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Abstract
'Chechnya: from Past to Future' creates a historical framework against which the most pressing issues raised by the Chenchen struggle are considered, including the rights and wrongs of Chechen secessionism, the role of Islamic and Western international agencies in defending human rights, the conduct of the war, changing perceptions of the war against the backdrop of international terrorism, democracy in Chechnya itself and the uncertain fate of democracy in Russia as a whole.
Richard Sakwa is Professor of Russian and European Politics at the University of Kent. His current research interests focus on problems of democratic development in Russia, the nature of postcommunism, and the global challenges facing the former communist countries. His many books include 'Putin: Russia's Choice' (Routledge, 2004), 'Russian Politics and Society' (Routledge, 2002) and 'The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union' (Routledge, 1999).
The struggle for Chechnya has come to international prominence in recent years through a string of high-profile atrocities such as the hostage seizures at Beslan and the Dubrovka theatre IN Moscow. For the first time, Western, Russian and Chechen perspectives on the conflict are brought together in a single, authoritative new volume, in which leading experts from all sides of the crisis provide a unique insight into its causes and contexts.
'Chechnya: from Past to Future' creates a historical framework against which the most pressing issues raised by the Chechen struggle are considered, including the rights and wrongs of Chechen secessionism, the role of Islamic and Western international agencies in defending human rights, the conduct of the war, changing perceptions of the war against the backdrop of international terrorism, democracy in Chechnya itself and the uncertain fate of democracy in Russia as a whole.
'A set of well-written articles… highly recommended.' —'Choice Magazine'
'An outstanding, engaging contribution to our knowledge of Chechnya and the Chechen conflict.' —'The Slavonic and East European Review'
'A worthwhile read for those interested in understanding the tragic violence that has gripped the erstwhile breakaway republic...the informative and diverse voices certainly contribute to the volume’s intellectual richness.' —'The Russian Review'
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Matter\r | 1 | ||
| Half Title\r | 1 | ||
| Title\r | 3 | ||
| Copyright\r | 4 | ||
| Dedication\r | 5 | ||
| Contents\r | 7 | ||
| Acknowledgements\r | 9 | ||
| Notes on the Contributors\r | 11 | ||
| Map 1: Chechnya\r | 16 | ||
| Map 2: The Caucasus Region\r | 17 | ||
| Main Body\r | 19 | ||
| 1. Introduction: Why Chechnya? by Richard Sakwa \r | 19 | ||
| 1.1 Comparative Debates \r | 19 | ||
| 1.2 History and State Building\r | 22 | ||
| 1.3 The Question of Chechen Independence \r | 29 | ||
| 1.4 Peace and War\r | 34 | ||
| 2. Chechnya in Russia and Russia in Chechnya, by Dzhabrail Gakaev\r | 39 | ||
| 2.1 Major Factors of the Crisis \r | 39 | ||
| 2.2 The First War, 1994-6\r | 45 | ||
| 2.3 Maskhadov's Regime \r | 47 | ||
| 2.4 The Second Chechen Campaign\r | 52 | ||
| 2.5 The Policy of the Federal Centre\r | 54 | ||
| 2.6 Towards the Future?\r | 57 | ||
| 3. Chechnya and Tatarstan: Differences in Search of an Explanation\r | 61 | ||
| 3.1 Context and Comparisons\r | 61 | ||
| 3.2 Comparative Factors\r | 65 | ||
| 3.3 Conclusion\r | 80 | ||
| 4. The Chechen War in the Context of Contemporary Russian Politics, by Emil Pain\r | 85 | ||
| 4.1 From the First War to the Second\r | 86 | ||
| 4.2 War and Power\r | 88 | ||
| 4.3 Traditionalism - The Ideological Basis of War and Reform\r | 91 | ||
| 4.4 Generals at War and in Civilian Life\r | 92 | ||
| 5. A Multitude of Evils: Mythology and Political Failure in Chechnya, by Robert Bruce Ware\r | 97 | ||
| 5.1 Myth No. 1: The Chechen Wars have been Separatist Conflicts\r | 98 | ||
| 5.2 Myth No. 2: The War in Chechnya is Unjustified\r | 105 | ||
| 5.3 Myth No. 3: Historical Grievances are to Blame for the War in Chechnya \r | 106 | ||
| 5.4 Myth No. 4: The Chechens are to Blame for the Apartment Block Blasts\r | 108 | ||
| 5.5 Myth No. 5: Russian Security Services are to Blame for the Apartment Block Blasts\r | 108 | ||
| 5.6 Myth No. 6: The Chechen Wars are to Blame for Islamist Extremism and Terrorism in the Region\r | 114 | ||
| 5.7 Myth No. 7: Aslan Maskhadov was a Moderate\r | 116 | ||
| 5.8 Myth No. 8: The Chechen Conflict has been Concluded\r | 120 | ||
| 5.9 Myth No.9: The Conceit of the Chechen Presidency\r | 122 | ||
| 5.10 Myth No. 10: The Reconstruction of Chechnya\r | 131 | ||
| 6. Chechnya and the Russian Military: A War Too Far? by Pavel K Baev\r | 135 | ||
| 6.1 Experience Without Learning, Pain Without Healing\r | 136 | ||
| 6.2 'Chechenization' of the Russian Military\r | 140 | ||
| 6.3 Putin's 'Siloviki' and the Top Brass\r | 144 | ||
| 6.4 Conclusions\r | 147 | ||
| 7. The Chechen Wars and Human Rights in Russia, by Alexander Cherkasov and Dmitry Grushkin\r | 149 | ||
| 7.1 The International Context of the Chechen Wars\r | 150 | ||
| 7.2 Chechnya and the 'War on Terror'\r | 152 | ||
| 7.3 The Role of Human Rights Organizations\r | 153 | ||
| 7.4 Data on the War\r | 157 | ||
| 7.5 Legal Issues\r | 159 | ||
| 7.6 The Work of Human Rights Organizations in the Second Chechen War\r | 161 | ||
| 7.7 International Organizations\r | 163 | ||
| 7.8 The 'Civic Forum' and Order No. 80\r | 165 | ||
| 7.9 The Situation Today\r | 170 | ||
| 8. Dynamics of a Society at War: Ethnographical Aspects, by V. A. Tishkov\r | 175 | ||
| 8.1 Context\r | 175 | ||
| 8.2 Chechnya and the Concept of Self-detirmination \r | 177 | ||
| 8.3 Other Explanations\r | 184 | ||
| 8.4 Demodernisation as an Anthropological Phenomenon\r | 188 | ||
| 8.5 Proposals for Post-conflict Reconstruction\r | 193 | ||
| 9. Chechnya: The Breaking Point, by Tom De Waal\r | 199 | ||
| 9.1 Point of Rupture\r | 199 | ||
| 9.2 Dudaev's Regime\r | 202 | ||
| 9.3 The Long Shadow of Violence\r | 208 | ||
| 9.4 Conclusion\r | 213 | ||
| 10. Globalization, 'New Wars' and the War in Chechnya, by Peter Shearman and Matthew Sussex\r | 217 | ||
| 10.1 The Goals of Warfare\r | 219 | ||
| 10.2 The Main Actors in Warfare\r | 224 | ||
| 10.3 Methods of War \r | 229 | ||
| 10.4 External Actors\r | 232 | ||
| 10.5 The Economics of Warfare\r | 235 | ||
| 10.6 Conclusions\r | 236 | ||
| 11. Western Views of the Chechen Conflict, by Mike Bowker\r | 241 | ||
| 11.1 The Issue of Secession\r | 242 | ||
| 11.2 The First War, 1994-6\r | 246 | ||
| 11.3 The Inter-war Period, 1997-9\r | 247 | ||
| 11.4 The Second War, 1999-2000\r | 249 | ||
| 11.5 International Islamism\r | 250 | ||
| 11.6 The Normalization Process\r | 253 | ||
| 11.7 Relations between Russia and the West\r | 254 | ||
| 11.8 Conclusion\r | 255 | ||
| 12. A War by Any Other Name: Chechnya, 11 September and the War Against Terrorism, by John Russell\r | 257 | ||
| 12.1 A War Like No Other\r | 257 | ||
| 12.2 Traditional Versus Modernising Societies\r | 262 | ||
| 12.3 Self-Determination Versus Territorial Integrity\r | 266 | ||
| 12.4 The War Against Terrorism\r | 272 | ||
| 12.5 Chechnya - A Black Hole of Lawlessness\r | 277 | ||
| 12.6 Conclusion\r | 280 | ||
| 13. The Peace Process in Chechnya, by James Hughes\r | 283 | ||
| 13.1 Conceptualizing Peace in Chechnya \r | 284 | ||
| 13.2 Secession: The Core Issue\r | 287 | ||
| 13.3 Fluctuations in the Peace Process\r | 292 | ||
| 13.4 Putin's War and Peace\r | 300 | ||
| 13.5 Conclusion\r | 304 | ||
| End Matter\r | 307 | ||
| Afterword, by Lord Frank Judd\r | 307 | ||
| Appendix 1, The Khasavyurt Peace Agreement\r | 313 | ||
| Appendix 2, Treaty on Peace and the Principles of Mutual Relations between the Russian Federation and the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria\r | 315 | ||
| Further Reading\r | 317 |