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Abstract
This volume is a brief anthology of the most influential writing by American scientists between 1800 and 1900. Arranged thematically and chronologically to highlight the movement of American science throughout the nineteenth century, from its beginnings in self-taught classification and exploration to the movement towards university education and specialization, this anthology is the first of its kind. Biographies front each section, putting human faces to each time period, and the anthology includes such notable names as Thomas Jefferson and Louis Agassiz.
“This work reflects a thorough reading of the major sources in the history of science in America. Its preface and introductions present a well-digested summary survey of scientific activity in the United States, and nothing comparable to this collection of primary sources exists. Its focus on the scientists’ own words brings to life the theories, methods, and questions that animated both their own and their contemporaries’ research.” —Donald deB. Beaver, Professor of History of Science, Williams College
“A valuable collection of original source documents on the natural and physical sciences not readily available to scholars and the general public. This anthology expands our understanding of the American contribution to nineteenth-century science, which is often overshadowed by European achievements.” —Alan S. Weber, Premedical Program, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, and editor of ‘Nineteenth-Century Science’
C. R. Resetarits is an essayist, scholar and writer whose work has appeared in numerous journals and anthologies, including ‘Gender Studies’, ‘Fabula’, ‘Kenyon Review’ and ‘Mississippi Review’. She was a teaching fellow at the University of Missouri, Columbia, and served as associate editor for the ‘Natural Areas Journal’. Her background in American studies and her interest in natural history have combined with her research expertise to bring about the current anthology.
This volume is a brief anthology of the most influential writing by American scientists between 1800 and 1900. Arranged thematically and chronologically to highlight the progression of American science throughout the nineteenth century – from its beginnings in self-taught classification and exploration to the movement towards university education and specialization – it is the first collection of its kind. Each section begins with a biography, putting human faces to each time period, and introducing such notable figures as Thomas Jefferson and Louis Agassiz.
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Front Matter | i | ||
Half Title | i | ||
Title Page\r | iii | ||
Copyright | iv | ||
Contents | v | ||
Preface | ix | ||
The Selection Process | ix | ||
Women and Science | x | ||
Part Divisions and Introductions | xi | ||
Main Matter | i | ||
Part One: 1800–1846 Naturals and Naturalists | 1 | ||
Part One Introduction | 3 | ||
Philosophical Considerations and Classification | 3 | ||
The Lewis and Clark Expedition | 4 | ||
Benjamin Silliman and The American Journal of Science and Arts | 5 | ||
The Useful Arts | 6 | ||
THOMAS JEFFERSON (1743–1826) | 13 | ||
“A Memoir on the Discovery of Certain Bones of a Quadruped of the Clawed Kind in the Western Parts of Virginia” | 13 | ||
ALEXANDER WILSON (1766–1813) | 23 | ||
Pileated Woodpecker | 23 | ||
NATHANIEL BOWDITCH (1773–1838) | 27 | ||
Currents | 28 | ||
GEORGE ORD (1781–1866) | 31 | ||
Account of a North American Quadruped, supposed to belong to the Genus Ovis, Rocky-Mountain Sheep, Ovis Montana” | 31 | ||
THOMAS SAY (1787–1834) | 35 | ||
A Monograph of North American insects, of the genus Cincindela | 36 | ||
On the Genus Ocythoe | 37 | ||
Preface | 40 | ||
THOMAS NUTALL (1786–1859) | 43 | ||
Preface | 43 | ||
Pileated Woodpecker | 44 | ||
CONSTANTINE SAMUEL RAFINESQUE (1783–1840) | 47 | ||
Introduction | 48 | ||
“Notices of Materia Medica, or new medical properties of some American Plants | 50 | ||
JOHN JAMES AUDUBON (1785–1851) | 53 | ||
Passenger Pigeon | 54 | ||
JOSEPH HENRY (1797–1878) | 61 | ||
On the Production of Currents and Sparks of Electricity from Magentism | 61 | ||
OLIVER WENDEL HOLMES (1809–1894) | 67 | ||
The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever | 67 | ||
ELIAS LOOMIS (1811–1889) | 73 | ||
On the Two Storms Which Were Experienced throughout the United States, in the Month of February, 1842” | 73 | ||
Part Two: 1846–1876 Warriors | 79 | ||
Part Two Introduction | 81 | ||
Lazzaroni / U.S. Coast Survey / Dudley Observatory / National Academy of Sciences | 81 | ||
The Darwin Debates | 84 | ||
Leaving Agassiz / The American Naturalist / Neo-Lamarckians | 86 | ||
Civil War (1861–65) | 86 | ||
The Taconic Controversy | 87 | ||
“The Bones War” | 88 | ||
JOSEPH LEIDY (1823–1891) | 93 | ||
On the Fossil Horses of America | 94 | ||
A Flora and Fauna Within Living Animals | 98 | ||
JOHN WILLIAM DRAPER (1811–1882) | 109 | ||
“Examination of the Radiations of Red-Hot Bodies. The Production of Light by Heat” | 110 | ||
LOUIS AGASSIZ (1807–1873) | 117 | ||
Section IX: Range of the Geographical Distribution of Animals | 118 | ||
On the Origin of Species | 123 | ||
ASA GRAY (1810–1888) | 125 | ||
Darwin on the Origin of Species | 126 | ||
Sequoia and Its History | 134 | ||
JAMES DWIGHT DANA (1813–1895) | 145 | ||
On the Origin of the Geographical Distribution of Crustacea | 146 | ||
On Cephalization | 153 | ||
On some Results of the Earth’s Contraction from cooling, including a discussion of the Origin of Mountains, and the nature of the Earth's Interior | 155 | ||
DANIEL KIRKWOOD (1814–1895) | 159 | ||
On Comets and Meteors | 159 | ||
BENJAMIN PEIRCE (1809–1880) | 167 | ||
Linear Associative Algebra | 167 | ||
EDWARD DRINKER COPE (1840–1897) | 171 | ||
The Laws of Organic Development | 172 | ||
OTHNIEL CHARLES MARSH (1831–1899) | 177 | ||
Fossil Horses in America | 177 | ||
“Odontornithes, or Birds with Teeth” | 183 | ||
CHAUNCEY WRIGHT (1830–1875) | 191 | ||
The Genesis of Species | 192 | ||
Part Three: 1876–1900 Scientists | 199 | ||
Part Three Introduction | 201 | ||
Diversity and Differentiation | 201 | ||
Revisited: Neo-Lamarckians to Post-Darwinians | 202 | ||
Revisited: Utility | 204 | ||
CHARLES SANDERS PEIRCE (1839–1914) | 209 | ||
The Fixation of Belief | 210 | ||
How to Make Our Ideas Clear | 212 | ||
CLARENCE KING (1842–1901) | 219 | ||
Catastrophism and Evolution | 220 | ||
SAMUEL PIERPONT LANGLEY (1834–1906) | 229 | ||
The Spectrum of an Argand Burner | 230 | ||
The New Astronomy. I. Spots on the Sun | 233 | ||
HENRY AUGUSTUS ROWLAND (1848–1901) | 237 | ||
Screw | 237 | ||
ALBERT ABRAHAM MICHELSON (1852–1931) and EDWARD WILLIAM MORLEY (1838–1923) | 243 | ||
On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether | 244 | ||
STEPHEN A. FORBES (1844–1930) | 255 | ||
The Lake as a Microcosm | 255 | ||
CLINTON HART MERRIAM (1855–1942) | 267 | ||
Laws of Temperature Control of the Geographic Distribution of Terrestrial Animals and Plants | 267 | ||
HENRY CHANDLER COWLES (1869–1939) | 277 | ||
The Ecological Relations of the Vegetation on the Sand Dunes of Lake Michigan | 277 | ||
JOSIAH WILLARD GIBBS (1839–1903) | 285 | ||
On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances, abstract | 285 | ||
Back Matter | 303 | ||
Bibliography | 303 |