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Medical-Surgical Nursing - E-Book

Medical-Surgical Nursing - E-Book

Sharon L. Lewis | Shannon Ruff Dirksen | Margaret M. Heitkemper | Linda Bucher | Ian Camera

(2015)

Additional Information

Book Details

Abstract

Written by a dedicated team of expert authors led by Sharon Lewis, Medical-Surgical Nursing, 8th Edition offers up-to-date coverage of the latest trends, hot topics, and clinical developments in the field, to help you provide exceptional care in today's fast-paced health care environment. Completely revised and updated content explores patient care in various clinical settings and focuses on key topics such as prioritization, clinical decision-making, patient safety, and NCLEX® exam preparation. A variety of helpful boxes and tables make it easy to find essential information and the accessible writing style makes even complex concepts easy to grasp! Best of all — a complete collection of interactive learning and study tools help you learn more effectively and offer valuable, real-world preparation for clinical practice.


Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover\r Cover
Medical-Surgical Nursing\r iii
Copyright\r iv
About the Authors\r v
Contributors\r vii
Reviewers\r xi
Dedication\r xv
Preface xvii
Authors of Teaching and Learning Resources\r xxi
Contents\r xxiii
Special Features\r xxvii
Section 1 - Concepts in Nursing Practice\r 1
Chapter 1 - Contemporary Nursing Practice 2
INFLUENCES ON FUTURE NURSING PRACTICE 4
NURSING PROCESS IN NURSING PRACTICE\r 10
ASSESSMENT PHASE 11
DIAGNOSIS PHASE 11
PLANNING PHASE 13
IMPLEMENTATION PHASE 14
EVALUATION PHASE 16
DOCUMENTATION 16
Chapter 2 - Health Disparities and Culturally Competent Care 20
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH 20
HEALTH DISPARITIES\b 21
CULTURE\b 23
CULTURAL COMPETENCE 25
CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN THE HEALTH CARE WORKPLACE 25
CULTURAL FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE 26
Chapter 3 - Health History and Physical Examination 37
DATA COLLECTION\r 37
NURSING HISTORY 39
SUBJECTIVE DATA 39
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION 42
OBJECTIVE DATA 42
TYPES OF ASSESSMENT 45
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND NURSING DIAGNOSES 47
Chapter 4 - Patient and Caregiver Teaching 49
ROLE OF PATIENT AND CAREGIVER TEACHING\r 49
TEACHING-LEARNING PROCESS 50
PROCESS OF PATIENT TEACHING 53
Chapter 5 - Chronic Illness and Older Adults 62
CHRONIC ILLNESS 62
OLDER ADULTS\r 65
DEMOGRAPHICS OF AGING 65
ATTITUDES TOWARD AGING 65
BIOLOGIC AGING 66
AGE-RELATED PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES 66
SPECIAL OLDER ADULT POPULATIONS 66
SOCIAL SUPPORT AND OLDER ADULT 69
SOCIAL SERVICES FOR OLDER ADULTS 70
MEDICARE AND MEDICAID 70
CARE ALTERNATIVES FOR OLDER ADULTS 71
LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES 72
Chapter 6 - Community-Based Nursing and Home Care 80
CHANGING HEALTH CARE SYSTEM 81
COMMUNITY-BASED CARE 82
HOME HEALTH CARE 84
FAMILY CAREGIVERS 87
Chapter 7 - Complementary and Alternative Therapies 90
COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES 91
WHOLE MEDICAL SYSTEMS 91
MIND-BODY INTERVENTIONS 92
BIOLOGIC-BASED THERAPIES 92
MANIPULATIVE AND BODY-BASED METHODS 93
ENERGY THERAPIES 96
Chapter 8 - Stress and Stress Management 99
DEFINITION OF STRESS\r 99
FACTORS AFFECTING RESPONSE TO STRESS 100
GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME 100
PHYSIOLOGIC RESPONSE TO STRESS 101
EFFECTS OF STRESS ON HEALTH 103
COPING 104
RELAXATION STRATEGIES 105
Chapter 9 - Sleep and Sleep Disorders 112
SLEEP\r 112
PHYSIOLOGIC SLEEP MECHANISMS 113
SLEEP DISORDERS\r 114
INSOMNIA 114
SLEEP DISTURBANCES IN THE HOSPITAL 119
NARCOLEPSY 119
CIRCADIAN RHYTHM DISORDERS 120
SLEEP-DISORDERED BREATHING 120
PERIODIC LIMB MOVEMENT DISORDER 122
PARASOMNIAS 123
Chapter 10 - Pain 127
MAGNITUDE OF PAIN PROBLEM\r 127
DEFINITIONS AND DIMENSIONS OF PAIN 128
CLASSIFICATION OF PAIN 131
PAIN ASSESSMENT 133
PAIN TREATMENT 135
INSTITUTIONALIZING PAIN EDUCATION AND MANAGEMENT 148
ETHICAL ISSUES IN PAIN MANAGEMENT 149
SPECIAL POPULATIONS 150
Chapter 11 - Palliative Care at End of Life 153
PALLIATIVE CARE\r 153
HOSPICE CARE 154
DEATH 155
END-OF-LIFE CARE 155
LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES AFFECTING END-OF-LIFE CARE 159
SPECIAL NEEDS OF CAREGIVERS IN END-OF-LIFE CARE 163
Chapter 12 - Addictive Behaviors 167
COMMON DRUGS OF ABUSE\r 169
NICOTINE 169
ALCOHOL 172
STIMULANTS 176
DEPRESSANTS 176
CANNABIS 178
Section 2 - Pathophysiologic Mechanisms of Disease\r 185
Chapter 13 - Inflammation and Wound Healing 186
HEALING PROCESS 191
PRESSURE ULCERS 199
Chapter 14 - Genetics, Altered Immune Responses, and Transplantation 206
GENETICS\r 206
STEM CELLS 210
NORMAL IMMUNE RESPONSE 211
ALTERED IMMUNE RESPONSE 217
ALLERGIC DISORDERS 221
AUTOIMMUNITY 225
IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDERS 227
HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN SYSTEM 227
ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION 228
GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE 232
Chapter 15 - Infection and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 235
TYPE_14_BOX1TYPE_15_BOX1\t\tINFECTIONS 236
CAUSES OF INFECTIONS 236
EMERGING INFECTIONS 236
HEALTH CARE–ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS 240
INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL 240
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION 241
Chapter 16 - Cancer 260
BIOLOGY OF CANCER 262
CLASSIFICATION OF CANCER 268
COLLABORATIVE CARE 271
SURGICAL THERAPY 272
CHEMOTHERAPY 273
RADIATION THERAPY 277
LATE EFFECTS OF RADIATION AND CHEMOTHERAPY 287
BIOLOGIC AND TARGETED THERAPY 287
HEMATOPOIETIC GROWTH FACTORS 290
HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION 291
GENE THERAPY 292
COMPLICATIONS RESULTING FROM CANCER 293
MANAGEMENT OF CANCER PAIN 295
PSYCHOLOGIC SUPPORT 296
CANCER SURVIVORSHIP 297
Chapter 17 - Fluid, Electrolyte,and Acid-Base Imbalances\r 301
HOMEOSTASIS 302
WATER CONTENT OF THE BODY 302
ELECTROLYTES 303
MECHANISMS CONTROLLING FLUIDAND ELECTROLYTE MOVEMENT 304
FLUID MOVEMENT IN CAPILLARIES 306
FLUID MOVEMENT BETWEEN EXTRACELLULARFLUID AND INTRACELLULAR FLUID 306
FLUID SPACING 306
REGULATION OF WATER BALANCE 306
GERONTOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS 308
FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCES 309
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID VOLUME IMBALANCES 309
SODIUM IMBALANCES 311
POTASSIUM IMBALANCES 314
CALCIUM IMBALANCES 316
PHOSPHATE IMBALANCES 318
MAGNESIUM IMBALANCES 319
ASSESSMENT OF FLUID, ELECTROLYTE,AND ACID-BASE IMBALANCES 324
ORAL FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE REPLACEMENT 326
INTRAVENOUS FLUID AND ELECTROLYTEREPLACEMENT 326
CENTRAL VENOUS ACCESS DEVICES 328
REFERENCES 332
Section 3 - Perioperative Care\r 333
Chapter 18 - Nursing Management: Preoperative Care\r 334
PATIENT INTERVIEW 335
NURSING ASSESSMENT OF THE PREOPERATIVE PATIENT 335
Chapter 19 - Nursing Management: Intraoperative Care\r 350
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF OPERATING ROOM 351
SURGICAL TEAM 352
CLASSIFICATION OF ANESTHESIA 358
CATASTROPHIC EVENTS IN OPERATING ROOM 363
NEW AND FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS 363
Chapter 20 - Nursing Management: Postoperative Care\r 366
POSTOPERATIVE CARE OF THE SURGICAL PATIENT 366
POTENTIAL RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS 368
POTENTIAL CARDIOVASCULAR PROBLEMS 371
POTENTIAL NEUROLOGIC/PSYCHOLOGIC PROBLEMS 373
PAIN AND DISCOMFORT 374
POTENTIAL ALTERATIONS IN TEMPERATURE 375
POTENTIAL GASTROINTESTINAL PROBLEMS 376
POTENTIAL URINARY PROBLEMS 377
POTENTIAL INTEGUMENTARY PROBLEMS 378
DISCHARGE FROM THE PACU 379
AMBULATORY SURGERY 379
Section 4 - Problems Related toAltered Sensory Input\r 383
Chapter 21 - Nursing Assessment: Visual and Auditory Systems\r 384
ASSESSMENT OF VISUAL SYSTEM 387
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES OF VISUAL SYSTEM 393
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF AUDITORY SYSTEM 394
ASSESSMENT OF AUDITORY SYSTEM 396
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES OF AUDITORY SYSTEM 400
Chapter 22 - Nursing Management: Visual and Auditory Problems \r 403
VISUAL PROBLEMS 403
CORRECTABLE REFRACTIVE ERRORS 403
GERONTOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS 407
EXTRAOCULAR DISORDERS 408
INFLAMMATION AND INFECTION 408
DRY EYE DISORDERS 411
STRABISMUS 411
CORNEAL DISORDERS 411
INTRAOCULAR DISORDERS 412
CATARACT 412
GERONTOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS 415
RETINOPATHY 415
RETINAL DETACHMENT 416
AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION 417
GLAUCOMA 418
GERONTOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS 422
INTRAOCULAR INFLAMMATIONAND INFECTION 422
OCULAR TUMORS 423
ENUCLEATION 423
OCULAR MANIFESTATIONSOF SYSTEMIC DISEASES 423
AUDITORY PROBLEMSEXTERNAL EAR AND CANAL 424
TRAUMA 424
EXTERNAL OTITIS 424
CERUMEN AND FOREIGN BODIESIN EXTERNAL EAR CANAL 425
MIDDLE EAR AND MASTOID 425
ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA 425
OTITIS MEDIA WITH EFFUSION 425
CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA AND MASTOIDITIS 425
OTOSCLEROSIS 426
INNER EAR PROBLEMS 427
MÉNIÈRE’S DISEASE 427
BENIGN PAROXYSMAL POSITIONAL VERTIGO 428
ACOUSTIC NEUROMA 428
HEARING LOSS AND DEAFNESS 428
GERONTOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS 432
REFERENCES 434
RESOURCES 435
Chapter 23 - Nursing Assessment: Integumentary System\r 436
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF SKIN AND APPENDAGES 436
ASSESSMENT OF INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 439
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES OF INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 445
Chapter 24 - Nursing Management: Integumentary Problems\r 448
HEALTH PROMOTION 448
MALIGNANT SKIN NEOPLASMS\r 451
NONMELANOMA SKIN CANCERS 451
MALIGNANT MELANOMA 451
SKIN INFECTIONS AND INFESTATIONS 455
ALLERGIC DERMATOLOGIC PROBLEMS 458
BENIGN DERMATOLOGIC PROBLEMS 458
DISEASES WITH DERMATOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS 459
COLLABORATIVE CARE DERMATOLOGIC PROBLEMS 459
COSMETIC PROCEDURES 467
SKIN GRAFTS 469
Chapter 25 - Nursing Management: Burns\r 472
TYPES OF BURN INJURY 473
CLASSIFICATION OF BURN INJURY 474
PREHOSPITAL CARE 476
EMERGENT PHASE 477
ACUTE PHASE 486
REHABILITATION PHASE 491
EMOTIONAL NEEDS OF PATIENT AND CAREGIVERS 492
SPECIAL NEEDS OF NURSING STAFF 493
Section 5 - Problems of Oxygenation:Ventilation\r 496
Chapter 26 - Nursing Assessment: Respiratory System \r 497
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS\rOF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 497
ASSESSMENT OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 504
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 512
Chapter 27 - Nursing Management: Upper Respiratory Problems\r 519
DEVIATED SEPTUM\r 519
NASAL FRACTURE 519
RHINOPLASTY 520
EPISTAXIS 520
ALLERGIC RHINITIS 521
ACUTE VIRAL RHINITIS 523
INFLUENZA 524
SINUSITIS 525
OBSTRUCTION OF NOSE AND SINUSES 527
PROBLEMS OF PHARYNX 527
ACUTE PHARYNGITIS 527
PERITONSILLAR ABSCESS 528
PROBLEMS OF TRACHEA AND LARYNX 528
AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION 528
TRACHEOSTOMY 528
LARYNGEAL POLYPS 535
HEAD AND NECK CANCER 535
Chapter 28 - Nursing Management: Lower Respiratory Problems\r 545
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS\b 546
ACUTE BRONCHITIS 546
PERTUSSIS 546
PNEUMONIA 546
TUBERCULOSIS 553
ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIA 557
PULMONARY FUNGAL INFECTIONS 558
LUNG ABSCESS 558
ENVIRONMENTAL LUNG DISEASES 559
LUNG CANCER 560
OTHER TYPES OF LUNG TUMORS 565
CHEST TRAUMA AND THORACIC INJURIES 566
PNEUMOTHORAX 566
FRACTURED RIBS 568
FLAIL CHEST 569
CHEST TUBES AND PLEURAL DRAINAGE 569
CHEST SURGERY 571
RESTRICTIVE RESPIRATORY DISORDERS\b 574
PLEURAL EFFUSION 574
PLEURISY 576
ATELECTASIS 577
INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASES\b 577
IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS 577
SARCOIDOSIS 577
VASCULAR LUNG DISORDERS\b 577
PULMONARY EDEMA 577
PULMONARY EMBOLISM 577
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION\b 580
PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION 580
SECONDARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION 582
COR PULMONALE 582
LUNG TRANSPLANTATION 582
Chapter 29 - Nursing Management: Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases\r 587
ASTHMA 588
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE 610
CYSTIC FIBROSIS 631
BRONCHIECTASIS 635
Section 6 - Problems of Oxygenation:Transport\r 641
Chapter 30 - Nursing Assessment: Hematologic System\r 642
ASSESSMENT OF HEMATOLOGIC SYSTEM 648
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES OF HEMATOLOGIC SYSTEM 654
Chapter 31 - Nursing Management: Hematologic Problems\r 661
ANEMIA 662
ANEMIA CAUSED BY DECREASED ERYTHROCYTE PRODUCTION 665
IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA 666
THALASSEMIA 668
MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIAS 668
ANEMIA OF CHRONIC DISEASE 670
APLASTIC ANEMIA 670
ANEMIA CAUSED BY BLOOD LOSS 671
ACUTE BLOOD LOSS 671
CHRONIC BLOOD LOSS 672
ANEMIA CAUSED BY INCREASED ERYTHROCYTE DESTRUCTION 672
SICKLE CELL DISEASE 672
ACQUIRED HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA 675
OTHER RED BLOOD CELL DISORDERS 676
HEMOCHROMATOSIS 676
POLYCYTHEMIA 676
PROBLEMS OF HEMOSTASIS 678
THROMBOCYTOPENIA 678
HEMOPHILIA AND VON WILLEBRAND DISEASE 684
DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION 687
NEUTROPENIA 690
MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME 692
LEUKEMIA 694
LYMPHOMAS 699
HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA 699
NON-HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA 701
MULTIPLE MYELOMA 703
DISORDERS OF THE SPLEEN 704
BLOOD COMPONENT THERAPY 705
Section 7 - Problems of Oxygenation:Perfusion\r 714
Chapter 32 - Nursing Assessment: Cardiovascular System\r 715
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM\r 716
ASSESSMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 720
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES OF CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 727
Chapter 33 - Nursing Management: Hypertension\r 738
NORMAL REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE 739
HYPERTENSION 741
HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS 756
Chapter 34 - Nursing Management: Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome\r 760
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE 761
CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA 771
COLLABORATIVE CARE CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA 773
ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME 777
UNSTABLE ANGINA 778
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION 778
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME 780
COLLABORATIVE CARE ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME 781
SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH 793
Chapter 35 - Nursing Management: Heart Failure\r 797
HEART FAILURE\r 797
CARDIAC TRANSPLANTATION 814
Chapter 36 - Nursing Management: Dysrhythmias \r 818
RHYTHM IDENTIFICATION AND TREATMENT\r 818
ECG CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME 837
SYNCOPE 839
Chapter 37 - Nursing Management: Inflammatory and Structural Heart Disorders\r 841
INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS OF HEART\r 841
INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS 841
ACUTE PERICARDITIS 846
CHRONIC CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS 849
MYOCARDITIS 849
RHEUMATIC FEVER AND RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE 850
VALVULAR HEART DISEASE 852
MITRAL VALVE STENOSIS 853
MITRAL VALVE REGURGITATION 854
MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE 854
AORTIC VALVE STENOSIS 855
AORTIC VALVE REGURGITATION 855
TRICUSPID AND PULMONIC VALVE DISEASE 855
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES FOR VALVULAR HEART DISEASE 855
COLLABORATIVE CARE OF VALVULAR HEART DISEASE 856
CARDIOMYOPATHY 859
DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY 860
HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY 861
RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY 862
Chapter 38 - Nursing Management: Vascular Disorders\r 866
PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE 867
AORTIC ANEURYSMS 867
AORTIC DISSECTION 872
PERIPHERAL ARTERY DISEASE OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES 874
ACUTE ARTERIAL ISCHEMIC DISORDERS 880
THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS 881
RAYNAUD’S PHENOMENON 881
VENOUS THROMBOSIS 882
VARICOSE VEINS 890
CHRONIC VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY AND VENOUS LEG ULCERS 891
Section 8 - Problems of Ingestion,Digestion, Absorption,and Elimination\r 897
Chapter 39 - Nursing Assessment: Gastrointestinal System\r 898
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM 899
ASSESSMENT OF GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM 906
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES OF GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM 911
Chapter 40 - Nursing Management: Nutritional Problems\r 920
NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS 920
NORMAL NUTRITION 921
SPECIAL DIETS 923
MALNUTRITION 923
TYPES OF SPECIALIZED NUTRITION SUPPORT 931
EATING DISORDERS 940
Chapter 41 - Nursing Management: Obesity\r 944
OBESITY\r 944
COLLABORATIVE SURGICAL THERAPY 954
METABOLIC SYNDROME 959
Chapter 42 - Nursing Management: Upper Gastrointestinal Problems \r 963
NAUSEA AND VOMITING\r 963
ORAL INFLAMMATIONS AND INFECTIONS 968
ORAL CANCER 968
ESOPHAGEAL DISORDERS\b 971
GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE 971
HIATAL HERNIA 975
ESOPHAGEAL CANCER 977
OTHER ESOPHAGEAL DISORDERS 979
UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING 980
GASTRITIS 985
PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE 987
STOMACH CANCER 998
FOODBORNE ILLNESS 1001
Chapter 43 - Nursing Management: Lower Gastrointestinal Problems \r 1006
DIARRHEA\r 1007
FECAL INCONTINENCE 1009
CONSTIPATION 1012
ACUTE ABDOMINAL PAIN 1015
CHRONIC ABDOMINAL PAIN 1017
IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME 1018
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA 1018
APPENDICITIS 1020
PERITONITIS 1021
GASTROENTERITIS 1022
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE 1022
INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION 1029
POLYPS OF LARGE INTESTINE 1034
COLORECTAL CANCER 1035
OSTOMY SURGERY 1039
DIVERTICULOSIS AND DIVERTICULITIS 1046
HERNIAS 1048
MALABSORPTION SYNDROME 1049
CELIAC DISEASE 1049
LACTASE DEFICIENCY 1051
SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME 1051
GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMORS 1052
HEMORRHOIDS 1052
ANAL FISSURE 1053
ANORECTAL ABSCESS 1054
ANAL FISTULA 1054
PILONIDAL SINUS 1054
Chapter 44 - Nursing Management: Liver, Pancreas, and Biliary Tract Problems\r 1058
JAUNDICE\r 1059
HEPATITIS 1059
TOXIC AND DRUG-INDUCED HEPATITIS 1070
AUTOIMMUNE/METABOLIC/GENETIC LIVER DISEASES 1071
CIRRHOSIS 1072
FULMINANT HEPATIC FAILURE 1085
LIVER CANCER 1086
LIVER TRANSPLANTATION 1087
ACUTE PANCREATITIS 1088
CHRONIC PANCREATITIS 1093
PANCREATIC CANCER 1094
CHOLELITHIASIS AND CHOLECYSTITIS 1095
GALLBLADDER CANCER 1100
Section 9 - Problems of Urinary Function\r 1103
Chapter 45 - Nursing Assessment: Urinary System \r 1104
ASSESSMENT OF URINARY SYSTEM 1109
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES OF URINARY SYSTEM 1113
Chapter 46 - Nursing Management: Renal and Urologic Problems\r 1121
INFECTIOUS AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS OF URINARY SYSTEM 1122
URINARY TRACT INFECTION 1122
ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS 1127
CHRONIC PYELONEPHRITIS 1129
URETHRITIS 1129
URETHRAL DIVERTICULA 1129
INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS/PAINFUL BLADDER SYNDROME 1130
RENAL TUBERCULOSIS 1131
GLOMERULONEPHRITIS 1131
ACUTE POSTSTREPTOCOCCAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS 1132
GOODPASTURE SYNDROME 1133
RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS 1133
CHRONIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS 1133
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME 1134
OBSTRUCTIVE UROPATHIES 1134
URINARY TRACT CALCULI 1135
STRICTURES 1141
RENAL TRAUMA 1141
RENAL VASCULAR PROBLEMS 1142
NEPHROSCLEROSIS 1142
RENAL ARTERY STENOSIS 1142
RENAL VEIN THROMBOSIS 1142
HEREDITARY RENAL DISEASES 1142
POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE 1142
MEDULLARY CYSTIC DISEASE 1143
ALPORT SYNDROME 1143
RENAL INVOLVEMENT IN METABOLIC AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES 1143
KIDNEY CANCER 1144
BLADDER CANCER 1145
URINARY INCONTINENCE AND RETENTION 1146
INSTRUMENTATION 1152
RENAL AND URETERAL SURGERY 1155
URINARY DIVERSION 1155
Chapter 47 - Nursing Management: Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease\r 1164
ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY 1165
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE 1170
DIALYSIS 1181
PERITONEAL DIALYSIS 1182
HEMODIALYSIS 1184
CONTINUOUS RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY 1188
KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION 1189
Section 10 - Problems Related to Regulatory and Reproductive Mechanisms\r 1198
Chapter 48 - Nursing Assessment Endocrine System\r 1199
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM\r 1199
ASSESSMENT OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 1207
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 1212
Chapter 49 - Nursing Management: Diabetes Mellitus\r 1218
DIABETES MELLITUS\r 1218
ACUTE COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS 1242
DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS 1242
HYPEROSMOLAR HYPERGLYCEMIC SYNDROME 1244
HYPOGLYCEMIA 1245
CHRONIC COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES MELLITUS 1246
ANGIOPATHY 1246
DIABETIC RETINOPATHY 1248
NEPHROPATHY 1249
NEUROPATHY 1249
COMPLICATIONS OF FEET AND LOWER EXTREMITIES 1250
INTEGUMENTARY COMPLICATIONS 1251
INFECTION 1251
MENTAL ILLNESS 1251
Chapter 50 - Nursing Management: Endocrine Problems \r 1255
DISORDERS OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND\r 1256
ACROMEGALY 1256
EXCESSES OF OTHER TROPIC HORMONES 1258
HYPOFUNCTION OF PITUITARY GLAND 1258
DISORDERS OF POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND 1259
SYNDROME OF INAPPROPRIATE ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE 1259
DIABETES INSIPIDUS 1260
DISORDERS OF THYROID GLAND 1262
GOITER 1262
THYROID NODULES AND CANCER 1262
THYROIDITIS 1263
HYPERTHYROIDISM 1263
HYPOTHYROIDISM 1269
DISORDERS OF PARATHYROID GLANDS 1273
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM 1273
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM 1275
DISORDERS OF ADRENAL CORTEX 1276
CUSHING SYNDROME 1276
ADRENOCORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY 1280
CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY 1282
HYPERALDOSTERONISM 1283
DISORDERS OF ADRENAL MEDULLA 1284
PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA 1284
Chapter 51 - Nursing Assessment: Reproductive System\r 1287
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS\r 1288
ASSESSMENT OF MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS 1295
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS 1300
Chapter 52 - Nursing Management: Breast Disorders \r 1306
ASSESSMENT OF BREAST DISORDERS 1306
BENIGN BREAST DISORDERS\b 1308
MASTALGIA 1308
BREAST INFECTIONS 1308
FIBROCYSTIC CHANGES 1309
FIBROADENOMA 1309
NIPPLE DISCHARGE 1310
GYNECOMASTIA IN MEN 1310
BREAST CANCER\r 1311
MAMMOPLASTY 1324
Chapter 53 - Nursing Management: Sexually Transmitted Diseases\r 1330
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS 1331
GONORRHEA 1331
SYPHILIS 1333
CHLAMYDIAL INFECTIONS 1335
VIRAL INFECTIONS 1336
GENITAL HERPES 1336
GENITAL WARTS 1338
Chapter 54 - Nursing Management: Female Reproductive Problems\r 1345
INFERTILITY\r 1345
ABORTION 1347
PROBLEMS RELATED TO MENSTRUATION 1348
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME 1349
DYSMENORRHEA 1350
ABNORMAL VAGINAL BLEEDING 1351
ECTOPIC PREGNANCY 1352
PERIMENOPAUSE AND POSTMENOPAUSE 1353
CONDITIONS OF THE VULVA, VAGINA, AND CERVIX 1356
PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE 1358
ENDOMETRIOSIS 1359
BENIGN TUMORS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 1361
LEIOMYOMAS 1361
CERVICAL POLYPS 1361
BENIGN OVARIAN TUMORS 1362
CANCERS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 1362
CERVICAL CANCER 1362
ENDOMETRIAL CANCER 1364
OVARIAN CANCER 1365
VAGINAL CANCER 1366
VULVAR CANCER 1366
SURGICAL PROCEDURES 1366
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 1366
RADIATION THERAPY 1367
CANCERS OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 1367
PROBLEMS WITH PELVIC SUPPORT 1370
UTERINE PROLAPSE 1370
CYSTOCELE AND RECTOCELE 1371
FISTULA 1372
SEXUAL ASSAULT 1372
Chapter 55 - Nursing Management: Male Reproductive Problems 1377
PROBLEMS OF THE PROSTATE GLAND 1378
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA 1378
PROSTATE CANCER 1386
PROSTATITIS 1392
PROBLEMS OF the PENIS\b 1394
CONGENITAL PROBLEMS 1394
PROBLEMS OF PREPUCE 1394
PROBLEMS OF ERECTILE MECHANISM 1394
CANCER OF PENIS 1394
INFLAMMATORY AND INFECTIOUS PROBLEMS 1395
CONGENITAL PROBLEMS 1395
ACQUIRED PROBLEMS 1395
TESTICULAR CANCER 1396
VASECTOMY 1397
ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION 1398
ANDROPAUSE 1400
INFERTILITY 1400
Section 11 - Problems Related to Movement and Coordination\r 1404
Chapter 56 - Nursing Assessment: Nervous System\r 1405
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM\r 1406
ASSESSMENT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM 1413
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES OF NERVOUS SYSTEM 1418
Chapter 57 - Nursing Management: Acute Intracranial Problems\r 1425
INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE\r 1425
INCREASED INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE 1427
HEAD INJURY 1438
BRAIN TUMORS 1445
CRANIAL SURGERY 1449
INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS OF THE BRAIN 1451
BRAIN ABSCESS 1452
BACTERIAL MENINGITIS 1452
VIRAL MENINGITIS 1455
ENCEPHALITIS 1455
RABIES 1456
Chapter 58 - Nursing Management: Stroke\r 1459
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF STROKE 1460
RISK FACTORS FOR STROKE 1461
TYPES OF STROKE 1462
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF STROKE 1464
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES 1466
COLLABORATIVE CARE 1467
Chapter 59 - Nursing Management: Chronic Neurologic Problems\r 1485
HEADACHES\r 1485
TENSION-TYPE HEADACHE 1486
MIGRAINE HEADACHE 1487
CLUSTER HEADACHE 1487
OTHER TYPES OF HEADACHES 1488
COLLABORATIVE CARE FOR HEADACHES 1488
CHRONIC NEUROLOGIC DISORDERS 1492
SEIZURE DISORDERS AND EPILEPSY 1492
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 1501
PARKINSON’S DISEASE 1506
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS 1510
RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME 1514
AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS 1514
HUNTINGTON’S DISEASE 1515
Chapter 60 - Nursing Management: Alzheimer’s Disease, Dementia, and Delirium\r 1518
DEMENTIA 1518
MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT 1521
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE 1521
OTHER NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES 1532
DELIRIUM 1533
Chapter 61 - Nursing Management: Peripheral Nerve and Spinal Cord Problems\r 1538
CRANIAL NERVE DISORDERS\r 1539
TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA 1539
BELL’S PALSY 1541
POLYNEUROPATHIES 1542
GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME 1542
BOTULISM 1544
TETANUS 1545
NEUROSYPHILIS 1545
SPINAL CORD PROBLEMS 1546
SPINAL CORD INJURY 1546
SPINAL CORD TUMORS 1564
Chapter 62 - Nursing Assessment: Musculoskeletal System\r 1568
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM 1568
ASSESSMENT OF MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM 1572
DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES OF MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM 1578
Chapter 63 - Nursing Management: Musculoskeletal Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery\r 1583
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES 1584
SPRAINS AND STRAINS 1584
DISLOCATION AND SUBLUXATION 1586
REPETITIVE STRAIN INJURY 1587
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME 1587
ROTATOR CUFF INJURY 1588
MENISCUS INJURY 1588
ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT (ACL) INJURY 1589
BURSITIS 1590
FRACTURES 1590
COMPLICATIONS OF FRACTURES 1602
COLLES’ FRACTURE 1604
FRACTURE OF HUMERUS 1604
FRACTURE OF PELVIS 1605
FRACTURE OF HIP 1605
FEMORAL SHAFT FRACTURE 1608
FRACTURE OF TIBIA 1608
STABLE VERTEBRAL FRACTURE 1608
FACIAL FRACTURE 1609
AMPUTATION 1610
COMMON JOINT SURGICAL PROCEDURES 1614
TYPES OF JOINT SURGERIES 1614
Chapter 64 - Nursing Management: Musculoskeletal Problems\r 1620
OSTEOMYELITIS\r 1620
BONE TUMORS 1623
OSTEOCHONDROMA 1623
OSTEOSARCOMA 1624
METASTATIC BONE CANCER 1625
MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY 1625
Etiology and Pathophysiology 1626
ACUTE LOW BACK PAIN 1626
CHRONIC LOW BACK PAIN 1628
INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISEASE 1628
NECK PAIN 1631
FOOT DISORDERS 1632
METABOLIC BONE DISEASES 1634
OSTEOMALACIA 1634
OSTEOPOROSIS 1634
PAGET’S DISEASE 1637
Chapter 65 - Nursing Management: Arthritis and Connective Tissue Diseases\r 1641
ARTHRITIS\r 1641
OSTEOARTHRITIS 1641
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS 1649
SPONDYLOARTHROPATHIES 1659
ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS 1659
PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS 1660
REACTIVE ARTHRITIS 1660
SEPTIC ARTHRITIS 1661
LYME DISEASE 1661
GOUT 1662
SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS 1664
SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS 1670
POLYMYOSITIS AND DERMATOMYOSITIS 1672
MIXED (OVERLAPPING) CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASE 1673
SJÖGREN’S SYNDROME 1673
SOFT TISSUE RHEUMATIC SYNDROMES 1674
MYOFASCIAL PAIN SYNDROME 1674
FIBROMYALGIA SYNDROME 1674
CHRONIC FATIGUE SYNDROME 1676
Section 12 - Nursing Care in Specialized Settings\r 1680
Chapter 66 - Nursing Management: Critical Care\r 1681
CRITICAL CARE NURSING\r 1681
CIRCULATORY ASSIST DEVICES 1695
ARTIFICIAL AIRWAYS 1698
MECHANICAL VENTILATION 1703
OTHER CRITICAL CARE CONTENT 1713
Chapter 67 - Nursing Management: Shock, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome\r 1717
SHOCK\r 1717
SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SYNDROME AND MULTIPLE ORGAN DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME 1739
Chapter 68 - Nursing Management: Respiratory Failure and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome\r 1744
ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE\r 1744
ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME 1756
Chapter 69 - Nursing Management: Emergency, Terrorism, and Disaster Nursing\r 1765
CARE OF EMERGENCY PATIENT 1767
ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCIES 1772
HEAT-RELATED EMERGENCIES 1773
COLD-RELATED EMERGENCIES 1774
SUBMERSION INJURIES 1776
STINGS AND BITES 1778
POISONINGS 1779
VIOLENCE 1781
AGENTS OF TERRORISM 1781
EMERGENCY AND MASS CASUALTY INCIDENT PREPAREDNESS 1783
Appendix A - Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Basic Life Support for Health Care Providers 1788
Appendix B - Nursing Diagnoses\r 1793
Appendix C - Laboratory Reference Intervals\r 1795
GLOSSARY\r G-1
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS\r IC-1
INDEX\r I-1
The Joint Commission IBC-1
ABBREVIATIONS\r IBC-1