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The Status of the Translation Profession in the European Union

The Status of the Translation Profession in the European Union

Anthony Pym | Claudio Sfreddo | Andy L. J. Chan | François Grin

(2013)

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Book Details

Abstract

Based on thorough and extensive research, this book examines in detail traditional status signals in the translation profession. It provides case studies of eight European and non-European countries, with further chapters on sociological and economic modelling, and goes on to identify a number of policy options and make recommendations on rectifying problem areas. 


"Anthony Pym is professor of translation and intercultural studies and coordinator of the Intercultural Studies Group at the Rovira i Virgili University in Tarragona, Spain.

François Grin is professor of economics at the Faculty of Translation and Interpreting of the University of Geneva.

Claudio Sfreddo has a PhD in political economy and a diploma in economics and finance from the University of Geneva, as well as a bachelor’s in business management from the University of Lausanne.

Andy L. J. Chan has a PhD in translation and intercultural studies from the Rovira i Virgili University in Tarragona, Spain as well as a master’s in economics from the University of Virginia, USA.
"


“An important and timely book. A wealth of richly diversified statistical data coupled with selected case studies provides a solid basis for recommendations about the future of the translating profession.” —Juliane House, Hamburg University, Germany


 “An informative and highly accessible book. Taking a global look at a profession that is as vital to the twenty-first century as it is difficult to pin down, the authors provide a wealth of data and analysis that will be of great interest to practitioners, trainers and policy makers.” —Valerie Henitiuk, MacEwan University, Canada and Editor of the journal “Translation Studies”


“The translation profession now has empirical data to illustrate market conditions for soft values like status, quality and the importance of customer signalling. It is now up to the associations to convert the data into member information and draw the relevant conclusions for the future development of translation and the linguistic community.” —Jeannette Ørsted, Executive Director, International Federation of Translators


Based on thorough and extensive research, this book examines in detail traditional status signals in the translation profession. It provides case studies of eight European and non-European countries, with further chapters on sociological and economic modelling, and goes on to identify a number of policy options and make recommendations on rectifying problem areas.

There are strong indications that traditional mechanisms of signalling the status of translators are no longer functioning as they should, and that new online mechanisms are  turning status into a readily available commodity. Despite demonstrating that some of the traditional status signals do still function relatively well, the book nevertheless finds that others appear to be failing for various reasons, and that this has resulted in a degree of market disorder. Such circumstances may cause good translators to leave the market, which is clearly an undesirable situation for all concerned.

The work was written by a team of eminent scholars in the field, with contributions from a host of other academics and professional translators, and includes five appendices providing very useful information on areas of specific interest.

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
The Status of the Translation Profession in the European Union_9780857281265 i
Title iii
Copyright iv
Contents v
GENERAL INTRODUCTION vii
Chapter 1 METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES 1
1.1. What Do We Mean by Status? 1
1.2. What Do We Mean by “Signalling” and “Asymmetric Information”? 5
1.3. What Do We Mean by “Certification”, “Accreditation”, and “Authorisation”? 5
1.4. Data-Gathering Methodology 6
Chapter 2 RESULTS 9
2.1. What is the Status of Translators in Official Categorisations? 9
2.1.1. General classifications of economic activities 9
2.1.2. Census categories and national statistics 10
2.1.3. Status in taxation systems 10
2.1.4. Status in social security systems 10
2.1.5. Special status for literary translators 11
2.2. What is the Relative Status of Educational Qualifications and Training? 11
2.2.1. Qualifications required to work as a translator 12
2.2.2. Recruitment of translators by intergovernmental institutions 12
2.2.3. Recruitment of translators by national governments 13
2.2.4. Recruitment of translators by translation companies 14
2.3. The Status of Translators of Official Documents 15
2.3.1. Previous research on legal translators 15
2.3.2. What is the difference between “sworn”, “authorised”, and “legal” translation? 16
2.3.3. Geographical distribution of systems 18
2.3.3.1. Certified translations 18
2.3.3.2. Sworn or state-authorised translators 18
2.3.3.3. Academically authorised sworn translators 19
2.3.4. Revalidation of authorisation 21
2.3.5. Numbers of authorised or sworn translators 21
2.3.6. Cross-country recognition 22
2.3.7. The value of educational qualifications for sworn translators 23
2.4. The Role of Translator Associations 24
2.4.1. Admission criteria 24
2.4.2. Longevity and size 24
2.4.3. Specialisation and fragmentation 28
2.4.4. Services offered by translator associations 30
2.4.5. The relative market value of association membership 31
Chapter 3 CASE STUDIES 33
3.1. Germany 33
3.1.1. Language policy 33
3.1.2. Translator training 34
3.1.3. Translator associations 34
3.1.4. Census, taxation, and social security 36
3.1.5. Sworn and authorised translators 36
3.1.6. Summary of the status of translators in Germany 37
3.2. Romania 38
3.2.1. Language policy 38
3.2.2. Translator training 38
3.2.3. Translator associations 39
3.2.4. Census, taxation, and social security 40
3.2.5. Authorised and certified translators 40
3.2.6. Rates of pay 41
3.2.7. Summary of the status of translators in Romania 42
3.3. Slovenia 42
3.3.1. Language policy 43
3.3.2. Translator training 43
3.3.3. Translator associations 43
3.3.4. Census, taxation, and social security 44
3.3.5. Sworn and authorised translators 44
3.3.6. Summary of the status of translators in Slovenia 44
3.4. United Kingdom 45
3.4.1. Language policy 45
3.4.2. Translator training 45
3.4.3. Translator associations 45
3.4.4. Census, taxation, and social security 47
3.4.5. Sworn translators 48
3.4.6. Summary of the status of translators in the United Kingdom 48
3.5. Spain 49
3.5.1. Language policy 49
3.5.2. Translator training 49
3.5.3. Translator associations 50
3.5.4. Census, taxation, and social security 51
3.5.5. Sworn translators 51
3.5.6. Summary of the status of translators in Spain 52
3.6. United States 53
3.6.1. Language policy 53
3.6.2. Translator training 53
3.6.3. Translator associations 54
3.6.4. Census, taxation, and social security 55
3.6.5. Sworn translators 56
3.6.6. Translator certification (ATA) 56
3.6.7. Summary of the status of translators in the United States 58
3.7. Canada 59
3.7.1. Language policy 59
3.7.2. Translator training 59
3.7.3. Translator associations 60
3.7.4. Census, taxation, and social security 61
3.7.5. Sworn translators 61
3.7.6. Summary of the status of translators in Canada 61
3.8. Australia 62
3.8.1. Language policy 62
3.8.2. Translator training 63
3.8.3. Translator associations 63
3.8.4. Census, taxation, and social security 64
3.8.5. Sworn and accredited translators 64
3.8.6. Translator accreditation (NAATI) 64
3.8.7. Summary of the status of translators in Australia 67
Chapter 4 SOCIOLOGICAL MODELLING 69
4.1. Models of Professionalisation 69
4.2. The Changing Role of Translator Associations 74
4.3. A Majority of Women – So What? 75
4.4. A Profession of Part-Timers and Freelancers? 76
4.4.1. Part-time employment 76
4.4.2. Freelance status 78
4.5. The Role of Employer Groups 80
4.6. Comparison between Translators and Computer Engineers as Emerging Professions 83
4.6.1. Educational requirements 84
4.6.2. Plurality of certification systems 85
4.6.3. First-party vs. second-party certification 86
4.6.4. Academic vs. industry certification 86
4.6.5. Offshoring 87
Chapter 5 ECONOMIC MODELLING 89
5.1. Information on Rates of Pay 89
5.2. Estimations of Earning Equations 92
5.2.1. Methodological aspects 92
5.2.2. Basic descriptive statistics 94
5.2.3. Determinants of price per word 95
5.2.4. Determinants of translators’ hourly rate 96
5.2.5. Determinants of translators’ full-time equivalent income (FTEI) 98
5.2.6. Concluding comments 100
5.3. Asymmetric Information, Signalling, and Equilibrium on the Market for Translations 102
Chapter 6 POLICY OPTIONS FOR ENHANCED SIGNALLING 109
6.1. Free Market or Controlled Entry? 109
6.2. One Signal or Many? 110
6.3. Signalling as a Commodity or a Service? 111
6.4. Modes of Possible Intervention 112
6.4.1. Laissez faire 112
6.4.2. A European Professional Card for authorised/sworn translators? 113
6.4.3. A Common Platform for authorised/sworn translators? 114
6.4.4. An apostille for authorised/sworn translations? 115
6.4.5. Accreditation of certifying bodies 116
6.4.6. Accreditation of training programmes 117
6.4.7. Standard European professional examinations 117
6.4.8. Summary of policy options 119
Chapter 7 RECOMMENDATIONS 121
Appendix A TRANSLATOR ASSOCIATIONS: YEARS OF FOUNDATION AND NUMBERS OF MEMBERS 123
Appendix B WHY THERE ARE ABOUT 333,000 PROFESSIONAL TRANSLATORS AND INTERPRETERS IN THE WORLD 132
Appendix C ONLINE TRANSLATOR–CLIENT CONTACT SERVICES: NEW MODES OF SIGNALLING STATUS 136
ProZ 136
TranslatorsCafé 137
Trally 137
Aquarius 137
GoTranslators 137
Appendix D TYPES AND USE OF ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES ON TRANSLATION 139
Economics and Language 140
Economics of Translation 142
Appendix E EQUILIBRIUM ON THE TRANSLATION MARKET 150
NOTES 153
1. Methodological Issues 153
2. Results 154
3. Case Studies 157
4. Sociological Modelling 163
5. Economic Modelling 165
6. Policy Options for Enhanced Signalling 166
7. Recommendations 167
Appendices 168
REFERENCES 169
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 177
NOTES ON THE RESEARCH TEAM 181