Abstract

Nuclear receptors (NR) are ligand-induced activated transcription factors that are involved in numerous biological processes. Since the 1990's when the first structures were determined by means of X ray diffraction, the number of NR structures has increased considerably. Moreover several 'omics' projects (genomics, pharmcogenomics and proteomics) have opened up great opportunities for the discovery of new targets, the characterization of abnormal protein patterns, the selection of "tailored" drugs and the evaluation of drug efficacy even with a lack of structural data. Furthermore, structure-based drug design, computational methods for in silico screening and nanobiotechnology- based tools are simplifying this time-consuming and money-intensive research of lead compounds and, possibly, new drugs. Biological interactions such as those that occur between a protein and ligand are concerted events where flexible molecules interact. Thus understanding flexibility of large molecules or biological complexes is of primary importance to help define the right model to approximate the reality for drug discovery, virtual screening, food safety analysis, etc. NRs are known as flexible targets, with many structural similarities, in particular for their Ligand Binding Domain: these similarities could be assumed to share behavioural qualities that belong to this class of compounds. Thus to supply a possible, complete and exhaustive answer to questions about the behaviour of NRs, their interactions with new potential drugs, endocrine disruptors such as animal and human food toxins, food additives or industry residuals, it is mandatory to approach the problem from a different point of view: a molecular modelling approach, steered synthesis, and in vitro and in vivo tests, etc. The aim of this book is to provide a state of the art review on investigations into Nuclear Receptors.
Professor Cozzini's main research interests have been the development of chemistry software and Database Design and the study of non covalent interactions in large organic host-guest complexes such as mono and bis-calixarenes, cyclodestrins and phorphirins, using different computational techniques. He is involved in the study of in silico molecular association using different molecular modelling approaches. In particular, he developed, together with Profs. Abraham, Kellogg and Mozzarelli, a new methodology based on a non Newtonian force field (HINT), to study biomolecular association, including the evaluation of the water role and the protonation state of the models. He has collaborations with Profs. D. Abraham and G. Kellogg, Institute for Structural Biology and Drug Discovery, Virginia Commonwealth (VA), Prof. A. Olson, Molecular Graphics Laboratory, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla (CA), Prof. S. Guccione, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Catania, and with colleagues at University of Parma. Glen E. Kellogg is an Associate Professor in the Department of Medicinal Chemistry at Virginia Commonwealth University, USA.