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Abstract
This book is about an idea that has a long and distinguished pedigree, the idea of a right to a basic income. This means having a modest income guaranteed – a right without conditions, just as every citizen should have the right to clean water, fresh air and a good education. In modern societies the conditions for moving in this direction would seem to be falling into place. Yet in the era of globalization and flexible labour relations, inequalities and insecurities can be expected to remain pervasive. The early years of the 21st century have seen the supremacy of politicians who have preached a very paternalistic alternative vision. The past decade has been one of increased state intervention in social policy; it has been the period of the erosion of industrial citizenship rights whose immediate effect has been a terrible increase in social and economic insecurity.
The case for and against the right to basic income security is considered in this book. It argues that there should be a guaranteed basic income as a citizenship right, paid to each individual, regardless of marital status, work status, age or sex. Some chapters argue that existing selective schemes for income protection are ineffectual, costly and misleading; other chapters present alternative rationales and philosophical justifications for moving towards a new form of universalism based on citizenship economic rights. 'Promoting Income Security as a Right', whose contributors include many distinguished economists, philosophers and other social scientists from across Europe and the USA, will appeal to academics and policymakers alike.
This book is about an idea that has a long and distinguished pedigree, the idea of a right to a basic income. This means having a modest income guaranteed – a right without conditions, just as every citizen should have the right to clean water, fresh air and a good education.
'Highly Recommended: The unique breadth of positions expressed and the multidisciplinary nature of the arguments make this book unique' —'Choice'
'The 34 essays in this book contain a mass of fascinating material into which anyone interested in Basic Income, whether in favour or against or agnostic, would do well to dip.' Samuel Brittan, —'Citizen's Income Newsletter'
Guy Standing is Director of the Socio-Economic Security Programme of the International Labour Organization. He is Chairman of the Basic Income European Network (BIEN). He has written and edited numerous books, including 'Beyond the New Paternalism: Basic Security as Equality' (Verso, 2002) and 'Global Labour Flexibility: Seeking Distributive Justice' (Macmillan, 1999).
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Matter | 1 | ||
| Half Title | iii | ||
| Copyright | iv | ||
| Table of Contents | v | ||
| List of Figures | ix | ||
| List of Tables | xi | ||
| Main Matter | xiii | ||
| Introduction, by Guy Standing | xiii | ||
| The Ninth BIEN Congress | xv | ||
| Notes | xx | ||
| References | xx | ||
| Section 1: Basic Income as a Right | xxi | ||
| Chapter 1: About time: Basic income security as a right, by Guy Standing | xxi | ||
| 1. A Vision: Basic Income Security and 'Decent Work' | xxi | ||
| 2. The Context | xxv | ||
| 3. About Time | xxviii | ||
| 4. A Future Somewhere: Towards a New 'Social Contract' | xxxii | ||
| 5. The Options: Alternatives to Basic Income | xxxv | ||
| 6. Basic Income: A Definition and Antecedents | xxxvii | ||
| 7. Popular Attitudes | xxxviii | ||
| 8. Moving Towards Basic Income Security | xxxix | ||
| 9. Paying for a Basic Income | xlii | ||
| 10. Capital Grants Versus Citizenship Income | xliii | ||
| 11. Towards a New 'Social Contract' | liii | ||
| 12. An Afterword - Legitimizing, Lobbying | liv | ||
| Notes | lv | ||
| References | lviii | ||
| Chapter 2: How basic income is moving up the policy agenda: News from the future, by Anthony Atkinson | lxi | ||
| 1. Introduction | lxi | ||
| 2. The Inexorable Rise of In-work Benefits | lxii | ||
| 3. Crumbling Pension Pillars | lxvi | ||
| 4. Taking Social Europe Seriously | lxviii | ||
| 5. What Have we Learned? | lxxi | ||
| Notes | lxxi | ||
| References | lxxi | ||
| Chapter 3: Can there be a right to a basic income? by Raymond Plant | lxxiii | ||
| 1. Introduction | lxxiii | ||
| 2. Rights and Liberty | lxxiii | ||
| 3. Rights, Scarcity and Obligation | lxxviii | ||
| 4. Rights and Needs | lxxxiv | ||
| Notes | lxxxvii | ||
| References | lxxxvii | ||
| Chapter 4: Wasteful welfare transactions: Why basic income security is fundamental, by Claus Offe | lxxxix | ||
| 1. Introduction | lxxxix | ||
| 2. Micro-transactions: The Administration of Welfare | xci | ||
| 3. Macro-Transactions: Making and Revising Welfare Policy | xcii | ||
| 4. The Meso-Level: The Costs of Running Workfare Programmes | xcix | ||
| 5. Conclusion | c | ||
| Notes | cii | ||
| Chapter 5: Migration, citizenship and welfare state reform in Europe: Overcoming marginalization in segregated labour markets, by Roswitha Pioch | ciii | ||
| 1. Migration and Basic Income | ciii | ||
| 2. European Integration and International Mobility | civ | ||
| 3. Migration and Social Policy in Europe | cviii | ||
| 4. Overcoming Segregated Labour Markets | cxi | ||
| Note | cxiii | ||
| References | cxiii | ||
| Chapter 6: The liberal's dilemma: Immigration, social solidarity and basic income, by Ron Dore | cxvii | ||
| 1. Introduction | cxvii | ||
| 2. Why Social Solidarity Counts | cxvii | ||
| 3. Why a Continuing Growth in Wage Subsidies? | cxvii | ||
| 4. Why a Growth in Benefit Fraud? | cxviii | ||
| 5. Why should Wage Subsidies and Fraud Lead to a Basic Income? | cxviii | ||
| 6. A Paradox | cxviii | ||
| 7. Questions for Social Scientists | cxix | ||
| 8. Rights and Duties | cxix | ||
| 9. Questions for Liberals | cxix | ||
| Note | cxix | ||
| Section 2: Rationales for Basic Income | cxxi | ||
| Chapter 7: The psychological rationale for basic income, by Rosamund Stock | cxxi | ||
| 1. Introduction | cxxi | ||
| 2. The Psychology of Distributions | cxxi | ||
| 3. Basic Income in Relation to Equality or Need | cxxiii | ||
| 4. The National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom | cxxiv | ||
| Note | cxxv | ||
| References | cxxv | ||
| Chapter 8: The limits of production: Justifying guaranteed basic income, by Sibyl Schwarzenbach | cxxvii | ||
| 1. Introduction | cxxvii | ||
| 2. The Production Model | cxxviii | ||
| 3. Ethical Reproduction | cxxix | ||
| 4. The New State | cxxxi | ||
| Notes | cxxxiii | ||
| References | cxxxiv | ||
| Chapter 9: Liberal and Marxist justifications for basic income, by Michael Howard | cxxxv | ||
| 1. Marxist Arguments for and Against Basic Income | cxxxv | ||
| 2. Basic Income and Liberal Neutrality | cxlii | ||
| 3. Neutrality, Work and Leisure | cxliii | ||
| Notes | cxlvii | ||
| References | cxlviii | ||
| Chapter 10: Basic income, commons and commodities: The public domain revisited, by Michael Kratke | cli | ||
| 1. Basic Income as a Right - To What and for Whom? | cli | ||
| 2. Poverty Traps, Unemployment Traps - and Beyond | cliv | ||
| 3. The Concept of Poverty - An Exercise in Interdisciplinarity | clvii | ||
| 4. Welfare States and the Provision of Public Goods | clix | ||
| 5. The Importance of a Public Domain | clx | ||
| 6. Rediscovering the Commons - Rethinking Economic Governance | clxiii | ||
| Note | clxv | ||
| References | clxv | ||
| Chapter 11: 'Calling': A Christian argument for basic income, by Torsten Meireis | clxvii | ||
| 1. Introduction | clxvii | ||
| 2. Calling, Office and Status - Luther's Ethical Thought in Context | clxviii | ||
| 3. Reception as Interpretation | clxxi | ||
| 4. A Heuristic Concept of 'Work' | clxxiv | ||
| 5. 'Calling' as Motivating a Christian Argument for a Basic Income | clxxvi | ||
| Notes | clxxix | ||
| References | clxxxi | ||
| Chapter 12: Social credit as economic modernism: Seven theses, by Alan Dyer | clxxxv | ||
| 1. Thesis One: Social Credit, Economic Democracy and the Self | clxxxv | ||
| 2. Thesis Two: Economic Modernism | clxxxvi | ||
| 3. Thesis Three: Pragmatism and the Problem of the Self | clxxxix | ||
| 4. Thesis Four: James on Truth, Belief and Action | cxc | ||
| 5. Thesis Five: Williams and the Problem of 'Measure' | cxciii | ||
| 6. Thesis Six: A Poetic 'Measure' of Social Credit | cxcvi | ||
| 7. Thesis Seven: Conclusion | cxcviii | ||
| Notes | cxcix | ||
| References | cxcix | ||
| Chapter 13: Deliberative democracy and the legitimacy of basic income, by Jorn Loftager | cci | ||
| 1. Introduction | cci | ||
| 2. Deliberative Democracy | ccii | ||
| 3. Socio-economic Conditions of Deliberative Democracy | ccv | ||
| 4. The New Third Way of Activation | ccviii | ||
| 5. Concluding Remarks: Beyond the (New) Third Way? | ccxiii | ||
| Note | ccxiv | ||
| References | ccxiv | ||
| Section 3: Legitimizing Basic Income Politically | ccxvii | ||
| Chapter 14: Mobilizing support for basic income, by Steven Shafarman | ccxvii | ||
| 1. Introduction | ccxvii | ||
| 2. Formulating the Idea | ccxviii | ||
| 3. Attracting People's Attention | ccxviii | ||
| 4. Educating Potential Supporters | ccxx | ||
| 5. Organizing Allies | ccxxi | ||
| 6. Pressuring Politicians | ccxxiii | ||
| 7. Citizen Policies | ccxxiv | ||
| 8. Transforming Politics | ccxxv | ||
| 9. Moving Forward | ccxxvii | ||
| Note | ccxxviii | ||
| References | ccxxviii | ||
| Recommended | ccxxviii | ||
| Chapter 15: A legitimate guaranteed minimum income? by Stefan Liebig and Steffen Mau | ccxxix | ||
| 1. Introduction | ccxxix | ||
| 2. The Guaranteed Minimum Income and Justice Attitudes | ccxxxii | ||
| 3. The Evaluation of the Guaranteed Minimum Income | ccxxxiv | ||
| 4. Discussion of the Empirical Findings | ccxlv | ||
| Notes | ccxlvii | ||
| References | ccxlviii | ||
| Chapter 16: Republicanism and basic income: The articulation of the public sphere from the repoliticization of the private sphere, by Daniel Raventos and David Casassas | ccli | ||
| 1. Introduction | ccli | ||
| 2. Civic Virtue and Property in Republicanism | ccliii | ||
| 3. Republicanism, a Theory of Freedom and Government | cclviii | ||
| 4. Basic Income and Republican Freedom as Non-Domination | cclxiii | ||
| Notes | cclxxi | ||
| References | cclxxii | ||
| Chapter 17: Working poor in Europe: A partial basic income for workers? by Wolfgang Strengmann-Kuhn | cclxxv | ||
| 1. Introduction | cclxxv | ||
| 2. The Working Poor in Europe | cclxxv | ||
| 3. A Partial Basic Income for Workers? | cclxxxiv | ||
| 4. Conclusion: A Partial Basic Income - Not Only for Workers? | cclxxxviii | ||
| Note | cclxxxix | ||
| References | cclxxxix | ||
| Chapter 18: Basic income, social polarization and the right to work, by Jose Noguera and Daniel Raventos | ccxciii | ||
| 1. Introduction: Two Classic Objections to Basic Income and Two Kinds of Conditional Benefit | ccxciii | ||
| 2. The Concept of Social Polarization | ccxcv | ||
| 3. Basic Income and Social Polarization in the Distribution of Income | ccxcvii | ||
| 4. Basic Income and the 'Right to Work' | ccxcix | ||
| 5. Conclusion: Should we Fight Social Polarization? | ccciv | ||
| Notes | cccvi | ||
| References | cccvii | ||
| Chapter 19: Popular support for basic income in Sweden and Finland, by Jan Otto Andersson and Olli Kangas | cccix | ||
| 1. Introduction | cccix | ||
| 2. The Questionnaire | cccx | ||
| 3. A Survey of the Results | cccxii | ||
| 4. Explaining Attitudes Toward Basic Income | cccxviii | ||
| Notes | cccxx | ||
| References | cccxx | ||
| Chapter 20: The principle of universalism: Tracing a key idea in the Scandinavian welfare model, by Nanna Kildal and Stein Kuhnle | cccxxiii | ||
| 1. Introductory Questions | cccxxiii | ||
| 2. The Conception of a Scandinavian (Welfare) Model | cccxxiv | ||
| 3. What is Universalism? | cccxxvi | ||
| 4. Universal Welfare - When? | cccxxix | ||
| 5. Why Universal Welfare? | cccxxxii | ||
| 6. Welfare Reforms of the 1990s: quo vadis Universalism? | cccxxxix | ||
| 7. Concluding Remarks | cccxli | ||
| Notes | cccxlii | ||
| References | cccxliv | ||
| Chapter 21: Women's politics and social policy in Austria, by Sabine Stadler | cccxlvii | ||
| 1. Introduction | cccxlvii | ||
| 2. Austrian Social Policy Under the Conservative Populist Government | cccli | ||
| 4. The Abolition of the Prohibition on Night-Work by Women | ccclv | ||
| Note | ccclv | ||
| References | ccclvi | ||
| Chapter 22: Bio-economics, labour flexibility and cognitive work: Why not basic income? by Andrea Fumagalli | ccclvii | ||
| 1. Introduction | ccclvii | ||
| 2. The Solvability of the Labour Market Exchange | ccclviii | ||
| 3. Is the Labour Market a Free Market? | ccclix | ||
| 4. Rivalry in the Labour Market Exchange | ccclx | ||
| 5. Manual and Intellectual Labour (excursus) | ccclxii | ||
| 6. Production of Money by Means of Knowledge | ccclxiv | ||
| 7. First Conclusion | ccclxvi | ||
| 8. Second Conclusion: Why not Basic Income? | ccclxvii | ||
| Notes | ccclxix | ||
| References | ccclxx | ||
| Chapter 23: Exploring ways to reconcile flexible employment with social protection, by Pascale Vielle and Pierre Walthery | ccclxxi | ||
| 1. Introduction | ccclxxi | ||
| 2. Security and Insecurity | ccclxxiii | ||
| 3. Prospects for Security and Capability | ccclxxv | ||
| Notes | ccclxxviii | ||
| References | ccclxxix | ||
| Section 4: Building Towards Basic Income | ccclxxxiii | ||
| Chapter 24: On a path to just distribution: the caregiver credit campaign, by Theresa Funiciello | ccclxxxiii | ||
| 1. Caregiver Credit Campaign Briefing | ccclxxxiii | ||
| 2. Fundamentals | ccclxxxiv | ||
| 3. Three Practical Goals | ccclxxxv | ||
| 4. Advantages of the Caregiver Credit | ccclxxxvi | ||
| 5. Next Steps | ccclxxxvi | ||
| 6. Observations | ccclxxxvii | ||
| Note | ccclxxxviii | ||
| Chapter 25: A care-worker allowance for Germany, by Michael Opielka | ccclxxxix | ||
| 1. Introduction | ccclxxxix | ||
| 2. Germany - A Family Laboratory | cccxci | ||
| 3. The Political Parties: Women's Employment and Childcare Allowances | cccxciv | ||
| 4. Carework Salary as Guaranteed Minimum Income? | cd | ||
| Notes | cdi | ||
| References | cdii | ||
| Chapter 26: Feminist arguments in favour of welfare and basic income in Denmark, by Erik Christensen | cdv | ||
| 1. Introduction | cdv | ||
| 2. Towards a New Breadwinner Model - But Which One? | cdvi | ||
| 3. The Danish Debate on Leave Schemes and Equality Between Work and Care | cdviii | ||
| 4. Deconstructing Some Gender-political Dilemmas | cdix | ||
| 5. Nancy Fraser's Redefinition of and Solution to the Gender-Political Dilemmas in the Welfare State | cdxiv | ||
| 6. Overtures to a Feminist Basic Income Discussion in Denmark | cdxvii | ||
| 7. Conclusion | cdxxii | ||
| Note | cdxxiii | ||
| References | cdxxiv | ||
| Chapter 27: Public support for basic income schemes and a universal right to health care: What the French people think, by Christine le Clainche | cdxxvii | ||
| 1. Introduction | cdxxvii | ||
| 2. Data Set and Methodology | cdxxviii | ||
| 3. Results and Comments | cdxxxi | ||
| 4. Conclusion | cdxlvi | ||
| Appendix. Description of the Data Set | cdxlvii | ||
| Notes | cdl | ||
| References | cdli | ||
| Chapter 28: Activation of minimum income and basic income: History of a comparison of two ideas, by Gianluca Busilacchi | cdliii | ||
| 1. Basic Income and Selective Measures: Contrast or Co-existence? | cdliii | ||
| 2. Which Minimum? History of Ideas on the Need for an Unconditional Basic Income | cdlv | ||
| 3. Unconditional Incomes | cdlviii | ||
| 4. Activation Policies and Guaranteed Minimum Income (GMI): Implementation | cdlxiv | ||
| 5. Conditional incomes | cdlxvi | ||
| 6. A Comparison of the Efficiency of Basic Income and Guaranteed Minimum Income | cdlxxiv | ||
| 7. Basic Income: A Utopia Which can Come True | cdlxxviii | ||
| Notes | cdlxxxi | ||
| References | cdlxxxiv | ||
| National and Regional Initiatives | cdlxxxvii | ||
| Chapter 29: The universal grant and income support in Spain and the Basque country, by Luis Sanzo-Gonzalez | cdlxxxvii | ||
| 1. Introduction | cdlxxxvii | ||
| 2. Traditional Income Support Systems | cdlxxxvii | ||
| 3. The Characteristics of an Alternative to Income Support that would be Based on the Model of a Universal Grant | cdxc | ||
| Conclusion | d | ||
| Notes | di | ||
| References | dii | ||
| Chapter 30: The impact of basic income on the propensity to work: Theoretical gambles and microeconometric findings, by Claude Gamel, Didier Balsan and Josiane Vero | diii | ||
| 1. Introduction | diii | ||
| 2. Theoretical Uncertainties Surrounding Changes in Behaviour | dvi | ||
| 3. Young Adults' Responses Regarding Basic Income | dxii | ||
| 4. Conclusion | dxviii | ||
| Appendix 1. CEREQ's 'Youth Measures' Panel Survey (1994-2000) | dxix | ||
| Appendix 2. The Supplementary Survey on Basic Income (2000) | dxx | ||
| Notes | dxxi | ||
| References | dxxii | ||
| Chapter 31: A failure to communicate: The labour market findings of the negative income tax experiments and their effects on policy and public opinion, by Karl Widerquist | dxxiii | ||
| 1. Introduction | dxxiii | ||
| 2. The Experiments | dxxiv | ||
| 3. The Work Disincentive Results of the Experiments | dxxix | ||
| 4. What the Experiments Could not Measure | dxxxii | ||
| 5. Political and Media Perceptions of the Experiments | dxxxviii | ||
| 6. Conclusions | dxli | ||
| Notes | dxlii | ||
| References A: A Sampling of Non-Academic Articles on the NIT Experiments | dxlii | ||
| References B: Academic Articles on the NIT Experiments | dxliv | ||
| Chapter 32: Basic income and the means to self-govern, by Simon Wigley | dlxiii | ||
| 1. Basic Income and the Right to Self-Government | dlxiii | ||
| 2. The Fair Value of the Political Liberties | dlxv | ||
| 3. Redistributing the Worth of the Political Liberties | dlxvi | ||
| 4. From Economic Citizenship to Democratic Citizenship | dlxviii | ||
| Notes | dlxix | ||
| References | dlxxi | ||
| Chapter 33: The Alaska permanent fund dividend: An experiment in wealth distribution, by Scott Goldsmith | dlxxiii | ||
| 1. Introduction | dlxxiii | ||
| 2. The Alaska Permanent Fund | dlxxiii | ||
| 3. The Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend Programme | dlxxv | ||
| 4. Economic Effects of the Permanent Fund Dividend | dlxxviii | ||
| 5. Social and Political Effects of the Permanent Fund Dividend | dlxxxi | ||
| 6. The Future of the Permanent Fund Dividend | dlxxxii | ||
| 7. What Can the Basic Income Movement Learn from the Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend? | dlxxxiii | ||
| Notes | dlxxxvi | ||
| Chapter 34: Social citizenship and workfare in the United States and Western Europe: From status to contract, by Joel Handler | dlxxxvii | ||
| 1. Introduction | dlxxxvii | ||
| 2. Social Citizenship | dlxxxix | ||
| 3. The American Welfare Reform | dxciv | ||
| 4. Workfare in Western Europe | dci | ||
| 5. Contracts in Bureaucratic Relationships | dcxii | ||
| 6. Those Who Remain | dcxv | ||
| Notes | dcxx | ||
| References | dcxxiii |