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Abstract
Combining commercial success with philanthropy and social activism, ‘Quakernomics’ offers a compelling model for corporate social responsibility in the modern world. Mike King explores the ethical capitalism of Quaker enterprises from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries, testing this theory against those of prominent economists. With a foreword by Sir Adrian Cadbury, this book proves that the Quaker practice of ‘total capitalism’ is not a historically remote nicety but an immediately relevant guide for today’s global economy.
‘Fascinating, highly relevant and opportune, this book is a powerful exploration of history showing how ethical behaviour has been – and can be – an effective route to wealth creation and growth.’ —Carlota Perez, author of ‘Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital’ and Centennial Professor at the London School of Economics
Mike King is an independent researcher and writer with wide-ranging expertise.
This book explores Quaker enterprises from 1700 to the twentieth century as examples of an ethical capitalism, and tests them against prominent economists and their concern for economic justice. King offers ‘Quakernomics’ as a model for corporate social responsibility in the modern world, exploring Quaker businesses which combine commercial success with philanthropy and social activism.
The volume offers an exploration of the theory and practice of Quaker enterprise through the centuries, set against the ideas of prominent economists such as Smith, Marx, Marshall, Schumpeter, the Austrian School, Keynes, Friedman, Krugman, Stiglitz and Sachs. It also analyses the role that Ayn Rand and Milton Friedman have had in leading to what King underlines as the largely unethical capitalism of today.
Covering the work of Quaker chocolatiers, iron masters and bankers, ‘Quakernomics’ presents a historical account of the Quakers’ practice of a ‘total capitalism’, which King argues we should regard not as an antiquated nicety but as an immediately relevant guide for today’s global economy.
‘“Quakernomics” presents a refreshing new way of thinking about economic activity, one which links the pursuit of profit with social justice.’ —David Vogel, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Quakernomics | i | ||
Title | iii | ||
Copyright | iv | ||
CONTENTS | v | ||
FOREWORD | ix | ||
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS | xiii | ||
INTRODUCTION | xv | ||
A Note on Sources | xix | ||
Part I BACKGROUND | 1 | ||
Chapter 1 QUAKERS AND COMMERCE | 3 | ||
Economic Activity, Social Justice and Capitalism | 5 | ||
The Protestant Work Ethic: Weber and Tawney | 9 | ||
Quakers and Class in Britain | 12 | ||
Chapter 2 INDUSTRIAL CAPITALISM | 15 | ||
Quakernomics as a Microcosm of Industrial Capitalism | 17 | ||
Chapter 3 CONTRASTING CULTURES IN 1845 | 19 | ||
Engels and the Conditions of the Working Class | 20 | ||
Disraeli’s Sybil and One Nation Conservatism | 23 | ||
Part II THE QUAKER ENTERPRISES | 25 | ||
Chapter 4 THE DARBYS OF COALBROOKDALE | 27 | ||
Abraham Darby I | 30 | ||
Abraham Darby II and Richard Reynolds | 31 | ||
Abraham Darby III | 33 | ||
Further Generations | 33 | ||
A Personal Digression on Foundries | 34 | ||
Quakers, Non-human Energies and the Capitalism of Metals | 37 | ||
Coalbrookdale as Ethical Capitalism | 38 | ||
Chapter 5 QUAKERS IN LIGHT AND HEAVY INDUSTRY | 41 | ||
Benjamin Huntsman and Cast Steel | 44 | ||
The Quaker Lead Company | 45 | ||
Agricultural Equipment: Robert Ransome | 49 | ||
Railways and Canals | 49 | ||
Cotton, Wool and Textiles | 52 | ||
Shoes | 54 | ||
Matches | 55 | ||
Chapter 6 QUAKERS IN SCIENCE, CHEMICALS AND PHARMACEUTICALS | 61 | ||
Quaker Scientists and Botanists | 62 | ||
Clock-Makers | 65 | ||
Other Innovators | 66 | ||
Capitalism and Chemicals | 66 | ||
Crosfield | 68 | ||
Allen & Hanburys | 70 | ||
John Bell & Co. and Corbyn, Stacey & Co. | 73 | ||
Reckitt & Sons | 73 | ||
Chapter 7 QUAKERS IN FOODSTUFFS AND LUXURIES | 75 | ||
The Issue of Luxuries | 76 | ||
Fry | 77 | ||
Cadbury | 79 | ||
Rowntree | 81 | ||
Biscuits: Huntley & Palmers, Carr’s and Jacob’s | 82 | ||
Tea | 83 | ||
Brewing | 84 | ||
Chapter 8 QUAKERS IN TRADING, BANKING AND FINANCE | 87 | ||
Lawyers, Stockbrokers and Accountants | 89 | ||
Usury | 90 | ||
Goldsmith Bankers and John Freame | 91 | ||
Merchants and Banking: Pease, Backhouse and Gurney | 93 | ||
Barclays Bank | 95 | ||
Lloyds Bank | 95 | ||
Overend & Gurney | 97 | ||
Bagehot’s Verdict | 100 | ||
Chapter 9 QUAKERS IN CULTURE | 103 | ||
Chapter 10 THE QUAKER SYSTEM | 107 | ||
The Scale and Causes of Quaker Business Achievement | 108 | ||
The Fading of the Quaker Ethic | 112 | ||
Illustrations: QUAKER TRACES IN LONDON | a | ||
Part III QUAKERS, SOCIETY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE | 115 | ||
Chapter 11 QUAKERS IN PUBLIC LIFE | 117 | ||
Fellows of Societies | 118 | ||
Honours Accepted and Refused | 119 | ||
Some Outstanding Quaker Activists | 121 | ||
Slavery, Pacifism, the League of Nations and the United Nations | 127 | ||
Chapter 12 INDUSTRIAL WELFARE AND QUAKER LAPSES | 129 | ||
Some Quaker Lapses | 131 | ||
Cocoa Slavery | 132 | ||
Chapter 13 QUAKERS AND OTHER ETHICAL CAPITALISTS | 137 | ||
Robert Owen | 138 | ||
Milton S. Hershey and Chocolatetown | 139 | ||
Titus Salt and Saltaire | 140 | ||
William Lever and Port Sunlight | 140 | ||
Andrew Carnegie | 141 | ||
Quakernomics and Ethics | 142 | ||
Part IV INDUSTRIAL ETHICS AND ECONOMIC THOUGHT | 145 | ||
Chapter 14 FROM MERCANTILISM TO MARSHALL | 147 | ||
Mercantilism and the Physiocrats | 149 | ||
Adam Smith | 150 | ||
Thomas Robert Malthus | 154 | ||
David Ricardo and John Stuart Mill | 155 | ||
Alfred Marshall | 158 | ||
Ethical Capitalism: First Assessment | 161 | ||
Chapter 15 KARL MARX | 163 | ||
Chapter 16 GEORGE, VEBLEN AND SCHUMPETER | 169 | ||
Henry George | 169 | ||
Thorstein Veblen | 172 | ||
Joseph Schumpeter | 173 | ||
Chapter 17 THE AUSTRIAN SCHOOL | 177 | ||
Ludwig von Mises | 177 | ||
Friedrich Hayek | 179 | ||
Chapter 18 KEYNES, TAWNEY AND GALBRAITH | 185 | ||
Tawney | 187 | ||
Galbraith | 189 | ||
Ethical Capitalism: Second Assessment | 193 | ||
Chapter 19 ECONOMICS IN FICTION | 195 | ||
Chapter 20 AYN RAND | 201 | ||
Atlas Shrugged | 203 | ||
Rand and Marx | 207 | ||
Chapter 21 MILTON FRIEDMAN | 209 | ||
The Friedmanite Legacy | 222 | ||
Chapter 22 QUAKERNOMICS AND THE CREDIT CRUNCH | 229 | ||
Inequality and The Spirit Level | 230 | ||
Paul Krugman: Not Free to Die | 232 | ||
Joseph Stiglitz: Pervasive Externalities | 234 | ||
Jeffrey Sachs: The Mixed Economy | 237 | ||
Niall Ferguson | 241 | ||
Chapter 23 QUAKERNOMICS AND ECONOMIC HISTORY | 245 | ||
Ethical Capitalism: Third Assessment | 245 | ||
Non-human Energies and Theories of Value | 248 | ||
Part V CONCLUSIONS | 251 | ||
Chapter 24 ETHICAL CAPITALISM | 253 | ||
NOTES | 257 | ||
Introduction | 257 | ||
Chapter 1: Quakers and Commerce | 257 | ||
Chapter 2: Industrial Capitalism | 258 | ||
Chapter 3: Contrasting Cultures in 1845 | 258 | ||
Chapter 4: The Darbys of Coalbrookdale | 258 | ||
Chapter 5: Quakers in Light and Heavy Industry | 259 | ||
Chapter 6: Quakers in Science, Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals | 261 | ||
Chapter 7: Quakers in Foodstuffs and Luxuries | 262 | ||
Chapter 8: Quakers in Trading, Banking and Finance | 262 | ||
Chapter 9: Quakers in Culture | 263 | ||
Chapter 10: The Quaker System | 263 | ||
Chapter 11: Quakers in Public Life | 264 | ||
Chapter 12: Industrial Welfare and Quaker Lapses | 264 | ||
Chapter 13: Quakers and Other Ethical Capitalists | 265 | ||
Chapter 14: From Mercantilism to Marshall | 265 | ||
Chapter 15: Karl Marx | 266 | ||
Chapter 16: George, Veblen and Schumpeter | 266 | ||
Chapter 17: The Austrian School | 266 | ||
Chapter 18: Keynes, Tawney and Galbraith | 267 | ||
Chapter 19: Economics in Fiction | 267 | ||
Chapter 20: Ayn Rand | 267 | ||
Chapter 21: Milton Friedman | 268 | ||
Chapter 22: Quakernomics and the Credit Crunch | 268 | ||
Chapter 23: Quakernomics and Economic History | 269 | ||
INDEX | 271 |