BOOK
Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, Global Edition
Frederic H. Martini | Judi L. Nath | Edwin F. Bartholomew
(2015)
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Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cover | Cover | ||
| Title\r | Title | ||
| Preface | 5 | ||
| Contents | 11 | ||
| UNIT 1 Levels of Organization\r | 27 | ||
| 1 An Introduction to \rAnatomy and Physiology | 27 | ||
| An Introduction to Studying the Human Body\r | 28 | ||
| 1-1 Anatomy and physiology directly affect\ryour life\r | 28 | ||
| 1-2 \rAnatomy is structure, and physiology is function | 29 | ||
| 1-3 Anatomy and physiology are closely integrated\r | 30 | ||
| Anatomy | 30 | ||
| Physiology | 31 | ||
| 1-4 Levels of organization progress from molecules to a complete organism\r | 32 | ||
| 1-5 Homeostasis is the state\rof internal balance\r | 33 | ||
| 1-6 Negative feedback opposes variations from normal, whereas positive feedback exaggerates them\r | 36 | ||
| The Role of Negative Feedback in \rHomeostasis | 36 | ||
| The Role of Positive Feedback in Homeostasis\r | 38 | ||
| Systems Integration, Equilibrium, \rand Homeostasis | 39 | ||
| 1-7 Anatomical terms describe body regions, anatomical positions and directions, and body sections\r | 40 | ||
| Superficial Anatomy | 40 | ||
| Sectional Anatomy | 42 | ||
| 1-8 Body cavities of the trunk protect internal organs and allow them to change shape\r | 44 | ||
| The Thoracic Cavity | 48 | ||
| The Abdominopelvic Cavity | 48 | ||
| Chapter Review | 49 | ||
| Spotlight | 34 | ||
| Levels of Organization | 34 | ||
| Diagnostic Imaging Techniques | 46 | ||
| Clinical Case | 28 | ||
| Using A&P to Save a Life | 28 | ||
| Clinical Note | 31 | ||
| Autopsies and Cadaver Dissection | 31 | ||
| Auscultation | 40 | ||
| 2 The Chemical Level of Organization\r | 52 | ||
| An Introduction to the Chemical Level of Organization\r | 53 | ||
| 2-1 Atoms are the basic particles of \rmatter | 53 | ||
| Atomic Structure | 53 | ||
| Elements and Isotopes | 54 | ||
| Atomic Weights | 55 | ||
| Electrons and Energy Levels | 56 | ||
| 2-2 Chemical bonds are forces formed by atom interactions\r | 57 | ||
| Ionic Bonds | 57 | ||
| Covalent Bonds | 60 | ||
| Hydrogen Bonds | 61 | ||
| States of Matter | 61 | ||
| 2-3 \rDecomposition, synthesis, and exchange reactions are important chemical reactions in physiology | 62 | ||
| Basic Energy Concepts | 62 | ||
| Types of Chemical Reactions\r | 63 | ||
| 2-4 Enzymes catalyze specific biochemical reactions by lowering the energy needed to start them\r | 64 | ||
| 2-5 Inorganic compounds lack carbon, and organic compounds contain carbon\r | 65 | ||
| 2-6 Physiological systems depend on water\r | 65 | ||
| The Properties of Aqueous Solutions | 66 | ||
| Colloids and Suspensions | 67 | ||
| 2-7 Body fluid pH is vital \rfor homeostasis | 67 | ||
| 2-8 Acids, bases, and salts are inorganic compounds with important physiological roles\r | 68 | ||
| Salts | 69 | ||
| Buffers and pH Control | 69 | ||
| 2-9 Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio\r | 69 | ||
| Monosaccharides | 70 | ||
| Disaccharides and Polysaccharides | 71 | ||
| 2-10 Lipids often contain a carbon-to-hydrogen ratio of 1:2\r | 72 | ||
| Fatty Acids | 72 | ||
| Eicosanoids | 73 | ||
| Glycerides | 74 | ||
| Steroids | 74 | ||
| Phospholipids and Glycolipids | 75 | ||
| 2-11 Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and are formed from amino acids\r | 77 | ||
| Protein Structure | 77 | ||
| Protein Shape | 78 | ||
| Enzyme Function | 80 | ||
| Glycoproteins and Proteoglycans | 82 | ||
| 2-12 DNA and RNA are nucleic acids | 82 | ||
| Structure of Nucleic Acids | 82 | ||
| RNA and DNA | 82 | ||
| 2-13 \rATP is a high-energy compound used by cells | 84 | ||
| 2-14 Chemicals and their interactions form functional units called cells\r | 85 | ||
| Chapter Review | 86 | ||
| Spotlight | 58 | ||
| Chemical Notation | 58 | ||
| Clinical Case | 53 | ||
| What Is Wrong with My Baby? | 53 | ||
| Clinical Note | 55 | ||
| Radiation Sickness\r | 55 | ||
| Fatty Acids and Health | 74 | ||
| 3 The Cellular Level of\rrganization | 90 | ||
| An Introduction to Cells\r | 91 | ||
| 3-1 The plasma membrane separates the cell from its surrounding environment and performs various functions\r | 91 | ||
| Membrane Lipids\r | 94 | ||
| Membrane Proteins | 95 | ||
| Membrane Carbohydrates | 96 | ||
| 3-2 Organelles within the cytoplas perform particular functions | 96 | ||
| The Cytosol | 96 | ||
| The Organelles | 97 | ||
| 3-3 The nucleus contains DNA and enzymes essential for controlling cellular activities\r | 108 | ||
| Contents of the Nucleus | 109 | ||
| Information Storage in the Nucleus | 109 | ||
| 3-4 DNA controls protein synthesis, cell structure, and cell function\r | 110 | ||
| The Role of Gene Activation in Protein Synthesis\r | 110 | ||
| The Transcription of mRNA | 110 | ||
| Translation and Protein Synthesis | 112 | ||
| How the Nucleus Controls Cell Structure and Function\r | 113 | ||
| 3-5 Diffusion is a passive transport mechanism that assists membrane passage | 113 | ||
| Diffusion | 115 | ||
| Diffusion across Plasma Membranes | 117 | ||
| 3-6 Carrier-mediated and vesicular transport assist membrane passage\r | 120 | ||
| Carrier-Mediated Transport | 120 | ||
| Vesicular Transport | 122 | ||
| 3-7 The membrane potential results from the unequal distribution of positive and negative charges across the plasma membrane\r | 126 | ||
| 3-8 Stages of a cell’s life cycle include interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis \x0B | 127 | ||
| DNA Replication | 127 | ||
| Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis | 127 | ||
| The Mitotic Rate and Energy Use | 129 | ||
| 3-9 \rSeveral growth factors affect the cell life cycle | 129 | ||
| 3-10 Tumors and cancers are characterized by abnormal cell growth and division\r | 132 | ||
| 3-11 Differentiation is cellular specialization as a result of gene activation or repression\r | 134 | ||
| Chapter Review | 135 | ||
| Spotlight\r | 92 | ||
| Anatomy of a Model Cell\r | 92 | ||
| Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Packaging\r | 104 | ||
| Overview of Membrane Transport\r | 124 | ||
| DNA Replication\r | 128 | ||
| Stages of a Cell’s Life Cycle\r | 130 | ||
| Clinical Case | 91 | ||
| When Your Heart Is in the Wrong Place\r | 91 | ||
| Clinical Notes\r | 106 | ||
| Inheritable Mitochondrial Disorders | 106 | ||
| DNA Fingerprinting | 110 | ||
| Mutations | 112 | ||
| Drugs and the Plasma Membrane | 116 | ||
| Telomerase, Aging, and Cancer | 133 | ||
| Parkinson’s disease | 134 | ||
| 4 The Tissue Level \rof Organization | 139 | ||
| An Introduction to the Tissue Level of Organization\r | 140 | ||
| 4-1 The four tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural\r | 140 | ||
| 4-2 Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces, lines cavities and tubular structures, and serves essential functions\r | 140 | ||
| Functions of Epithelial Tissue | 141 | ||
| Specializations of Epithelial Cells | 141 | ||
| Maintaining the Integrity of Epithelia | 142 | ||
| 4-3 \rCell shape and number of layers determine the classification of epithelia | 144 | ||
| Classification of Epithelia | 145 | ||
| Glandular Epithelia\r | 149 | ||
| 4-4 Connective tissue provides a protective structural framework for other tissue types\r | 152 | ||
| Classification of Connective Tissues | 152 | ||
| Connective Tissue Proper | 152 | ||
| 4-5 Cartilage and bone provide a strong supporting framework\r | 159 | ||
| Cartilage | 159 | ||
| Bone | 162 | ||
| 4-6 Tissue membranes are physical barriers of four types: mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial\r | 163 | ||
| Mucous Membranes | 163 | ||
| Serous Membranes | 163 | ||
| The Cutaneous Membrane | 165 | ||
| Synovial Membranes | 165 | ||
| 4-7 Connective tissue creates the internal framework\rof the body\r | 165 | ||
| 4-8 The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth\r | 166 | ||
| Skeletal Muscle Tissue | 166 | ||
| Cardiac Muscle Tissue | 168 | ||
| Smooth Muscle Tissue | 168 | ||
| 4-9 Neural tissue responds to stimuli and propagates electrical impulses throughout the body\r | 168 | ||
| 4-10 The response to tissue injury involves inflammation and regeneration\r | 170 | ||
| Inflammation | 170 | ||
| Regeneration | 170 | ||
| 4-11 With advancing age, tissue repair declines and cancer rates increase\r | 170 | ||
| Aging and Tissue Structure | 170 | ||
| Aging and Cancer Incidence | 172 | ||
| Chapter Review | 172 | ||
| Spotlight | 171 | ||
| Inflammation and Regeneration | 171 | ||
| Clinical Case | 140 | ||
| The Rubber Girl | 140 | ||
| Clinical Note | 146 | ||
| Exfoliative Cytology | 146 | ||
| Marfan’s Syndrome | 155 | ||
| UNIT 2 Support and Movement\r | 176 | ||
| 5 The Integumentary System\r | 176 | ||
| An Introduction to the Integumentary System\r | 177 | ||
| 5-1 The epidermis is composed of layers with various functions\r | 179 | ||
| Stratum Basale | 179 | ||
| Stratum Spinosum | 179 | ||
| Stratum Granulosum | 181 | ||
| Stratum Lucidum | 181 | ||
| Stratum Corneum | 181 | ||
| 5-2 Factors influencing skin color are epidermal pigmentation and dermal circulation\r | 181 | ||
| The Role of Epidermal Pigmentation | 182 | ||
| The Role of Dermal Circulation | 183 | ||
| 5-3 Sunlight causes epidermal cells to convert a steroid into vitamin D3\r | 184 | ||
| 5-4 Epidermal growth factor has several effects on the epidermis and epithelia\r | 185 | ||
| 5-5 The dermis is the tissue layer that supports the epidermis\r | 186 | ||
| Dermal Strength and Elasticity | 186 | ||
| Cleavage Lines | 187 | ||
| The Dermal Blood Supply | 187 | ||
| Innervation of the Skin | 187 | ||
| 5-6 The hypodermis connects the dermis to underlying tissues\r | 188 | ||
| 5-7 Hair is composed of keratinized dead cells that have been pushed to the surface\r | 189 | ||
| Hair Production\r | 191 | ||
| The Hair Growth Cycle | 191 | ||
| Types of Hairs | 191 | ||
| Hair Color | 191 | ||
| 5-8 Sebaceous glands and sweat glands are exocrine glands found in the skin\r | 192 | ||
| Sebaceous Glands | 192 | ||
| Sweat Glands | 193 | ||
| Other Integumentary Glands | 194 | ||
| Control of Glandular Secretions and the Homeostatic Role of the Integument\r | 194 | ||
| 5-9 Nails are keratinized epidermal cells that protect the tips of fingers and toes\r | 195 | ||
| 5-10 Several phases are involved in repairing the integument following an injury\r | 195 | ||
| 5-11 Effects of aging include skin thinning, wrinkling, and reduced melanocyte activity\r | 198 | ||
| Chapter Review | 201 | ||
| Spotlight | 180 | ||
| The Epidermis | 180 | ||
| Clinical Case | 177 | ||
| Skin Cells in Overdrive | 177 | ||
| Clinical Note | 184 | ||
| skin cancer\r | 184 | ||
| Decubitis Ulcers | 187 | ||
| Liposuction | 189 | ||
| Burns and Grafts | 197 | ||
| Skin Abnormalities | 198 | ||
| 6 Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure | 204 | ||
| An Introduction to the Skeletal System | 205 | ||
| 6-1 The skeletal system has five primary functions\r | 205 | ||
| 6-2 Bones are classified according to shape and structure, and they have a variety of surface markings\r | 206 | ||
| Bone Shapes | 206 | ||
| Bone Markings | 207 | ||
| Bone Structure | 208 | ||
| 6-3 Bone is composed of matrix and several types of cells: osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts\r | 208 | ||
| Bone Matrix | 209 | ||
| Bone Cells. | 209 | ||
| 6-4 Compact bone contains parallel osteons, and spongy bone contains trabeculae\r | 210 | ||
| Compact Bone Structure | 211 | ||
| Spongy Bone Structure | 212 | ||
| The Periosteum and Endosteum | 213 | ||
| 6-5 Bones form through ossification and enlarge through appositional growth and remodeling\r | 215 | ||
| Endochondral Ossification | 215 | ||
| Intramembranous Ossification | 218 | ||
| The Blood and Nerve Supplies to Bone | 218 | ||
| 6-6 Bone growth and development depend on a balance between bone formation and bone resorption\r | 218 | ||
| 6-7 Exercise, hormones, and nutrition affect bone development and the skeletal system\r | 220 | ||
| The Effects of Exercise on Bone\r | 220 | ||
| Nutritional and Hormonal Effects on Bone | 220 | ||
| 6-8 Calcium plays a critical role in bone physiology\r | 222 | ||
| The Skeleton as a Calcium Reserve | 222 | ||
| Hormones and Calcium Balance\r | 222 | ||
| 6-9 A fracture is a crack or break in a bone\r | 224 | ||
| 6-10 Osteopenia has a widespread effect on aging skeletal tissue\r | 225 | ||
| Chapter Review | 229 | ||
| Spotlight | 216 | ||
| Endochondral Ossification | 216 | ||
| Types of Fractures and Steps in Repair\r | 226 | ||
| Clinical Case\r | 205 | ||
| A Case of Child Abuse?\r | 205 | ||
| Clinical Note | 214 | ||
| Heterotopic Bone Formation | 214 | ||
| Abnormal Bone Development | 222 | ||
| 7 \rThe Axial Skeleton | 232 | ||
| An Introduction to the Axial Skeleton\r | 233 | ||
| 7-1 The 80 bones of the head and trunk make up the axial skeleton\r | 233 | ||
| 7-2 The skull is composed of 8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones\r | 233 | ||
| 7-3 Each orbital complex contains an eye, and the nasal\rcomplex encloses the nasal cavities\r | 249 | ||
| The Orbital Complexes | 249 | ||
| The Nasal Complex | 249 | ||
| 7-4 Fontanelles are non-ossified areas between cranial bones that allow for brain growth in infants and small children\r | 250 | ||
| 7-5 The vertebral column has four \rspinal curves | 252 | ||
| Spinal Curvature | 252 | ||
| Vertebral Anatomy | 253 | ||
| 7-6 The five vertebral regions are the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, \rand coccygeal regions | 254 | ||
| Cervical Vertebrae | 255 | ||
| Thoracic Vertebrae | 258 | ||
| Lumbar Vertebrae | 258 | ||
| The Sacrum\r | 258 | ||
| The Coccyx\r | 261 | ||
| 7-7 The thoracic cage protects organs in the chest and provides sites for muscle attachment\r | 261 | ||
| The Ribs | 261 | ||
| The Sternum | 262 | ||
| Chapter Review | 264 | ||
| Spotlight\r | 238 | ||
| Sectional Anatomy of the Skull | 238 | ||
| Clinical Case | 233 | ||
| Knocked Out | 233 | ||
| Clinical Note | 248 | ||
| Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome | 248 | ||
| Sinusitis | 251 | ||
| Craniostenosis\r | 252 | ||
| Kyphosis, Lordosis, and Scoliosis | 255 | ||
| 8 The Appendicular Skeleton \r | 267 | ||
| An Introduction to the Appendicular Skeleton\r | 268 | ||
| 8-1 \rThe pectoral girdles—the clavicles and scapulae—attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton | 268 | ||
| The Clavicles\r | 270 | ||
| The Scapulae | 270 | ||
| 8-2 The upper limbs are adapted for free movement\r | 271 | ||
| The Humerus | 271 | ||
| The Ulna | 273 | ||
| The Radius | 273 | ||
| The Carpal Bones | 273 | ||
| The Metacarpal Bones and Phalanges | 274 | ||
| 8-3 The pelvic girdle—two hip bones—attaches the lower limbs \rto the axial skeleton | 276 | ||
| The Pelvic Girdle | 276 | ||
| The Pelvis | 276 | ||
| 8-4 The lower limbs are adapted for movement and \rsupport | 280 | ||
| The Femur | 280 | ||
| The Patella | 280 | ||
| The Tibia | 282 | ||
| The Fibula | 282 | ||
| The Tarsal Bones | 283 | ||
| The Metatarsal Bones and Phalanges | 284 | ||
| 8-5 Sex differences and age account for individual skeletal variation\r | 284 | ||
| Chapter Review | 286 | ||
| Spotlight | 279 | ||
| Sex Differences in the Human Skeleton | 279 | ||
| Clinical Case | 268 | ||
| The Orthopedic Surgeon’s Nightmare\r | 268 | ||
| Clinical Note | 275 | ||
| Carpal Tunnel Syndrome | 275 | ||
| Hip Fracture | 280 | ||
| Runner’s Knee | 280 | ||
| Stress Fractures | 284 | ||
| Congenital Talipes \rEquinovarus | 284 | ||
| 9 Joint \r | 289 | ||
| An Introduction to Joints\r | 290 | ||
| 9-1 Joints are categorized according to their range of motion or structure\r | 290 | ||
| 9-2 Synovial joints are freely movable joints containing synovial fluid\r | 292 | ||
| Articular Cartilage | 292 | ||
| Synovial Fluid | 293 | ||
| Accessory Structures | 293 | ||
| Factors That Stabilize Synovial Joints | 293 | ||
| 9-3 The structure and function of synovial joints enable various skeletal movements\r | 294 | ||
| Types of Movements at Synovial Joints | 295 | ||
| 9-4 Intervertebral discs and ligaments are structural components of intervertebral joints\r | 300 | ||
| Intervertebral Discs | 300 | ||
| Intervertebral Ligaments | 301 | ||
| Vertebral Movements | 301 | ||
| The shoulder is a ball-and-socket joint, and the \relbow\ris a hinge joint | 302 | ||
| The Shoulder Joint | 302 | ||
| The Elbow Joint | 304 | ||
| 9-6 The hip is a ball-and-socket joint, and the knee is a hinge joint\r | 305 | ||
| The Hip Joint | 305 | ||
| The Knee Joint | 306 | ||
| 9-7 With advancing age, arthritis and other degenerative changes impair joint mobility\r | 309 | ||
| 9-8 The skeletal system supports and stores energy and minerals for other body systems\r | 310 | ||
| Chapter Review | 312 | ||
| Spotlight | 296 | ||
| Joint Movement | 296 | ||
| Clinical Case | 290 | ||
| What’s Ailing the Birthday Girl? | 290 | ||
| Clinical Note | 294 | ||
| Bursitis and Bunions | 294 | ||
| Dislocation and Subluxation | 294 | ||
| Damage to Intervertebral Discs | 301 | ||
| Knee Injuries | 309 | ||
| 10 Muscle Tissue | 315 | ||
| An Introduction to Muscle Tissue\r | 316 | ||
| 10-1 Skeletal muscle performs six major functions\r | 316 | ||
| 10-2 A skeletal muscle contains muscle tissue, connective tissues, blood vessels, and nerves\r | 317 | ||
| Organization of Connective Tissues | 318 | ||
| Blood Vessels and Nerves | 318 | ||
| 10-3 Skeletal muscle fibers have distinctive features\r | 318 | ||
| The Sarcolemma and Transverse Tubules | 318 | ||
| Myofibrils | 319 | ||
| The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum | 320 | ||
| Sarcomeres | 321 | ||
| Sliding Filaments and Muscle Contraction | 324 | ||
| 10-4 The nervous system communicates with skeletal muscles at the neuromuscular junction\r | 325 | ||
| Electrical Impulses and Excitable Membranes | 328 | ||
| The Control of Skeletal Muscle Activity | 328 | ||
| Excitation–Contraction Coupling | 328 | ||
| Relaxation | 334 | ||
| 10-5 Sarcomere shortening and muscle fiber stimulation produce tension\r | 334 | ||
| Tension Production by Muscle Fibers | 334 | ||
| Tension Production by Skeletal Muscles | 338 | ||
| Motor Units and Tension Production | 338 | ||
| 10-6 ATP provides energy for muscle contraction\r | 342 | ||
| ATP and CP Reserves | 342 | ||
| ATP Generation | 343 | ||
| Energy Use and the Level of Muscular Activity | 344 | ||
| Muscle Fatigue | 344 | ||
| The Recovery Period | 344 | ||
| Hormones and Muscle Metabolism | 346 | ||
| 10-7 Muscle performance capabilities depend on muscle fiber type and physical conditioning\r | 346 | ||
| Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers | 346 | ||
| Muscle Performance and the Distribution of Muscle Fibers\r | 347 | ||
| Muscle Hypertrophy and Atrophy | 347 | ||
| Physical Conditioning | 348 | ||
| 10-8 Cardiac muscle tissue differs structurally and functionally from skeletal muscle tissue\r | 350 | ||
| Structural Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle Tissue\r | 350 | ||
| Functional Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle Tissue\r | 351 | ||
| 10-9 Smooth muscle tissue differs structurally and functionally from skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue\r | 351 | ||
| Structural Characteristics of \rSmooth Muscle Tissue | 352 | ||
| Functional Characteristics of Smooth Muscle Tissue\r | 353 | ||
| Chapter Review | 354 | ||
| Spotlight\r | 326 | ||
| Events at the Neuromuscular Junction\r | 326 | ||
| Excitation–Contraction Coupling\r | 329 | ||
| The Contraction Cycle and Cross-Bridge Formation\r | 330 | ||
| Clinical Case | 316 | ||
| A Real Eye Opener | 316 | ||
| Clinical Note | 332 | ||
| Tetanus | 332 | ||
| Rigor Mortis | 334 | ||
| Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness | 349 | ||
| 11 The Muscular System\r | 358 | ||
| An Introduction to the Muscular System\r | 359 | ||
| 11-1 Fascicle arrangement is correlated with muscle power and range of motion\r | 359 | ||
| Parallel Muscles | 359 | ||
| Convergent Muscles | 359 | ||
| Pennate Muscles | 360 | ||
| Circular Muscles | 361 | ||
| 11-2 The three classes of levers increase muscle efficiency\r | 361 | ||
| 11-3 Muscle origins are at the fixed end of muscles, and insertions are at the movable end of muscles\r | 362 | ||
| Origins and Insertions | 362 | ||
| Actions | 363 | ||
| 11-4 Descriptive terms are used to name skeletal muscles\r | 365 | ||
| Location in the Body | 365 | ||
| Origin and Insertion | 365 | ||
| Fascicle Organization | 365 | ||
| Position\r | 365 | ||
| Structural Characteristics | 365 | ||
| Action | 366 | ||
| Axial and Appendicular Muscles | 367 | ||
| 11-5 Axial muscles are muscles of the head and neck, vertebral column, trunk, and pelvic floor\r | 367 | ||
| Muscles of the Head and Neck | 367 | ||
| Muscles of the Vertebral Column | 377 | ||
| Oblique and Rectus Muscles | 380 | ||
| Muscles of the Pelvic Floor | 382 | ||
| 11-6 Appendicular muscles are muscles of the shoulders, upper limbs, pelvis, and lower limbs\r | 384 | ||
| Muscles of the Shoulders and Upper Limbs | 384 | ||
| Muscles of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs | 395 | ||
| 11-7 With advancing age, the size and power of muscle tissue decrease\r | 405 | ||
| 11-8 Exercise produces responses in multiple body systems\r | 405 | ||
| Chapter Review | 407 | ||
| Spotlight\r | 364 | ||
| Muscle Action\r | 364 | ||
| Clinical Case | 359 | ||
| The Weekend Warrior | 359 | ||
| Clinical Note | 370 | ||
| Intramuscular Injections | 370 | ||
| Hernia | 404 | ||
| UNIT 3 Control and Regulation\r | 411 | ||
| 12 Neural Tissue | 411 | ||
| An Introduction to Neural Tissue\r | 412 | ||
| 12-1 The nervous system has anatomical and functional divisions \r | 412 | ||
| The Anatomical Divisions of the Nervous System\r | 412 | ||
| The Functional Divisions of the Nervous System \r | 413 | ||
| 12-2 Neurons are nerve cells specialized for intercellular communication \r | 414 | ||
| The Structure of Neurons | 414 | ||
| The Classification of Neurons | 416 | ||
| 12-3 CNS and PNS neuroglia support and protect neurons \r | 418 | ||
| Neuroglia of the Central Nervous System | 418 | ||
| Neuroglia of the Peripheral Nervous System\r | 423 | ||
| Neural Responses to Injuries | 424 | ||
| 12-4 The membrane potential is the electrical potential of the cell’s interior relative to its surroundings \r | 424 | ||
| The Membrane Potential | 424 | ||
| Changes in the Membrane Potential | 428 | ||
| Graded Potentials | 430 | ||
| 12-5 An action potential is an electrical event \r | 432 | ||
| The All-or-None Principle | 432 | ||
| The All-or-None Principle\r | 432 | ||
| Propagation of Action Potentials | 433 | ||
| 12-6 Axon diameter, in addition to myelin, affects propagation speed \r | 438 | ||
| 12-7 At synapses, communication occurs among neurons or between neurons and other cells Synaptic Activity \r | 439 | ||
| General Properties of Synapses | 439 | ||
| Cholinergic Synapses | 440 | ||
| 12-8 \rNeurotransmitters and neuromodulators have various functions | 442 | ||
| The Activities of Other \rNeurotransmitters | 442 | ||
| Neuromodulators | 443 | ||
| How Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators Work\r | 446 | ||
| 12-9 Individual neurons process information by integrating excitatory and inhibitory stimuli \rPostsynaptic Potentials \r | 447 | ||
| Presynaptic Inhibition and Presynaptic Facilitation \r | 449 | ||
| The Rate of Generation of Action Potentials | 449 | ||
| Chapter Review | 451 | ||
| Spotlight | 426 | ||
| Resting Membrane Potential | 426 | ||
| Generation of an Action Potential | 434 | ||
| Propagation of an Action Potential | 436 | ||
| Clinical Case | 412 | ||
| Did Franklin D. Roosevelt Really Have Polio?\r | 412 | ||
| Clinical Note | 416 | ||
| Rabies | 416 | ||
| Tumors | 418 | ||
| Demyelination | 421 | ||
| 13 The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes \r | 455 | ||
| 13-1 The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system (CNS), and the cranial nerves and spinal nerves make up the peripheral nervous system (PNS) \r | 456 | ||
| 13-2 The spinal cord is surrounded by three meninges and carries sensory and motor information \r | 457 | ||
| Gross Anatomy of the Spinal Cord | 457 | ||
| Spinal Meninges | 459 | ||
| 13-3 Gray matter integrates information and initiates commands, and white matter carries information from place to place\r | 461 | ||
| Organization of Gray Matter | 463 | ||
| Organization of White Matter | 463 | ||
| 13-4 Spinal nerves form plexuses that are named according to their level of emergence from the vertebral canal\r | 463 | ||
| Anatomy of Spinal Nerves | 463 | ||
| Peripheral Distribution of Spinal Nerves | 464 | ||
| Nerve Plexuses | 464 | ||
| 13-5 Interneurons are organized into functional groups called neuronal pools\r | 473 | ||
| 13-6 Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli\r | 475 | ||
| The Reflex Arc | 475 | ||
| Classification of Reflexes | 478 | ||
| 13-7 Spinal reflexes vary in complexity\r | 479 | ||
| Monosynaptic Reflexes | 479 | ||
| Polysynaptic Reflexes | 480 | ||
| 13-8 The brain can affect spinal cord–based reflexes\r | 481 | ||
| Voluntary Movements and Reflex Motor Patterns\r | 482 | ||
| Reinforcement and Inhibition | 482 | ||
| Chapter Review | 483 | ||
| Spotlight | 466 | ||
| Peripheral Distribution of Spinal Nerves | 466 | ||
| Spinal Reflexes | 476 | ||
| Clinical Case | 456 | ||
| Prom Night | 456 | ||
| Clinical Note | 461 | ||
| Anesthesia | 461 | ||
| Shingles | 465 | ||
| Sensory Innervation in the Hand | 470 | ||
| Sensory Innervation in the Ankle and Foot\r | 473 | ||
| An Introduction to the Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes \r | 456 | ||
| 14 The Brain and Cranial Nerves\x0B | 487 | ||
| An Introduction to the Brain and Cranial Nerves\r | 488 | ||
| 14-1 The brain has several principal structures, each with specific functions \r | 488 | ||
| Major Brain Regions and Landmarks | 488 | ||
| Embryology of the Brain | 490 | ||
| Ventricles of the Brain | 490 | ||
| The brain is protected and supported by the cranial meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and the blood–brain \rbarrier | 491 | ||
| The Cranial Meninges | 491 | ||
| Cerebrospinal Fluid | 493 | ||
| The Blood Supply to the Brain | 495 | ||
| 14-3 The medulla oblongata is continuous with the spinal cord and contains vital centers\r | 496 | ||
| 14-4 The pons contains nuclei and tracts that carry or relay sensory and motor information\r | 498 | ||
| 14-5 The cerebellum coordinates learned and reflexive patterns of muscular activity at the subconscious level\r | 499 | ||
| 14-6 The midbrain regulates auditory and visual reflexes and controls alertness\r | 501 | ||
| 14-7 The diencephalon integrates sensory information with motor output at the subconscious level\r | 503 | ||
| The Thalamus | 503 | ||
| The Hypothalamus | 504 | ||
| 14-8 The limbic system is a group of tracts and nuclei that function in emotion, motivation, and memory\r | 506 | ||
| 14-9 The cerebrum, the largest region of the brain, contains motor, sensory, and association areas\r | 508 | ||
| The Cerebral Cortex | 508 | ||
| The White Matter of the Cerebrum | 508 | ||
| The Basal Nuclei | 508 | ||
| Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex | 512 | ||
| 14-10 Cranial reflexes involve sensory and motor fibers of cranial nerves\r | 529 | ||
| Chapter Review | 530 | ||
| Spotlight | 494 | ||
| Formation and Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid | 494 | ||
| Clinical Case | 488 | ||
| The Neuroanatomist’s Stroke | 488 | ||
| Clinical Note | 493 | ||
| Epidural and Subdural Hemorrhages | 493 | ||
| Disconnection Syndrome | 514 | ||
| Aphasia and Dyslexia | 515 | ||
| 15 Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System\r | 534 | ||
| An Introduction to Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous\rSystem\r | 535 | ||
| 15-1 Sensory information from all parts of the body is routed to the somatosensory cortex\r | 535 | ||
| 15-2 Sensory receptors connect our internal and external environments with the nervous system\r | 536 | ||
| The Detection of Stimuli | 536 | ||
| The Interpretation of Sensory Information | 537 | ||
| Adaptation | 538 | ||
| 15-3 General sensory receptors are classified by the type of stimulus that excites them \r | 539 | ||
| Nociceptors | 539 | ||
| Thermoreceptors | 540 | ||
| Mechanoreceptors | 540 | ||
| Chemoreceptors\r | 543 | ||
| 15-4 Separate pathways carry somatic sensory and visceral sensory information\r | 544 | ||
| Visceral Sensory Pathways | 549 | ||
| 15-5 The somatic nervous system is an efferent division that controls skeletal muscles \r | 549 | ||
| The Corticospinal Pathway | 550 | ||
| The Medial and Lateral Pathways | 551 | ||
| The Basal Nuclei and Cerebellum | 552 | ||
| Levels of Processing and Motor Control | 553 | ||
| Chapter Review | 554 | ||
| Spotlight | 546 | ||
| Somatic Sensory Pathways | 544 | ||
| Clinical Case | 535 | ||
| Living with Cerebral Palsy | 535 | ||
| Clinical Note | 543 | ||
| Assessment of Tactile Sensitivities | 543 | ||
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | 552 | ||
| Cerebral Palsy | 553 | ||
| 16 The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions\r | 557 | ||
| An Introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order Functions\r | 558 | ||
| 16-1 The autonomic nervous system is involved in the unconscious regulation of visceral functions and has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions\r | 558 | ||
| Organization of the ANS\r | 558 | ||
| Divisions of the ANS\r | 559 | ||
| 16-2 The sympathetic division consists of preganglionic neurons and ganglionic neurons involved in using energy and increasing metabolic rate\r | 562 | ||
| Organization and Anatomy of the Sympathetic Division\r | 563 | ||
| Sympathetic Activation | 566 | ||
| 16-3 Stimulation of sympathetic neurons leads to the release of various neurotransmitters\r\r | 566 | ||
| Sympathetic Stimulation and the Release of NE and E\r | 567 | ||
| Sympathetic Stimulation and the Release of ACh and NO\r | 567 | ||
| Summary: The Sympathetic Division | 568 | ||
| 16-4 The parasympathetic division consists of reganglionic neurons and ganglionic neurons involved in conserving energy and lowering metabolic rate\r | 568 | ||
| Organization and Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Division\r | 568 | ||
| Parasympathetic Activation | 568 | ||
| 16-5 Stimulation of parasympathetic neurons leads to the release of the neurotransmitter ACh\r | 570 | ||
| Neurotransmitter Release | 570 | ||
| Membrane Receptors and Responses | 570 | ||
| Summary: The Parasympathetic Division | 570 | ||
| 16-6 The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions interact, creating dual innervation\r | 571 | ||
| 16-7 Visceral reflexes play a role in the integration and control of autonomic functions\r | 575 | ||
| Visceral Reflexes | 575 | ||
| Higher Levels of Autonomic Control | 576 | ||
| The Integration of SNS and ANS Activities\r | 577 | ||
| 16-8 Higher-order functions include memory and states of consciousness\r | 578 | ||
| Memory | 578 | ||
| States of Consciousness | 580 | ||
| 16-9 Neurotransmitters influence brain chemistry and behavior\r | 582 | ||
| 16-10 Aging produces various structural and functional changes in the nervous system\r | 583 | ||
| Chapter Review | 585 | ||
| Spotlight | 560 | ||
| Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System | 560 | ||
| Clinical Case | 558 | ||
| The First Day in Anatomy Lab | 558 | ||
| Clinical Note | 579 | ||
| Amnesia | 579 | ||
| Categorizing Nervous System Disorders | 581 | ||
| Alzheimer’s Disease | 583 | ||
| 17 The Special Senses | 589 | ||
| 17-1 Olfaction, the sense of smell, involves olfactory receptors responding to chemical stimuli\r | 590 | ||
| Olfactory Receptors | 590 | ||
| Olfactory Pathways | 591 | ||
| Olfactory Discrimination | 591 | ||
| 17-2 Gustation, the sense of taste, involves taste receptors responding to chemical stimuli\r | 594 | ||
| Taste Receptors | 594 | ||
| Gustatory Pathways | 594 | ||
| Gustatory Discrimination | 595 | ||
| 17-3 Internal eye structures contribute to vision, while accessory eye structures provide protection\r | 596 | ||
| Accessory Structures of the Eye | 596 | ||
| The Eye | 599 | ||
| 17-4 Photoreceptors respond to light and change it into electrical signals essential to visual physiology \r | 607 | ||
| Visual Physiology | 607 | ||
| The Visual Pathways | 613 | ||
| 17-5 Equilibrium sensations originate within the internal ear, while hearing involves the detection and interpretation of sound waves\r | 616 | ||
| Anatomy of the Ear | 616 | ||
| Equilibrium | 619 | ||
| Hearing | 622 | ||
| Chapter Review | 630 | ||
| Spotlight\r | 592 | ||
| Olfaction and Gustation | 592 | ||
| Refractive Problems | 608 | ||
| Photoreception | 610 | ||
| Clinical Case | 590 | ||
| A Chance to See | 590 | ||
| Clinical Note | 600 | ||
| Diabetic Retinopathy | 600 | ||
| Detached Retina | 600 | ||
| Glaucoma | 603 | ||
| Motion Sickness | 619 | ||
| An Introduction to the Special Senses\r | 590 | ||
| 18 The Endocrine System\r | 634 | ||
| An Introduction to the Endocrine System\r | 635 | ||
| 18-1 Homeostasis is preserved through intercellular communication\r | 635 | ||
| 18-2 The endocrine system regulates physiological processes through the binding of hormones to receptors\r | 637 | ||
| Classes of Hormones | 637 | ||
| Secretion and Distribution of Hormones | 638 | ||
| Mechanisms of Hormone Action | 640 | ||
| Control of Endocrine Activity by Endocrine Reflexes\r | 642 | ||
| 18-3 The bilobed pituitary gland is an endocrine organ that releases nine peptide hormones\r | 645 | ||
| The Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland\r | 645 | ||
| The Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland | 649 | ||
| Summary: The Hormones of the Pituitary Gland | 651 | ||
| 18-4 The thyroid gland lies inferior to the larynx and requires iodine for hormone synthesis\r | 652 | ||
| Thyroid Follicles and Thyroid Hormones | 652 | ||
| Functions of Thyroid Hormones | 654 | ||
| The C Cells of the Thyroid Gland and Calcitonin | 655 | ||
| 18-5 The four parathyroid glands, embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland, secrete parathyroid hormone to elevate blood Ca2+\r | 656 | ||
| 18-6 The adrenal glands, consisting of a cortex and medulla, cap the kidneys and secrete several hormones\r | 657 | ||
| The Adrenal Cortex | 657 | ||
| The Adrenal Medulla | 660 | ||
| 18-7 The pineal gland, attached to the roof of the third ventricle, secretes melatonin\r | 660 | ||
| 18-8 The pancreas is both an exocrine organ and endocrine gland\r | 661 | ||
| The Pancreatic Islets | 662 | ||
| Insulin | 663 | ||
| Glucagon | 663 | ||
| 18-9 Many organs have secondary endocrine functions\r | 665 | ||
| The Intestines | 665 | ||
| The Kidneys | 665 | ||
| The Heart | 666 | ||
| The Thymus | 666 | ||
| The Gonads | 667 | ||
| Adipose Tissue | 669 | ||
| 18-10 Hormones interact to produce coordinated physiological responses\r | 669 | ||
| Role of Hormones in Growth | 670 | ||
| Aging and Hormone Production | 670 | ||
| Chapter Review | 674 | ||
| Spotlight | 639 | ||
| Structural Classification of Hormones | 639 | ||
| G Proteins and Second Messengers | 641 | ||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 664 | ||
| The General Adaptation Syndrome | 671 | ||
| Clinical Case | 635 | ||
| Stones, Bones, and Groans | 635 | ||
| Clinical Note | 649 | ||
| Diabetes Insipidus | 649 | ||
| Endocrine Disorders | 668 | ||
| Hormones and Athletic Performance | 672 | ||
| UNIT 4 Fluids and Transport\r | 678 | ||
| 19 Blood\r | 678 | ||
| An Introduction to Blood and the Cardiovascular System\r | 679 | ||
| 19-1 Blood has several important functions and unique physical characteristics\r | 679 | ||
| 19-2 Plasma, the fluid portion of blood, contains significant quantities of plasma proteins\r | 682 | ||
| Plasma Proteins | 682 | ||
| 19-3 Red blood cells, formed by erythropoiesis, contain hemoglobin that can be recycled\r | 683 | ||
| Abundance of RBCs | 683 | ||
| Structure of RBCs | 684 | ||
| Hemoglobin | 685 | ||
| RBC Formation and Turnover | 686 | ||
| RBC Production\r | 687 | ||
| 19-4 The ABO blood types and Rh system are based on antigen–antibody responses\r | 690 | ||
| Cross-Reactions in Transfusions | 692 | ||
| Testing for Transfusion Compatibility | 692 | ||
| 19-5 The various types of white blood cells contribute to the body’s defenses\r | 693 | ||
| WBC Circulation and Movement | 693 | ||
| Types of WBCs | 696 | ||
| The Differential Count and Changes in WBC Profiles\r | 697 | ||
| WBC Production | 698 | ||
| 19-6 Platelets, disc-shaped structures formed from megakaryocytes, function in the clotting process\r | 700 | ||
| Platelet Functions | 701 | ||
| Platelet Production | 701 | ||
| 19-7 Hemostasis involves vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation\r | 701 | ||
| The Vascular Phase | 701 | ||
| The Platelet Phase | 702 | ||
| The Coagulation Phase | 703 | ||
| Fibrinolysis | 705 | ||
| Chapter Review | 706 | ||
| Spotlight | 680 | ||
| The Composition of Whole Blood | 680 | ||
| Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn | 694 | ||
| Clinical Case | 679 | ||
| A Mysterious Blood Disorder | 679 | ||
| Clinical Note | 682 | ||
| Collecting Blood for Analysis | 682 | ||
| Plasma Expanders | 683 | ||
| Abnormal Hemoglobin | 686 | ||
| 20 The Heart\r | 710 | ||
| An Introduction to the Cardiovascular System\r | 711 | ||
| 20-1 The heart is a four-chambered organ, supplied by the coronary circulation, that pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body\r | 712 | ||
| The Pericardium | 712 | ||
| Superficial Anatomy of the Heart | 712 | ||
| The Heart Wall | 712 | ||
| Cardiac Muscle Tissue | 715 | ||
| Internal Anatomy and Organization | 715 | ||
| Connective Tissues and the Cardiac Skeleton | 721 | ||
| The Blood Supply to the Heart | 721 | ||
| 20-2 The conducting system distributes electrical impulses through the heart, and an electrocardiogram records the associated electrical events\r | 723 | ||
| Cardiac Physiology | 723 | ||
| The Conducting System | 723 | ||
| The Electrocardiogram | 728 | ||
| Contractile Cells | 729 | ||
| 20-3 Events during a complete heartbeat make up a cardiac cycle\r | 732 | ||
| Phases of the Cardiac Cycle | 733 | ||
| Pressure and Volume Changes in the Cardiac Cycle\r | 734 | ||
| Heart Sounds | 736 | ||
| 20-4 Cardiodynamics examines the factors that affect cardiac output\r | 737 | ||
| Overview: Factors Affecting Cardiac Output | 737 | ||
| Factors Affecting the Heart Rate | 738 | ||
| Factors Affecting the Stroke Volume | 741 | ||
| Summary: The Control of Cardiac Output | 743 | ||
| The Heart and the Cardiovascular System | 744 | ||
| Chapter Review | 745 | ||
| Spotlight | 724 | ||
| Heart Disease and Heart Attacks | 724 | ||
| Cardiac Arrhythmias | 730 | ||
| Clinical Case\r | 711 | ||
| A Needle to the Chest | 711 | ||
| Clinical Note | 734 | ||
| Abnormal Conditions Affecting Cardiac Output | 734 | ||
| 21 Blood Vessels and Circulation\r | 749 | ||
| An Introduction to Blood Vessels and Circulation\r | 750 | ||
| 21-1 Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins differ in size, structure, and functional properties\r | 750 | ||
| The Structure of Vessel Walls | 751 | ||
| Differences between Arteries and Veins | 752 | ||
| Capillaries | 755 | ||
| Veins | 758 | ||
| The Distribution of Blood | 759 | ||
| 21-2 Pressure and resistance determine blood flow and affect rates of capillary exchange\r | 760 | ||
| Pressure | 760 | ||
| Total Peripheral Resistance | 760 | ||
| An Overview of Cardiovascular Pressures | 762 | ||
| Capillary Pressures and Capillary Exchange | 765 | ||
| 21-3 Cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms involve autoregulation, neural mechanisms, and endocrine responses\r | 768 | ||
| Autoregulation of Blood Flow within Tissues | 768 | ||
| Neural Mechanisms | 769 | ||
| Hormones and Cardiovascular Regulation | 772 | ||
| 21-4 The cardiovascular system adapts to physiological stress and maintains a special vascular supply to the brain, heart, and lungs\r | 775 | ||
| The Cardiovascular Response to Exercise | 775 | ||
| The Cardiovascular Response to Hemorrhaging | 777 | ||
| Vascular Supply to Special Regions | 778 | ||
| 21-5 The pulmonary and systemic circuits of the cardiovascular system exhibit three general functional patterns\r | 779 | ||
| 21-6 In the pulmonary circuit, deoxygenated blood enters the lungs in arteries, and oxygenated blood leaves the lungs by veins\r | 780 | ||
| 21-7 The systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to tissues and organs other than the pulmonary exchange surfaces, and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium\r | 781 | ||
| Systemic Arteries | 781 | ||
| Systemic Veins | 789 | ||
| 21-8 Modifications of fetal and maternal cardiovascular systems promote the exchange of materials, and independence occurs at birth\r | 798 | ||
| Placental Blood Supply | 798 | ||
| Fetal Circulation in the Heart and Great Vessels\r | 798 | ||
| Cardiovascular Changes at Birth | 799 | ||
| 21-9 Aging affects the blood, heart, and blood vessels\r | 801 | ||
| Chapter Review | 803 | ||
| Spotlight | 800 | ||
| Congenital Heart Problems | 800 | ||
| Clinical Case | 750 | ||
| Did Ancient Mummies Have Atherosclerosis?\r | 750 | ||
| Clinical Note\r | 754 | ||
| Arteriosclerosis\r | 754 | ||
| Edema | 767 | ||
| 22 The Lymphatic System and Immunity\r | 807 | ||
| 22-1 Surface barriers and internal defenses make up innate defenses, and lymphocytes provide adaptive defenses\r | 808 | ||
| 22-2 Lymphatic vessels, lymphocytes, lymphoid tissues, and lymphoid organs function in body defenses\r | 809 | ||
| Functions of the Lymphatic System | 810 | ||
| Lymphatic Vessels | 810 | ||
| Lymphocytes | 813 | ||
| Lymphoid tissues | 816 | ||
| Lymphoid Organs | 816 | ||
| The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses | 820 | ||
| 22-3 Innate (nonspecific) defenses do not discriminate between potential threats and respond the same regardless of the invader\r | 822 | ||
| Physical Barriers | 822 | ||
| Phagocytes | 822 | ||
| Immune Surveillance | 824 | ||
| Interferons\r | 825 | ||
| Complement System | 825 | ||
| Inflammation, | 827 | ||
| Fever | 828 | ||
| 22-4 Adaptive (specific) defenses respond to individual threats and are either cell-mediated or antibody mediated\r | 828 | ||
| Forms of Immunity | 829 | ||
| Properties of Adaptive Immunity | 830 | ||
| An Introduction to the Immune Response | 830 | ||
| T cells play a role in initiating, maintaining, and\rcontrolling the immune response\r | 831 | ||
| Antigen Presentation | 831 | ||
| Antigen Recognition | 832 | ||
| Activation of CD8 T Cells | 834 | ||
| Activation of CD4 T Cells | 835 | ||
| 22-6 B cells respond to antigens by producing specific antibodies\r | 836 | ||
| B Cell Sensitization and Activation | 836 | ||
| Antibody Structure | 837 | ||
| Primary and Secondary Responses to Antigen Exposure\r | 840 | ||
| Summary of the Immune Response | 841 | ||
| 22-7 Immunocompetence enables a normal immune response; abnormal responses result in immune disorders\r | 844 | ||
| The Development of Immunocompetence | 844 | ||
| Cytokines of the Immune System | 844 | ||
| Immune Disorders | 844 | ||
| Stress and the Immune Response | 849 | ||
| 22-8 The immune response diminishes as we age\r | 851 | ||
| 22-9 The nervous and endocrine systems influence the immune response\r | 851 | ||
| Chapter Review | 852 | ||
| Spotlight | 846 | ||
| Cytokines of the Immune System | 846 | ||
| Clinical Case | 808 | ||
| Isn’t There a Vaccine for That?\r | 808 | ||
| Clinical Note | 814 | ||
| Cancer and the Lymphatic System | 814 | ||
| Graft Rejection and Immunosuppression | 832 | ||
| AIDS | 845 | ||
| An Introduction to the Lymphatic System and Immunity\r | 808 | ||
| UNIT 5 Environmental Exchange\r | 856 | ||
| 23 The Respiratory System\r | 856 | ||
| An Introduction to the Respiratory System\r | 857 | ||
| 23-1 The respiratory system, organized into an upper respiratory system and a lower respiratory system, has several basic functions\r | 857 | ||
| Functions of the Respiratory System | 857 | ||
| Organization of the Respiratory System | 858 | ||
| 23-2 Located outside the thoracic cavity, the upper respiratory system consists of the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx\r | 861 | ||
| The Nose, Nasal Cavity, and Paranasal Sinuses\r | 861 | ||
| The Pharynx | 863 | ||
| 23-3 Composed of cartilages, ligaments, and muscles, the larynx produces sound\r | 863 | ||
| Cartilages and Ligaments of the Larynx | 863 | ||
| Sound Production | 864 | ||
| The Laryngeal Musculature | 865 | ||
| 23-4 The trachea and primary bronchi convey air to and from the lungs\r | 865 | ||
| The Trachea | 865 | ||
| The Primary Bronchi | 866 | ||
| 23-5 Enclosed by pleural cavities, the lungs are paired organs containing alveoli, which permit gaseous exchange\r | 867 | ||
| Lobes and Surfaces of the Lungs | 867 | ||
| The Bronchi | 867 | ||
| The Bronchioles | 867 | ||
| Alveolar Ducts and Alveoli | 869 | ||
| The Blood Supply to the Lungs | 872 | ||
| The Pleural Cavities and Pleural Membranes | 872 | ||
| 23-6 External respiration and internal respiration allow gaseous exchange within the body\r | 873 | ||
| 23-7 Pulmonary ventilation—the exchange of air between the atmosphere and the lungs—involves pressure changes, muscle movement, and respiratory rates and volumes\r | 874 | ||
| The Movement of Air | 874 | ||
| Pressure Changes during Inhalation and Exhalation\r | 875 | ||
| The Mechanics of Breathing | 878 | ||
| Respiratory Rates and Volumes | 880 | ||
| 23-8 Gas exchange depends on the partial pressures of gases and the diffusion of molecules\r | 882 | ||
| The Gas Laws | 882 | ||
| Diffusion and Respiratory Function | 884 | ||
| 23-9 Most oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin; and carbon dioxide is transported in three ways: as carbonic acid, bound to hemoglobin, or dissolved in plasma\r | 886 | ||
| Oxygen Transport | 886 | ||
| Carbon Dioxide Transport | 889 | ||
| Summary: Gas Transport | 890 | ||
| 23-10 Neurons in the medulla oblongata and pons, along with respiratory reflexes, control respiration\r | 890 | ||
| Local Regulation of Gas Transport and Alveolar Function\r | 891 | ||
| The Respiratory Centers of the Brain | 892 | ||
| Respiratory Reflexes\r | 896 | ||
| Voluntary Control of Respiration | 898 | ||
| Changes in the Respiratory System at Birth | 898 | ||
| 23-11 Respiratory performance declines with age\r | 899 | ||
| 23-12 The respiratory system provides oxygen to, and eliminates carbon dioxide from, other organ systems\r | 899 | ||
| Chapter Review | 902 | ||
| Spotlight | 879 | ||
| Respiratory Muscles and Pulmonary Ventilation | 879 | ||
| Control of Respiration | 894 | ||
| Clinical Case | 857 | ||
| How Long Shoulda \rCough Last? | 857 | ||
| Clinical Note | 860 | ||
| Breakdown of the Respiratory Defense System | 860 | ||
| Pneumothorax | 878 | ||
| Decompression Sickness | 884 | ||
| Blood Gas Analysis | 886 | ||
| Carbon Monoxide Poisoning | 889 | ||
| Emphysema and Lung Cancer | 901 | ||
| 24 The Digestive System\r | 906 | ||
| An Introduction to the Digestive System\r | 907 | ||
| 24-1 The digestive system, consisting of the digestive tract and accessory organs, has overlapping food utilization functions\r | 907 | ||
| Functions of the Digestive System | 908 | ||
| The Digestive Organs and the Peritoneum | 909 | ||
| Histology of the Digestive Tract | 911 | ||
| The Movement of Digestive Materials | 912 | ||
| Control of Digestive Functions | 913 | ||
| 24-2 The oral cavity contains the tongue, salivary glands, and teeth, each with specific functions\r | 915 | ||
| The Tongue | 916 | ||
| Salivary Glands | 916 | ||
| The Teeth | 918 | ||
| 24-3 The pharynx is a passageway between the oral cavity and esophagus\r | 920 | ||
| 24-4 The esophagus is a muscular tube that transports solids and liquids from the pharynx to the stomach\r | 921 | ||
| Histology of the Esophagus | 921 | ||
| Swallowing\r | 922 | ||
| 24-5 The stomach is a J-shaped organ that receives the bolus from the esophagus and aids in chemical and mechanical digestion\r | 923 | ||
| Anatomy of the Stomach | 923 | ||
| Regulation of Gastric Activity | 927 | ||
| Digestion and Absorption in the Stomach | 927 | ||
| 24-6 The small intestine digests and absorbs nutrients, and associated glandular organs assist with digestive processes\r | 927 | ||
| The Small Intestine | 927 | ||
| Histology of the Small Intestine | 930 | ||
| Intestinal Secretions | 932 | ||
| Intestinal Movements | 933 | ||
| The Pancreas | 933 | ||
| The Liver | 935 | ||
| The Gallbladder | 940 | ||
| The Coordination of Secretion and Absorption | 940 | ||
| 24-7 The large intestine is divided into three parts with regional specialization\r | 942 | ||
| The Cecum | 943 | ||
| The Colon | 943 | ||
| The Rectum | 945 | ||
| Histology of the Large Intestine | 945 | ||
| Physiology of the Large Intestine | 946 | ||
| 24-8 Digestion is the chemical alteration of food that allows the absorption and use of nutrients\r | 948 | ||
| The Processing and Absorbing of Nutrients | 948 | ||
| Carbohydrate Digestion and Absorption | 948 | ||
| Lipid Digestion and Absorption | 951 | ||
| Protein Digestion and Absorption | 951 | ||
| Water Absorption | 952 | ||
| Ion Absorption | 952 | ||
| 24-9 Many age-related changes affect digestion and absorption | 954 | ||
| 24-10 The digestive system is extensively integrated with other body systems\r | 954 | ||
| Chapter Review | 956 | ||
| Spotlight | 928 | ||
| Regulation of Gastric Activity | 928 | ||
| Chemical Events of Digestion | 949 | ||
| Clinical Case | 907 | ||
| An Unusual Transplant | 907 | ||
| Clinical Note | 909 | ||
| Peritonitis | 909 | ||
| Epithelial Renewal and Repair | 912 | ||
| Mumps | 916 | ||
| Gastritis and Peptic Ulcers | 923 | ||
| Pancreatitis | 933 | ||
| Cirrhosis | 935 | ||
| Colorectal Cancer | 943 | ||
| Inflammatory and Infectious Disorders of the Digestive System\r | 946 | ||
| 25 Metabolism and Energetics\x0B | 961 | ||
| An Introduction to Metabolism and Energetics\r | 962 | ||
| 25-1 Metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions in the body, and energetics refers to the flow and transformation of energy\r | 962 | ||
| 25-2 Carbohydrate metabolism involves glycolysis, ATP production, and gluconeogenesis\r | 965 | ||
| Glycolysis\r | 965 | ||
| Mitochondrial ATP Production | 965 | ||
| Energy Yield of Glycolysis and Cellular \rRespiration | 971 | ||
| Gluconeogenesis | 972 | ||
| 25-3 Lipid metabolism involves lipolysis, beta-oxidation, and the transport and distribution of lipids as free fatty acids and lipoproteins\r | 973 | ||
| Lipid Catabolism | 973 | ||
| Lipid Synthesis | 975 | ||
| Lipid Transport and Distribution | 975 | ||
| 25-4 Protein catabolism involves transamination and deamination, whereas protein synthesis involves amination and transamination\r | 978 | ||
| Amino Acid Catabolism | 978 | ||
| Protein Synthesis | 978 | ||
| 25-5 The body experiences two patterns of metabolic activity: the absorptive and postabsorptive states\r | 982 | ||
| 25-6 Adequate nutrition is necessary to prevent deficiency disorders and ensure physiological functioning\r | 983 | ||
| Food Groups and a Balanced Diet | 983 | ||
| Nitrogen Balance | 983 | ||
| Minerals | 985 | ||
| UNIT 6 Continuity of Life\r | 1076 | ||
| 28 The Reproductive System\r | 1076 | ||
| An Introduction to the Reproductive System\r | 1077 | ||
| 28-1 Basic reproductive system structures are gonads, ducts, accessory glands and organs, and external genitalia\r | 1077 | ||
| 28-2 Spermatogenesis occurs in the testes, and hormones from the hypothalamus, anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, and testes control male reproductive functions\r | 1078 | ||
| The Testes | 1078 | ||
| Spermatogenesis | 1082 | ||
| Mitosis and Meiosis | 1082 | ||
| The Anatomy of a Spermatozoon | 1086 | ||
| The Male Reproductive Tract | 1087 | ||
| The Accessory Glands | 1088 | ||
| Semen | 1090 | ||
| The External Genitalia | 1090 | ||
| Hormones and Male Reproductive Function | 1092 | ||
| 28-3 Oogenesis occurs in the ovaries, and hormones from the pituitary gland and gonads control female reproductive functions\r | 1094 | ||
| The Ovaries | 1095 | ||
| The Uterine Tubes | 1100 | ||
| The Uterus | 1101 | ||
| The Vagina | 1105 | ||
| The External Genitalia | 1106 | ||
| The Mammary Glands | 1107 | ||
| Hormones and Female Reproductive Function | 1107 | ||
| 28-4 The autonomic nervous system influences male and female sexual function\r | 1113 | ||
| Male Sexual Function | 1113 | ||
| Female Sexual Function | 1114 | ||
| 28-5 With age, decreasing levels of reproductive hormones\rcause functional changes \r | 1114 | ||
| Menopause | 1114 | ||
| The Male Climacteric | 1115 | ||
| 28-6 The reproductive system secretes hormones affecting\rgrowth and metabolism of all body systems\r | 1115 | ||
| Spotlight | 1093 | ||
| Regulation of Male Reproduction | 1093 | ||
| Regulation of Female Reproduction | 1110 | ||
| Clinical Case | 1077 | ||
| Chapter Review | 1118 | ||
| A Post-Game Mystery | 1120 | ||
| Clinical Note | 1092 | ||
| Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) | 1092 | ||
| Prostatic Hypertrophy and Prostate Cancer | 1094 | ||
| Ovarian Cancer | 1100 | ||
| Cervical Cancer | 1101 | ||
| Breast Cancer | 1109 | ||
| 29 Development and Inheritance\r | 1121 | ||
| An Introduction to Development and Inheritance\r | 1122 | ||
| 29-1 Development, marked by various stages, is a continuous process that occurs from fertilization to maturity\r | 1122 | ||
| 29-2 Fertilization—the fusion of a secondary oocyte and a spermatozoon—forms a zygote\r | 1123 | ||
| The Oocyte at Ovulation | 1123 | ||
| Oocyte Activation | 1125 | ||
| 29-3 Gestation consists of three stages of prenatal development: the first, second, and third trimesters\r | 1125 | ||
| 29-4 Cleavage, implantation, placentation, and embryogenesis are critical events of the first trimester\r | 1126 | ||
| Cleavage and Blastocyst Formation | 1127 | ||
| Implantation | 1127 | ||
| Placentation | 1132 | ||
| Embryogenesis | 1133 | ||
| 29-5 During the second and third trimesters, maternal organ systems support the developing fetus, and the uterus undergoes structural and functional changes\r | 1138 | ||
| Pregnancy and Maternal Systems | 1138 | ||
| Structural and Functional Changes in the Uterus | 1140 | ||
| 29-6 Labor consists of the dilation,expulsion,\r and placental stages | 1141 | ||
| Stages of Labor | 1141 | ||
| Premature Labor | 1143 | ||
| Difficult Deliveries | 1143 | ||
| Multiple Births | 1143 | ||
| 29-7 Postnatal stages are the neonatal period, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and maturity, followed by senescence \r | 1144 | ||
| The Neonatal Period, Infancy, and Childhood | 1144 | ||
| Adolescence and Maturity | 1146 | ||
| Senescence | 1148 | ||
| 29-8 Genes and chromosomes determine patterns of\rinheritance\r | 1148 | ||
| Patterns of Inheritance | 1149 | ||
| Sources of Individual Variation | 1152 | ||
| Sex-Linked Inheritance | 1154 | ||
| The Human Genome Project and Beyond | 1155 | ||
| Chapter Review | 1157 | ||
| Spotlight | 1130 | ||
| Extraembryonic Membranes and Placenta Formation | 1130 | ||
| Clinical Case | 1160 | ||
| The Twins That Looked Nothing Alike\r | 1160 | ||
| Clinical Note | 1140 | ||
| Abortion | 1140 | ||
| Chromosomal Abnormalities and Genetic Analysis | 1156 | ||
| Appendix | 1161 | ||
| The Composition of Minor Body Fluids\r | 1161 | ||
| The Chemistry of Blood, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), and Urine | 1162 | ||
| The Periodic Table | 1163 | ||
| Codon Chart | 1164 | ||
| Answers to Checkpoints, Review Questions, and Clinical Case Wrap-Ups\r | 1165 | ||
| Glossary | 1205 | ||
| A | 1205 | ||
| B | 1207 | ||
| C | 1207 | ||
| D | 1210 | ||
| E | 1210 | ||
| F | 1211 | ||
| G | 1212 | ||
| H | 1213 | ||
| I | 1213 | ||
| J | 1214 | ||
| K | 1214 | ||
| L | 1214 | ||
| M | 1215 | ||
| N | 1216 | ||
| O | 1217 | ||
| P | 1217 | ||
| Q | 1219 | ||
| R | 1219 | ||
| S | 1220 | ||
| T | 1221 | ||
| U | 1222 | ||
| V | 1222 | ||
| W | 1223 | ||
| X | 1223 | ||
| Y | 1223 | ||
| Z | 1223 | ||
| Index | 1227 | ||
| A | 1227 | ||
| B | 1230 | ||
| C | 1232 | ||
| D | 1235 | ||
| E | 1237 | ||
| F | 1238 | ||
| G | 1240 | ||
| H | 1241 | ||
| I | 1242 | ||
| J | 1244 | ||
| K | 1244 | ||
| L | 1244 | ||
| M | 1245 | ||
| N | 1248 | ||
| O | 1249 | ||
| P | 1250 | ||
| Q | 1253 | ||
| R | 1253 | ||
| S | 1254 | ||
| T | 1258 | ||
| U | 1260 | ||
| V | 1260 | ||
| W | 1261 | ||
| X | 1262 | ||
| Y | 1262 | ||
| Z | 1262 |