BOOK
Histology and Cell Biology: An Introduction to Pathology E-Book
Abraham L Kierszenbaum | Laura Tres
(2015)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Fully integrating histology, cell biology, and pathology, the 4th Edition of the award-winning Histology and Cell Biology: An Introduction to Pathology presents key concepts in an understandable, easy-to-digest manner. Authors Abraham L. Kierszenbaum, MD, PhD and Laura L. Tres MD, PhD link basic science to clinical application throughout, focusing on what you need to know for your coursework now – and how to apply that information in a clinical setting . Full-color illustrations, as well as unique, student-friendly features, help you quickly grasp the complexities of pathologic abnormalities.
- Consult this title on your favorite e-reader .
- Get a contemporary, integrated approach to basic science and clinical knowledge, as well as histology, cell biology, and pathology with Dr. Kierszenbaum’s ground-breaking text.
- Clearly visualize challenging concepts with the aid of vivid, full-color illustrations, diagrams, photomicrographs, and pathology photos – all fully integrated on every page of the text.
- Grasp key information quickly thanks to highlighted key clinical terms, clinical conditions boxes, and Essential Concepts boxes at the end of every chapter.
- Find clinically relevant material fast with a detailed table of contents that highlights all clinical examples in red.
Understand the links between chapter concepts with new concept mapping animations – an outstanding supplement to in-class instruction.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Histology and Cell Biology: An Introduction to Pathology | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Table of Contents | ix | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| PREFACE | vii | ||
| PART I: BASIC TISSUES INTEGRATED CELL BIOLOGY AND GENERAL PATHOLOGY | 1 | ||
| Chapter 1. Epithelium | 1 | ||
| General classification of epithelia | 1 | ||
| Epithelial cell polarity | 2 | ||
| Apical differentiations | 2 | ||
| Cilia | 2 | ||
| Multiple motile cilia | 4 | ||
| Single or primary non-motile cilium | 6 | ||
| Microvilli | 6 | ||
| Stereocilia (stereovilli) | 6 | ||
| Cell adhesion molecules | 6 | ||
| Cadherins | 6 | ||
| Selectins | 9 | ||
| Ig superfamily | 9 | ||
| Integrins | 10 | ||
| ADAM proteins | 11 | ||
| Cell junctions | 11 | ||
| Tight junctions | 12 | ||
| Anchoring junctions | 13 | ||
| Zonula adherens or belt desmosome | 13 | ||
| Macula adherens or spot desmosome | 13 | ||
| Hemidesmosomes | 14 | ||
| Gap junctions or communicating junctions | 14 | ||
| Clinical significance: Connexin mutations | 16 | ||
| Basement membrane | 16 | ||
| Epithelium: Highlights to remember | 18 | ||
| Cytoskeleton | 19 | ||
| Microfilaments | 20 | ||
| Microtubules | 23 | ||
| Centrosome | 24 | ||
| The axoneme of cilia and flagella | 26 | ||
| Clinical significance: Microtubule-targeted drugs. Sterility | 26 | ||
| Microtubules: Cargo transport and motor proteins | 27 | ||
| Microtubules: Axonal transport | 29 | ||
| Myosin family of proteins | 29 | ||
| Myosin light-chain kinase | 30 | ||
| Intermediate filaments | 30 | ||
| Hemidesmosomes and intermediate filaments | 34 | ||
| Clinical significance: Skin blistering diseases | 35 | ||
| Cell nucleus | 36 | ||
| Nuclear envelope and nuclear pore complex | 36 | ||
| Nucleocytoplasmic transport: Ran-GTPase | 37 | ||
| Chromatin | 37 | ||
| Dosage compensation: X chromosome inactivation | 38 | ||
| Nucleolus | 41 | ||
| Localization of nucleic acids | 43 | ||
| Cell cycle | 43 | ||
| Autoradiography and FACS | 44 | ||
| Breakdown and reassembly of the nuclear envelope | 46 | ||
| Tumor-suppressor genes: The retinoblastoma model | 46 | ||
| Clinical significance: Retinoblastoma tumors | 49 | ||
| Telomerase: Aging, senescence, and cancer | 49 | ||
| Clinical significance: The p53 signaling pathway | 50 | ||
| Mitosis | 50 | ||
| Basic Concepts of Medical Genetics | 50 | ||
| Chromosomal disorders | 51 | ||
| Mendelian inheritance: Single gene disorders | 52 | ||
| Non-mendelian Inheritance | 54 | ||
| Karyotyping (chromosome analysis) | 55 | ||
| Chapter 2. Epithelial Glands | 59 | ||
| Development of epithelial glands | 59 | ||
| Classification of epithelial glands | 59 | ||
| Secretory portion: Unicellular and multicellular | 59 | ||
| Shape of the secretory portion | 61 | ||
| Types of secretion | 61 | ||
| Mechanisms of secretion | 62 | ||
| Plasma membrane and cytomembranes | 63 | ||
| Plasma membrane | 63 | ||
| Phospholipid bilayer | 63 | ||
| Membrane proteins | 64 | ||
| Freeze-fracture: Differences between a surface and a face | 65 | ||
| Transporter and channel proteins | 66 | ||
| Endoplasmic reticulum | 67 | ||
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum | 67 | ||
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum | 67 | ||
| Protein synthesis and sorting | 68 | ||
| Golgi apparatus | 68 | ||
| Functions of the Golgi apparatus | 68 | ||
| Vesicle transport | 70 | ||
| Sorting of clathrin-coated vesicles and COP-coated vesicles | 70 | ||
| Vesicle fusion to a target membrane: NSF and SNARE proteins | 72 | ||
| Lysosomal sorting pathway: M6P and its receptor | 72 | ||
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis: Cholesterol uptake | 72 | ||
| Clinical significance: Familial hypercholesterolemia | 74 | ||
| Lysosomes | 74 | ||
| Phagocytosis, endocytosis, and macroautophagy | 76 | ||
| Clinical significance: Lysosomal storage disorders | 79 | ||
| Mitochondria | 79 | ||
| Mitochondria participate in apoptosis, steroidogenesis, and thermogenesis | 82 | ||
| Clinical significance: Mitochondrial maternal inheritance | 82 | ||
| Peroxisomes | 83 | ||
| Clinical significance: Peroxisomal disorders | 84 | ||
| Chapter 3. Cell Signaling | 89 | ||
| Types of cell signaling and feedback action | 89 | ||
| Hormones and ligands | 89 | ||
| Steroid hormones | 89 | ||
| Peptide hormones and growth factors | 91 | ||
| Nitric oxide | 91 | ||
| Neurotransmitters | 92 | ||
| Eicosanoids | 92 | ||
| Cell surface receptors | 92 | ||
| G protein–coupled receptors | 92 | ||
| Receptor and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases | 92 | ||
| Cytokine receptors | 94 | ||
| Receptors linked to tyrosine phosphatases and serine-threonine kinases | 94 | ||
| Major signal transduction pathways | 95 | ||
| The cAMP pathway | 95 | ||
| The cGMP pathway | 96 | ||
| The phospholipid–calcium pathway | 96 | ||
| The calcium–calmodulin pathway | 96 | ||
| The Ras, Raf, and MAP kinase pathway | 97 | ||
| The JAK-STAT pathway | 98 | ||
| NF-κB transcription factor pathway | 98 | ||
| The integrin-actin pathway | 98 | ||
| General Pathology: Specific signaling pathways | 98 | ||
| General Pathology: Stem cell niches and stemness | 99 | ||
| Regenerative medicine by cell reprogramming | 100 | ||
| Cell culture | 101 | ||
| General Pathology: Cellular senescence and cancer | 102 | ||
| General Pathology: Cell and tissue injury | 103 | ||
| General Pathology: Necrosis | 105 | ||
| General Pathology: Apoptosis | 105 | ||
| What a nematode worm told us about apoptosis | 107 | ||
| Caspases: Initiators and executioners of cell death | 108 | ||
| Intrinsic pathway: Mitochondrial cytochrome c | 108 | ||
| General Pathology: Apoptosis in the immune system | 108 | ||
| General Pathology: Apoptosis in neurodegenerative diseases | 108 | ||
| General Pathology: Necroptosis | 110 | ||
| General Pathology: Mitochondrial permeability transition | 111 | ||
| General Pathology: Intracellular degradation | 111 | ||
| Autophagy pathway | 111 | ||
| Ubiquitin–proteasome pathway | 112 | ||
| Mitophagy signaling pathway | 114 | ||
| General Pathology: Neoplasia | 114 | ||
| General Pathology: Proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes | 116 | ||
| Identification of oncogenes in retroviruses | 118 | ||
| Chapter 4. Connective Tissue | 123 | ||
| Classification | 123 | ||
| Components of connective tissue | 125 | ||
| Fibroblast | 125 | ||
| Collagen: Synthesis, secretion, and assembly | 126 | ||
| Pathology: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome | 128 | ||
| Elastic fibers | 128 | ||
| Pathology: Marfan syndrome | 129 | ||
| Macrophages | 130 | ||
| Mast cells | 131 | ||
| General Pathology: Mast cells and allergic hypersensitivity reactions | 132 | ||
| Plasma cells | 132 | ||
| Extracellular matrix | 132 | ||
| General Pathology: Molecular biology of tumor invasion | 136 | ||
| Adipose tissue or fat | 136 | ||
| Adipogenesis | 136 | ||
| Lipid storage and breakdown | 138 | ||
| Clinical significance: Obesity | 140 | ||
| Cartilage | 140 | ||
| Growth of cartilage (chondrogenesis) | 140 | ||
| Types of cartilage | 141 | ||
| Bone | 145 | ||
| Macroscopic structure of mature bone | 145 | ||
| Microscopic structure of mature bone | 146 | ||
| Periosteum and endosteum | 146 | ||
| Bone matrix | 147 | ||
| Cellular components of bone | 148 | ||
| The osteoblast | 149 | ||
| Pathology: Differentiation of the preosteoblast to osteoblast to osteocyte | 151 | ||
| The osteoclast | 152 | ||
| Osteoclastogenesis (osteoclast differentiation) | 153 | ||
| Pathology: Osteoporosis, osteopetrosis, and osteomalacia | 155 | ||
| Chapter 5. Osteogenesis | 161 | ||
| Intramembranous ossification | 161 | ||
| Endochondral ossification | 163 | ||
| Secondary centers of ossification | 163 | ||
| Zones of endochondral ossification | 164 | ||
| Growth in length of the diaphysis | 169 | ||
| Hedgehog signaling: The epiphyseal growth plate and dwarfism | 169 | ||
| Conversion of a bone trabecula into an osteon | 170 | ||
| Bone remodeling | 171 | ||
| General Pathology: Bone fracture and healing | 172 | ||
| General Pathology: Metabolic and hereditary bone disorders | 174 | ||
| Joints | 176 | ||
| Pathology: Rheumatoid arthritis | 177 | ||
| Chapter 6. Blood and Hematopoiesis | 181 | ||
| Blood | 181 | ||
| Plasma | 181 | ||
| Red blood cells (erythrocytes) | 181 | ||
| Pathology: RBC cytoskeletal and hemoglobin abnormalities | 181 | ||
| Clinical significance: Hemoglobin A1c (glycated hemoglobin) and diabetes mellitus | 183 | ||
| Clinical significance: Erythroblastosis fetalis | 183 | ||
| Leukocytes | 184 | ||
| Granulocytes | 184 | ||
| Agranulocytes | 187 | ||
| Pathology: Leukemias | 188 | ||
| General Pathology: Leukocyte recruitment and inflammation | 189 | ||
| Pathology: Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) | 189 | ||
| Pathology: Mast cell–eosinophil interaction in asthma | 191 | ||
| Pathology: Eosinophilic esophagitis | 191 | ||
| Platelets | 191 | ||
| Pathology: Platelets and coagulation disorders | 192 | ||
| Pathology: Hemostasis and blood clotting | 194 | ||
| Hematopoiesis | 194 | ||
| Hematopoietic niches | 194 | ||
| The vascular niche | 197 | ||
| The endosteal niche | 199 | ||
| Hematopoietic cell populations | 199 | ||
| Clinical significance: Hematopoietic growth factors | 201 | ||
| Erythroid lineage | 201 | ||
| Leukopoiesis | 204 | ||
| Granulocytes | 205 | ||
| Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes | 208 | ||
| Monocytes | 208 | ||
| Pathology: Colony-stimulating factors and interleukins | 208 | ||
| Megakaryocytes and platelets | 209 | ||
| Clinical significance: Thrombopoietin | 210 | ||
| Pathology: Stem cell factor (also known as c-kit ligand) | 210 | ||
| Pathology: Iron-overload disorders | 210 | ||
| Pathology: Vitamin B12, megaloblastic anemia, and microcytic anemia | 213 | ||
| Chapter 7. Muscle Tissue | 217 | ||
| Skeletal muscle | 217 | ||
| Characteristics of the skeletal muscle cell or fiber | 217 | ||
| The myofibril: A repeat of sarcomere units | 219 | ||
| Components of the thin and thick filaments of the sarcomere | 219 | ||
| Mechanism of muscle contraction | 221 | ||
| Creatine phosphate: A back up energy source | 222 | ||
| A depolarization signal travels along T tubules | 222 | ||
| Neuromuscular junction: Motor end plate | 223 | ||
| Clinical significance: Disorders of neuromuscular transmission | 224 | ||
| Calcium controls muscle contraction | 225 | ||
| Pathology: Muscular dystrophies | 225 | ||
| Pathology: Satellite cells and muscle regeneration | 229 | ||
| Neuromuscular spindle and Golgi tendon organ | 229 | ||
| Cardiac muscle | 231 | ||
| Clinical significance: Transport proteins on the sarcolemma of cardiocytes | 231 | ||
| General Pathology: Myocardial infarction | 232 | ||
| Smooth muscle | 234 | ||
| Mechanism of smooth muscle contraction | 235 | ||
| Chapter 8. Nervous Tissue | 239 | ||
| Development of the nervous system | 239 | ||
| Cell types: Neurons | 241 | ||
| Types of neurons | 241 | ||
| Designation of groups of neurons and axons | 242 | ||
| Synaptic terminals and synapses | 242 | ||
| Clinical significance: Axonal transport of rabies virus | 243 | ||
| Glia: The “connective tissue” of the CNS | 246 | ||
| Astrocytes | 247 | ||
| Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells: Myelinization | 247 | ||
| Myelin: Protein and lipid components | 249 | ||
| Pathology: Demyelinating diseases | 252 | ||
| Pathology: Neurodegenerative diseases | 254 | ||
| Microglial cells | 260 | ||
| Ependyma | 262 | ||
| Choroid plexus | 262 | ||
| Cerebrospinal fluid | 262 | ||
| Clinical significance: Brain permeability barriers | 262 | ||
| Peripheral nervous system | 265 | ||
| Structure of a peripheral nerve | 265 | ||
| Pathology: Schwannomas | 267 | ||
| Pathology: Segmental demyelination and axonal degeneration | 267 | ||
| Sensory (spinal) ganglia | 267 | ||
| Autonomic nervous system: Ganglia and plexuses | 268 | ||
| Neurohistochemistry | 269 | ||
| Chapter 9. Sensory Organs: Vision and Hearing | 273 | ||
| Eye | 273 | ||
| Development of the eye | 273 | ||
| Outer tunic: Sclera and cornea | 274 | ||
| Cornea | 274 | ||
| Middle tunic: Uvea | 275 | ||
| Three chambers of the eye | 278 | ||
| Lens | 278 | ||
| Clinical significance: Cataracts | 282 | ||
| Accommodation | 283 | ||
| Inner layer: Retina | 285 | ||
| Clinical significance: Detachment of the retina | 285 | ||
| Cell layers of the retina | 285 | ||
| Photoreceptor neurons: Rods and cones | 285 | ||
| Association neurons: Horizontal and amacrine cells | 292 | ||
| Supporting glial cells: Müller cells | 292 | ||
| Fovea centralis and optic disk | 293 | ||
| The eyelids, conjunctiva, and the lacrimal glands | 294 | ||
| Clinical significance: Red eye | 296 | ||
| Ear | 296 | ||
| External ear | 297 | ||
| Middle ear | 297 | ||
| Inner ear: Development of the inner ear | 298 | ||
| General structure of the inner ear | 299 | ||
| Vestibular system | 299 | ||
| Semicircular canals | 299 | ||
| Otolithic organs: Utricle and saccule | 302 | ||
| Clinical significance: Ménière’s disease | 303 | ||
| Cochlea | 303 | ||
| Organ of Corti | 305 | ||
| Molecular and mechanical aspects of the hearing process | 305 | ||
| Clinical significance: Deafness and balance | 308 | ||
| PART II: ORGAN SYSTEMS PROTECTION OF THE BODY | 313 | ||
| Chapter 10. Immune-Lymphatic System | 313 | ||
| Components of the lymphatic system | 313 | ||
| Types of immunity | 314 | ||
| Properties of adaptive or acquired immunity | 315 | ||
| Development and maturation of B cells in bone marrow | 315 | ||
| Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and human leukocyte antigens (HLA) | 316 | ||
| T cell receptor | 317 | ||
| CD4 and CD8 coreceptors | 317 | ||
| T cell maturation in the thymus: Positive and nega tive selection | 317 | ||
| How do CD4+ helper T cells help? | 319 | ||
| T cell subsets: TH1 and TH2 cells and cytolytic or cytotoxic T cells | 319 | ||
| How do CD8+ cytolytic T cells kill? | 320 | ||
| Natural killer cells | 321 | ||
| Clinical significance: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome | 321 | ||
| General Pathology: Hypersensitivity reactions | 322 | ||
| General Pathology: Complement system | 325 | ||
| General Pathology: Inflammation | 327 | ||
| Acute inflammation | 327 | ||
| Resolution of acute inflammation: fibrous repair | 329 | ||
| Types of acute inflammation | 329 | ||
| Chronic inflammation | 330 | ||
| Lymphoid organs | 332 | ||
| Lymph nodes | 332 | ||
| Pathology: Lymphadenitis and lymphomas | 335 | ||
| Thymus | 336 | ||
| Development of the thymus | 336 | ||
| Clinical significance: DiGeorge syndrome | 337 | ||
| Structure of the thymus | 337 | ||
| Spleen | 341 | ||
| Vascularization of the spleen | 342 | ||
| White pulp | 344 | ||
| Red pulp | 345 | ||
| Clinical significance: Sickle cell anemia | 346 | ||
| Clinical significance: Asplenia | 347 | ||
| Clinical significance: Adoptive cell transfer | 347 | ||
| Chapter 11. Integumentary System | 353 | ||
| General organization and types of skin | 353 | ||
| Epidermis | 353 | ||
| General Pathology: Wound healing | 355 | ||
| Pathology: Psoriasis | 358 | ||
| Differentiation of a keratinocyte | 361 | ||
| Melanocytes | 363 | ||
| Langerhans cells (dendritic cells) | 365 | ||
| Merkel cells | 366 | ||
| Pathology: Tumors of the epidermis | 366 | ||
| Dermis | 367 | ||
| Pathology: Epithelial antimicrobial proteins | 367 | ||
| Blood and lymphatic supply | 368 | ||
| Pathology: Vascular disorders of the skin | 369 | ||
| Sensory receptors of the skin | 369 | ||
| Pathology: Leprosy | 371 | ||
| Hypodermis (superficial fascia) | 371 | ||
| Epidermal derivatives: Hair (pilosebaceous unit) | 371 | ||
| Bulge stem cell pathways | 373 | ||
| Epidermal derivatives: Sebaceous glands | 374 | ||
| Epidermal derivatives: Sweat glands | 374 | ||
| Clinical significance: Sweat glands and cystic fibrosis | 377 | ||
| Epidermal derivatives: Fingernails | 378 | ||
| PART III: ORGAN SYSTEMS BLOOD CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS | 383 | ||
| Chapter 12. Cardiovascular System | 383 | ||
| General characteristics of blood circulation | 383 | ||
| Heart | 383 | ||
| Conductive system of the heart | 383 | ||
| Purkinje fibers | 384 | ||
| Arteries | 384 | ||
| Large elastic arteries are conducting vessels | 385 | ||
| Pathology: Aortic aneurysms | 385 | ||
| Medium-sized muscular arteries are distributing vessels | 387 | ||
| Arterioles are resistance vessels | 387 | ||
| Capillaries are exchange vessels | 387 | ||
| Types of capillaries | 388 | ||
| Veins are capacitance, or reservoir, vessels | 390 | ||
| Pathology: Vasculitis | 391 | ||
| Lymphatic vessels | 394 | ||
| Clinical significance: Edema | 395 | ||
| Clinical significance: Hemorrhage | 396 | ||
| Specific capillary arrangements: Glomerulus and portal systems | 396 | ||
| Endothelial cell–mediated regulation of blood flow | 396 | ||
| Pathology: Atherosclerosis | 399 | ||
| Pathology: Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis | 399 | ||
| Pathology: Neovascularization and vascular co-option | 402 | ||
| Clinical significance: Hypertension | 402 | ||
| Pathology: Thrombosis, embolism, and infarction | 403 | ||
| Chapter 13. Respiratory System | 409 | ||
| Nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses | 409 | ||
| Nasopharynx | 410 | ||
| Olfactory epithelium | 410 | ||
| Larynx | 411 | ||
| Trachea | 413 | ||
| Segmentation of the bronchial tree | 414 | ||
| Pulmonary lobule and pulmonary acinus | 414 | ||
| Pathology: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 418 | ||
| Pathology: Asthma | 421 | ||
| Club cells (Clara cells) | 421 | ||
| Clinical significance: Cystic fibrosis | 424 | ||
| Respiratory portion of the lung | 427 | ||
| The alveolus | 428 | ||
| Type II alveolar cells | 429 | ||
| Pathology: Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 430 | ||
| Pathology: Lung cancer | 432 | ||
| Pleura | 434 | ||
| Pathology: Disorders of the pleura | 434 | ||
| Chapter 14. Urinary System | 439 | ||
| The kidneys | 439 | ||
| Organization of the renal vascular system | 439 | ||
| Vasa recta | 441 | ||
| Renal medullary pyramid, renal lobe, and renal lobule | 441 | ||
| The uriniferous tubule: Nephron and collecting duct | 442 | ||
| The renal corpuscle | 443 | ||
| Glomerular filtration barrier | 443 | ||
| Pathology: Defects of the GBM | 447 | ||
| Clinical significance: Slit filtration diaphragm | 448 | ||
| Mesangium | 448 | ||
| Pathology: Podocyte injury | 449 | ||
| Juxtaglomerular apparatus | 452 | ||
| Proximal convoluted tubule | 452 | ||
| Pathology: Acute kidney injury | 452 | ||
| Loop of Henle | 455 | ||
| Distal convoluted tubule | 455 | ||
| Collecting tubule/duct | 457 | ||
| Renal interstitium | 458 | ||
| Excretory passages of urine | 459 | ||
| Regulation of water and NaCl absorption | 459 | ||
| Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) | 461 | ||
| Countercurrent multiplier and exchanger | 462 | ||
| Clinical significance: Mechanism of action of diuretics | 464 | ||
| PART IV: ORGAN SYSTEMS THE ALIMENTARY SYSTEM | 469 | ||
| Chapter 15. Upper Digestive Segment | 469 | ||
| Mouth, or oral cavity | 469 | ||
| Lips | 470 | ||
| Gingiva, hard, and soft palate | 471 | ||
| Tongue | 471 | ||
| Tooth | 473 | ||
| Tooth development | 473 | ||
| Odontoblasts | 473 | ||
| Dental pulp | 474 | ||
| Periodontium | 476 | ||
| Ameloblasts | 477 | ||
| Pathology: Non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the oral mucosa | 478 | ||
| General organization of the digestive tube | 478 | ||
| Microvasculature of the digestive tube | 479 | ||
| Pathology: Gastric microcirculation and gastric ulcers | 480 | ||
| Nerve supply of the digestive tube | 481 | ||
| Esophagus | 482 | ||
| Clinical significance: Barrett’s metaplasia | 482 | ||
| Stomach | 484 | ||
| Cardia region | 485 | ||
| The gastric gland | 485 | ||
| Secretion of hydrochloric acid | 489 | ||
| Pathology: Helicobacter pylori infection | 490 | ||
| Gastroenteroendocrine cells | 492 | ||
| Clinical significance: Zollinger-Ellison syndrome | 493 | ||
| Pyloric glands | 493 | ||
| Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa of the stomach | 494 | ||
| Chapter 16. Lower Digestive Segment | 499 | ||
| Small intestine | 499 | ||
| The peritoneum | 499 | ||
| Intestinal wall | 499 | ||
| Microcirculation of the small intestine | 501 | ||
| Innervation and motility of the small intestine | 502 | ||
| Histologic differences between the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum | 502 | ||
| Villi and crypts of Lieberkühn | 504 | ||
| Enterocytes: Absorptive cells | 504 | ||
| Trafficking of sugars and peptides in enterocytes | 504 | ||
| Trafficking of lipids and cholesterol in enterocytes | 504 | ||
| Goblet cells | 507 | ||
| Enteroendocrine cells | 508 | ||
| Intestinal stem cells | 508 | ||
| Protection of the small intestine | 508 | ||
| Intestinal tight junction barrier | 509 | ||
| Peyer’s patches | 510 | ||
| Polymeric IgA | 513 | ||
| Paneth cells | 516 | ||
| Pathology: Inflammatory bowel diseases | 517 | ||
| Clinical significance: Malabsorption syndromes | 517 | ||
| Large intestine | 519 | ||
| The appendix | 519 | ||
| The rectum | 521 | ||
| Pathology: Hirschsprung’s disease | 521 | ||
| Pathology: Colorectal tumorigenesis | 523 | ||
| Chapter 17. Digestive Glands | 529 | ||
| General structure of a salivary gland | 529 | ||
| Saliva | 529 | ||
| Parotid gland | 530 | ||
| Pathology: Mumps, rabies, and tumors | 532 | ||
| Submandibular (submaxillary) gland | 532 | ||
| Sublingual gland | 532 | ||
| Exocrine pancreas | 534 | ||
| Pathology: Carcinoma of the pancreas | 535 | ||
| Functions of the pancreatic acinus | 538 | ||
| Pathology: Pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis | 538 | ||
| Liver | 540 | ||
| General organization of the hepatic lobule | 540 | ||
| Functional views of the hepatic lobule | 541 | ||
| Hepatocyte | 542 | ||
| Peroxisomes | 548 | ||
| Pathology: Liver iron-overload disorders | 548 | ||
| Pathology: Alcoholism and fatty liver (alcoholic steatohepatitis) | 548 | ||
| Pathology: Perisinusoidal cells | 548 | ||
| Pathology: Chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis | 550 | ||
| Bile: Mechanism of secretion | 551 | ||
| Metabolism of bilirubin | 552 | ||
| Composition of the bile | 553 | ||
| Pathology: Conditions affecting bile secretion | 553 | ||
| Clinical significance: Hyperbilirubinemia | 554 | ||
| Gallbladder | 555 | ||
| PART V: ORGAN SYSTEMS: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM | 559 | ||
| Chapter 18. Neuroendocrine System | 559 | ||
| Hypophysis | 559 | ||
| Embryologic origin of the hypophysis | 560 | ||
| Hypothalamohypophyseal portal circulation | 560 | ||
| Histology of the pars distalis (anterior lobe) | 563 | ||
| Hormones secreted by acidophils: Growth hormone and prolactin | 564 | ||
| Growth hormone | 564 | ||
| Clinical significance: Gigantism (in children) and acromegaly (in adults) | 564 | ||
| Prolactin | 565 | ||
| Clinical significance: Hyperprolactinemia | 566 | ||
| Hormones secreted by basophils: Gonadotropins, TSH, and ACTH | 566 | ||
| Gonadotropins: Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone | 566 | ||
| Clinical significance: Infertility | 567 | ||
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin) | 568 | ||
| Clinical significance: Hypothyroidism | 568 | ||
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone | 568 | ||
| Clinical significance: Cushing’s disease | 569 | ||
| Neurohypophysis | 571 | ||
| Clinical significance: Diabetes insipidus | 572 | ||
| Pineal gland | 575 | ||
| Development of the pineal gland | 575 | ||
| Histology of the pineal gland | 576 | ||
| Pinealocytes secrete melatonin | 576 | ||
| Light is a regulator of circadian rhythms | 576 | ||
| Pathology: Pineocytomas | 577 | ||
| Chapter 19. Endocrine System | 581 | ||
| Thyroid gland | 581 | ||
| Development of the thyroid gland | 581 | ||
| Histologic organization of the thyroid gland | 581 | ||
| Function of the thyroid gland | 581 | ||
| Clinical significance: Graves’ disease and hypothyroidism | 585 | ||
| Calcium regulation | 588 | ||
| Parathyroid glands | 589 | ||
| Development of the parathyroid glands | 589 | ||
| Histologic organization of the parathyroid glands | 589 | ||
| Signal transduction mediated by CaSR | 589 | ||
| Functions of the parathyroid hormone | 589 | ||
| Clinical significance: Hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism | 589 | ||
| Clinical significance: CaSR mutations | 591 | ||
| C cells (thyroid follicle) | 591 | ||
| Vitamin D | 591 | ||
| Clinical significance: Rickets and osteomalacia | 592 | ||
| Adrenal (suprarenal) glands | 593 | ||
| Development of the adrenal gland | 593 | ||
| Functions of the fetal adrenal cortex | 593 | ||
| Histologic organization of the adrenal cortex | 593 | ||
| Zona glomerulosa | 593 | ||
| Zona fasciculata | 595 | ||
| Zona reticularis | 595 | ||
| Adrenal medulla | 595 | ||
| Adrenergic receptors α and β | 598 | ||
| Blood supply to the adrenal gland | 598 | ||
| Pathology: The adrenal cortex | 601 | ||
| Pathology: Pheochromocytoma | 602 | ||
| Clinical significance: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia | 602 | ||
| Endocrine pancreas | 602 | ||
| Development of the pancreas | 602 | ||
| Islets of Langerhans | 602 | ||
| Clinical significance: ATP-sensitive K+ channel and insulin secretion | 603 | ||
| Clinical significance: Insulin and diabetes | 607 | ||
| PART VI: ORGAN SYSTEMS THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM | 611 | ||
| Chapter 20. Spermatogenesis | 611 | ||
| The testes | 611 | ||
| Seminiferous epithelium | 613 | ||
| The basal and adluminal compartments of the seminiferous epithelium | 614 | ||
| The spermatogenic cell sequence | 617 | ||
| Sertoli cells | 617 | ||
| Clinical significance: Sertoli cell–only syndrome | 619 | ||
| Spermatogonia | 619 | ||
| Spermatocytes | 620 | ||
| Meiosis | 621 | ||
| Spermatids | 623 | ||
| Completion of spermiogenesis and spermiation | 627 | ||
| Structure of the sperm | 629 | ||
| Pathology: Conditions affecting male fertility Temperature | 629 | ||
| Cryptorchidism | 630 | ||
| Inguinal hernia, cysts and hydrocele | 631 | ||
| Cancer chemotherapy | 631 | ||
| Viral orchitis | 631 | ||
| Spermatic cord torsion | 631 | ||
| Varicocele | 631 | ||
| Leydig cells | 631 | ||
| Clinical significance: Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) | 633 | ||
| Hormonal control of the male reproductive tract | 633 | ||
| The spermatogenic cell sequence | 633 | ||
| Clinical significance: Epigenetics reprogramming | 637 | ||
| Pathology: Testicular tumors | 639 | ||
| Chapter 21. Sperm Transport and Maturation | 645 | ||
| Development of the gonads | 645 | ||
| Testis-determining factor controls the development of the testes | 645 | ||
| Development of male and female internal genitalia | 647 | ||
| Testicular descent | 648 | ||
| Clinical significance: Klinefelter’s syndrome | 648 | ||
| Clinical significance: Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) | 648 | ||
| Clinical significance: Steroid 5 | 649 | ||
| Sperm maturation pathway | 651 | ||
| The epididymal ducts | 652 | ||
| Clinical significance: Causes of male infertility | 654 | ||
| Accessory genital glands | 655 | ||
| Seminal vesicles | 655 | ||
| Prostate gland | 655 | ||
| Pathology: Benign prostate hyperplasia | 657 | ||
| Pathology: Prostate cancer | 658 | ||
| Male and female urethra | 659 | ||
| Bulbourethral glands | 659 | ||
| Penis | 659 | ||
| Clinical significance: Erectile dysfunction | 660 | ||
| Chapter 22. Follicle Development and The Menstrual Cycle | 665 | ||
| Development of the female reproductive tract | 665 | ||
| Development of the ovary | 665 | ||
| Development of the female genital ducts | 665 | ||
| Development of the external genitalia | 667 | ||
| Clinical significance: Developmental anomalies of the müllerian duct | 667 | ||
| Clinical significance: Turner's syndrome | 667 | ||
| The ovaries | 667 | ||
| The ovarian cycle | 667 | ||
| Paracrine signaling and cell-cell communication during folliculogenesis | 668 | ||
| Granulosa cell–primary oocyte bidirectional signaling | 671 | ||
| Theca interna–granulosa cell synergistic communication | 673 | ||
| Follicular atresia or degeneration | 673 | ||
| Ovulatory phase | 674 | ||
| Luteal phase: Luteinization and luteolysis | 674 | ||
| Hormonal regulation of ovulation and the corpus luteum | 680 | ||
| Oviduct, fallopian or uterine tube | 680 | ||
| Uterus | 682 | ||
| Vascularization of the endometrium and menstruation | 684 | ||
| Clinical significance: Delayed puberty and hypothalamic amenorrhea | 684 | ||
| Clinical significance: Endometriosis | 684 | ||
| Cervix | 686 | ||
| Pathology: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and human papillomavirus infection | 686 | ||
| Vagina | 686 | ||
| Pathology: Diagnostic cytopathology | 688 | ||
| Mons pubis, labia majora, and labia minora | 688 | ||
| Urethral meatus and glands (paraurethral glands and Bartholin's glands) | 688 | ||
| Chapter 23. Fertilization, Placentation, and Lactation | 693 | ||
| Fertilization | 693 | ||
| Zona pellucida during fertilization | 696 | ||
| Preimplantation of the fertilized egg or zygote | 697 | ||
| Implantation of the blastocyst | 698 | ||
| Differentiation of the trophoblast | 699 | ||
| Immunoprotective decidua during implantation | 699 | ||
| Primary, secondary, and tertiary villi | 701 | ||
| Histology of the placenta | 701 | ||
| Placenta: Decidua basalis and villus corion | 702 | ||
| Placental blood circulation | 703 | ||
| Structure of the chorionic villus | 703 | ||
| Functions of the placenta | 705 | ||
| Exchange of gases | 705 | ||
| Transfer of maternal immunoglobulins | 705 | ||
| Rh (D antigen) isoimmunizati | 705 | ||
| The fetoplacental unit | 706 | ||
| The luteal-placental shift | 706 | ||
| Active transport of ions and glucose | 706 | ||
| Fetal alcohol syndrome | 706 | ||
| Infectious agents | 706 | ||
| Clinical significance: Ectopic pregnancy | 706 | ||
| Pathology: Placenta previa | 706 | ||
| Pathology: Abnormal separation and implantation of the placenta | 707 | ||
| Pathology: Gestational trophoblastic diseases | 708 | ||
| Lactation | 708 | ||
| The mammary glands | 708 | ||
| Morphogenesis of the mammary glands | 709 | ||
| Remodeling during mammary gland development | 710 | ||
| Mammary glands during puberty and pregnancy | 711 | ||
| Histology of the mammary glands | 713 | ||
| Suckling during lactation | 714 | ||
| Pathology: Benign breast diseases and breast cancer | 714 | ||
| INDEX | 717 |