Menu Expand
Glacial Systems and Landforms

Glacial Systems and Landforms

Ryan C. Bell

(2013)

Additional Information

Book Details

Abstract

Using Google Earth, this guide offers a virtual interactive experience in which students can visit and explore glacier environments in 3D. Ryan C. Bell demonstrates how the explosion of satellite imagery and remote sensing technologies has further helped reveal the hidden truths of glacial environments by providing new methods of mapping and measuring glacial ice.

Taking advantage of the recent proliferation in high-resolution satellite imagery, this guide includes a series of satellite images from NASA’s Earth Observatory. By studying these images students will not only start to recognize the patterns and processes commonly found within glacial landscapes, but will also develop skills in map analysis and interpretation. Such guided inquiry activities range from calculating the Mendenhall Glacier’s rate of melting to identifying erosional landforms in the Swiss Alps.

Included within this book is a guided final project in which students have the opportunity to develop and present a Google Earth tour of various glacial landforms, allowing them to “fly” from one location to the next. The volume also reveals how past and present glaciations profoundly influence almost every aspect of life on Earth and can provide answers and solutions to current climate problems.


This interactive guide serves to make glacial systems and landforms more accessible, as students use Google Earth and other satellite imagery to understand the patterns and processes found within glacial environments. Guided inquiry activities range from calculating the Mendenhall Glacier’s rate of melting to identifying erosional landforms in the Swiss Alps. In this way, the guide offers a virtual interactive experience in which students can visit and explore glacial systems and landforms in 3D. Through studying these images the student will not only start to recognize the forms commonly found within glacial landscapes, but also develop skills in map analysis and interpretation.         


“‘Glacial Systems and Landforms’ creates a unique educational experience that incorporates incredible, detailed descriptions in text, as well as a virtual experience which allows students to see present-day images of glaciers and the landscapes the ice has left behind.” —Sean C. Metz, teacher of Earth Science, Brighton High School, New York


“This is an invaluable teaching tool about glaciers, landforms and climate history. It concisely and clearly explains complex material; its chapter reviews highlight critical points; and its Google Earth exercises facilitate excellent experiential learning. I will use this book to prepare my students for their study abroad experience in Antarctica!” —Dr James Spiller, Associate Professor of History, The College at Brockport, State University of New York


Ryan C. Bell teaches Earth Science and AP Environmental Science at Sutherland High School in Pittsford, New York.


“Using Google Earth to analyze a glacier’s erosional and depositional evidence is a powerful tool for student understanding.” —Shawn McNamara, teacher of AP Environmental Science/Earth Science, Grosse Pointe South High School, Michigan

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Glacial Systems and Landforms_9780857280619 i
Title iii
Copyright iv
CONTENTS v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK: A NOTE TO THE STUDENT AND TEACHER xv
Google Earth Instructions xvi
Step 1: Download Google Earth xvi
Step 2: Learn to navigate xvii
Step 3: Learn to search for locations xvii
Step 4: Learn to change the elevation exaggeration xix
Step 5: Learn to use the ruler tool xix
1 INTRODUCTION 1
Chapter 1 Review 6
Key terms 6
Concept review and critical thinking 6
Google Earth analysis 6
Instructions 7
2 WHAT IS A GLACIER? 9
Definition 9
Mass Balance 9
Area of accumulation 9
Why is glacial ice blue? 10
Area of ablation 11
Mass balance fluctuations 12
Chapter 2 Review 12
Key terms 12
Concept review and critical thinking 12
Google Earth analysis 13
Instructions 13
3 TYPES AND LOCATIONS OF GLACIERS 15
Topographic Classifications 15
Alpine glaciers 15
Continental glaciers 17
Temperature Classifications 19
Warm glaciers 19
Cold glaciers 19
Polythermal glaciers 20
Chapter 3 Review 20
Key terms 20
Concept review and critical thinking 20
Google Earth analysis 21
Instructions 21
4 HOW DO GLACIERS MOVE? 23
Mechanisms of Ice Flow 23
Internal deformation 23
Basal sliding 24
Bed deformation 24
Rates of Movement 24
Longitudinal movement 25
Transverse movement 25
Chapter 4 Review 26
Key terms 26
Concept review and critical thinking 26
Google Earth analysis 27
Instructions 27
5 ICE STRUCTURES 29
Surface Ice Structures 29
Ogives 29
Crevasses 30
Subsurface Ice Structures 32
Layers of accumulation 32
Foliation, folding and faulting 33
Chapter 5 Review 35
Key terms 35
Concept review and critical thinking 35
Google Earth analysis 35
Instructions 36
6 GLACIAL EROSION 37
Glacial Debris Entrainment 37
Supraglacial sources 37
Subglacial sources 38
Erosional Processes 38
Abrasion 39
Plucking 39
Basal meltwater 40
Chapter 6 Review 41
Key terms 41
Concept review and critical thinking 41
7 LANDFORMS OF GLACIAL EROSION 43
Intermediate-Scale Features of Glacial Erosion 43
Roches moutonnées 43
Whalebacks 44
Large-Scale Features of Glacial Erosion 44
Glacial troughs and fjords 44
Hanging valleys 46
Cirques, arêtes and horns 47
Chapter 7 Review 50
Key terms 50
Concept review and critical thinking 50
Google Earth analysis 51
Instructions 51
8 GLACIAL DEPOSITION 53
Types of Glacial Deposition 53
Direct glacial deposition 53
Indirect glacial deposition 55
Chapter 8 Review 56
Key terms 56
Concept review and critical thinking 56
9 LANDFORMS OF GLACIAL DEPOSITION 57
Landforms Created in an Ice-Marginal Position 57
Terminal and recessional moraines 57
Lateral and medial moraines 58
Landforms Created in a Subglacial Position 59
Drumlins 59
Eskers 60
Ice Contact Features 60
Kames 61
Kettles 61
Chapter 9 Review 61
Key terms 61
Concept review and critical thinking 61
Google Earth analysis 62
Instructions 62
10 ICE AGES AND INTERGLACIAL PERIODS 63
Natural Causes of Climate Change 63
Changes in solar output 63
Changes in the Earth’s motions 64
Plate tectonics 64
Changes in atmospheric composition 65
How Do Scientists Study Climate Change? 66
Ice core analysis 66
Deep-sea cores 67
Pollen evidence 67
Atmospheric measurements 67
The Pleistocene Ice Age 68
Sea-level change 70
The Great Lakes 70
Chapter 10 Review 73
Key terms 73
Concept review and critical thinking 74
11 PERIGLACIAL ENVIRONMENTS 75
Definition 75
Frost Action 75
Frost heaving 76
Thaw weakening 76
Permafrost 77
Periglacial Landforms 79
Pingos 79
Thermokarst 80
Patterned ground 81
Chapter 11 Review 83
Key terms 83
Concept review and critical thinking 84
12 GLACIERS AND GLOBAL WARMING 85
Anatomy of the Atmosphere 85
The Greenhouse Effect 86
Global Warming 86
Carbon dioxide 86
Methane 87
Nitrous oxide 89
Predicting Climate Change in the Twenty-first Century 89
Water-vapor feedback 89
Cloud-radiation feedback 90
Ocean-circulation feedback 90
Ice-albedo feedback 91
Projected Outcomes of a Warmer World 91
Global warming and alpine glaciers 92
Global warming and continental glaciers 93
Greenland 94
Antarctica 95
Global warming and rising global sea levels 96
Global warming and periglacial environments 98
Solutions: Applying the Precautionary Principle 99
Cleanup and Prevention Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions 100
Cleanup strategies 100
Prevention strategies 100
International Climate Negotiations 101
Individuals Matter 102
Chapter 12 Review 103
Key terms 103
Concept review and critical thinking 103
Google Earth analysis 104
Instructions 104
13 FINAL PROJECT 105
Assignment 105
Learn to Create a Tour in Google Earth 106
BIBLIOGRAPHY 109
Index 111