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Book Details
Abstract
Using Google Earth, this guide offers a virtual interactive experience in which students can visit and explore glacier environments in 3D. Ryan C. Bell demonstrates how the explosion of satellite imagery and remote sensing technologies has further helped reveal the hidden truths of glacial environments by providing new methods of mapping and measuring glacial ice.
Taking advantage of the recent proliferation in high-resolution satellite imagery, this guide includes a series of satellite images from NASA’s Earth Observatory. By studying these images students will not only start to recognize the patterns and processes commonly found within glacial landscapes, but will also develop skills in map analysis and interpretation. Such guided inquiry activities range from calculating the Mendenhall Glacier’s rate of melting to identifying erosional landforms in the Swiss Alps.
Included within this book is a guided final project in which students have the opportunity to develop and present a Google Earth tour of various glacial landforms, allowing them to “fly” from one location to the next. The volume also reveals how past and present glaciations profoundly influence almost every aspect of life on Earth and can provide answers and solutions to current climate problems.
This interactive guide serves to make glacial systems and landforms more accessible, as students use Google Earth and other satellite imagery to understand the patterns and processes found within glacial environments. Guided inquiry activities range from calculating the Mendenhall Glacier’s rate of melting to identifying erosional landforms in the Swiss Alps. In this way, the guide offers a virtual interactive experience in which students can visit and explore glacial systems and landforms in 3D. Through studying these images the student will not only start to recognize the forms commonly found within glacial landscapes, but also develop skills in map analysis and interpretation.
“‘Glacial Systems and Landforms’ creates a unique educational experience that incorporates incredible, detailed descriptions in text, as well as a virtual experience which allows students to see present-day images of glaciers and the landscapes the ice has left behind.” —Sean C. Metz, teacher of Earth Science, Brighton High School, New York
“This is an invaluable teaching tool about glaciers, landforms and climate history. It concisely and clearly explains complex material; its chapter reviews highlight critical points; and its Google Earth exercises facilitate excellent experiential learning. I will use this book to prepare my students for their study abroad experience in Antarctica!” —Dr James Spiller, Associate Professor of History, The College at Brockport, State University of New York
Ryan C. Bell teaches Earth Science and AP Environmental Science at Sutherland High School in Pittsford, New York.
“Using Google Earth to analyze a glacier’s erosional and depositional evidence is a powerful tool for student understanding.” —Shawn McNamara, teacher of AP Environmental Science/Earth Science, Grosse Pointe South High School, Michigan
Table of Contents
Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
---|---|---|---|
Glacial Systems and Landforms_9780857280619 | i | ||
Title | iii | ||
Copyright | iv | ||
CONTENTS | v | ||
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | xi | ||
LIST OF FIGURES | xiii | ||
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK: A NOTE TO THE STUDENT AND TEACHER | xv | ||
Google Earth Instructions | xvi | ||
Step 1: Download Google Earth | xvi | ||
Step 2: Learn to navigate | xvii | ||
Step 3: Learn to search for locations | xvii | ||
Step 4: Learn to change the elevation exaggeration | xix | ||
Step 5: Learn to use the ruler tool | xix | ||
1 INTRODUCTION | 1 | ||
Chapter 1 Review | 6 | ||
Key terms | 6 | ||
Concept review and critical thinking | 6 | ||
Google Earth analysis | 6 | ||
Instructions | 7 | ||
2 WHAT IS A GLACIER? | 9 | ||
Definition | 9 | ||
Mass Balance | 9 | ||
Area of accumulation | 9 | ||
Why is glacial ice blue? | 10 | ||
Area of ablation | 11 | ||
Mass balance fluctuations | 12 | ||
Chapter 2 Review | 12 | ||
Key terms | 12 | ||
Concept review and critical thinking | 12 | ||
Google Earth analysis | 13 | ||
Instructions | 13 | ||
3 TYPES AND LOCATIONS OF GLACIERS | 15 | ||
Topographic Classifications | 15 | ||
Alpine glaciers | 15 | ||
Continental glaciers | 17 | ||
Temperature Classifications | 19 | ||
Warm glaciers | 19 | ||
Cold glaciers | 19 | ||
Polythermal glaciers | 20 | ||
Chapter 3 Review | 20 | ||
Key terms | 20 | ||
Concept review and critical thinking | 20 | ||
Google Earth analysis | 21 | ||
Instructions | 21 | ||
4 HOW DO GLACIERS MOVE? | 23 | ||
Mechanisms of Ice Flow | 23 | ||
Internal deformation | 23 | ||
Basal sliding | 24 | ||
Bed deformation | 24 | ||
Rates of Movement | 24 | ||
Longitudinal movement | 25 | ||
Transverse movement | 25 | ||
Chapter 4 Review | 26 | ||
Key terms | 26 | ||
Concept review and critical thinking | 26 | ||
Google Earth analysis | 27 | ||
Instructions | 27 | ||
5 ICE STRUCTURES | 29 | ||
Surface Ice Structures | 29 | ||
Ogives | 29 | ||
Crevasses | 30 | ||
Subsurface Ice Structures | 32 | ||
Layers of accumulation | 32 | ||
Foliation, folding and faulting | 33 | ||
Chapter 5 Review | 35 | ||
Key terms | 35 | ||
Concept review and critical thinking | 35 | ||
Google Earth analysis | 35 | ||
Instructions | 36 | ||
6 GLACIAL EROSION | 37 | ||
Glacial Debris Entrainment | 37 | ||
Supraglacial sources | 37 | ||
Subglacial sources | 38 | ||
Erosional Processes | 38 | ||
Abrasion | 39 | ||
Plucking | 39 | ||
Basal meltwater | 40 | ||
Chapter 6 Review | 41 | ||
Key terms | 41 | ||
Concept review and critical thinking | 41 | ||
7 LANDFORMS OF GLACIAL EROSION | 43 | ||
Intermediate-Scale Features of Glacial Erosion | 43 | ||
Roches moutonnées | 43 | ||
Whalebacks | 44 | ||
Large-Scale Features of Glacial Erosion | 44 | ||
Glacial troughs and fjords | 44 | ||
Hanging valleys | 46 | ||
Cirques, arêtes and horns | 47 | ||
Chapter 7 Review | 50 | ||
Key terms | 50 | ||
Concept review and critical thinking | 50 | ||
Google Earth analysis | 51 | ||
Instructions | 51 | ||
8 GLACIAL DEPOSITION | 53 | ||
Types of Glacial Deposition | 53 | ||
Direct glacial deposition | 53 | ||
Indirect glacial deposition | 55 | ||
Chapter 8 Review | 56 | ||
Key terms | 56 | ||
Concept review and critical thinking | 56 | ||
9 LANDFORMS OF GLACIAL DEPOSITION | 57 | ||
Landforms Created in an Ice-Marginal Position | 57 | ||
Terminal and recessional moraines | 57 | ||
Lateral and medial moraines | 58 | ||
Landforms Created in a Subglacial Position | 59 | ||
Drumlins | 59 | ||
Eskers | 60 | ||
Ice Contact Features | 60 | ||
Kames | 61 | ||
Kettles | 61 | ||
Chapter 9 Review | 61 | ||
Key terms | 61 | ||
Concept review and critical thinking | 61 | ||
Google Earth analysis | 62 | ||
Instructions | 62 | ||
10 ICE AGES AND INTERGLACIAL PERIODS | 63 | ||
Natural Causes of Climate Change | 63 | ||
Changes in solar output | 63 | ||
Changes in the Earth’s motions | 64 | ||
Plate tectonics | 64 | ||
Changes in atmospheric composition | 65 | ||
How Do Scientists Study Climate Change? | 66 | ||
Ice core analysis | 66 | ||
Deep-sea cores | 67 | ||
Pollen evidence | 67 | ||
Atmospheric measurements | 67 | ||
The Pleistocene Ice Age | 68 | ||
Sea-level change | 70 | ||
The Great Lakes | 70 | ||
Chapter 10 Review | 73 | ||
Key terms | 73 | ||
Concept review and critical thinking | 74 | ||
11 PERIGLACIAL ENVIRONMENTS | 75 | ||
Definition | 75 | ||
Frost Action | 75 | ||
Frost heaving | 76 | ||
Thaw weakening | 76 | ||
Permafrost | 77 | ||
Periglacial Landforms | 79 | ||
Pingos | 79 | ||
Thermokarst | 80 | ||
Patterned ground | 81 | ||
Chapter 11 Review | 83 | ||
Key terms | 83 | ||
Concept review and critical thinking | 84 | ||
12 GLACIERS AND GLOBAL WARMING | 85 | ||
Anatomy of the Atmosphere | 85 | ||
The Greenhouse Effect | 86 | ||
Global Warming | 86 | ||
Carbon dioxide | 86 | ||
Methane | 87 | ||
Nitrous oxide | 89 | ||
Predicting Climate Change in the Twenty-first Century | 89 | ||
Water-vapor feedback | 89 | ||
Cloud-radiation feedback | 90 | ||
Ocean-circulation feedback | 90 | ||
Ice-albedo feedback | 91 | ||
Projected Outcomes of a Warmer World | 91 | ||
Global warming and alpine glaciers | 92 | ||
Global warming and continental glaciers | 93 | ||
Greenland | 94 | ||
Antarctica | 95 | ||
Global warming and rising global sea levels | 96 | ||
Global warming and periglacial environments | 98 | ||
Solutions: Applying the Precautionary Principle | 99 | ||
Cleanup and Prevention Strategies for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions | 100 | ||
Cleanup strategies | 100 | ||
Prevention strategies | 100 | ||
International Climate Negotiations | 101 | ||
Individuals Matter | 102 | ||
Chapter 12 Review | 103 | ||
Key terms | 103 | ||
Concept review and critical thinking | 103 | ||
Google Earth analysis | 104 | ||
Instructions | 104 | ||
13 FINAL PROJECT | 105 | ||
Assignment | 105 | ||
Learn to Create a Tour in Google Earth | 106 | ||
BIBLIOGRAPHY | 109 | ||
Index | 111 |