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Abstract
Written by an international team of young scholars, 'Rural India Facing the 21st Century' draws together a profound analysis of a broad range of issues to provide a masterly overview of overall rural development. Its highly original methodology and findings will be of considerable interest for development policy.
'Rural India Facing the 21st Century' is a unique study of rural development in South India, concluded over a twenty-year period. Set against the context of international, national and state policies, the book focuses on a wide number of themes, including the stagnation of the ‘green revolution’, growing differentiation and inequality, the ecological crisis, resistance to reform, corruption and the enduring need for state intervention in rural development. Written by an international team of young scholars under the direction of Dr Harris-White, 'Rural India Facing the 21st Century' draws together a profound analysis of a broad range of issues to provide a masterly overview of overall rural development. Its highly original methodology and findings will be of considerable interest for development policy.
Barbara Harriss-White is Director of Queen Elizabeth House, Oxford University's Department of International Development. She is Professor of Development Studies and a Fellow of Wolfson College.
S. Janakarajan is a Fellow of the Madras Institute for Development Studies, Chennai. An experienced field economist, his interests are in rural markets and exchange and in irrigation and water management, on which he has published widely.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Matter\r | 1 | ||
| Half Title\r | 1 | ||
| Title\r | 3 | ||
| Copyright\r | 4 | ||
| Contents\r | 5 | ||
| List of Tables\r | 7 | ||
| List of Figures\r | 14 | ||
| Preface, Acknowledgements and Dedication\r | 15 | ||
| Glossary\r | 23 | ||
| Notes on Land Measures and Exchange Rate\r | 26 | ||
| Main Body\r | 29 | ||
| Part One. Long-Term Change\r | 29 | ||
| 1-1 Introduction: Heavy Agriculture and Light Industry in South Indian Villages, by Barbara Harriss-White, S Janakarajan and Diego Colatei\r | 31 | ||
| 1-1-1 The Impact of the Green Revolution, 1972-94\r | 33 | ||
| 1-1-2 From Green Revolution to Rural Reaction: 1984-94\r | 37 | ||
| 1-1-3 Trend in Real Incomes and Poverty\r | 64 | ||
| 1-1-4 From Green Revolution to Rural Industrialization\r | 66 | ||
| 1-1-5 The Indian Reforms and Rural Development\r | 71 | ||
| Acknowledgements\r | 73 | ||
| Appendix 1. The Selection of Villages and Sampled Households\r | 75 | ||
| Appendix 2. Production Statistics\r | 80 | ||
| 1-2 Irrigation: The Development of an Agro-Ecological Crisis, by S Janakarjan\r | 87 | ||
| 1-2-1 Introduction\r | 87 | ||
| 1-2-2 The Traditional Irrigation Systems of the Study Villages\r | 89 | ||
| 1-2-3 Reasons for the Decay of Traditional Irrigation Institutions \r | 95 | ||
| 1-2-4 The Groundwater Status of the Study Villages\r | 97 | ||
| 1-2-5 The Impact of the Secular Lowering of the Water Table on the Agrarian Economy\r | 101 | ||
| 1-2-6 Summary and Conclusions\r | 104 | ||
| Acknowledgements\r | 105 | ||
| 1-3 Time and Space: Intervillage Variation in the North Arcot Region and its Dynamics, 1973-95, by M V Srinivasan\r | 106 | ||
| 1-3-1 Introduction\r | 106 | ||
| 1-3-2 Village Typologies: A Review\r | 107 | ||
| 1-3-3 Methodological Problems in the Current Study\r | 109 | ||
| 1-3-4 Demographic Trends\r | 110 | ||
| 1-3-5 Variation in Agriculture\r | 113 | ||
| 1-3-6 Identifying Dimensions of Intervillage Variation and Classification of Villages\r | 134 | ||
| 1-3-7 Conclusion\r | 139 | ||
| Acknowledgements\r | 141 | ||
| Appendix. Analysis of Clusters\r | 142 | ||
| 1-4 Social Stratification and Rural Households, by Diego Colatei and Barbara Harriss-White\r | 143 | ||
| 1-4-1 Introduction\r | 143 | ||
| 1-4-2 The Characteristics of Clustering Techniques\r | 146 | ||
| 1-4-3 The Cluster Analysis of the 1993 Village Recensus of Households\r | 147 | ||
| 1-4-4 Variables and Method\r | 147 | ||
| 1-4-5 The Structure of the Fusion Process \r | 149 | ||
| 1-4-6 The Analystical Zoom Lens\r | 150 | ||
| 1-4-7 Land Relations and Economic Stratification\r | 163 | ||
| 1-4-8 Intravillage Diversification and Intervillage Variation\r | 164 | ||
| 1-4-9 Caste and Female-Headed Households\r | 168 | ||
| 1-4-10 Gender and Economic Resources\r | 172 | ||
| 1-4-11 Summary and Conclusions\r | 184 | ||
| Acknowledgements\r | 186 | ||
| 1-5 Labour, Gender Relations and the Rural Economy, by Barbara Harriss-White\r | 187 | ||
| 1-5-1 Introduction\r | 187 | ||
| 1-5-2 Labour in Agricultural Production\r | 189 | ||
| 1-5-3 Labour in Non-Agricultural Production\r | 194 | ||
| 1-5-4 The Private Gendered Appropriation of Income\r | 198 | ||
| 1-5-5 Conclusions\r | 200 | ||
| Acknowledgements\r | 202 | ||
| 1-6 Social Institutions and the Structural Transformation of the Non-Farm Economy, by D. Jayaraj\r | 203 | ||
| 1-6-1 Introduction\r | 203 | ||
| 1-6-2 An Analytical Framework\r | 204 | ||
| 1-6-3 Sources of Data\r | 209 | ||
| 1-6-4 The Non-Farm Village Economy\r | 209 | ||
| 1-6-5 Distribution of Workers by Industrial Classification\r | 212 | ||
| 1-6-6 Conclusion\r | 219 | ||
| Acknowledgements\r | 219 | ||
| Part Two. Production Policy and Village Perspectives\r | 221 | ||
| 2-1 Policy and the Agricultural Development Agenda, by Barbara Harriss-White\r | 223 | ||
| 2-1-1 What is Policy? \r | 223 | ||
| 2-1-2 The Composite Agricultural Policy Agenda\r | 229 | ||
| 2-1-3 Situating our Policy Reserach in the Policy Framework\r | 238 | ||
| Acknowledgements\r | 240 | ||
| 2-2 Rural Infrastructure and Local Utilities: Institutions and Access, by Barbara Harriss-White\r | 241 | ||
| 2-2-1 Introduction\r | 241 | ||
| 2-2-2 Rural Infrastructure\r | 246 | ||
| 2-2-3 Local Urban Utilities \r | 251 | ||
| 2-2-4 Conclusions\r | 256 | ||
| Acknowledgements\r | 258 | ||
| 2-3 Populism and Electricity in Rural Tamil Nadu, by S Janakarajan\r | 259 | ||
| 2-3-1 Introduction\r | 259 | ||
| 2-3-2 Power Scenario and Consumption Pattern of Electricity in Tamil Nadu\r | 260 | ||
| 2-3-3 The State Subsidy to the Agricultural Sector (For Agriculural Pump Sets) in Tamil Nadu\r | 264 | ||
| 2-3-4 The Rationality of Free Supply of Electricity to Farm Pump Stes: Some Village-Level Evidence\r | 269 | ||
| 2-4-5 Summing Up\r | 275 | ||
| 2-4 Rural Credit and the Collateral Question, by Barbara Harriss-White and Diego Colatei\r | 280 | ||
| 2-4-1 State-Regulated Credit\r | 280 | ||
| 2-4-2 The Collateral Question\r | 299 | ||
| 2-4-3 Conclusions\r | 306 | ||
| Acknowledgements\r | 311 | ||
| 2-5 Fertilizer Reforms and Nutrient Balances, by Barbara Harriss-White\r | 312 | ||
| 2-5-1 Background\r | 312 | ||
| 2-5-2 Fertilizer Use in the Old North Arcot District, Tamil Nadu\r | 316 | ||
| 2-5-3 Fertilizer in the Villages\r | 317 | ||
| 2-5-4 The Response of Paddy Production to Nutrients, Environmental and Social Variables\r | 321 | ||
| 2-5-5 Conclusions\r | 322 | ||
| Acknowledgements\r | 323 | ||
| Appendix 1\r | 324 | ||
| Appendix 2 \r | 326 | ||
| Part Three. Social Welfare in the Villages\r | 331 | ||
| 3-1 Introduction: Village Studies and Welfare\r | 333 | ||
| 3-2 Antipoverty Policy: Targeting and Screening for Eligibility, by Ruhi Saith and Barbara Harriss-White\r | 336 | ||
| 3-2-1 Introduction\r | 336 | ||
| 3-2-2 Class Probability Trees and Rules\r | 338 | ||
| 3-2-3 Data\r | 339 | ||
| 3-2-4 Results and their Interpretation\r | 342 | ||
| 3-2-5 Further Analysis\r | 347 | ||
| 3-2-6 Contributions and Shortcomings\r | 350 | ||
| Acknowledgements\r | 351 | ||
| Appendix\r | 352 | ||
| 3-3 Life Chances: Development and Female Disadvantage, by Paul H L Nillesen and Barbara Harriss-White\r | 356 | ||
| 3-3-1 Introduction\r | 356 | ||
| 3-3-2 Theories of Intrahousehold Distribution\r | 358 | ||
| 3-3-3 India and Tamil Nadu in the 1990s\r | 362 | ||
| 3-3-4 The Evidence\r | 363 | ||
| 3-3-5 So What for Policy?\r | 374 | ||
| Acknowledgements\r | 376 | ||
| 3-4 Incapacity and Disability, by Susan Erb and Barbara Harriss-White \r | 377 | ||
| 3-4-1 Introduction\r | 377 | ||
| 3-4-2 Disability and the Life Cycle\r | 380 | ||
| 3-4-3 Disability and Gender\r | 380 | ||
| 3-4-4 Disability and Poverty\r | 381 | ||
| 3-4-5 Disability and the Environment\r | 382 | ||
| 3-4-6 The Response of the State\r | 383 | ||
| 3-4-7 Incapacitation in the Rural Economy\r | 385 | ||
| 3-4-8 Incidence, Types and Causes\r | 386 | ||
| 3-4-9 The Social Construction of Disability\r | 387 | ||
| 3-4-10 Treatment and Response\r | 388 | ||
| 3-4-11 The Impact on Households and on the Rural Economy\r | 389 | ||
| 3-4-12 Disabled People's Needs\r | 393 | ||
| 3-4-13 Public Action\r | 397 | ||
| 3-4-14 Conclusion\r | 398 | ||
| Acknowledgements\r | 400 | ||
| 3-5 Food, Nutrition and the State in Northern Tamil Nadu, by Barbara Harriss-White\r | 401 | ||
| 3-5-1 The Policy Impasse\r | 401 | ||
| 3-5-2 Rural Nutrition in Tiruvannamalai District of Northern Tamil Nadu Over Two Decades\r | 407 | ||
| 3-5-3 The Impact of Change in Incomes, Prices and Household Factors on Food Consumption\r | 416 | ||
| 3-5-4 The Role of the Public Distribution System in Nutrition\r | 418 | ||
| 3-5-5 Access to the Nutritious (Noon) Meal Scheme\r | 420 | ||
| 3-5-6 Energy from Alcohol\r | 422 | ||
| 3-5-7 Conclusions and Policy Implications\r | 422 | ||
| Acknowledgements\r | 424 | ||
| Appendix 1\r | 425 | ||
| Appendix 2\r | 429 | ||
| Appendix 3\r | 433 | ||
| Appendix 4\r | 436 | ||
| 3-6 No End to the Betrayal? Primary Education in its Social Context: Evidence from Rural Tamil Nadu, by Lisa Gold and Barbara Harriss-White\r | 439 | ||
| 3-6-1 Education Policy\r | 439 | ||
| 3-6-2 Factors Affecting a Child's Education\r | 443 | ||
| 3-6-3 Education in the Villages\r | 445 | ||
| 3-6-4 A Model of Primary Completion\r | 450 | ||
| 3-6-5 Conclusions\r | 453 | ||
| Acknowledgements\r | 455 | ||
| Appendix\r | 456 | ||
| 3-7 Socially Inclusive Social Security: Social Assistance in the Villages, by Barbara Harriss-White\r | 457 | ||
| 3-7-1 State-Mediated Protective Social Security\r | 458 | ||
| 3-7-2 Protective Social Security and the Market\r | 460 | ||
| 3-7-3 Protective Social Security and the Household\r | 461 | ||
| 3-7-4 Social Security and Structural Adjustment in Tamil Nadu\r | 463 | ||
| 3-7-5 Social Assistance in the Three Villages\r | 465 | ||
| Conclusions\r | 471 | ||
| Acknowledgements\r | 474 | ||
| 3-8 So What for Policy? Rural Development in a Poor State, by Barbara Harriss-White\r | 475 | ||
| 3-8-1 Policy Conclusions\r | 475 | ||
| 3-8-2 Policies and Politics\r | 480 | ||
| 3-8-3 State Capacity, Local-Level Governance and Institutional Scarcity\r | 481 | ||
| 3-8-4 Corruption\r | 486 | ||
| 3-8-5 Powerful Clients and the Low-Profile Politics of Local Capital\r | 488 | ||
| 3-8-6 Tax Evasion\r | 489 | ||
| 3-8-7 Structural Adjustment and the Paradox of Corruption\r | 490 | ||
| 3-8-8 Real Structural Adjustment and the Indian Bureaucracy\r | 491 | ||
| 3-8-9 What is to be Done?\r | 492 | ||
| Summary of the Public Affairs Centre's Agenda to Counter Corruption\r | 493 | ||
| Acknowledgements\r | 494 | ||
| End Matter\r | 495 | ||
| Notes\r | 495 | ||
| Endnotes. Preface\r | 495 | ||
| Endnotes (1-1)\r | 496 | ||
| Endnotes (1-2)\r | 500 | ||
| Endnotes (1-3)\r | 501 | ||
| Endnotes (1-4)\r | 502 | ||
| Endnotes (1-5)\r | 505 | ||
| Endnotes (1-6)\r | 507 | ||
| Endnotes (2-1)\r | 508 | ||
| Endnotes (2-2)\r | 510 | ||
| Endnotes (2-3)\r | 512 | ||
| Endnotes (2-4)\r | 513 | ||
| Endnotes (2-5)\r | 515 | ||
| Endnotes (3-2)\r | 516 | ||
| Endnotes (3-3)\r | 520 | ||
| Endnotes (3-4)\r | 523 | ||
| Endnotes (3-5)\r | 525 | ||
| Endnotes (3-6)\r | 527 | ||
| Endnotes (3-7)\r | 529 | ||
| Endnotes (3-8)\r | 530 | ||
| References\r | 533 | ||
| Index\r | 565 |