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Organising Neoliberalism

Organising Neoliberalism

Philip Whitehead | Paul Crawshaw

(2012)

Abstract

This collection of essays incorporates the insight of an international group of experts to explore the impact of neoliberalism within different organisational domains from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. Examining neoliberalism in the context of political, social, economic and institutional domains, this volume promotes a critical and challenging approach to the social and economic attitudes characterising late-modern capitalism.


Philip Whitehead is a reader in criminal and social justice at Teesside University in Middlesbrough, UK. Previously he worked for the probation service for 26 years. Since the 1980s he has researched various aspects of the criminal justice system, and is the author of seven book and numerous articles.

Paul Crawshaw is assistant dean in the School of Social Sciences and Law at Teesside University in Middlesbrough, UK. He has researched social and political aspects of health and illness since the 1990s, and has published widely in these areas.


This collection of essays incorporates the insight of an international group of experts to explore the impact of neoliberal ideology upon political, social and economic domains, as well as institutions such as the prison, healthcare and education systems and the voluntary sector. Examining the effects of the emergence of late-modern capitalism in the 1970s, the articles look at how the reaction against post-war Keynesian ideology manifested itself in each of these areas. This neoliberal resurgence has been characterised by competition and free markets, individual and family responsibility, and socioeconomic policies that engender social insecurity, resulting in economic freedom for the few and a strong law-and-order state for those at the bottom of the social hierarchy. Abandoning the all-encompassing, supportive attitude deemed necessary in the immediate aftermath of wartime instability, the neoliberal emphasis on individual responsibility has resulted in numerous social and moral dislocations, including harsher attitudes toward crime and punishment. The essays included in ‘Organising Neoliberalism: Markets, Privatisation and Justice’ explore how neoliberal ideology permeates nearly all aspects of modern life, and produce strong arguments for resistance against it.


‘This timely, stimulating and immensely informative collection of essays offers a deeply knowledgeable, theoretically sophisticated overview of neoliberalism and its pervasive effects on all spheres of government policy and social life. Its particular strength is the tracing of neoliberalism as the taken-for-granted common sense of governmental debate and organisation. A very valuable resource for all who wish to understand what has gone wrong in recent times.’—Professor Robert Reiner, London School of Economics


‘This collection brings together essays demonstrating excellent research, conceptual richness and theoretical importance and contemporary relevance which are indispensable for understanding the deep and troubling consequences of neoliberalism’s deep penetration of everyday life. It is clearly written, well reasoned and incisive.’ —Dr Michael McKinley, Australian National University


Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
FRONT MATTER\r i
Half Title\r i
Title\r iii
Copyright iv
CONTENTS v
MAIN MATTER\r 1
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION: A PRELIMINARY MAPPING OF THE TERRAIN 1
Introduction 1
Historical Dynamics of Nineteenth-Century Industrial Capitalism 4
Dominant Liberalism and Victorian Ideology 6
Impacts, Effects and Critiques of Capitalism 8
The 1880s and 1890s: Towards Modifications 9
Into the Twentieth Century: Emergence, Decline and Fall of Keynesianism 10
Resurgent Neoliberalism 11
Chapter Summaries 14
Notes 19
References 20
Chapter 2 NEOLIBERALISM AND CRIME IN THE UNITED STATES AND THE UNITED KINGDOM 23
Introduction 23
The Historical Evolution of Liberalism 23
The Rise of Neoliberalism 26
The Material Foundations of Neoliberalism 35
Incarceration and Neoliberalism 36
Neoliberalism and Crime 38
A Final Reflection 40
Notes 40
References 40
Chapter 3 NEOLIBERALISM, PRISONS AND PROBATION IN THE UNITED STATES AND ENGLAND AND WALES 45
Introduction 45
The Correctional System in the United States: A 'Frenzied and Brutal Lockup Binge’? 49
The Correctional System in England and Wales: The Futility of Penal Expansion 52
Privatising Justice in the United States: A ‘More Efficient Gulag’? 56
Armed and Punitive: Probation Officers in the United States 63
Privatising Justice in England and Wales: A Rehabilitation Revolution? 65
Conclusion 70
Notes 73
References 75
Chapter 4 THE NEOLIBERAL WINGS OF THE ‘SMOKE-BREATHING DRAGON’: THE CIGARETTE COUNTERFEITING BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA 81
Introduction 81
The Scale of the Cigarette Counterfeiting Business in China 86
The Production of Counterfeit Cigarettes 87
Acquiring raw materials 87
Manufacturing counterfeit cigarettes 88
Packing of counterfeit cigarettes 88
The Venues of Counterfeit Cigarette Production and Packing 89
The Sale of Counterfeit Cigarettes 89
Actors and Patterns of Cooperation in the Cigarette Counterfeiting Business in China 91
Counterfeit Cigarettes Business and Corruption 95
Discussion and Conclusion 97
Note 99
References 99
Chapter 5 A NEOLIBERAL SECURITY COMPLEX? 105
Introduction 105
A Few Remarks on the Question of the State in Police Sociology 107
The State and Authoritarian Statism 109
A Normal Year in Policing? 113
Containment 113
Deceit 116
Collusion 118
Exclusion 120
Towards a Research Agenda 123
Note 127
References 127
Chapter 6 THE INFLUENCE OF NEOLIBERALISM ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENGLISH YOUTH JUSTICE SYSTEM UNDER NEW LABOUR 135
Introduction 135
Neoliberalism and the Youth Justice System 136
Impact of Pursuing a Crime Prevention Agenda 142
Doli incapax 143
Restorative justice 144
Use of custody 145
Making parents responsible for their children’s behaviour 147
Conclusion 149
Acknowledgement 151
References 151
Chapter 7 INSTITUTIONALISING COMMERCIALISM? THE CASE OF SOCIAL MARKETING FOR HEALTH IN THE UNITED KINGDOM 155
Introduction 155
From Environments to Lifestyle 158
Understanding Social Marketing (for Health) 159
Methodologies 162
The Commercial and the Social 162
Achieving ‘Behavioural Goals’ 165
Choice 167
Lifestyle Change and Responsibility 170
Discussion 172
Notes 175
References 175
Chapter 8 NEOLIBERAL POLICY, QUALITY AND INEQUALITY IN UNDERGRADUATE DEGREES 179
Introduction 179
Neoliberalism, Quality and Inequality 180
Recent Developments in English Higher Education 183
Methodology 184
High Quality in Policy Documents and Students’ Perspectives 185
Documentary Analysis 186
A high-quality higher education system 186
High-quality undergraduate provision 188
High-quality contribution to wider society 188
Pedagogic Rights 191
Students’ Perspectives 191
High-quality provision 191
High-quality contribution to wider society 194
Concluding Discussion 195
Notes 196
References 197
Chapter 9 RELIGION AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN CANADA, ENGLAND AND WALES: COMMUNITY CHAPLAINCY AND RESISTANCE TO THE SURGING TIDE OF NEOLIBERAL ORTHODOXY\r 201
Introduction 201
Methodology 203
Unravelling the Canadian Gene Code of Community Chaplaincy 204
A Contemporary Epiphany in Ottawa 206
Crossing the Atlantic to England and Wales 208
Critical Interrogation: Constructing an Exploratory Typology 209
Religion Reduces Recidivism – Or Does It? Some Research Evidence 211
Three Sociological Lines of Enquiry: Durkheim, Marx and Foucault 212
Economic Responsibility and Value for Money 214
Personalism 214
Justice 215
Discussion 217
Unconditional Support for People Leaving Prison 217
Reduce Reoffending through Supportive Relationships 218
Political Engagement and Social Justice 219
Conclusion 221
Notes 223
References 225
Chapter 10 MARKETS, PRIVATISATION AND JUSTICE: SOME CRITICAL REFLECTIONS 229
There’s Something Different Going On – Have You Noticed? 229
Your Planet Needs You: Pugilists against the Rising Tide 236
References 239
END MATTER\r 242
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS 242
INDEX 245