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Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine E-Book

Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine E-Book

Robert C Mason | John F. Murray | Jay A. Nadel | Michael Gotway | V.Courtney Broaddus | Joel D Ernst | Talmadge E King | Stephen C. Lazarus | Arthur Slutsky

(2015)

Additional Information

Book Details

Abstract

Ideal for fellows and practicing pulmonologists who need an authoritative, comprehensive reference on all aspects of pulmonary medicine, Murray and Nadel’s Textbook of Respiratory Medicine offers the most definitive content on basic science, diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of the full spectrum of respiratory diseases.

  • Full-color design enhances teaching points and highlights challenging concepts.
  • Understand clinical applications and the scientific principles of respiratory medicine.
  • Detailed explanations of each disease entity allow you to work through differential diagnoses.
  • Key Points and Key Reading sections highlight the most useful references and resources for each chapter.
  • An expanded sleep section now covers four chapters and includes control of breathing, consequences of sleep disruption, as well as obstructive and central apnea.
  • New chapters in the Critical Care section cover Noninvasive Ventilation (NIV) and Extracorporeal Support of Gas Exchange (ECMO). New chapters focusing on diagnostic techniques now include Invasive Diagnostic Imaging and Image-Guided Interventions and Positron Emission Tomography, and a new chapter on Therapeutic Bronchoscopy highlights the interventional role of pulmonologists.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
9780323261937v1_WEB.pdf 1
Front Cover 1
IFC_Expert Consult Pin Code Ad 2
Murray & Nadel’s Textbook of Respiratory Medicine 5
Copyright Page 6
Dedication for Sixth Edition 7
Contributors 8
Preface to the Sixth Edition 22
Preface to the First Edition 23
Table Of Contents 25
Videos 29
1 Scientific Principles of Respiratory Medicine 35
A Anatomy and Development of the Respiratory Tract 37
1 Anatomy of the Lungs 37
Introduction 37
Gross and Subgross Organization 37
Airways 40
Bronchial Circulation 43
Pulmonary Circulation 43
Terminal Respiratory Units 46
Lymphatics 50
Innervation 50
The Pleural Space and Pleuras 51
Comparison of the Lung of Mice and Humans 53
Acknowledgments 55
Key Readings 55
References 56
2 Lung Growth and Development 61
Introduction 61
Stages of Lung Development 61
Tissue Interactions and Lung Development 64
Molecular Regulation of Lung Development 65
Diffusible Mediators of Lung Development 65
Fibroblast Growth Factors and Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors 65
Retinoic Acid 65
Sonic Hedgehog 66
Transforming Growth Factor-β Superfamily 66
Wnts and β-Catenin 66
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor 67
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor 67
Glucocorticoids 67
Transcriptional Regulation of Lung Development 67
NKX2-1 67
GLI Genes 68
FOX Family 68
GATA6 68
SOX Family 68
Posttranscriptional Gene Regulation in Lung Development 68
Key Readings 70
References 71
3 Genetics of Lung Disease 75
Introduction 75
Scope of the Problem 76
Potential Impact of Human Genetics 76
Molecular Characterization of Genetic Variation 76
Genomic Maps 76
Comparative Genomics 78
Public Databases 78
Genetic Epidemiology 79
Positional Cloning 79
Linkage Studies 79
Association Studies 79
Genome-Wide Association Studies 80
Gene by Environment Interaction 80
Epigenetics 80
Application to Pulmonary Diseases 83
Asthma 83
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 83
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome 83
Lung Cancer 84
Fibrosing Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia 85
The Path Forward 86
Key Readings 86
References 87
B Respiratory Physiology 90
4 Ventilation, Blood Flow, and Gas Exchange 90
Introduction 90
Ventilation 90
Lung Volumes 91
Functional Residual Capacity, Residual Volume, and Total Lung Capacity 91
Total and Alveolar Ventilation 92
Total Ventilation 92
Alveolar Ventilation 92
Anatomic Dead Space 93
Physiologic Dead Space 93
Inequality of Ventilation 94
Topographic Inequality 94
Airway Closure 94
Nontopographic Inequality 94
Blood Flow 95
Pressures of the Pulmonary Circulation 95
Pressure Inside Blood Vessels 95
Pressures Outside Blood Vessels 96
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance 96
Pressure-Flow Relations 97
Effect of Lung Volume 98
Other Factors Affecting Pulmonary Vascular Resistance 99
Distribution of Pulmonary Blood Flow 99
Normal Distribution 99
Three-Zone Model for the Distribution of Blood Flow 99
The Effect of Lung Volume on the Distribution of Blood Flow—Zone 4 100
Other Factors Affecting the Distribution of Blood Flow 100
Abnormal Patterns of Blood Flow 101
Active Control of the Pulmonary Circulation 101
Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction 101
Other Physiologic Substances Affecting the Pulmonary Circulation 103
Damage to Pulmonary Capillaries by High Wall Stresses 103
Nonrespiratory Functions of the Pulmonary Circulation 103
Blood-Gas Transport 104
Oxygen 104
Carbon Dioxide 105
Gas Exchange 106
Causes of Hypoxemia 107
Hypoventilation 107
Diffusion Limitation 109
Oxygen Uptake along the Pulmonary Capillary 109
Reaction Rates with Hemoglobin 110
Diffusing Capacity 110
Shunt 112
Ventilation-Perfusion Relationships 113
Gas Exchange in a Single Lung Unit 113
Pattern in the Normal Lung 114
Traditional Assessment of Ventilation-Perfusion Inequality 115
Distributions of Ventilation-Perfusion Ratios 116
Multiple Inert Gas Elimination Technique. 117
Distribution in Normal Subjects. 118
Distributions in Lung Disease. 118
Ventilation-Perfusion Inequality and Carbon Dioxide Retention 119
Effect of Changes in Cardiac Output on Gas Exchange in the Presence of Ventilation-Perfusion Inequality 120
Oxygen Sensing 120
Key Readings 121
References 122
5 Respiratory System Mechanics and Energetics 125
Introduction 125
Terminology 125
Flow 125
Volume 125
Pressure 126
The Combined Gas Law 126
Compliance, Resistance, and Time Constants 127
Respiratory Mechanics in Static Conditions 127
Elastic Recoil of the Lungs 127
Lung Connective Tissue 128
Alveolar Surface Forces and Surfactant 128
Hysteresis and Stress Adaptation 128
Recruitment Maneuvers in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome 129
Elastic Recoil of the Chest Wall 129
Respiratory Muscles (see Chapter 97) 129
Fatigue of Respiratory Muscles 130
Respiratory Muscle Atrophy during Positive-Pressure Mechanical Ventilation 131
Chest Wall Compliance (see Chapter 98) 131
Integration of Lung and Chest Wall Mechanics 131
Calculation of Total Respiratory System Compliance from Lung and Chest Wall Compliance 132
Clinical Applications 132
The Impact of Positive End-Expiratory Pressure on Pleural Pressure 132
Plateau Pressures in Patients Receiving Positive-Pressure Mechanical Ventilation 133
Stress and Strain 133
The Respiratory System in Dynamic Conditions 133
Resistive Work Due to Gas Flow Through Airways 133
Laminar versus Turbulent Flow 133
The Reynolds Number 135
Clinical Effects of Heliox 135
Flow Limitation 135
Equal Pressure Point Theory (Fig. 5-18). 136
The Bernoulli Effect and Wave Speed Theory. 136
Other Resistive Work 137
Equation of Motion 137
Intrinsic PEEP during Positive-Pressure Ventilation of COPD 137
Measurement of Static Compliance and Resistance during Mechanical Ventilation 138
Energetics and Work of Breathing 139
Measuring Work of Breathing Done by a Positive-Pressure Ventilator in a Paralyzed Patient 139
Measuring Work of Breathing in a Spontaneously Breathing Patient 139
Oxygen Cost of Breathing 140
eFigure Image Gallery 141
Key Readings 140
References 143
6 Pulmonary Circulation and Regulation of Fluid Balance 145
Introduction 145
Anatomy 145
General Design 146
Bronchial Circulation 147
Blood-Gas Interface 147
Imaging the Pulmonary Circulation 148
Pulmonary Hemodynamics 145
Pulmonary Vascular Pressures 145
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance 149
Vascular Resistance Profile 150
Mechanical Effects on Pulmonary Vascular Resistance 150
Transmural Pressure. 150
Lung Volume. 150
Viscosity. 151
Pulmonary Vascular Compliance 151
Pulmonary Vascular Pressure-Volume Curve 151
Changes in Vascular Compliance 152
Pulmonary Perfusion 152
Distention and Recruitment 152
Regional Distribution of Pulmonary Perfusion 152
Mechanical Stress and the Lung Circulation 152
Shear Stress 153
Cyclic Stretch 153
Pulmonary Vascular Responses to Hypoxia 154
Response Elements 154
Neural Control of Pulmonary Vascular Resistance 156
Humoral Regulation of Pulmonary Vascular Resistance 156
Lung Fluid and Solute Exchange 156
Transcapillary Exchange and the Fluid Flux Equation 156
Sites of Fluid and Solute Exchange 157
Capillary Endothelium 157
Alveolar Epithelium 158
Alveolar-Capillary Septum 159
Pulmonary Lymphatic Vessels 159
Lung Interstitium 159
Interstitial Pressures 159
Composition of Pulmonary Interstitium 159
Interstitial Compliance 159
Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Edema 160
Phases and Sites of Edema Accumulation 160
Starling Forces in Pulmonary Edema Formation 160
Pulmonary Capillary Pressure and Plasma Osmotic Pressure in Edema Formation 160
Lymphatic Insufficiency and Edema Formation 161
Safety Factors in Lung Fluid Homeostasis 161
Effects of Cellular and Molecular Charge 161
Regional Differences in Endothelial Permeability 161
Mechanisms of Increased Endothelial Permeability 162
Characteristics of Increased Vascular Endothelial Permeability 162
Cytoskeletal Alterations 162
Intracellular Calcium Shifts and Other Barrier-Regulatory Signals 163
Focal Adhesions and Extracellular Matrix Components 163
Endothelial Water Permeability and Albumin Transcytosis 163
Apoptosis and Endothelial Cell Dysfunction 164
Strategies to Reverse Permeability and Restore Barrier Integrity 164
Pulmonary Vascular Genomics and Genetics 165
Acknowledgments 165
eFigure Image Gallery 166
Key Readings 165
References 169
7 Acid-Base Balance 177
Fundamental Concepts 177
Acid-Base Chemistry 177
pH Versus H 177
Conjugate Acids and Bases 177
Strong Versus Weak Ions 178
Buffer Systems. 178
Carbon Dioxide and Bicarbonate 178
Measurements 178
Ventilatory Parameter: Arterial Pco2 179
Metabolic Parameters 179
Titrimetry 179
Bicarbonate 179
Base Excess 180
Strong Ion Difference 181
Role of the Kidneys 181
Nomenclature of Acid-Base Disorders 182
Compensations 184
Respiratory Acidosis 184
Respiratory Alkalosis 184
9780323261937v2_WEB 1459
Front Cover 1459
Murray & Nadel’s Textbook of Respiratory Medicine 1462
Copyright Page 1463
Dedication for Sixth Edition 1464
Contributors 1465
Preface to the Sixth Edition 1479
Preface to the First Edition 1480
Table Of Contents 1482
Videos 1486
J Neoplasms of the Lung 1491
51 Biology of Lung Cancer 1491
Introduction 1491
Predisposition to Lung Cancer 1492
Smoking 1492
Genetic Susceptibility and Familial Predisposition 1492
Early Events in Lung Tumorigenesis 1493
Field Cancerization Effect 1493
Genomic Instability 1493
Mucosal Response to Injury, the Emergence of Critical Mutations 1494
Mutagens 1496
Role of Inflammation in Lung Tumorigenesis 1496
Role of Viruses in Lung Tumorigenesis 1496
Neuroendocrine Tumor Development, Genomics of SCLC 1497
Other Molecular Alterations Driving the Tumor Phenotype 1497
Chromosomal Changes 1497
Epigenetic Alterations of Gene Expression in Lung Cancer 1498
DNA Adducts 1498
DNA Methylation 1499
Histone Deacetylation 1499
Regulation by miRNAs 1499
Proteomic Alterations 1499
Strategies to Deepen Our Understanding of Lung Cancer 1501
High-Throughput Profiling Techniques 1501
Expression Arrays to Next Generation Sequencing 1501
Advanced Proteomic Strategies 1501
Molecular Networks—System Biology 1501
Translating Lung Cancer Biology to the Clinic 1502
Biomarkers 1502
Personalized Medicine and Molecular Therapeutics 1502
Mechanisms of Resistance 1504
Key Readings 1505
References 1506
52 Epidemiology of Lung Cancer 1512
Introduction 1512
Patterns 1512
Temporal Trends 1512
Race and Ethnicity 1512
Geographic Patterns 1513
LUNG Cancer by Histologic Type 1514
The Etiology of Lung Cancer: Overview 1516
Environmental and Occupational Agents 1516
Smoking (Chapter 46) 1516
Overview 1516
Quantitative Risks 1517
Smoking Cessation 1517
The Changing Cigarette and Expanding Marketplace 1517
Passive Smoking 1518
Diet 1518
Environmental Exposures 1519
Occupational Exposures 1519
Asbestos 1519
Radiation 1519
High-LET Radiation: Radon. 1520
Low-LET Radiation: X-Rays and γ-Rays. 1520
Air Pollution 1520
Atmospheric Air Pollution 1520
Indoor Air Pollution 1520
Host Factors 1521
Overview 1521
Research Findings on the Genetic Basis of LUNG Cancer (Chapter 51) 1521
Presence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1522
Presence of Acquired LUNG Disease 1523
Gender 1523
Future Directions 1524
Key Readings 1524
References 1525
53 Clinical Aspects of Lung Cancer 1530
Introduction 1530
Screening for Lung Cancer 1530
Presentation 1532
Lung Cancer Staging 1532
Noninvasive Staging Techniques 1534
Chest Radiography 1534
Chest Computed Tomography 1534
Positron Emission Tomography 1535
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 1536
Search for Metastatic Disease 1536
Adrenal and Hepatic Imaging 1537
Brain Imaging 1537
Bone Imaging 1537
Summary 1537
Invasive Diagnostic and Staging Techniques 1537
Sputum Cytology 1538
Transthoracic Needle Aspiration 1538
Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy 1538
Submucosal and Peribronchial Lesions 1538
Navigational Bronchoscopy 1538
Bronchoscopy for Staging Lung Cancer 1539
Endoscopic Ultrasound 1539
Endobronchial Ultrasound 1539
Mediastinoscopy 1540
Treatment of Lung Cancer 1541
Prognostic Factors for Lung Cancer 1541
Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment by Stage 1542
Stage I 1542
Stage II 1543
Stage IIIA 1544
Stage IIIB 1545
Stage IV 1545
Targeted Therapy 1545
Small Cell Lung Cancer 1546
Palliative Care 1547
Special Considerations In Lung Cancer 1547
Superior Sulcus Tumors and Pancoast Syndrome 1547
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome 1548
Paraneoplastic Syndromes 1549
Musculoskeletal Effects 1549
Hematologic Effects 1550
Hypercalcemia 1550
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion 1552
Ectopic Corticotropin Syndrome 1552
Neurologic Effects 1553
eFigure Image Gallery 1555
Key Readings 1554
References 1570
54 Rare Primary Lung Tumors 1577
Introduction 1577
Characterization of Rare Lung Tumors 1577
Primary Pulmonary Lymphoma and Other Lymphoproliferative Diseases 1578
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma 1578
Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis 1580
Other Lymphomas and Lymphoproliferative Diseases 1580
Carcinoids and Other Neuroendocrine Tumors 1581
Pathologic Classification 1581
Carcinoid Tumors 1581
Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma 1582
Rare Malignant Primary Pulmonary Epithelial Tumors 1582
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma 1582
Pneumoblastoma 1583
Sarcomatoid Carcinomas (Other Than Pneumoblastoma) 1583
Primary Pulmonary Sarcomas 1584
Parenchymal Sarcomas 1584
Vascular Sarcomas 1584
Intrathoracic Pseudotumors 1586
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor 1586
Mediastinal Fibrosis and Hyalinizing Granuloma (see Chapter 84) 1588
Other Pseudotumors 1588
Borderline Entities 1589
Mesenchymal Borderline Disorders 1589
Respiratory Tract Papillomatosis 1589
Nodular Lymphoid Hyperplasia 1590
Amyloidosis 1590
Nonamyloidotic Monoclonal Immunoglobulin Deposition Disease 1591
Pulmonary Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis 1591
Lessons Learned for the Management of Rare Primary Pulmonary Tumors 1591
General Issues 1591
Distinguishing Primary Tumors From Metastases 1592
General Therapeutic Management 1592
eFigure Image Gallery 1593
Key Readings 1592
References 1618
55 Metastatic Malignant Tumors 1622
Introduction 1622
Epidemiology 1622
Clinical History 1622
Mechanism of Metastasis to the Lung 1623
Diagnosis 1624
Differential Diagnosis 1624
Distinguishing Metastasis From Primary Lung Tumors 1625
Pathology 1625
Molecular Classification 1626
Options for Obtaining a Tissue Diagnosis 1626
Bronchoscopy 1627
CT-Guided Biopsy 1627
Surgery 1627
Treatment 1627
Multimodality Therapy of Potentially Curable Disease 1627
Palliative Care 1627
Radiofrequency Ablation of Metastases 1628
Surgical Resection of Metastases 1628
Special Cases 1630
Airway Metastasis 1630
Vascular Embolic Metastasis 1630
Pleural Metastases (see Chapter 82) 1631
eFigure Image Gallery 1632
Key Readings 1631
References 1635
56 Benign Lung Tumors 1637
Introduction 1637
Clinical Manifestations 1637
Benign Epithelial Tumors 1637
Papillomas and Adenomas 1637
Solitary Papillomas 1637
Adenomas 1638
Micronodular Pneumocyte Hyperplasia 1640
Sclerosing Hemangioma 1641
Benign Nonepithelial Lesions 1642
Hamartoma and Related Lesions 1642
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor 1643
Solitary Fibrous Tumor 1644
Meningothelial-Like Nodules and Intrapulmonary Meningioma 1645
Miscellaneous 1646
Summary 1646
eFigure Image Gallery 1647
Key Readings 1646
References 1656
K Disorders of the Pulmonary Circulation 1660
57 Pulmonary Thromboembolism 1660
Introduction 1660
Pathogenesis and Risk Factors 1662
Natural History: Deep Venous Thrombosis 1663
Natural History: Pulmonary Embolism 1664
Clinical Presentation 1665
Diagnosis of Venous Thrombosis 1666
Contrast Venography 1666
Duplex Ultrasonography 1667
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 1668
Computed Tomography 1668
Hemostaseologic Assays 1668
Clinical Prediction Rules 1668
Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism 1669
Standard Laboratory Evaluation 1669
Echocardiography 1670
Ventilation-Perfusion Scanning 1670
Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography 1671
Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Ventilation/ Perfusion Scans 1673
Lower Extremity Venous Evaluation 1673
D-Dimer Testing 1674
Pulmonary Angiography 1674
Clinical Prediction Rules 1674
Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism 1676
Low-Dose Unfractionated Heparin 1676
Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin 1677
Pneumatic Compression Devices 1677
Warfarin 1677
Fondaparinux 1677
Direct Inhibitors of Factor Xa and of Thrombin 1677
Management of Venous Thromboembolism 1678
Unfractionated Heparin and Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin 1678
Fondaparinux 1679
Direct Inhibitors of Factor Xa and of Thrombin 1679
Inferior Vena Cava Filters 1680
Massive Pulmonary Embolism 1680
Stratification According to the Risk of Massive Pulmonary Embolism 1680
Thrombolytic Therapy 1681
Pulmonary Embolectomy 1681
Postembolic Prophylaxis 1682
Resolution Versus Persistence of Thromboembolism 1683
Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension 1683
Diagnosis 1684
Treatment 1686
Other Forms of Embolism 1690
Schistosomiasis 1690
Air Embolism 1690
Fat Embolism 1690
Amniotic Fluid Embolism (see Chapter 96) 1691
Septic Embolism 1691
Other Emboli 1691
eFigure Image Gallery 1692
Key Readings 1689
References 1701
58 Pulmonary Hypertension 1711
Introduction 1711
Epidemiology 1711
Pathology 1711
Pathogenesis and Etiology 1713
Other Group 1 Conditions 1713
Pulmonary Veno-occlusive Disease 1713
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Associated with Other Conditions 1713
Symptoms 1716
Physical Findings 1716
Diagnosis 1716
Echocardiogram 1718
Cardiac Catheterization 1719
Treatment and Prognosis 1719
Supportive Therapies 1720
Exercise and Physical Activity 1720
Avoidance of Altitude 1720
Avoidance of Pregnancy 1720
Anticoagulation 1720
Warfarin. 1720
Factor Xa Inhibitors. 1721
Supplemental Oxygen 1721
Diuretics 1721
Calcium Channel Antagonists 1721
Targeted Therapies 1722
Prostacyclin Analogues 1722
Epoprostenol (Flolan/Veletri). 1722
Subcutaneous and Intravenous Treprostinil Sodium (Remodulin). 1722
Prostacyclin Dosing 1723
Inhaled Iloprost (Ventavis) and Treprostinil (Tyvaso). 1724
Endothelin Receptor Antagonists 1725
Endothelin-1 Antagonist Therapy 1725
Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors 1726
Tadalafil. 1726
Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitor Therapy 1726
Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase Activators 1726
Combination Therapy 1726
Lung Transplantation 1727
Overall Therapeutic Strategy 1727
Survival 1727
Acknowledgments 1728
eFigure Image Gallery 1729
Key Readings 1728
References 1733
59 Pulmonary Hypertension Due to Lung Disease 1737
Introduction 1737
Epidemiology of Pulmonary Hypertension Due to Lung Disease 1737
Prevalence 1737
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 1738
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis 1740
Other Lung Diseases 1740
Pathologic Changes and Pathogenesis 1740
Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling 1741
Pathogenesis 1742
Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction 1742
Neurohormones 1742
Angiotensin. 1743
Endothelin. 1743
Inflammation 1743
Right Ventricle 1743
Left Ventricle 1745
Lung Mechanics 1745
Clinical Presentation 1745
Symptoms and Signs 1745
Electrocardiography 1746
Chest Radiography 1746
Echocardiography 1747
Computed Tomography 1748
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 1748
Right Heart Catheterization 1748
B-Type Natriuretic Peptides 1749
Treatment 1749
Treatments Useful in All Patients with PH-LD 1749
Lifestyle Modifications 1749
Oxygen 1750
Diuretics 1750
Treatment of Sleep-Disordered Breathing 1750
Lung Transplantation 1750
Treatments That May be Considered in Selected Patients 1750
Anticoagulation 1750
Digoxin 1751
Lung Volume Reduction Surgery 1751
Phlebotomy for Polycythemia 1751
Iron Supplementation 1751
PAH-Specific Therapies 1751
Calcium Channel Blockers. 1752
Endothelin Receptor Antagonists. 1752
Prostacyclin and Its Analogues. 1752
Nitric Oxide. 1753
Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Antagonists. 1753
Riociguat. 1753
Treatment of Decompensated RV Failure 1751
Key Readings 1754
References 1755
60 Pulmonary Vasculitis 1760
Introduction and Definitions 1760
Classification 1760
Epidemiology 1761
Normal Vascular Anatomy and Histology 1761
Histopathology of Vasculitis 1762
Pathogenesis and Etiology 1762
Initial Diagnosis 1763
Clinical Scenarios Suggestive of Vasculitis 1763
Destructive Upper Airway Lesions 1763
Chest Imaging Findings of Cavitary or Nodular Disease 1763
Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage (see Chapter 67) 1763
Acute Glomerulonephritis 1764
Pulmonary-Renal Syndrome 1764
Palpable Purpura 1764
Mononeuritis Multiplex 1764
Multisystem Disease 1765
Specific Testing 1765
Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies 1765
Other Laboratory Studies 1765
Chest Imaging 1766
Other Imaging Studies 1766
Bronchoscopy 1766
Diagnostic Biopsy 1766
Specific Clinical Disorders 1766
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis 1766
Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (see Chapter 68) 1768
Microscopic Polyangiitis 1769
Treatment 1769
General Principles 1769
Remission-Induction 1771
Limited Disease 1771
Early Generalized Disease 1771
Active Generalized Disease 1771
Severe Disease 1772
Refractory Disease 1772
Maintenance 1772
Monitoring for Complications 1773
eFigure Image Gallery 1775
References 1780
Key Readings 1774
61 Pulmonary Vascular Abnormalities 1784
Introduction 1784
Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations 1784
Etiology 1784
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia 1784
Clinical Features and Diagnosis. 1785
Genetics and Pathogenesis. 1786
Phenotype-Genotype Correlations. 1786
Cellular Basis. 1786
Cavopulmonary Shunts. 1786
Pathophysiology 1786
Anatomic Basis 1786
Physiologic Attributes at Rest 1787
Right-to-Left Shunt. 1787
Pulmonary Hemodynamics. 1787
Pulmonary Function. 1787
Physiologic Consequences of Posture and Exercise 1787
Posture. 1787
Exercise. 1787
Pulmonary Hypertension 1788
Clinical Features 1788
Respiratory Symptoms 1788
Dyspnea. 1788
Hemoptysis. 1788
Chest Pain. 1788
Strokes and Cerebral Abscess 1788
Other Neurologic Events 1789
Pregnancy 1789
Diagnosis 1789
Imaging 1789
Measurement of Right-to-Left Shunt 1790
Contrast Echocardiography. 1790
Screening Patients 1791
Management 1791
Embolization 1791
Long-Term Outcome. 1791
Physiologic Outcome. 1791
Clinical Outcome. 1793
Risks of Embolization 1793
Radiation Exposure. 1793
Development of Systemic Arterial Supply. 1793
Development of Pulmonary Hypertension. 1793
Nonembolization Options 1793
Surgery. 1793
Medical Management 1794
Dental Issues. 1794
Pregnancy. 1794
Thromboembolic Risks. 1794
Systemic-to-Pulmonary Vascular Communications 1794
Anatomy 1794
Adult (Acquired) Systemic-to-Pulmonary Communications 1795
Fetal and Perinatal Systemic-to-Pulmonary Artery Collaterals 1795
Aberrant Congenital Systemic-to-Pulmonary Communications 1795
Cavopulmonary Anastomoses 1795
Treatment 1795
Managements of Hemoptysis 1795
Pulmonary Sequestration 1796
Classification 1796
Pathogenesis 1796
Clinical Features 1796
Treatment 1797
Pulmonary Varices 1797
Diagnosis and Treatment 1797
Pulmonary Artery Aneurysms 1797
Etiology and Pathogenesis 1797
Infection 1797
Vascular Trauma 1798
Weakness of the Arterial Wall 1798
Diagnosis and Treatment 1798
eFigure Image Gallery 1800
Key Readings 1799
References 1809
62 Pulmonary Edema 1814
Introduction 1814
Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Edema 1814
Increased Pressure Edema 1815
Pathophysiology 1816
Mechanisms 1817
Increased Microvascular Hydrostatic Pressure. 1817
Decreased Perimicrovascular Hydrostatic Pressure. 1818
Decreased Transmural Protein Osmotic Pressure Difference. 1819
Alveolar Barrier Function. 1819
Increased Permeability Edema 1819
Pathophysiology 1820
Mechanisms 1821
Diagnosis 1822
Clinical Assessment 1822
Definitions 1822
Symptoms and Signs 1823
Diagnostic Studies 1824
Chest Radiographs 1824
Arterial Blood Studies 1825
Measurement of Pulmonary Edema Fluid Protein Concentration 1825
Measurement of Lung Water and Barrier Function 1825
Barrier Function 1826
Biologic Markers of Lung Injury 1826
Treatment 1826
Emergency Therapy 1826
Increased Pressure Edema 1826
General Principles 1827
Morphine Sulfate 1827
Decreasing Venous Return 1827
Ventilatory Strategies 1828
Right Heart Catheterization 1828
Specific Pharmacologic Therapy 1828
Vasodilators. 1828
Diuretics. 1829
Inotropic Agents. 1829
Increased Permeability Edema 1829
General Principles 1829
Lung-Protective Ventilator Strategies 1830
Specific Pharmacologic Therapies 1831
Corticosteroids. 1831
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents. 1831
Outcome 1832
Resolution of Pulmonary Edema 1832
Increased Pressure Edema 1833
Increased Permeability Edema 1833
Overview 1834
Key Readings 1835
References 1836
L Infi ltrative and Interstitial Lung Diseases 1841
63 Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias 1841
Introduction 1841
Clinical and Histologic Classification of Interstitial Lung Disease 1842
Clinical, Radiologic, and Physiologic Features of Interstitial Lung Diseases 1843
Past History 1843
Occupational and Environmental History 1843
Drug History 1844
Smoking History 1844
Family History 1844
Gender 1844
Symptoms 1844
Physical Findings 1844
Radiologic Features 1844
Chest Radiography 1844
Alveolar Filling Pattern. 1845
Interstitial Pattern. 1845
Nodular Pattern. 1846
Linear or Reticular. 1846
Other Radiographic Features. 1847
Computed Tomography 1847
Functional Assessment 1849
Ventilatory Function 1849
Elastic Resistance 1850
Flow Resistance 1850
Gas Exchange 1851
Exercise 1851
Laboratory Findings 1852
Bronchoalveolar Lavage 1852
Histologic Diagnosis 1853
Transbronchial Biopsy 1853
Surgical Lung Biopsy 1853
Diagnosis and Management of Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias 1854
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis 1854
Clinical Features 1855
Blood and Serologic Studies 1855
Chest Imaging Studies 1855
Chest Radiography. 1855
Computed Tomography Scan. 1855
HRCT Correlation with Physiologic Data in ILD. 1855
Ability of HRCT Scanning to Diagnose ILD. 1855
Other Imaging Techniques 1856
Gallium Scanning. 1856
Ventilation-Perfusion Lung Scanning. 1857
Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Differentiating Inflammation and Fibrosis. 1857
Imaging of Fibrogenesis by Positron Emission Tomography. 1857
Pulmonary Function Tests 1857
Pulmonary Hemodynamics 1858
Abnormalities during Sleep 1858
Histopathology 1859
Etiologic Factors and Pathogenic Mechanisms 1860
Diagnosis 1861
Staging of Disease Activity and Predicting Outcome 1862
Clinical Features. 1862
Serum Studies. 1862
Chest Radiography and High-Resolution Computed Tomography Scanning. 1862
Pulmonary Physiologic Tests. 1862
Bronchoalveolar Lavage. 1863
Histopathology. 1863
Prediction Models. 1863
Outcome and Causes of Death. 1863
Therapeutic Approach 1863
Corticosteroids. 1864
Immunomodulatory and Antifibrotic Agents. 1864
Azathioprine. 1864
N-Acetylcysteine. 1864
Cyclophosphamide. 1864
Other Agents. 1864
New Therapeutic Approaches. 1864
Pirfenidone. 1864
Nintedanib. 1865
Interferon-γ. 1865
Endothelin-Receptor Antagonists. 1865
Etanercept. 1865
Imatinib. 1865
Anticoagulants. 1865
Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux. 1865
Lung Transplantation (see Chapter 106) 1866
Rehabilitation 1866
Acute Exacerbations of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis 1866
Familial Pulmonary Fibrosis 1867
Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia 1867
Clinical Features 1867
Chest Imaging Studies 1867
Chest Radiography. 1867
Computed Tomography Scan. 1867
Pulmonary Function Tests 1868
Pathologic Features 1868
Differential Diagnosis 1868
Clinical Course and Outcome 1869
Respiratory Bronchiolitis–Associated Interstitial Lung Disease/Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia 1869
Clinical Features 1869
Chest Imaging Studies 1869
Chest Radiography. 1869
Computed Tomography Scan. 1869
Bronchoalveolar Lavage 1869
Pulmonary Function Tests 1869
Pathologic Features 1870
Clinical Course and Outcome 1870
Acute Interstitial Pneumonia 1871
Clinical Features 1871
Chest Imaging Studies 1871
Chest Radiography. 1871
Computed Tomography Scan. 1871
Pulmonary Function Tests 1871
Pathologic Features 1871
Clinical Course and Outcome 1871
Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia 1871
Clinical Features 1872
Chest Imaging Studies 1872
Chest Radiography. 1872
Computed Tomography Scan. 1872
Pulmonary Function Tests 1872
Bronchoalveolar Lavage 1872
Pathologic Features 1872
Clinical Course and Outcome 1873
Idiopathic Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia 1873
Clinical Features 1873
Chest Imaging Studies 1874
Chest Radiography. 1874
Computed Tomography Scan. 1874
Pulmonary Function Tests 1874
Bronchoalveolar Lavage 1874
Pathologic Features 1874
Clinical Course and Outcome 1874
Idiopathic Pleuroparenchymal Fibroelastosis 1874
eFigure Image Gallery 1876
Key Readings 1875
References 1888
64 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis 1895
Introduction 1895
Etiology 1895
Microbial Agents 1895
Animal Proteins 1896
Chemical Sensitizers 1896
Exposure Settings and Risk Factors 1896
Epidemiology 1897
Clinical Presentation 1897
Immunopathogenesis 1897
Host Factors 1898
Histopathology 1898
Clinical Features 1899
Signs and Symptoms 1899
Lung Function 1900
Imaging 1900
Bronchoalveolar Lavage and Other Laboratory Testing 1901
Diagnosing Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis 1901
Exposure History 1902
Antibody Testing 1903
Bronchoalveolar Lavage 1903
Lung Biopsy 1903
Inhalation Challenge 1904
Natural History and Prognosis 1904
Treatment 1904
Antigen Avoidance 1905
Pharmacologic Therapy 1905
Prevention 1905
eFigure Image Galley 1907
Key Readings 1906
References 1910
65 Connective Tissue Diseases 1913
Introduction 1913
Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma) 1913
Epidemiology and Risk Factors 1913
Chemically Induced Scleroderma- Like Disorders 1914
Pulmonary Manifestations 1915
Interstitial Pulmonary Fibrosis 1915
Pathogenesis. 1915
predisposition. 1915
inflammation amplification. 1915
fibrogenetic factors. 1915
epithelial damage. 1915
Clinical Features 1916
Imaging 1916
Lung Function Tests 1917
Bronchoalveolar Lavage 1917
Biopsy 1918
Serologic Investigations 1918
Prognosis 1918
Treatment 1919
Pulmonary Vascular Disease in Systemic Sclerosis 1920
Other Pulmonary Complications 1921
Rheumatoid Arthritis 1921
Epidemiology and Risk Factors 1921
Pulmonary Manifestations 1921
Interstitial Pulmonary Fibrosis 1921
Organizing Pneumonia 1923
Bronchiolitis Obliterans 1923
Follicular Bronchiolitis 1923
Bronchiectasis 1924
Pulmonary Vasculitis 1924
Pulmonary Rheumatoid Nodules 1924
Pleural Disease 1924
Other Pulmonary Complications 1924
Drug-Induced Pulmonary Disease 1924
Acute Exacerbations of Interstitial Lung Disease 1925
Pulmonary Function Tests 1925
Radiologic Features 1925
Treatment of Pulmonary Complications 1925
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 1926
Epidemiology and Risk Factors 1926
Pulmonary Manifestations 1926
Diffuse Lung Disease 1926
Interstitial Pneumonia. 1926
Acute Lupus Pneumonitis. 1926
Extrapulmonary Restriction 1926
Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage (see Chapter 67) 1927
Pulmonary Hypertension 1927
Pleural Disease 1927
Sjögren Syndrome 1928
Epidemiology and Risk Factors 1928
Pulmonary Manifestations 1928
Diffuse Lung Disease 1928
Tracheobronchial Disease 1928
Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis 1929
Epidemiology and Risk Factors 1929
Pulmonary Manifestations 1930
Diffuse Lung Disease 1930
Clinical Features. 1930
Imaging. 1930
Pulmonary Function. 1930
Bronchoalveolar Lavage. 1930
Laboratory Tests. 1930
Other Pulmonary Manifestations 1931
Treatment of Pulmonary Complications 1931
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease 1931
Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease 1931
Relapsing Polychondritis 1932
Behçet Syndrome 1933
Ankylosing Spondylitis 1934
Marfan Syndrome 1934
eFigure Image Galley 1936
Key Readings 1935
References 1943
66 Sarcoidosis 1950
Introduction 1950
Epidemiology 1950
Etiology 1950
Potential Antigens 1950
Genetic Aspects 1951
Sarcoidosis as the Result of Immune System Exhaustion 1952
Diagnostic Approach 1952
Clinical Data Collection 1952
Evidence of Extrapulmonary Involvement 1952
Radiographic Findings 1952
Serum Markers for Disease 1953
Tissue Examination 1955
Bronchoscopy 1955
Bronchoalveolar Lavage 1955
Extrapulmonary Tissue Biopsy 1956
Clinical Phenotypes Suggestive of Sarcoidosis 1957
Other Diagnostic Approaches 1958
Pathologic Findings 1958
Other Idiopathic Multiorgan Granulomatous Diseases 1960
Evaluation of Pulmonary Disease 1960
Pulmonary Function 1960
Lung Imaging 1960
Chest Radiograph 1960
Chest Computed Tomography Scanning 1960
Radionuclide Scanning 1961
Health-Related Quality of Life 1961
Extrapulmonary Sarcoidosis 1962
Eyes 1962
Skin 1962
Nervous System 1962
Heart 1963
Ears, Nose, and Throat 1963
Parotid Gland 1964
Liver and Spleen 1964
Joints 1964
Peripheral Lymph Nodes 1964
Endocrine Glands 1964
Blood 1964
Treatment of Sarcoidosis 1964
Anti-Inflammatory Medications 1964
Management of Extrapulmonary Disease 1966
Antifibrotic Therapy 1966
Supportive Care 1966
Management of Complications of Sarcoidosis 1966
Pulmonary Hypertension 1966
Fatigue 1967
Aspergilloma 1967
Bone Health 1967
Lung Transplantation 1967
Key Readings 1968
References 1969
67 Alveolar Hemorrhage and Rare Infiltrative Diseases 1976
Introduction 1976
Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage 1976
Definition 1976
Clinical Presentation 1976
History and Physical Examination 1976
Radiology and Laboratory Evaluation 1976
Physiology 1977
Classification Schema 1977
Diagnostic Approach 1978
Diagnosis of Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage 1978
Diagnosis of Underlying Cause 1978
Role of Surgical Lung Biopsy and Renal Biopsy 1978
Therapeutic Approach 1979
Specific Causes 1980
Vasculitis (see Chapter 60) 1980
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (Wegener Granulomatosis). 1980
Microscopic Polyangiitis. 1981
Isolated Pulmonary Capillaritis. 1982
Mixed Cryoglobulinemia. 1982
Behçet Syndrome. 1982
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura. 1982
Pauci-immune Glomerulonephritis. 1982
Immunologic 1982
Goodpasture Syndrome. 1982
Connective Tissue Disease. 1984
Immune Complex–Related Crescentic Glomerulonephritis. 1984
Acute Pulmonary Allograft Rejection. 1984
Coagulation Disorders 1984
Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis 1985
Other Causes of Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage 1985
Drugs/Toxins. 1985
Diffuse Alveolar Damage. 1985
Mitral Stenosis. 1985
Pulmonary Veno-occlusive Disease. 1986
Pulmonary Capillary Hemangiomatosis. 1986
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis and Tuberous Sclerosis. 1987
Rare Infiltrative Disorders of the Lung 1987
Neurofibromatosis 1987
Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome 1987
Dyskeratosis Congenita 1987
Gaucher Disease 1988
Niemann-Pick Disease 1988
Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis 1988
eFigure Image Gallery 1990
Key Readings 1989
References 1996
68 Eosinophilic Lung Diseases 2001
Introduction 2001
Eosinophil Biology 2001
General Features of Eosinophilic Pneumonias 2002
Historical Perspective 2002
Clinical Presentation 2002
Pathology 2003
Diagnosis 2003
Eosinophilic Lung Disease of Undetermined Cause 2005
Idiopathic Chronic Eosinophilic Pneumonia 2005
Clinical Features 2005
Imaging 2005
Laboratory Studies 2006
Bronchoalveolar Lavage 2006
Differential Diagnosis 2006
Lung Function Tests 2006
Treatment and Prognosis 2006
Idiopathic Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia 2007
Clinical Features 2007
Imaging 2007
Laboratory Studies 2008
Bronchoalveolar Lavage 2008
Lung Function Tests 2008
Lung Biopsy 2008
Treatment and Prognosis 2008
Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis 2008
History and Nomenclature 2008
Pathology 2009
Clinical Features 2009
Imaging 2010
Laboratory Studies 2011
Pathogenesis 2011
Diagnosis 2011
Differential Diagnosis 2012
Treatment and Prognosis 2012
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome 2013
Pathogenenesis 2013
Clinical Features 2014
Imaging 2014
Laboratory Studies 2014
Treatment and Prognosis 2014
Idiopathic Hypereosinophilic Obliterative Bronchiolitis 2015
Eosinophilic Lung Disease of Determined Cause 2015
Eosinophilic Pneumonias of Parasitic Origin 2015
Tropical Eosinophilia 2015
Clinical Features. 2015
Pathogenesis. 2015
Laboratory Studies. 2016
Treatment. 2016
Ascaris Pneumonia 2016
Eosinophilic Pneumonia in Larva Migrans Syndrome 2016
Strongyloides stercoralis Infection 2017
Eosinophilic Pneumonias in Other Parasitic Infections 2017
Eosinophilic Pneumonias of other Infectious Causes 2017
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis and Related Syndromes 2017
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis 2017
Pathogenesis. 2017
Diagnostic Criteria. 2018
Imaging. 2018
Treatment. 2019
Other Allergic Bronchopulmonary Syndromes Associated with Fungi or Yeasts 2019
Bronchocentric Granulomatosis 2019
Drug-, Toxic Agent-, and Radiation-Induced Eosinophilic Pneumonias 2019
Drugs 2019
Radiation Therapy 2020
Miscellaneous Lung Diseases with Associated Eosinophilia 2020
Organizing Pneumonia 2020
Asthma and Eosinophilic Bronchitis 2021
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias 2021
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis 2021
Lung Transplantation 2021
Other Lung Diseases with Occasional Eosinophilia 2021
eFigure Image Gallery 2023
Key Readings 2022
References 2028
69 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis 2036
Introduction 2036
Epidemiology 2036
Genetic and Molecular Basis of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex and Lymphangioleiomyomatosis 2037
Inheritance 2037
Molecular Pathogenesis 2037
Tumor Suppressor Proteins Control Cell Growth 2037
The Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Proteins Regulate Signaling through the Akt Pathway 2038
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Mutations Are Found in the Lung and Kidney Lesions of Patients with Sporadic Lymphangioleiomyomatosis 2038
Genetic Evidence Suggests That Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Is A Metastatic Neoplasm 2040
Role of Lymphangiogenesis and Lymphatic Spread In Dissemination of Lymphangioleiomyomatosis 2040
Role of Estrogen 2040
Mechanisms of Matrix Remodeling in Lymphangioleiomyomatosis 2040
Clinical Features 2041
Physical Examination 2041
Imaging Studies 2041
Pulmonary Function Testing 2044
Pathology 2046
Diagnosis 2047
Clinical Diagnosis 2047
Differential Diagnosis 2047
Lung Biopsy 2048
Trials and Treatment 2048
Sirolimus 2049
General Recommendations—Treatment and Management 2050
Other Therapeutic Considerations 2050
General Recommendations—Screening 2050
Sporadic LAM 2050
Tuberous Sclerosis–Associated LAM 2050
Pregnancy 2050
Air Travel 2051
Pleural Disease 2051
Pulmonary Transplantation 2052
Angiomyolipomas 2052
Progression and Prognosis 2052
Future Clinical Trials in Lymphangioleiomyomatosis 2053
eFigure Image Gallery 2055
Key Readings 2054
References 2062
70 Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis Syndrome 2067
Introduction 2067
Pathogenesis 2067
Surfactant Composition and Homeostasis 2067
Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor 2067
Murine Models of Disordered Surfactant Homeostasis 2068
Role of GM-CSF Autoantibodies in Primary PAP 2068
Genetic Factors 2069
Disease Associations 2071
Environmental Factors 2071
Mechanisms of Disruption of Surfactant Homeostasis 2072
Primary PAP (Autoimmune and Hereditary) 2072
Secondary PAP 2072
Pulmonary Surfactant Metabolic Dysfunction 2072
Nomenclature and Classification 2073
Epidemiology 2073
Clinical Presentation 2074
Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis 2075
Radiographic Appearance 2075
Pulmonary Function Testing 2076
Bronchoscopy, Bronchoalveolar Lavage, and Transbronchial Biopsy 2076
Surgical Lung Biopsy 2076
Laboratory Studies 2076
Approach to Diagnosis 2077
Natural History 2078
Secondary Infections 2078
Pulmonary Fibrosis 2079
Spontaneous Resolution 2079
Treatment 2079
Autoimmune PAP 2079
Whole-Lung Lavage 2079
Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor 2080
Rituximab and Other Approaches 2080
Hereditary PAP 2080
Secondary PAP 2080
Pulmonary Surfactant Metabolic Dysfunction Disorders 2080
Gaps in Knowledge and Future Directions 2080
Etiology 2080
Clinical Practice Guidelines 2080
Novel Therapeutic Approaches 2081
eFigure Image Gallery 2082
Key Readings 2081
References 2090
71 Drug-Induced Pulmonary Disease 2094
Introduction 2094
Chemotherapeutic Agents 2094
Antibiotic-Derived Agents 2096
Bleomycin 2096
Mitomycin C 2097
Other Antibiotic Chemotherapeutic Agents 2097
Alkylating Agents 2098
Busulfan 2098
Cyclophosphamide 2098
Chlorambucil 2098
Melphalan 2098
Ifosfamide 2098
Other Alkylating Agents 2099
Antimetabolites 2099
Methotrexate 2099
Azathioprine and 6-Mercaptopurine 2099
Cytosine Arabinoside 2099
Gemcitabine 2100
Fludarabine 2100
Piritrexim 2100
Nitrosoureas 2100
Podophyllotoxins 2101
Etoposide and Teniposide 2101
Paclitaxel 2101
Docetaxel 2101
Vinblastine 2101
All-Trans Retinoic Acid 2101
Irinotecan and Topotecan 2102
Targeted Therapy 2102
Monoclonal Antibodies 2102
Bevacizumab. 2102
Cetuximab and Panitumumab. 2102
Trastuzumab and Ado-Trastuzumab Emtansine. 2102
Rituximab. 2102
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors 2103
Gefitinib. 2103
Erlotinib. 2103
Imatinib. 2103
Dasatinib. 2103
Bosutinib. 2103
Sunitinib and Sorafenib. 2103
Immunomodulatory Agents 2103
Interferons. 2103
Rapamycin Analogs. 2104
Antimicrobial Agents 2104
Nitrofurantoin 2104
Acute Reaction 2104
Chronic Reaction 2104
Sulfasalazine 2105
Miscellaneous Antimicrobial Drugs 2105
Illicit Drugs 2105
Heroin 2105
Methadone 2106
Methylphenidate 2106
Cocaine 2106
Talc Granulomatosis 2106
Cardiovascular Drugs 2106
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors 2106
Amiodarone 2107
Protamine 2108
β-Adrenergic Antagonists 2108
Tocainide and Flecainide 2109
Anti-Inflammatory Agents 2109
Aspirin 2109
Other Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs 2109
Penicillamine 2109
Leflunomide 2109
Biologic Agents 2109
Leukotriene Antagonists 2110
Corticosteroids 2110
Drug-Induced Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 2110
Inhalants 2111
Oil 2111
Oxygen 2111
Miscellaneous Drugs/Agents 2111
Radiographic Contrast Medium–Induced Leukostasis 2111
Tocolytic-Induced Pulmonary Edema 2112
Hydrochlorothiazide 2112
Methysergide, Bromocriptine, and Cabergoline 2112
Dextran 2112
Amphetaminergic Agents 2112
Esophageal Variceal Sclerotherapy 2112
Phenytoin 2113
Dantrolene 2113
eFigure Image Gallery 2114
Key Readings 2113
References 2127
M Environmental and Occupational Hazards 2131
72 Asthma in the Workplace 2131
Introduction 2131
Sensitizer-Induced Occupational Asthma 2132
Epidemiologic Aspects 2132
Causal Agents 2132
Pathophysiology 2133
Immunologic, IgE-mediated 2133
Immunologic, non–IgE mediated 2133
Risk Factors 2133
Environmental Factors 2133
Host-Related Factors 2133
Diagnosis 2134
Outcome and Management of Sensitizer-Induced Asthma 2136
Socioeconomic Impact 2137
Irritant-Induced Asthma 2137
Epidemiologic Aspects 2137
Pathophysiology 2138
Risk Factors 2138
Diagnosis 2139
Outcome and Treatment 2139
Prevention 2139
Work-Exacerbated Asthma 2140
Epidemiologic Aspects 2140
Pathophysiology 2140
Work Exposures Associated with Work-Exacerbated Asthma 2140
Diagnosis of Work-Exacerbated Asthma 2140
Differentiating Work-Exacerbated Asthma From Non–Work-Related Asthma or Occupational Asthma 2141
Socioeconomic Impact of Work-Exacerbated Asthma 2141
Key Readings 2142
References 2143
73 Pneumoconioses 2146
Introduction 2146
Definitions 2146
Accumulation of Dust in the Lung and Tissue Reactions 2146
Exposure-Response Relationships 2146
Chest Imaging 2147
Clinical Issues, Lung Function, and Principles of Management 2147
Epidemiology and Implications for Clinical Practice 2148
Silicosis 2149
Definition 2149
Industries and Occupations Still at Risk 2149
Pathology 2149
Pathogenesis 2150
Epidemiology: Secular Trends and Their Implications for the Clinician 2151
Tuberculosis 2151
Airflow Obstruction and Chronic Bronchitis 2151
Connective Tissue Diseases, Renal Disease, and Cardiovascular Disease 2151
Lung Cancer 2151
Clinical Features 2151
Radiographic Features 2152
Lung Function 2153
Diagnosis and Complications 2153
Management and Control 2153
Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis 2153
Definition and Occupations at Risk 2153
Pathology 2154
Pathogenesis 2155
Epidemiology and Natural History 2156
Rheumatoid Pneumoconiosis 2156
Role of Silica 2156
Airflow Obstruction and Chronic Bronchitis 2156
Tuberculosis and Cancer 2156
Clinical Features 2156
Chest Radiography 2156
Lung Function 2157
Diagnosis, Complications, and Management 2157
ASBESTOS-Related Fibrosis of the Lungs (Asbestosis) and Pleura 2157
Asbestos Minerals 2157
History and Uses 2157
Sources of Human Exposure 2158
Fate of Inhaled Fibers 2160
Exposure versus Dose-Response Relationships 2160
Asbestosis (Pulmonary Parenchymal Fibrosis) 2160
Pathology and Pathogenesis 2160
Epidemiology and Natural History 2161
Clinical Features 2161
Radiographic Features 2161
Lung Function 2162
Diagnosis and Complications 2162
Asbestosis, Asbestos Exposure, Lung Cancer, and Mesothelioma (see Chapters 52 and 82) 2163
Pleural Plaques 2163
Pathology and Pathogenesis 2163
Clinical Features 2163