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Quakernomics

Quakernomics

Mike King | Sir Adrian Cadbury

(2014)

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Abstract

Combining commercial success with philanthropy and social activism, ‘Quakernomics’ offers a compelling model for corporate social responsibility in the modern world. Mike King explores the ethical capitalism of Quaker enterprises from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries, testing this theory against those of prominent economists. With a foreword by Sir Adrian Cadbury, this book proves that the Quaker practice of ‘total capitalism’ is not a historically remote nicety but an immediately relevant guide for today’s global economy.


‘Fascinating, highly relevant and opportune, this book is a powerful exploration of history showing how ethical behaviour has been – and can be – an effective route to wealth creation and growth.’ —Carlota Perez, author of ‘Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital’ and Centennial Professor at the London School of Economics


Mike King is an independent researcher and writer with wide-ranging expertise.


This book explores Quaker enterprises from 1700 to the twentieth century as examples of an ethical capitalism, and tests them against prominent economists and their concern for economic justice. King offers ‘Quakernomics’ as a model for corporate social responsibility in the modern world, exploring Quaker businesses which combine commercial success with philanthropy and social activism.

The volume offers an exploration of the theory and practice of Quaker enterprise through the centuries, set against the ideas of prominent economists such as Smith, Marx, Marshall, Schumpeter, the Austrian School, Keynes, Friedman, Krugman, Stiglitz and Sachs. It also analyses the role that Ayn Rand and Milton Friedman have had in leading to what King underlines as the largely unethical capitalism of today.

Covering the work of Quaker chocolatiers, iron masters and bankers, ‘Quakernomics’ presents a historical account of the Quakers’ practice of a ‘total capitalism’, which King argues we should regard not as an antiquated nicety but as an immediately relevant guide for today’s global economy.


‘“Quakernomics” presents a refreshing new way of thinking about economic activity, one which links the pursuit of profit with social justice.’ —David Vogel, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Quakernomics i
Title iii
Copyright iv
CONTENTS v
FOREWORD ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xiii
INTRODUCTION xv
A Note on Sources xix
Part I BACKGROUND 1
Chapter 1 QUAKERS AND COMMERCE 3
Economic Activity, Social Justice and Capitalism 5
The Protestant Work Ethic: Weber and Tawney 9
Quakers and Class in Britain 12
Chapter 2 INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM 15
Quakernomics as a Microcosm of Industrial Capitalism 17
Chapter 3 CONTRASTING CULTURES IN 1845 19
Engels and the Conditions of the Working Class 20
Disraeli’s Sybil and One Nation Conservatism 23
Part II THE QUAKER ENTERPRISES 25
Chapter 4 THE DARBYS OF COALBROOKDALE 27
Abraham Darby I 30
Abraham Darby II and Richard Reynolds 31
Abraham Darby III 33
Further Generations 33
A Personal Digression on Foundries 34
Quakers, Non-human Energies and the Capitalism of Metals 37
Coalbrookdale as Ethical Capitalism 38
Chapter 5 QUAKERS IN LIGHT AND HEAVY INDUSTRY 41
Benjamin Huntsman and Cast Steel 44
The Quaker Lead Company 45
Agricultural Equipment: Robert Ransome 49
Railways and Canals 49
Cotton, Wool and Textiles 52
Shoes 54
Matches 55
Chapter 6 QUAKERS IN SCIENCE, CHEMICALS AND PHARMACEUTICALS 61
Quaker Scientists and Botanists 62
Clock-Makers 65
Other Innovators 66
Capitalism and Chemicals 66
Crosfield 68
Allen & Hanburys 70
John Bell & Co. and Corbyn, Stacey & Co. 73
Reckitt & Sons 73
Chapter 7 QUAKERS IN FOODSTUFFS AND LUXURIES 75
The Issue of Luxuries 76
Fry 77
Cadbury 79
Rowntree 81
Biscuits: Huntley & Palmers, Carr’s and Jacob’s 82
Tea 83
Brewing 84
Chapter 8 QUAKERS IN TRADING, BANKING AND FINANCE 87
Lawyers, Stockbrokers and Accountants 89
Usury 90
Goldsmith Bankers and John Freame 91
Merchants and Banking: Pease, Backhouse and Gurney 93
Barclays Bank 95
Lloyds Bank 95
Overend & Gurney 97
Bagehot’s Verdict 100
Chapter 9 QUAKERS IN CULTURE 103
Chapter 10 THE QUAKER SYSTEM 107
The Scale and Causes of Quaker Business Achievement 108
The Fading of the Quaker Ethic 112
Illustrations: QUAKER TRACES IN LONDON a
Part III QUAKERS, SOCIETY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE 115
Chapter 11 QUAKERS IN PUBLIC LIFE 117
Fellows of Societies 118
Honours Accepted and Refused 119
Some Outstanding Quaker Activists 121
Slavery, Pacifism, the League of Nations and the United Nations 127
Chapter 12 INDUSTRIAL WELFARE AND QUAKER LAPSES 129
Some Quaker Lapses 131
Cocoa Slavery 132
Chapter 13 QUAKERS AND OTHER ETHICAL CAPITALISTS 137
Robert Owen 138
Milton S. Hershey and Chocolatetown 139
Titus Salt and Saltaire 140
William Lever and Port Sunlight 140
Andrew Carnegie 141
Quakernomics and Ethics 142
Part IV INDUSTRIAL ETHICS AND ECONOMIC THOUGHT 145
Chapter 14 FROM MERCANTILISM TO MARSHALL 147
Mercantilism and the Physiocrats 149
Adam Smith 150
Thomas Robert Malthus 154
David Ricardo and John Stuart Mill 155
Alfred Marshall 158
Ethical Capitalism: First Assessment 161
Chapter 15 KARL MARX 163
Chapter 16 GEORGE, VEBLEN AND SCHUMPETER 169
Henry George 169
Thorstein Veblen 172
Joseph Schumpeter 173
Chapter 17 THE AUSTRIAN SCHOOL 177
Ludwig von Mises 177
Friedrich Hayek 179
Chapter 18 KEYNES, TAWNEY AND GALBRAITH 185
Tawney 187
Galbraith 189
Ethical Capitalism: Second Assessment 193
Chapter 19 ECONOMICS IN FICTION 195
Chapter 20 AYN RAND 201
Atlas Shrugged 203
Rand and Marx 207
Chapter 21 MILTON FRIEDMAN 209
The Friedmanite Legacy 222
Chapter 22 QUAKERNOMICS AND THE CREDIT CRUNCH 229
Inequality and The Spirit Level 230
Paul Krugman: Not Free to Die 232
Joseph Stiglitz: Pervasive Externalities 234
Jeffrey Sachs: The Mixed Economy 237
Niall Ferguson 241
Chapter 23 QUAKERNOMICS AND ECONOMIC HISTORY 245
Ethical Capitalism: Third Assessment 245
Non-human Energies and Theories of Value 248
Part V CONCLUSIONS 251
Chapter 24 ETHICAL CAPITALISM 253
NOTES 257
Introduction 257
Chapter 1: Quakers and Commerce 257
Chapter 2: Industrial Capitalism 258
Chapter 3: Contrasting Cultures in 1845 258
Chapter 4: The Darbys of Coalbrookdale 258
Chapter 5: Quakers in Light and Heavy Industry 259
Chapter 6: Quakers in Science, Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals 261
Chapter 7: Quakers in Foodstuffs and Luxuries 262
Chapter 8: Quakers in Trading, Banking and Finance 262
Chapter 9: Quakers in Culture 263
Chapter 10: The Quaker System 263
Chapter 11: Quakers in Public Life 264
Chapter 12: Industrial Welfare and Quaker Lapses 264
Chapter 13: Quakers and Other Ethical Capitalists 265
Chapter 14: From Mercantilism to Marshall 265
Chapter 15: Karl Marx 266
Chapter 16: George, Veblen and Schumpeter 266
Chapter 17: The Austrian School 266
Chapter 18: Keynes, Tawney and Galbraith 267
Chapter 19: Economics in Fiction 267
Chapter 20: Ayn Rand 267
Chapter 21: Milton Friedman 268
Chapter 22: Quakernomics and the Credit Crunch 268
Chapter 23: Quakernomics and Economic History 269
INDEX 271