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Britain in India, 1858–1947

Britain in India, 1858–1947

Lionel Knight

(2012)

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Book Details

Abstract

‘Britain in India, 1858–1947’ seeks to trace the last 90 years of British rule in the light of modern historical debates. The volume examines the ambiguities of British rule that followed from the post-Mutiny settlement: the tensions between an authoritarian bureaucracy and the promise of a liberal vision of the future, and between imperial interests and the growing coordination of Indian aspirations for self-rule. The volume analyses these tensions with reference to contemporary historical debates, and traces them through changing international relations and world wars to Indian independence and partition in 1947.


‘This is a well-written and thoughtful narrative of British rule in India from 1858 to 1947. Composed unapologetically from a British point of view, it offers a balanced treatment of the main historiographical debates, supported by good guidance to further reading. This book will be of great value for sixth form and first-year university teaching.’ —Francis Robinson, Professor of the History of South Asia, Royal Holloway, University of London


Lionel Knight is the retired head of history and politics at the City of London School in England. He holds an MA from Cambridge University and a teaching qualification from the Institute of Education, University of London, and was a schoolteacher fellow at St Hugh’s College in Oxford. He has served on the councils of the Royal Asiatic Society and the Hakluyt Society.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
FRONT MATTER\r i
Half Title i
Series Page ii
Title iii
Copyright iv
CONTENTS vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xi
PREFACE xiii
INTRODUCTION 1
1. The British Indian Empire 1
2. An Empire of Opinion: The Legacy of the English East India Company 2
3. 1857 6
4. A Magna Carta for India 8
Chapter 1 CROWN RULE TO 1880 13
1. Coercion or Collaboration? 13
Governance after 1858 14
The Army 17
Landlords and Peasants 19
Muslims 20
Princes 23
2. The Second Afghan War 27
3. Government and the Economy 30
Chapter 2 LIBERAL IMPERIALISM, 1880–1899 35
1. Different Liberalisms 35
The North-West Frontier 36
The Third Burma War 37
Princely India 40
British India 43
Race Relations: The Ilbert Bill 44
2. The Indian National Congress 48
Interpretations of Early Indian Nationalism 52
3. Nationalists and the Economy: The ‘Drain’ 54
4. Communalism 57
Caste Associations 57
Revived Hinduism 58
Chapter 3 THE CONSEQUENCES OF LORD CURZON: INDIA OR THE EMPIRE, 1899–1916 63
1. Lord Curzon 63
2. Foreign Policy 65
3. The Partition of Bengal 68
Swadeshi (Home Produce) and Swaraj (Self-Rule) 69
Congress 71
4. Curzon’s Departure 73
5. The Morley-Minto Reforms 73
The Muslim Initiative 75
6. Terrorism 77
Repression 78
7. New Delhi and the Lucknow Pact, 1916 79
8. Diaspora 80
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 82
9. The Illusion of Permanence 84
Chapter 4 THE FIRST WORLD WAR, 1914–1922 89
1. The Strains of War 89
2. Wartime Politics: The Loss of the Initiative 92
3. Gandhi and the Rowlatt Satyagraha 95
4. The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms 98
Military Implications 100
Fiscal Implications 102
5. The Khilafat Movement 103
6. Non-Cooperation 104
Chapter 5 DYARCHY AND DEPRESSION, 1922–1939 109
1. Provincial Politics 109
2. Communalism and Civil Society 112
Culture 115
3. Constitutional Initiatives 117
The Simon Commission 117
Lord Irwin’s Declaration 118
The First Round Table Conference 120
Civil Disobedience (CD) 121
The Communal Award and the Poona Pact 122
CD: A Second Wave 124
4. The Depression: Indian Business Turns to Congress 125
5. Socialism’s Limited Success 127
6. Federation and the States 129
7. The Government of India Act, 1935 131
8. The 1937 Election 132
9. Congress Raj, 1937–39 135
Chapter 6 THE IMPACT OF WAR, 1939–1945 137
1. Direct Rule 137
2. The Lahore Resolution 138
3. The Cripps Mission: 22 March–12 April 1942 140
4. Quit India 142
5. The Price of Victory 144
Famine 144
The Indian National Army (INA) 145
Chapter 7 INDEPENDENCE, 1945–1947 147
1. The 1945–46 Election 147
2. The Cabinet Mission, March–August 1946 148
3. Rising Pressure 150
4. Lord Mountbatten 153
5. The Boundary Commission 156
6. The Integration of the States 158
7. Independence 159
8. Partition: Two Nations? 162
CONCLUSION 167
END MATTER\r 171
APPENDIX A 171
APPENDIX B 174
CHRONOLOGY 175
NOTES 179
Introduction 179
1. Crown Rule to 1880 180
2. Liberal Imperialism, 1880–1899 182
3. The Consequences of Lord Curzon: India or the Empire, 1899–1916 186
4. The First World War, 1914–1922 188
5. Dyarchy and Depression, 1922–1939 190
6. The Impact of War, 1939–1945 192
7. Independence, 1945–1947 194
Conclusion 196
GLOSSARY 198
FURTHER READING 200
General 200
Politics 201
For the Official British Presence 201
First World War 201
Second World War 201
Biographies 201
The Economy 202
The States 202
Independence and Partition 202
QUESTIONS 204
Chapter 1 204
Chapter 2 204
Chapter 3 204
Chapter 4 205
Chapter 5 205
Chapter 6 205
Chapter 7 205
INDEX\r 207