BOOK
The Status of the Translation Profession in the European Union
Anthony Pym | Claudio Sfreddo | Andy L. J. Chan | François Grin
(2013)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Based on thorough and extensive research, this book examines in detail traditional status signals in the translation profession. It provides case studies of eight European and non-European countries, with further chapters on sociological and economic modelling, and goes on to identify a number of policy options and make recommendations on rectifying problem areas.
"Anthony Pym is professor of translation and intercultural studies and coordinator of the Intercultural Studies Group at the Rovira i Virgili University in Tarragona, Spain.
François Grin is professor of economics at the Faculty of Translation and Interpreting of the University of Geneva.
Claudio Sfreddo has a PhD in political economy and a diploma in economics and finance from the University of Geneva, as well as a bachelor’s in business management from the University of Lausanne.
Andy L. J. Chan has a PhD in translation and intercultural studies from the Rovira i Virgili University in Tarragona, Spain as well as a master’s in economics from the University of Virginia, USA.
"
“An important and timely book. A wealth of richly diversified statistical data coupled with selected case studies provides a solid basis for recommendations about the future of the translating profession.” —Juliane House, Hamburg University, Germany
“An informative and highly accessible book. Taking a global look at a profession that is as vital to the twenty-first century as it is difficult to pin down, the authors provide a wealth of data and analysis that will be of great interest to practitioners, trainers and policy makers.” —Valerie Henitiuk, MacEwan University, Canada and Editor of the journal “Translation Studies”
“The translation profession now has empirical data to illustrate market conditions for soft values like status, quality and the importance of customer signalling. It is now up to the associations to convert the data into member information and draw the relevant conclusions for the future development of translation and the linguistic community.” —Jeannette Ørsted, Executive Director, International Federation of Translators
Based on thorough and extensive research, this book examines in detail traditional status signals in the translation profession. It provides case studies of eight European and non-European countries, with further chapters on sociological and economic modelling, and goes on to identify a number of policy options and make recommendations on rectifying problem areas.
There are strong indications that traditional mechanisms of signalling the status of translators are no longer functioning as they should, and that new online mechanisms are turning status into a readily available commodity. Despite demonstrating that some of the traditional status signals do still function relatively well, the book nevertheless finds that others appear to be failing for various reasons, and that this has resulted in a degree of market disorder. Such circumstances may cause good translators to leave the market, which is clearly an undesirable situation for all concerned.
The work was written by a team of eminent scholars in the field, with contributions from a host of other academics and professional translators, and includes five appendices providing very useful information on areas of specific interest.
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
The Status of the Translation Profession in the European Union_9780857281265 | i | ||
Title | iii | ||
Copyright | iv | ||
Contents | v | ||
GENERAL INTRODUCTION | vii | ||
Chapter 1 METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES | 1 | ||
1.1. What Do We Mean by Status? | 1 | ||
1.2. What Do We Mean by “Signalling” and “Asymmetric Information”? | 5 | ||
1.3. What Do We Mean by “Certification”, “Accreditation”, and “Authorisation”? | 5 | ||
1.4. Data-Gathering Methodology | 6 | ||
Chapter 2 RESULTS | 9 | ||
2.1. What is the Status of Translators in Official Categorisations? | 9 | ||
2.1.1. General classifications of economic activities | 9 | ||
2.1.2. Census categories and national statistics | 10 | ||
2.1.3. Status in taxation systems | 10 | ||
2.1.4. Status in social security systems | 10 | ||
2.1.5. Special status for literary translators | 11 | ||
2.2. What is the Relative Status of Educational Qualifications and Training? | 11 | ||
2.2.1. Qualifications required to work as a translator | 12 | ||
2.2.2. Recruitment of translators by intergovernmental institutions | 12 | ||
2.2.3. Recruitment of translators by national governments | 13 | ||
2.2.4. Recruitment of translators by translation companies | 14 | ||
2.3. The Status of Translators of Official Documents | 15 | ||
2.3.1. Previous research on legal translators | 15 | ||
2.3.2. What is the difference between “sworn”, “authorised”, and “legal” translation? | 16 | ||
2.3.3. Geographical distribution of systems | 18 | ||
2.3.3.1. Certified translations | 18 | ||
2.3.3.2. Sworn or state-authorised translators | 18 | ||
2.3.3.3. Academically authorised sworn translators | 19 | ||
2.3.4. Revalidation of authorisation | 21 | ||
2.3.5. Numbers of authorised or sworn translators | 21 | ||
2.3.6. Cross-country recognition | 22 | ||
2.3.7. The value of educational qualifications for sworn translators | 23 | ||
2.4. The Role of Translator Associations | 24 | ||
2.4.1. Admission criteria | 24 | ||
2.4.2. Longevity and size | 24 | ||
2.4.3. Specialisation and fragmentation | 28 | ||
2.4.4. Services offered by translator associations | 30 | ||
2.4.5. The relative market value of association membership | 31 | ||
Chapter 3 CASE STUDIES | 33 | ||
3.1. Germany | 33 | ||
3.1.1. Language policy | 33 | ||
3.1.2. Translator training | 34 | ||
3.1.3. Translator associations | 34 | ||
3.1.4. Census, taxation, and social security | 36 | ||
3.1.5. Sworn and authorised translators | 36 | ||
3.1.6. Summary of the status of translators in Germany | 37 | ||
3.2. Romania | 38 | ||
3.2.1. Language policy | 38 | ||
3.2.2. Translator training | 38 | ||
3.2.3. Translator associations | 39 | ||
3.2.4. Census, taxation, and social security | 40 | ||
3.2.5. Authorised and certified translators | 40 | ||
3.2.6. Rates of pay | 41 | ||
3.2.7. Summary of the status of translators in Romania | 42 | ||
3.3. Slovenia | 42 | ||
3.3.1. Language policy | 43 | ||
3.3.2. Translator training | 43 | ||
3.3.3. Translator associations | 43 | ||
3.3.4. Census, taxation, and social security | 44 | ||
3.3.5. Sworn and authorised translators | 44 | ||
3.3.6. Summary of the status of translators in Slovenia | 44 | ||
3.4. United Kingdom | 45 | ||
3.4.1. Language policy | 45 | ||
3.4.2. Translator training | 45 | ||
3.4.3. Translator associations | 45 | ||
3.4.4. Census, taxation, and social security | 47 | ||
3.4.5. Sworn translators | 48 | ||
3.4.6. Summary of the status of translators in the United Kingdom | 48 | ||
3.5. Spain | 49 | ||
3.5.1. Language policy | 49 | ||
3.5.2. Translator training | 49 | ||
3.5.3. Translator associations | 50 | ||
3.5.4. Census, taxation, and social security | 51 | ||
3.5.5. Sworn translators | 51 | ||
3.5.6. Summary of the status of translators in Spain | 52 | ||
3.6. United States | 53 | ||
3.6.1. Language policy | 53 | ||
3.6.2. Translator training | 53 | ||
3.6.3. Translator associations | 54 | ||
3.6.4. Census, taxation, and social security | 55 | ||
3.6.5. Sworn translators | 56 | ||
3.6.6. Translator certification (ATA) | 56 | ||
3.6.7. Summary of the status of translators in the United States | 58 | ||
3.7. Canada | 59 | ||
3.7.1. Language policy | 59 | ||
3.7.2. Translator training | 59 | ||
3.7.3. Translator associations | 60 | ||
3.7.4. Census, taxation, and social security | 61 | ||
3.7.5. Sworn translators | 61 | ||
3.7.6. Summary of the status of translators in Canada | 61 | ||
3.8. Australia | 62 | ||
3.8.1. Language policy | 62 | ||
3.8.2. Translator training | 63 | ||
3.8.3. Translator associations | 63 | ||
3.8.4. Census, taxation, and social security | 64 | ||
3.8.5. Sworn and accredited translators | 64 | ||
3.8.6. Translator accreditation (NAATI) | 64 | ||
3.8.7. Summary of the status of translators in Australia | 67 | ||
Chapter 4 SOCIOLOGICAL MODELLING | 69 | ||
4.1. Models of Professionalisation | 69 | ||
4.2. The Changing Role of Translator Associations | 74 | ||
4.3. A Majority of Women – So What? | 75 | ||
4.4. A Profession of Part-Timers and Freelancers? | 76 | ||
4.4.1. Part-time employment | 76 | ||
4.4.2. Freelance status | 78 | ||
4.5. The Role of Employer Groups | 80 | ||
4.6. Comparison between Translators and Computer Engineers as Emerging Professions | 83 | ||
4.6.1. Educational requirements | 84 | ||
4.6.2. Plurality of certification systems | 85 | ||
4.6.3. First-party vs. second-party certification | 86 | ||
4.6.4. Academic vs. industry certification | 86 | ||
4.6.5. Offshoring | 87 | ||
Chapter 5 ECONOMIC MODELLING | 89 | ||
5.1. Information on Rates of Pay | 89 | ||
5.2. Estimations of Earning Equations | 92 | ||
5.2.1. Methodological aspects | 92 | ||
5.2.2. Basic descriptive statistics | 94 | ||
5.2.3. Determinants of price per word | 95 | ||
5.2.4. Determinants of translators’ hourly rate | 96 | ||
5.2.5. Determinants of translators’ full-time equivalent income (FTEI) | 98 | ||
5.2.6. Concluding comments | 100 | ||
5.3. Asymmetric Information, Signalling, and Equilibrium on the Market for Translations | 102 | ||
Chapter 6 POLICY OPTIONS FOR ENHANCED SIGNALLING | 109 | ||
6.1. Free Market or Controlled Entry? | 109 | ||
6.2. One Signal or Many? | 110 | ||
6.3. Signalling as a Commodity or a Service? | 111 | ||
6.4. Modes of Possible Intervention | 112 | ||
6.4.1. Laissez faire | 112 | ||
6.4.2. A European Professional Card for authorised/sworn translators? | 113 | ||
6.4.3. A Common Platform for authorised/sworn translators? | 114 | ||
6.4.4. An apostille for authorised/sworn translations? | 115 | ||
6.4.5. Accreditation of certifying bodies | 116 | ||
6.4.6. Accreditation of training programmes | 117 | ||
6.4.7. Standard European professional examinations | 117 | ||
6.4.8. Summary of policy options | 119 | ||
Chapter 7 RECOMMENDATIONS | 121 | ||
Appendix A TRANSLATOR ASSOCIATIONS: YEARS OF FOUNDATION AND NUMBERS OF MEMBERS | 123 | ||
Appendix B WHY THERE ARE ABOUT 333,000 PROFESSIONAL TRANSLATORS AND INTERPRETERS IN THE WORLD | 132 | ||
Appendix C ONLINE TRANSLATOR–CLIENT CONTACT SERVICES: NEW MODES OF SIGNALLING STATUS | 136 | ||
ProZ | 136 | ||
TranslatorsCafé | 137 | ||
Trally | 137 | ||
Aquarius | 137 | ||
GoTranslators | 137 | ||
Appendix D TYPES AND USE OF ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES ON TRANSLATION | 139 | ||
Economics and Language | 140 | ||
Economics of Translation | 142 | ||
Appendix E EQUILIBRIUM ON THE TRANSLATION MARKET | 150 | ||
NOTES | 153 | ||
1. Methodological Issues | 153 | ||
2. Results | 154 | ||
3. Case Studies | 157 | ||
4. Sociological Modelling | 163 | ||
5. Economic Modelling | 165 | ||
6. Policy Options for Enhanced Signalling | 166 | ||
7. Recommendations | 167 | ||
Appendices | 168 | ||
REFERENCES | 169 | ||
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | 177 | ||
NOTES ON THE RESEARCH TEAM | 181 |