
| AP Projection | 209 | ||
| Indications and contraindications | 209 | ||
| Examination procedure | 209 | ||
| Percutaneous Renal Puncture | 210 | ||
| Pelvicaliceal System and Ureters | 212 | ||
| Retrograde Urography | 212 | ||
| AP Projection | 212 | ||
| Indications and contraindications | 212 | ||
| Examination procedure | 212 | ||
| Urinary Bladder, Lower Ureters, Urethra, and Prostate | 214 | ||
| Indications and contraindications | 214 | ||
| Contrast media | 214 | ||
| Injection equipment | 214 | ||
| Preliminary preparations | 214 | ||
| Contrast injection | 214 | ||
| Retrograde Cystography | 214 | ||
| Contrast injection technique | 214 | ||
| Urinary Bladder | 216 | ||
| AP Axial or PA Axial Projection | 216 | ||
| Position of patient | 216 | ||
| Position of part | 216 | ||
| Central ray | 216 | ||
| AP | 216 | ||
| PA | 216 | ||
| Collimation | 216 | ||
| Structures shown | 217 | ||
| AP Oblique Projection | 218 | ||
| RPO or LPO position | 218 | ||
| Position of patient | 218 | ||
| Position of part | 218 | ||
| Central ray | 218 | ||
| Collimation | 218 | ||
| Structures shown | 218 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 220 | ||
| R or L position | 220 | ||
| Position of patient | 220 | ||
| Position of part | 220 | ||
| Central ray | 220 | ||
| Collimation | 220 | ||
| Structures shown | 220 | ||
| Male Cystourethrography | 221 | ||
| AP Oblique Projection | 221 | ||
| RPO or LPO position | 221 | ||
| Female Cystourethrography | 222 | ||
| AP Projection | 222 | ||
| Injection Method | 222 | ||
| Metallic bead chain cystourethrography | 222 | ||
| Venipuncture and IV Contrast Media Administration | 225 | ||
| Professional and Legal Considerations | 225 | ||
| Medications | 225 | ||
| Patient Education | 225 | ||
| Patient Assessment | 228 | ||
| Infection Control | 228 | ||
| Venipuncture Supplies and Equipment | 228 | ||
| Needles and Syringes | 228 | ||
| Medication Preparation | 229 | ||
| Procedure | 230 | ||
| Site Selection | 230 | ||
| Site Preparation | 232 | ||
| Venipuncture | 232 | ||
| Administration | 234 | ||
| Reactions and Complications | 235 | ||
| Documentation | 235 | ||
| 19 Reproductive System | 237 | ||
| Outline | 237 | ||
| Summary of Projections | 238 | ||
| Anatomy | 239 | ||
| Female Reproductive System | 239 | ||
| Ovaries | 239 | ||
| Uterine Tubes | 239 | ||
| Uterus | 240 | ||
| Vagina | 240 | ||
| Fetal Development | 241 | ||
| Male Reproductive System | 242 | ||
| Testes | 242 | ||
| Ductus Deferens | 242 | ||
| Seminal Vesicles | 242 | ||
| Ejaculatory Ducts | 242 | ||
| Prostate | 243 | ||
| Procedures Removed | 243 | ||
| Radiography | 246 | ||
| Female Radiography | 246 | ||
| Nonpregnant Patient | 246 | ||
| Contrast media | 246 | ||
| Preparation of intestinal tract | 246 | ||
| Appointment date and care of patient | 246 | ||
| Radiation protection | 246 | ||
| Hysterosalpingography | 246 | ||
| Imaging of female contraceptive devices | 248 | ||
| Pelvic pneumography | 250 | ||
| Vaginography | 250 | ||
| Pregnant Patient | 252 | ||
| Radiation protection | 252 | ||
| Male Radiography | 253 | ||
| Seminal Ducts | 253 | ||
| Prostate | 254 | ||
| 20 Skull, Facial Bones, and Paranasal Sinuses | 255 | ||
| Outline | 255 | ||
| Summary of Projections | 256 | ||
| Anatomy | 257 | ||
| Skull | 257 | ||
| Cranial Bones | 261 | ||
| Frontal Bone | 261 | ||
| Ethmoid Bone | 262 | ||
| Parietal Bones | 263 | ||
| Sphenoid Bone | 264 | ||
| Occipital Bone | 266 | ||
| Temporal Bones | 268 | ||
| Petromastoid portion | 268 | ||
| Ear | 271 | ||
| External Ear | 271 | ||
| Middle Ear | 271 | ||
| Internal Ear | 271 | ||
| Facial Bones | 272 | ||
| Nasal Bones | 272 | ||
| Lacrimal Bones | 272 | ||
| Maxillary Bones | 272 | ||
| Zygomatic Bones | 273 | ||
| Palatine Bones | 273 | ||
| Inferior Nasal Conchae | 273 | ||
| Vomer | 273 | ||
| Mandible | 274 | ||
| Hyoid Bone | 275 | ||
| Orbits | 275 | ||
| Articulations of the Skull | 275 | ||
| Sinuses | 276 | ||
| Maxillary Sinuses | 276 | ||
| Frontal Sinuses | 279 | ||
| Ethmoidal Sinuses | 279 | ||
| Sphenoidal Sinuses | 279 | ||
| Skull Radiography | 285 | ||
| Skull Topography | 285 | ||
| Skull Morphology | 286 | ||
| Technical Considerations | 288 | ||
| General Body Position | 288 | ||
| Cleanliness | 288 | ||
| Radiation Protection | 288 | ||
| Cranium | 291 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 291 | ||
| R or L position | 291 | ||
| Position of patient | 291 | ||
| Position of part | 291 | ||
| Central ray | 291 | ||
| Collimation | 291 | ||
| Structures shown | 291 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 294 | ||
| Dorsal decubitus | 294 | ||
| Supine lateral | 294 | ||
| Structures shown | 294 | ||
| Caldwell Method | 296 | ||
| Position of patient | 296 | ||
| Position of part | 296 | ||
| Central ray | 296 | ||
| Collimation | 296 | ||
| Structures shown | 299 | ||
| Stretcher and bedside examinations | 299 | ||
| Lateral decubitus position | 299 | ||
| Position of patient and part | 300 | ||
| Central ray | 300 | ||
| Collimation | 300 | ||
| Structures shown | 300 | ||
| AP Axial Projection | 302 | ||
| Towne Method | 302 | ||
| Position of patient | 302 | ||
| Position of part | 302 | ||
| Central ray | 304 | ||
| Collimation | 304 | ||
| Structures shown | 304 | ||
| Pathologic condition or trauma | 306 | ||
| Lateral decubitus position | 306 | ||
| PA Axial Projection | 308 | ||
| Haas Method | 308 | ||
| Position of patient | 308 | ||
| Position of part | 308 | ||
| Central ray | 308 | ||
| Collimation | 309 | ||
| Structures shown | 309 | ||
| Cranial Base | 310 | ||
| Submentovertical Projection | 310 | ||
| Schüller Method | 310 | ||
| Position of patient | 310 | ||
| Position of part | 310 | ||
| Central ray | 311 | ||
| Collimation | 311 | ||
| Structures shown | 311 | ||
| Orbit | 312 | ||
| Eye | 314 | ||
| Localization of Foreign Bodies Within Orbit or Eye | 316 | ||
| Localization methods removed | 316 | ||
| Image quality | 316 | ||
| Preliminary Examination | 316 | ||
| Eye | 317 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 317 | ||
| R or L position | 317 | ||
| Central ray | 317 | ||
| PA Axial Projection | 318 | ||
| Central ray | 318 | ||
| Parietoacanthial Projection | 319 | ||
| Modified Waters Method | 319 | ||
| Central ray | 319 | ||
| Facial Bones | 320 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 320 | ||
| R or L position | 320 | ||
| Position of patient | 320 | ||
| Position of part | 320 | ||
| Central ray | 321 | ||
| Collimation | 321 | ||
| Structures shown | 321 | ||
| Parietoacanthial Projection | 323 | ||
| Waters Method | 323 | ||
| Position of patient | 323 | ||
| Position of part | 323 | ||
| Central ray | 323 | ||
| Collimation | 323 | ||
| Structures shown | 323 | ||
| Modified Parietoacanthial Projection | 325 | ||
| Modified Waters Method | 325 | ||
| Acanthioparietal Projection | 327 | ||
| Reverse Waters Method | 327 | ||
| Position of patient | 327 | ||
| Position of part | 327 | ||
| Central ray | 327 | ||
| Collimation | 327 | ||
| Structures shown | 327 | ||
| Acanthioparietal Projection for Trauma | 328 | ||
| PA Axial Projection | 329 | ||
| Caldwell Method | 329 | ||
| Position of patient | 329 | ||
| Position of part | 329 | ||
| Central ray | 329 | ||
| Collimation | 329 | ||
| Structures shown | 329 | ||
| Nasal Bones | 331 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 331 | ||
| R and L positions | 331 | ||
| Position of patient | 331 | ||
| Position of part | 331 | ||
| Placement of IR | 331 | ||
| Central ray | 332 | ||
| Collimation | 332 | ||
| Structures shown | 332 | ||
| Zygomatic Arches | 333 | ||
| Submentovertical Projection | 333 | ||
| Position of patient | 333 | ||
| Position of part | 333 | ||
| Central ray | 334 | ||
| Collimation | 334 | ||
| Structures shown | 334 | ||
| Tangential Projection | 335 | ||
| Position of patient | 335 | ||
| Position of part | 335 | ||
| Seated position | 335 | ||
| Supine position | 336 | ||
| Central ray | 336 | ||
| Collimation | 336 | ||
| Structures shown | 336 | ||
| AP Axial Projection | 337 | ||
| Modified Towne Method | 337 | ||
| Position of patient | 337 | ||
| Position of part | 337 | ||
| Central ray | 337 | ||
| Collimation | 337 | ||
| Structures shown | 337 | ||
| Mandibular Rami | 339 | ||
| PA Projection | 339 | ||
| Position of patient | 339 | ||
| Position of part | 339 | ||
| Central ray | 339 | ||
| Collimation | 339 | ||
| Structures shown | 339 | ||
| PA Axial Projection | 340 | ||
| Position of patient | 340 | ||
| Position of part | 340 | ||
| Central ray | 340 | ||
| Collimation | 340 | ||
| Structures shown | 340 | ||
| Mandibular Body | 341 | ||
| PA Projection | 341 | ||
| Position of patient | 341 | ||
| Position of part | 341 | ||
| Central ray | 341 | ||
| Structures shown | 341 | ||
| PA Axial Projection | 342 | ||
| Position of patient | 342 | ||
| Position of part | 342 | ||
| Central ray | 342 | ||
| Structures shown | 342 | ||
| Mandible | 343 | ||
| Axiolateral and Axiolateral Oblique Projection | 343 | ||
| Position of patient | 343 | ||
| Position of part | 343 | ||
| Ramus | 343 | ||
| Body | 343 | ||
| Symphysis | 343 | ||
| Central ray | 343 | ||
| Collimation | 343 | ||
| Structures shown | 343 | ||
| Submentovertical Projection | 346 | ||
| Position of patient | 346 | ||
| Position of part | 346 | ||
| Central ray | 346 | ||
| Structures shown | 346 | ||
| Temporomandibular Articulations | 347 | ||
| AP Axial Projection | 347 | ||
| Position of patient | 347 | ||
| Position of part | 347 | ||
| Central ray | 348 | ||
| Collimation | 348 | ||
| Structures shown | 348 | ||
| Axiolateral Projection | 349 | ||
| R and L positions | 349 | ||
| Position of patient | 349 | ||
| Position of part | 349 | ||
| Central ray | 350 | ||
| Structures shown | 350 | ||
| Axiolateral Oblique Projection | 351 | ||
| R and L positions | 351 | ||
| Position of patient | 351 | ||
| Position of part | 351 | ||
| Central ray | 351 | ||
| Collimation | 351 | ||
| Structures shown | 352 | ||
| Panoramic Tomography of the Mandible | 353 | ||
| Sinus Radiography | 355 | ||
| Technical Considerations | 355 | ||
| Paranasal Sinuses | 358 | ||
| Lateral Projection | 358 | ||
| R or L position | 358 | ||
| Position of patient | 358 | ||
| Position of part | 358 | ||
| Central ray | 358 | ||
| Collimation | 358 | ||
| Structures shown | 358 | ||
| Frontal and Anterior Ethmoidal Sinuses | 360 | ||
| PA Axial Projection | 360 | ||
| Caldwell Method | 360 | ||
| Position of patient | 360 | ||
| Position of part | 360 | ||
| Angled grid technique | 360 | ||
| Vertical grid technique | 360 | ||
| Central ray | 361 | ||
| Collimation | 361 | ||
| Structures shown | 361 | ||
| Maxillary Sinuses | 362 | ||
| Parietoacanthial Projection | 362 | ||
| Waters Method | 362 | ||
| Position of patient | 362 | ||
| Position of part | 362 | ||
| Central ray | 363 | ||
| Collimation | 363 | ||
| Structures shown | 363 | ||
| Maxillary and Sphenoidal Sinuses | 364 | ||
| Parietoacanthial Projection | 364 | ||
| Open-Mouth Waters Method | 364 | ||
| Position of part | 364 | ||
| Central ray | 365 | ||
| Collimation | 365 | ||
| Structures shown | 365 | ||
| Ethmoidal and Sphenoidal Sinuses | 366 | ||
| Submentovertical Projection | 366 | ||
| Position of patient | 366 | ||
| Position of part | 366 | ||
| Central ray | 367 | ||
| Collimation | 367 | ||
| Structures shown | 367 | ||
| 21 Mammography | 369 | ||
| Outline | 369 | ||
| Summary of Projections | 370 | ||
| Principles of Mammography | 371 | ||
| Introduction and Historical Development | 371 | ||
| Evolution of Mammography Systems | 373 | ||
| Mammography Equipment | 373 | ||
| Full-Field Digital Mammography (FFDM) | 375 | ||
| Computer-Aided Detection | 376 | ||
| Breast Cancer Screening | 377 | ||
| Risk Versus Benefit | 377 | ||
| Screening vs diagnostic mammography | 378 | ||
| Risk Factors | 378 | ||
| Anatomy | 380 | ||
| Breast | 380 | ||
| Tissue Variations | 382 | ||
| Pathologic and Mammographic Findings | 384 | ||
| Masses | 384 | ||
| Calcifications | 389 | ||
| Architectural Distortions | 393 | ||
| Radiography | 396 | ||
| Method of Examination | 396 | ||
| Patient preparation | 396 | ||
| Examination Procedures | 400 | ||
| Respiration | 409 | ||
| Summary of Mammography Projections | 411 | ||
| Descriptive Terminology for Lesion Location | 411 | ||
| Routine Projections of the Breast | 411 | ||
| Breast | 413 | ||
| Craniocaudal (CC) Projection | 413 | ||
| Position of patient | 413 | ||
| Position of part | 413 | ||
| Central ray | 414 | ||
| Structures shown | 414 | ||
| Mediolateral Oblique (MLO) Projection | 415 | ||
| Position of patient | 415 | ||
| Position of part | 415 | ||
| Central ray | 416 | ||
| Structures shown | 416 | ||
| Routine Projections of the Augmented Breast | 417 | ||
| Augmented Breast | 420 | ||
| Craniocaudal (CC) Projection with Full Implant | 420 | ||
| Position of patient | 420 | ||
| Position of part | 420 | ||
| Central ray | 421 | ||
| Structures shown | 421 | ||
| Craniocaudal Projection with Implant Displaced (CC ID) | 422 | ||
| Position of patient | 422 | ||
| Position of part | 422 | ||
| Central ray | 423 | ||
| Structures shown | 423 | ||
| Mediolateral Oblique (MLO) Projection with Full Implant | 424 | ||
| Position of patient | 424 | ||
| Position of part | 424 | ||
| Central ray | 424 | ||
| Structures shown | 424 | ||
| Mediolateral Oblique Projection with Implant Displaced (MLO ID) | 425 | ||
| Position of patient | 425 | ||
| Position of part | 425 | ||
| Central ray | 425 | ||
| Structures shown | 425 | ||
| Male Mammography | 426 | ||
| Epidemiology of Male Breast Disease | 426 | ||
| Routine Projections of the Male Breast | 426 | ||
| Image Enhancement Methods | 427 | ||
| Breast | 428 | ||
| Magnification Technique (M Used as Prefix) | 428 | ||
| Position of patient | 428 | ||
| Position of part | 428 | ||
| Central ray | 428 | ||
| Structures shown | 428 | ||
| Spot Compression Technique | 429 | ||
| Position of patient | 429 | ||
| Position of part | 429 | ||
| In conjunction with magnification technique | 429 | ||
| For palpable masses | 429 | ||
| For nonpalpable masses | 430 | ||
| Central ray | 431 | ||
| Structures shown | 431 | ||
| Supplemental Projections | 432 | ||
| 90-Degree Mediolateral (ML) Projection | 433 | ||
| Position of patient | 433 | ||
| Position of part | 433 | ||
| Central ray | 434 | ||
| Structures shown | 434 | ||
| 90-Degree Lateromedial (LM) Projection | 435 | ||
| Position of patient | 435 | ||
| Position of part | 435 | ||
| Central ray | 436 | ||
| Structures shown | 436 | ||
| Exaggerated Craniocaudal (XCCL) Projection | 437 | ||
| Position of patient | 437 | ||
| Position of part | 437 | ||
| Central ray | 438 | ||
| Structures shown | 438 | ||
| Craniocaudal Projection for Cleavage (CV) | 439 | ||
| Position of patient | 439 | ||
| Position of part | 439 | ||
| Central ray | 440 | ||
| Structures shown | 440 | ||
| Craniocaudal Projection with Roll Lateral or Roll Medial (RL or RM Used as Suffix) | 441 | ||
| Position of patient | 441 | ||
| Position of part | 441 | ||
| Central ray | 442 | ||
| Structures shown | 442 | ||
| Tangential (TAN) Projection | 443 | ||
| Position of patient | 443 | ||
| Position of part | 443 | ||
| For a palpable mass | 443 | ||
| Central ray | 443 | ||
| Structures shown | 443 | ||
| Captured Lesion or Coat-Hanger Projection (CL) | 445 | ||
| Position of patient | 445 | ||
| Position of part | 445 | ||
| Central ray | 445 | ||
| Structures shown | 445 | ||
| Caudocranial (FB) Projection | 448 | ||
| Position of patient | 448 | ||
| Position of part | 448 | ||
| Central ray | 449 | ||
| Structures shown | 449 | ||
| Mediolateral Oblique Projection for Axillary Tail (AT) | 450 | ||
| Position of patient | 450 | ||
| Position of part | 450 | ||
| Central ray | 451 | ||
| Structures shown | 451 | ||
| Axilla Projection for Axillary Tail (AT) | 452 | ||
| Position of patient | 452 | ||
| Position of part | 452 | ||
| Structures shown | 453 | ||
| Lateromedial Oblique (LMO) Projection | 454 | ||
| Position of patient | 454 | ||
| Position of part | 454 | ||
| Central ray | 455 | ||
| Structures shown | 455 | ||
| Superolateral to Inferomedial Oblique (SIO) Projection | 456 | ||
| Position of patient | 456 | ||
| Position of part | 456 | ||
| Central ray | 457 | ||
| Structures shown | 457 | ||
| Ductography (Examination of Milk Ducts) | 459 | ||
| Localization and Biopsy of Suspicious Lesions | 461 | ||
| Breast Lesion Localization with a Specialized Compression Plate | 462 | ||
| Localization of dermal calcifications | 464 | ||
| Tangential projection | 464 | ||
| Central ray | 464 | ||
| Structures shown | 464 | ||
| Stereotactic Imaging and Biopsy Procedures | 465 | ||
| Breast Specimen Radiography | 471 | ||
| Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 472 | ||
| Indications | 472 | ||
| Assessment of extent of disease and residual disease | 472 | ||
| Assessment of tumor recurrence | 472 | ||
| Occult primary breast cancer | 472 | ||
| Neoadjuvant chemotherapy response | 472 | ||
| High-risk screening | 472 | ||
| Thermography and Diaphanography | 473 | ||
| Conclusion | 473 | ||
| Suggested reading | 474 | ||
| Addendum B Summary of Abbreviations, Volume Two | 475 | ||
| Index | I-1 | ||
| A | I-1 | ||
| B | I-4 | ||
| C | I-6 | ||
| D | I-13 | ||
| E | I-15 | ||
| F | I-17 | ||
| G | I-19 | ||
| H | I-20 | ||
| I | I-22 | ||
| J | I-24 | ||
| K | I-24 | ||
| L | I-24 | ||
| M | I-27 | ||
| N | I-30 | ||
| O | I-31 | ||
| P | I-32 | ||
| Q | I-35 | ||
| R | I-35 | ||
| S | I-38 | ||
| T | I-43 | ||
| U | I-46 | ||
| V | I-47 | ||
| W | I-49 | ||
| X | I-49 | ||
| Y | I-49 | ||
| Z | I-49 | ||
| Index | e1 | ||
| A | e1 | ||
| B | e1 | ||
| C | e2 | ||
| D | e4 | ||
| E | e4 | ||
| F | e5 | ||
| G | e6 | ||
| H | e6 | ||
| I | e6 | ||
| J | e7 | ||
| K | e7 | ||
| L | e7 | ||
| M | e7 | ||
| N | e9 | ||
| O | e9 | ||
| P | e9 | ||
| R | e10 | ||
| S | e11 | ||
| T | e12 | ||
| U | e13 | ||
| V | e14 | ||
| W | e14 | ||
| X | e14 | ||
| Z | e14 | ||
| Endsheet 6 | IBC6 | ||
| Endsheet 7 | IBC7 |