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Abstract
Drawing lessons from the eFez Project in Morocco, this volume offers practical supporting material to decision makers in developing countries on information and communication technologies for development (ICT4D), specifically e-government implementation. The book documents the eFez Project experience in all of its aspects, presenting the project’s findings and the practical methods developed by the authors (a roadmap, impact assessment framework, design issues, lessons learned and best practices) in their systematic quest to turn eFez’s indigenous experimentations and findings into a formal framework for academics, practitioners and decision makers. The volume also reviews, analyzes and synthesizes the findings of other projects to offer a comparative study of the eFez framework and a number of other e-government frameworks from the growing literature.
Unfortunately, developing countries and less developed countries in general have not yet entered the digital era. Most of them have not yet developed the back-office components that are fundamental prerequisites for conducting e-applications. In many situations, e-government systems have been adopted solely as window dressing, as it is considered improper for governmental agencies not to have a web portal, email address and/or a Facebook or Twitter account. But these government web portals are of no real use to the citizens. This volume seeks to help rectify this issue.
Drawing lessons from the eFez Project in Morocco, “E-Government for Good Governance in Developing Countries” offers practical supporting material to decision makers in developing countries on information and communication technologies for development (ICT4D), specifically e-government implementation. It documents the eFez Project experience in all of its aspects, presenting the project’s findings and the practical methods developed by the authors (a roadmap, impact assessment framework, design issues, lessons learned and best practices) in their systematic quest to turn eFez’s indigenous experimentations and findings into a formal framework for academics, practitioners and decision makers. The volume also reviews, analyzes and synthesizes the findings of other projects to offer a comparative study of the eFez framework and a number of other e-government frameworks from the growing literature.
Given the lack of practical books that target decision makers guiding the design and implementation of e-government for good governance and any other sector-specific ICT4D, the authors hope that the eFez Project’s great success in Morocco, and the outcomes and methods described in this volume, will prove a useful model for practitioners and decision makers in other developing countries around the world.
Driss Kettani is a professor of computer science in the School of Science and Engineering, Al Akhawayn University in Ifrane, Morocco. He specializes in information and communication technologies for development, with a focus on e-government systems.
Bernard Moulin is a professor of computer science in the Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Laval University, Québec City, Canada. He specializes in geo-simulation, modeling and e-government.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| E-Government for Good Governance in Developing Countries_9781783082636 | i | ||
| Title\r | iii | ||
| copyright | iv | ||
| CONTENTS | v | ||
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | ix | ||
| FOREWORD | xi | ||
| Chapter 1 Global Context | 1 | ||
| I. Introduction | 1 | ||
| II. The eFez Prolog (Narrated by Dr Kettani) | 5 | ||
| III. The eFez Project | 11 | ||
| IV. eFez Project Global Outputs/Outcomes | 13 | ||
| A. Organizational outcomes | 14 | ||
| B. Citizen-related outcomes | 15 | ||
| C. Policy-making-related outcomes | 15 | ||
| D. Technology-related outcomes | 16 | ||
| E. E-appropriateness, e-awareness and e-readiness | 17 | ||
| F. Roadmap | 19 | ||
| G. Impacts/outcomes assessment framework | 19 | ||
| H. Awards and international recognitions | 20 | ||
| V. Why This Book? | 21 | ||
| VI. Targeted Population | 22 | ||
| VII. Book Structure | 23 | ||
| Chapter 2 THE TWO FACETS OF ICT FOR DEVELOPMENT | 25 | ||
| I. Introduction | 25 | ||
| II. A Journey through the Evolution of ICT | 25 | ||
| III. The Rise of Information and CommunicationTechnology for Development | 28 | ||
| A. Basic physical infrastructure and the persisting limitations in electricity supply | 29 | ||
| B. From wired technology to wireless technology | 30 | ||
| C. From high-cost terminals to low-cost terminals | 30 | ||
| D. Software solutions and emerging alternatives | 31 | ||
| E. Increased attention to digital content made available on the web | 32 | ||
| F. From paper records to e-records: | 32 | ||
| IV. The Ubiquitous and Pervasive Nature of ICT | 33 | ||
| V. The Transformative Capabilities of ICT | 35 | ||
| VI. ICT Is Not an Option: It Is Either an Opportunity or a Threat! | 36 | ||
| A. Organizational internal pressures including: | 36 | ||
| B. Nationwide pressures characterized by data sharing difficulties among dispersed stake holder groups | 37 | ||
| C. International pressures featured by the following realities: | 38 | ||
| VII. Leapfrogging as a Mechanism for Developing Countries to Capitalize on Past Experiences and Lessons Learned | 40 | ||
| VIII. Conclusion | 42 | ||
| Chapter 3 E-GOVERNMENT AND E-GOVERNANCE | 43 | ||
| I. Introduction | 43 | ||
| II. E-Government versus E-Governance | 44 | ||
| III. E-Government and E-Governance as a Means for Good Governance | 47 | ||
| IV. E-Government Application Areas | 48 | ||
| V. E-Governance Application Areas | 52 | ||
| A. Electronic engagement (C2G) | 52 | ||
| B. Electronic consultation (G2C) | 53 | ||
| C. Electronic controllership (G2G) | 54 | ||
| VI. E-Government and E-Governance Benefits | 54 | ||
| VII. Risk Factors | 57 | ||
| VIII. E-Government and E-Governance Maturity | 60 | ||
| IX. Conclusion | 67 | ||
| Chapter 4 EVALUATION OF OUTCOMES/IMPACTS ON GOOD GOVERNANCE | 69 | ||
| I. Introduction | 69 | ||
| II. E-Government Evaluation Approaches | 71 | ||
| III. Defining and Measuring Good Governance | 74 | ||
| A. Attributes of good governance | 76 | ||
| B. Measurements of good governance | 79 | ||
| IV. The eFez Method for Assessing Good Governance | 83 | ||
| A. A general presentation of our outcome analysis method | 83 | ||
| B. Data/evidence gathering method | 87 | ||
| V. Conclusion | 94 | ||
| Chapter 5 ADOPTING A TRANSFORMATIVE APPROACH IN E-GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT | 97 | ||
| I. Introduction | 97 | ||
| II. Fundamental Questions Asked when Starting ICT4D/E-Government Projects | 99 | ||
| A. Why do so many ICT4D/e-government projects fail? | 99 | ||
| B. The “knowledge barrier” | 100 | ||
| C. What kind of critical challenges are faced by ICT4D/e-government projects in a developing country? | 101 | ||
| D. Should we adopt a centralized or decentralized approach? | 102 | ||
| III. Important Management Issues for ICT4D/E-Government Projects | 107 | ||
| A. The main elements of a high-level strategy for ICT4D/e-government projects | 107 | ||
| B. Providing leadership, building partnership | 108 | ||
| C. Capacity building and training | 108 | ||
| D. Guidelines for the design and implementation of e-government projects | 109 | ||
| E. Managing responsibilities | 110 | ||
| F. Design and reengineer first | 111 | ||
| G. Change management | 111 | ||
| H. Training and development of government leaders and decision makers | 112 | ||
| I. Awareness, promotion and education of customers | 113 | ||
| IV. ICT4D/E-Government Projects Are Transformation Processes | 113 | ||
| A. Typical non-automated situations in developing countries | 114 | ||
| B. A key question: should we really use ICT? | 114 | ||
| C. Who are the critical stakeholders of these institutions? | 114 | ||
| D. How do top managers usually regard the introduction of ICT? | 115 | ||
| E. Why does such a view fail? | 115 | ||
| F. Managing change | 115 | ||
| G. Change Management | 116 | ||
| V. A Biological View of the Transformation Process | 117 | ||
| VI. Toward a Principled Approach to Manage the Transformation | 119 | ||
| A. The first scenario | 120 | ||
| B. The second scenario | 120 | ||
| C. The third scenario | 120 | ||
| VII. Managing a Transformation Pilot Project | 121 | ||
| A. The importance of champions | 123 | ||
| B. Managing the TPP as an experiment | 129 | ||
| C. The Monitoring and Assessment Process (MAP) | 129 | ||
| D. The External Advisory Team (EAT) | 131 | ||
| E. The External Development Team (EDT) and the development of ICT4D solutions | 133 | ||
| F. Completing the TPP and communicating its results | 133 | ||
| VIII. Conclusion | 134 | ||
| Chapter 6 A GENERIC ROADMAP FOR ICT4D/E-GOVERNMENT PROJECTS | 137 | ||
| I. Introduction | 137 | ||
| II. A Generic Roadmap | 139 | ||
| A. The first phase (Ph1) | 139 | ||
| B. The second phase (Ph2) | 141 | ||
| C. The third phase (Ph3) | 142 | ||
| D. The fourth phase (Ph4) | 143 | ||
| E. The fifth phase (Ph5) | 144 | ||
| III. A Common Template for the Five Phases of the Generic Roadmap | 145 | ||
| IV. The TPP Phase | 148 | ||
| A. Objectives of the TPP and main stakeholders | 148 | ||
| B. Inception Step of the TPP | 150 | ||
| C. Production Step of the TPP | 153 | ||
| D. Completion Step of the TPP | 154 | ||
| E. Supervision Process of the TPP | 155 | ||
| F. Training Process of the TPP | 155 | ||
| G. Assessment Process of the TPP | 156 | ||
| H. Communication Process of the TPP | 156 | ||
| V. The LSDDA Phase | 157 | ||
| A. Objectives of the LSDDA Phase and main stakeholders | 157 | ||
| B. Inception Step of the LSDDA Phase | 160 | ||
| C. Production Step of the LSDDA Phase | 162 | ||
| D. Completion Step of the LSDDA Phase | 162 | ||
| E. Supervision Process of the LSDDA Phase | 163 | ||
| F. Assessment Process of the LSDDA Phase | 164 | ||
| G. Communication Process of the LSDDA Phase | 165 | ||
| H. Training Process of the LSDDA Phase | 165 | ||
| VI. The GSDDA Phase | 166 | ||
| A. Objectives of the GSDDA Phase | 167 | ||
| B. Inception Step of the GSDDA Phase and challenges | 168 | ||
| C. Production Step of the GSDDA Phase | 170 | ||
| D. Completion Step of the GSDDA Phase | 171 | ||
| E. Supervision Process of the GSDDA Phase | 171 | ||
| F. Assessment Process of the GSDDA Phase | 171 | ||
| G. Training Process of the GSDDA Phase | 172 | ||
| VII. Transition to Autonomy (TTA) Phase | 173 | ||
| A. Objectives of the TTA Phase and main stakeholders | 174 | ||
| B. Inception Step of the TTA Phase | 175 | ||
| C. Production Step of the TTA Phase | 176 | ||
| D. Completion Step of the TTA Phase | 178 | ||
| E. Supervision Process of the TTA Phase | 178 | ||
| F. Assessment Process of the TTA Phase | 179 | ||
| G. Training Process of the TTA Phase | 180 | ||
| VIII. Conclusion | 180 | ||
| Chapter 7 THE EFEZ PROJECT ROADMAP | 181 | ||
| I. Introduction | 181 | ||
| II. The eFez Approach | 182 | ||
| A. Creating and maintaining favorable conditions step | 186 | ||
| B. The Inception Step | 186 | ||
| C. The Development and Deployment Step | 187 | ||
| D. The “systematic assessment of project outcomes” | 189 | ||
| III. The TPP Phase of the eFez Project | 190 | ||
| A. Vision, mission and objectives of eFez Phase 1 | 191 | ||
| B. Champions, stakeholders and team building | 191 | ||
| C. Refining the project objectives | 193 | ||
| D. Proposing/developing an ICT platform | 194 | ||
| E. Continuing adjustments | 197 | ||
| F. Training, communication and ownership | 199 | ||
| G. Outcomes assessment | 200 | ||
| IV. The LSDDA Phase of the eFez Project | 202 | ||
| A. Maintaining favorable conditions | 202 | ||
| B. Involvement of e-champions and stakeholders | 203 | ||
| C. Training and dissemination | 203 | ||
| D. Careful planning and monitoring of the project | 204 | ||
| E. Updating and sharing the project vision | 204 | ||
| F. A more suitable ICT platform | 204 | ||
| G. Training and coaching | 205 | ||
| H. Assessment and adjustments toward GSDDA | 206 | ||
| V. The GSDDA Phase of the eFez Project | 206 | ||
| A. Revisiting the strategy with an extended team | 207 | ||
| B. Requirements for the scaling-up | 208 | ||
| C. Appropriation and ownership | 208 | ||
| D. Maintaining favorable conditions | 210 | ||
| E. A new organization | 210 | ||
| F. System design and reinforcement of the ICT platform | 211 | ||
| G. Training and coaching | 213 | ||
| H. Starting the scaling-up | 214 | ||
| VI. The TTA Phase of the eFez Project | 214 | ||
| VII. Conclusion | 222 | ||
| Chapter 8 TECHNOLOGY ENABLERS FOR E-GOVERNMENT SYSTEMS | 223 | ||
| I. Introduction | 223 | ||
| II. Key Issues in the Design and Implementation of E-Government Systems | 223 | ||
| III. Global Orientations | 228 | ||
| A. Feasibility and opportunity study for e-government systems | 228 | ||
| B. In-house development versus contracted development | 228 | ||
| C. E-Government project management and quality assurance | 229 | ||
| D. The impact of regulations, laws and standardson e-government projects | 230 | ||
| E. E-Government technology risks | 230 | ||
| IV. E-Government Design and Architecture | 231 | ||
| A. Application architecture | 232 | ||
| B. System architecture | 234 | ||
| C. Service architecture | 235 | ||
| V. Security, Authentication and Access Control | 236 | ||
| A. Logical/technical access control | 237 | ||
| B. Technical and administrative controls | 240 | ||
| C. Security management | 241 | ||
| VI. Hardware Platforms and Cloud Computing for Back-end Systems | 241 | ||
| A. Processor multi-core technology | 241 | ||
| B. Cloud computing | 242 | ||
| C. Virtualization technology | 242 | ||
| D. Data centers | 243 | ||
| VII. Software Platforms for E-Government Systems | 245 | ||
| A. Base software | 245 | ||
| B. Web and application server software | 245 | ||
| C. Data management software | 246 | ||
| D. Software licenses | 246 | ||
| VIII. Networking and Interconnection | 247 | ||
| A. Enterprise networks | 248 | ||
| IX. Conclusion | 250 | ||
| Chapter 9 CONCLUSION | 251 | ||
| I. Testimony of the Late Senator Titna Alaoui | 252 | ||
| A. The drive to change | 252 | ||
| B. Human resources issues | 253 | ||
| C. Ownership and sustainability | 254 | ||
| D. A challenge for the future | 254 | ||
| II. Final Recommendations | 255 | ||
| A. ICT works... the problem is elsewhere! | 255 | ||
| B. Decision makers and politicians should make an effort | 256 | ||
| C. ICT is an opportunity | 257 | ||
| D. ICT for good governance is the key issue | 258 | ||
| Appendix A SYNTHETIC VIEW OF CRITICAL ISSUES FOR A SUCCESSFUL ICT4D/ E-GOVERNMENT PROJECT | 259 | ||
| REFERENCES | 273 | ||
| Index | 281 |