Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The Fifth Edition of this book is a must-have for all undergraduate medical students as it prepares them for both theory and viva-voce examinations. It is also useful for paramedical, dental, homeopathy and ayurveda students, besides those preparing for PG entrance examinations. It covers entire syllabus of physiology laid down by the Medical Council of India and health universities across the country.
Salient Features
- Systemize presentation of text in Question-Answer format helps in revision and self-assessment before examination
- Extensively revised, updated, and strengthened to keep up with the latest changes in the standard books of physiology
- Thoroughly revised topics like blood; nerve and muscle; cardiovascular system; and central nervous system
- Large number of diagrams, tables and flowcharts to facilitate quick learning and greater retention of knowledge
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | Cover | ||
| Physiology prep manual for undergraduates fifth edition | iii | ||
| Copyright Page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Foreword | vii | ||
| Preface to the fifth edition | ix | ||
| Preface to the first edition | x | ||
| Table of contents | xi | ||
| 1 The cell and general physiology | 1 | ||
| Cell and cell organelles | 1 | ||
| Cell division | 2 | ||
| Cell death | 5 | ||
| Homeostasis | 5 | ||
| Transport across the cell membrane | 8 | ||
| Simple diffusion | 10 | ||
| Facilitated diffusion | 11 | ||
| Active transport | 14 | ||
| Primary active transport | 14 | ||
| Secondary active transport | 16 | ||
| Pinocytosis and phagocytosis | 17 | ||
| Osmosis and osmotic pressure**For details refer Vaz M, Kurpad A, Raj T, editors. Guyton & Hall Textbook of Medical Physiol ... | 19 | ||
| Resting membrane potential | 19 | ||
| 2 Blood | 23 | ||
| Body fluids | 23 | ||
| Measurements of volumes of different fluids | 24 | ||
| Blood | 28 | ||
| Blood volume | 29 | ||
| Blood ph | 32 | ||
| Plasma proteins | 33 | ||
| Non-protein nitrogenous substances | 36 | ||
| Blood cells | 36 | ||
| Red blood cells | 36 | ||
| Haemoglobin | 42 | ||
| Metabolism of b12 | 44 | ||
| Metabolism of iron | 45 | ||
| Anaemia | 46 | ||
| Polycythaemia | 49 | ||
| Life span and fate of rbc | 49 | ||
| Fragility | 50 | ||
| ESR | 51 | ||
| Jaundice | 52 | ||
| White blood cells | 53 | ||
| Formation of wbcs | 58 | ||
| Abnormalities | 59 | ||
| Platelets | 63 | ||
| Clotting of blood | 65 | ||
| Anticoagulants | 71 | ||
| Diseases | 72 | ||
| Methods for determination of defects in blood clotting | 72 | ||
| Clot lysis | 73 | ||
| Blood groups | 73 | ||
| Blood transfusion | 75 | ||
| Rh blood group system | 78 | ||
| Lymphatic system | 79 | ||
| 3 Immunity | 83 | ||
| Introduction | 83 | ||
| Classification | 83 | ||
| Non-specific immunity | 84 | ||
| Specific immunity | 85 | ||
| Humoral immunity | 85 | ||
| Cell-mediated immunity | 89 | ||
| Factors affecting resistance to infection | 92 | ||
| Allergy | 92 | ||
| AIDS | 93 | ||
| 4 Digestion and absorption | 94 | ||
| Introduction | 94 | ||
| Gastrointestinal tract (gi tract) | 94 | ||
| Mastication | 96 | ||
| Salivary glands | 97 | ||
| Deglutition | 101 | ||
| Anatomy of stomach | 103 | ||
| Functions of stomach | 103 | ||
| Motor functions | 103 | ||
| Enumerate the motor functions of stomach. | 103 | ||
| Describe the storage function of stomach. | 104 | ||
| What is chyme? how is it formed? | 104 | ||
| What is basic electrical rhythm of stomach? | 104 | ||
| Describe the mixing waves of stomach. | 104 | ||
| Describe the emptying of stomach. | 104 | ||
| Control of pyloric sphincter | 105 | ||
| Enumerate the factors regulating the emptying of stomach. | 106 | ||
| What is the purpose of enterogastric reflex? | 106 | ||
| What are hunger contractions? | 107 | ||
| How are the movements of stomach studied in man? | 107 | ||
| Vomiting | 107 | ||
| Secretory function | 107 | ||
| Small intestine | 116 | ||
| Structure | 116 | ||
| Describe the structure of the small intestinal mucosa. | 116 | ||
| Describe the structure of villus. | 116 | ||
| Where are the brunner’s glands located? what is their function? | 116 | ||
| Secretion | 117 | ||
| Movements | 118 | ||
| Pancreas | 120 | ||
| Bile | 123 | ||
| Large intestine | 128 | ||
| Digestion and absorption | 129 | ||
| 5 Excretory system | 135 | ||
| Introduction | 135 | ||
| Structure of nephron | 136 | ||
| Blood flow to kidneys | 138 | ||
| Formation of urine | 140 | ||
| Glomerular filtration | 140 | ||
| Reabsorption | 146 | ||
| Secretion | 150 | ||
| Tubular load, tubular maximum | 150 | ||
| Plasma clearance | 151 | ||
| Formation of dilute or concentrated urine | 153 | ||
| Regulation of electrolyte balance | 153 | ||
| Regulation of ph of body fluids | 159 | ||
| Renal function tests | 165 | ||
| Micturition | 166 | ||
| Dialysis | 169 | ||
| 6 Temperature regulation | 170 | ||
| Introduction | 170 | ||
| Mechanisms of heat production | 171 | ||
| Mechanisms of heat loss | 171 | ||
| Regulation of body temperature | 173 | ||
| Abnormalities in temperature regulation | 176 | ||
| Skin and its functions | 177 | ||
| 7 Respiratory system | 179 | ||
| Introduction | 179 | ||
| Pulmonary circulation | 182 | ||
| Mechanism of respiration | 184 | ||
| Pulmonary pressures | 186 | ||
| Intrapleural pressure | 186 | ||
| What is intrapleural pressure? how is it measured? | 186 | ||
| State the variation that occurs in intrapleural pressure during normal tidal respiration. | 186 | ||
| What is the cause of negativity of intrapleural pressure? | 187 | ||
| What is surface tension? what is its effect on the lungs? | 187 | ||
| What is a surfactant? what is its action? | 187 | ||
| Name the surfactant present in the lungs. what are its functions? | 187 | ||
| What are the functions of surfactant? | 188 | ||
| Functions of surfactant | 188 | ||
| What is respiratory distress syndrome? | 189 | ||
| What is atelectasis? | 189 | ||
| What is adult respiratory distress syndrome? | 189 | ||
| What are the effects of intrapleural pressure on cardiovascular system? | 189 | ||
| Under what circumstances does intrapleural pressure become positive? | 190 | ||
| Intra-alveolar pressure | 190 | ||
| What is intra-alveolar pressure? how does it vary during normal tidal respiration? | 190 | ||
| When is alveolar pressure equal to atmospheric pressure? | 190 | ||
| Transpulmonary pressure | 190 | ||
| What is transpulmonary pressure? | 190 | ||
| Applied aspect | 190 | ||
| What is pleural effusion? | 190 | ||
| What is pneumothorax? | 190 | ||
| Compliance | 191 | ||
| Applied aspect | 192 | ||
| Work of breathing | 192 | ||
| Ventilation | 194 | ||
| Dead space air | 199 | ||
| Alveolar ventilation | 201 | ||
| Va/q ratio | 201 | ||
| Applied aspect | 203 | ||
| Diffusion of gases | 204 | ||
| Respiratory membrane | 204 | ||
| Describe the respiratory membrane. | 204 | ||
| Factors affecting diffusion of gases | 205 | ||
| Describe the factors affecting gaseous exchange at the respiratory membrane. | 205 | ||
| In which diseases diffusion of gases across the respiratory membrane would suffer? | 206 | ||
| What is venous admixture? | 207 | ||
| Diffusing capacity of lungs | 207 | ||
| Transport of gases | 207 | ||
| Transport of carbon dioxide | 212 | ||
| Respiratory exchange ratio | 214 | ||
| Applied aspect | 215 | ||
| Regulation of respiration | 215 | ||
| Nervous regulation | 216 | ||
| Chemical regulation | 218 | ||
| Periodic breathing | 221 | ||
| Important respiratory reflexes | 222 | ||
| Receptors in the airway | 222 | ||
| Terms used for altered respiration | 223 | ||
| Hypoxia | 224 | ||
| Acclimatization | 226 | ||
| Mountain sickness | 227 | ||
| Hyperbaric oxygen therapy | 228 | ||
| Cyanosis | 228 | ||
| Artificial respiration | 229 | ||
| Exposure to low atmospheric pressure | 229 | ||
| Exposure to high atmospheric pressure | 229 | ||
| Cardiorespiratory changes during exercise | 230 | ||
| 8 Special senses | 234 | ||
| Vision | 234 | ||
| Eye | 234 | ||
| State the functions of lacrimal secretion. | 234 | ||
| Name the different tunics (coats) of the eyeball. | 234 | ||
| What is lamina cribrosa? | 234 | ||
| Why can cornea be successfully transplanted? | 234 | ||
| How does cornea obtain its nutrition? | 234 | ||
| Describe the structure of ciliary body. | 235 | ||
| What is pupil? | 235 | ||
| What are the muscles present in the iris? | 235 | ||
| What is the function of the iris? | 236 | ||
| How is the amount of light entering the eye controlled? | 236 | ||
| What is spherical aberration? | 236 | ||
| What is chromatic aberration? | 236 | ||
| What is depth of focus? | 236 | ||
| What is diffraction of light? | 237 | ||
| What is cataract? | 237 | ||
| What is the treatment of cataract? | 237 | ||
| Aqueous humour | 237 | ||
| What is aqueous humour? how is it formed? what is its composition? | 237 | ||
| What are the functions of aqueous humour? | 237 | ||
| How is aqueous humour circulated? | 237 | ||
| What is intraocular pressure? how is it measured? how much is it normally? | 238 | ||
| What is glaucoma? | 238 | ||
| Vitreous humour | 238 | ||
| What is vitreous humour? what is its function? | 238 | ||
| Refraction | 238 | ||
| What is refractive index? | 238 | ||
| What is refraction? | 238 | ||
| Enumerate the different types of lenses. | 239 | ||
| What is the main difference between convex and concave lenses? | 239 | ||
| What is the difference between spherical and cylindrical lenses? | 239 | ||
| What is the focal length of the lens? | 239 | ||
| How do you express the refractive power of the lens? | 239 | ||
| Name the different refractive media of the eye with their refractive indices. | 239 | ||
| Name the different refractive surfaces of the eye and their refractive powers. | 240 | ||
| At which refractive surface in the eye maximum refraction occurs and why? | 240 | ||
| What is the refractive power of the lens of the eye when it is taken out? why? | 240 | ||
| What is reduced eye? | 240 | ||
| What is nodal point? where does it lie in normal eye? | 240 | ||
| Errors of refraction | 240 | ||
| What is emmetropia? | 240 | ||
| Name the different refractive errors of the eye. | 241 | ||
| Pathological errors | 241 | ||
| Physiological errors | 241 | ||
| What is myopia or short sightedness? what are its causes? | 241 | ||
| What are the far point and near point for myopic person? | 241 | ||
| How is myopia corrected? | 241 | ||
| What is hypermetropia or far sightedness? | 241 | ||
| What are the causes of hypermetropia? | 242 | ||
| Where is the far point and near point for hypermetropic person? | 242 | ||
| How is hypermetropia corrected? | 242 | ||
| What is astigmatism? what is it due to? | 242 | ||
| How is astigmatism corrected? | 242 | ||
| Why is cylindrical lens used for correcting astigmatism? | 242 | ||
| How is plane of abnormal component of the astigmatic lens determined? | 243 | ||
| What are contact lenses? what are their advantages and disadvantages? | 243 | ||
| Advantages | 243 | ||
| Disadvantages | 243 | ||
| Accommodation | 244 | ||
| What is accommodation? | 244 | ||
| How is the eye accommodated for far vision? | 244 | ||
| What is the effect of contraction of ciliary muscles? | 244 | ||
| How is the eye accommodated for near vision? | 244 | ||
| How is the contraction of ciliary muscles controlled? | 244 | ||
| What is far point? | 245 | ||
| What is near point? | 245 | ||
| What is the range of accommodation? | 245 | ||
| What is the amplitude of accommodation? | 245 | ||
| What are the other changes occurring during accommodation for near vision in addition to increased refractive power of the ... | 245 | ||
| What is the benefit of constriction of pupil occurring during accommodation of eye for near vision? | 245 | ||
| What is presbyopia? | 245 | ||
| How is presbyopia treated? | 246 | ||
| During accommodation for near vision which surface of the lens becomes more globular? | 246 | ||
| Visual acuity | 246 | ||
| Depth perception | 247 | ||
| Retina | 248 | ||
| Receptors | 250 | ||
| Photochemistry of rods | 251 | ||
| Photochemistry of cones (colour vision) | 253 | ||
| Dark and light adaptation | 255 | ||
| Neuronal connections in retina | 257 | ||
| Visual pathway | 259 | ||
| Field of vision | 263 | ||
| Muscles of eye and eye movements | 266 | ||
| Pupillary reflexes | 268 | ||
| Horner’s syndrome | 269 | ||
| Hearing | 270 | ||
| Introduction | 270 | ||
| What is the sound frequency range to which human ear is sensitive? | 270 | ||
| Name the different parts of the ear. | 270 | ||
| Structure and functions of external (outer) and middle ear | 270 | ||
| Structure and functions of inner ear (cochlea) | 272 | ||
| Auditory pathway | 279 | ||
| Deafness | 281 | ||
| Taste | 283 | ||
| Smell | 286 | ||
| Equilibrium | 289 | ||
| Structure and functions of vestibular apparatus | 289 | ||
| Name the different parts of vestibular apparatus. | 289 | ||
| What are the sense organs present in vestibular apparatus? | 289 | ||
| What are the stimuli for sense organs in vestibular apparatus? | 289 | ||
| What is the function of maculae of utricle and saccule? | 289 | ||
| What is the function of crista of semicircular canal? | 289 | ||
| Describe macula. | 290 | ||
| What are the functions of macula? | 290 | ||
| Describe the positions of semicircular canals. | 290 | ||
| Describe the sense organ present in semicircular canals. | 290 | ||
| How is the sense organ in semicircular canals stimulated? | 291 | ||
| What is the function of semicircular canals? | 292 | ||
| Vestibular pathway | 292 | ||
| Nystagmus | 293 | ||
| Vestibular function tests | 293 | ||
| 9 Endocrinology | 294 | ||
| Introduction | 294 | ||
| Hormones | 295 | ||
| Anterior pituitary gland | 299 | ||
| Growth hormone | 300 | ||
| Applied | 302 | ||
| Posterior pituitary gland | 303 | ||
| Thyroid gland | 305 | ||
| Actions of thyroid hormones | 307 | ||
| Regulation of thyroid hormones | 311 | ||
| Thyroid function tests | 312 | ||
| Applied | 313 | ||
| Adrenal cortex and medulla | 315 | ||
| Adrenal medullary hormones | 316 | ||
| Applied | 318 | ||
| Adrenocortical hormones | 319 | ||
| Mineralocorticoids | 320 | ||
| Regulation | 321 | ||
| Glucocorticoids | 322 | ||
| Regulation | 324 | ||
| Other hormones | 325 | ||
| Applied | 326 | ||
| Pancreas | 327 | ||
| Insulin | 327 | ||
| Actions of insulin | 328 | ||
| Regulation | 330 | ||
| Applied | 331 | ||
| Glucagon | 333 | ||
| Actions of glucagon | 333 | ||
| Regulation | 334 | ||
| Somatostatin | 334 | ||
| Parathyroid | 335 | ||
| Calcium and phosphate metabolism | 335 | ||
| Describe the intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate. | 335 | ||
| How are calcium and phosphate excreted? | 335 | ||
| What is the role of vitamin D in calcium and phosphate absorption? | 335 | ||
| What are the various forms in which calcium is present in plasma? state the concentration of calcium in plasma. | 336 | ||
| What are the various forms of inorganic phosphate in plasma? state the concentration. | 336 | ||
| Composition and formation of bone | 336 | ||
| Parathyroid hormone | 338 | ||
| Actions | 339 | ||
| Regulation | 340 | ||
| Vitamin D | 340 | ||
| Calcitonin | 340 | ||
| Control of calcium ion concentration | 341 | ||
| Tetany | 341 | ||
| Hypercalcaemia | 342 | ||
| Hypo- and hyperparathyroidism | 343 | ||
| Rickets | 344 | ||
| Osteomalacia | 344 | ||
| Osteoporosis | 344 | ||
| 10 Reproduction | 345 | ||
| Male reproductive system | 345 | ||
| Male sex organs | 345 | ||
| Describe the anatomy of male sex organs. | 345 | ||
| Spermatogenesis | 345 | ||
| Seminal vesicles and prostate | 349 | ||
| Semen | 349 | ||
| Capacitation | 350 | ||
| Fertilization of ovum | 350 | ||
| Effect of temperature on spermatogenesis | 350 | ||
| Hormones of testis | 351 | ||
| Puberty and male climacteric | 354 | ||
| Female reproductive system | 354 | ||
| Female sex organs | 354 | ||
| Describe the anatomy of female sex organs. | 354 | ||
| Hormones | 355 | ||
| Menstrual cycle | 355 | ||
| Ovarian hormones | 361 | ||
| Pregnancy | 364 | ||
| Parturition | 369 | ||
| Lactation | 369 | ||
| Circulatory changes at birth | 370 | ||
| Contraception | 371 | ||
| 11 Nerve and muscle | 373 | ||
| Nerve | 373 | ||
| Introduction and classification | 373 | ||
| How much is the resting membrane potential of the nerve fibre? | 373 | ||
| Give the classification of nerve fibres. | 373 | ||
| 1. structurally | 373 | ||
| 2. depending on their origin | 373 | ||
| 3. functionally | 373 | ||
| 4. depending on the neurotransmitter they secrete at their endings | 373 | ||
| 5. general classification | 373 | ||
| 6. sensory classification | 374 | ||
| Stimulus | 374 | ||
| Initiation of action potential | 375 | ||
| Propagation of action potential | 376 | ||
| Recording of action potential | 378 | ||
| Properties of nerve fibre | 381 | ||
| Degeneration of nerve | 383 | ||
| Reaction of degeneration | 384 | ||
| Muscle | 385 | ||
| Introduction | 385 | ||
| What is muscle? | 385 | ||
| Name the different types of muscles. | 385 | ||
| Which is the most excitable muscle? | 385 | ||
| Structure of skeletal muscle | 385 | ||
| Excitation-contraction coupling | 388 | ||
| Muscle contraction | 389 | ||
| Energetics of muscle contraction | 392 | ||
| Muscle tension | 393 | ||
| Types of skeletal muscle fibres | 396 | ||
| Properties of skeletal muscle | 397 | ||
| Tetanus | 398 | ||
| Fatigue | 398 | ||
| Common terms used | 400 | ||
| Emg | 401 | ||
| Neuromuscular junction | 402 | ||
| Structure | 402 | ||
| How is the muscle normally activated? | 402 | ||
| Describe the structure of neuromuscular junction. | 402 | ||
| Transmission of impulse | 402 | ||
| Drugs affecting neuromuscular junction | 403 | ||
| Myasthenia gravis | 404 | ||
| Muscle rigour | 404 | ||
| Functions of skeletal muscles | 404 | ||
| Comparison of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle | 405 | ||
| Smooth muscle | 410 | ||
| 12 Cardiovascular system | 411 | ||
| Introduction | 411 | ||
| Cardiac muscle | 413 | ||
| Initiation and conduction of cardiac impulse | 414 | ||
| Applied aspect | 419 | ||
| Nervous control of heart rhythm | 419 | ||
| Cardiac cycle | 420 | ||
| Heart sounds | 427 | ||
| Electrocardiogram | 429 | ||
| Abnormalities in rate and rhythms* | 436 | ||
| Haemodynamics | 436 | ||
| Pulse | 441 | ||
| Venous system | 441 | ||
| Capillary system | 444 | ||
| Control of blood flow | 445 | ||
| Nervous control of blood flow | 448 | ||
| Blood pressure | 448 | ||
| Vasomotor centre | 449 | ||
| Short-term mechanisms regulating blood pressure | 451 | ||
| Long-term mechanisms regulating blood pressure | 455 | ||
| Cardiac output | 457 | ||
| Shock | 460 | ||
| Regulation of blood flow through skeletal muscle | 463 | ||
| Heart rate | 464 | ||
| Cardiac failure**For details refer Vaz M, Kurpad A, Raj T, editors. Guyton & Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. Elsevier ... | 465 | ||
| Coronary circulation | 467 | ||
| Cerebral circulation | 471 | ||
| Pulmonary circulation—refer to respiratory system | 473 | ||
| 13 Central nervous system | 474 | ||
| Introduction | 474 | ||
| Levels of cns function | 474 | ||
| Types of cells in nervous system | 475 | ||
| Nerve–fibres classification | 477 | ||
| Definition | 477 | ||
| Types | 477 | ||
| Structure | 478 | ||
| Synaptic transmission | 479 | ||
| Epsp | 479 | ||
| Ipsp | 480 | ||
| Properties of synapse | 481 | ||
| Neurotransmitters | 484 | ||
| Important neurotransmitters | 485 | ||
| Sensory system | 486 | ||
| Introduction | 486 | ||
| What is sensory system or sensory division of cns? | 486 | ||
| Classification of sensations | 486 | ||
| How are the sensations classified? | 486 | ||
| Receptors | 487 | ||
| Definition | 487 | ||
| What are receptors? | 487 | ||
| Classification | 487 | ||
| How are receptors classified? | 487 | ||
| Properties | 488 | ||
| Describe the properties of receptors. | 488 | ||
| State the differences between receptor potential and action potential. | 489 | ||
| Receptor potential | 489 | ||
| Describe the mechanism by which receptor potential develops. | 489 | ||
| What is sensory unit? | 490 | ||
| What is receptive field? | 490 | ||
| Cutaneous sensations | 490 | ||
| Enumerate the cutaneous sensations. which type of sensory fibres encodes these sensations? | 490 | ||
| Name the tactile receptors. | 490 | ||
| Sensory pathway | 491 | ||
| Ascending tracts | 491 | ||
| Name the pathways of transmission of different sensations. | 491 | ||
| Describe the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway. | 491 | ||
| What are the main functions of dorsal column-medial lemniscal system? | 493 | ||
| Describe the effects of damage to the dorsal column pathway. | 493 | ||
| Describe the anterolateral pathway for transmission of sensory impulses to the cortex. | 493 | ||
| What are the characteristics of transmission in anterolateral pathway? | 495 | ||
| Write the differences between dorsal column and anterolateral pathways. | 495 | ||
| Physiology of pain | 496 | ||
| Reflexes | 501 | ||
| Classification | 501 | ||
| Study of reflexes | 502 | ||
| Properties of reflex action | 502 | ||
| Important reflexes | 504 | ||
| Stretch reflex | 504 | ||
| What is stretch reflex? | 504 | ||
| What is a muscle spindle? | 504 | ||
| Describe the structure of muscle spindle. | 504 | ||
| When are the muscle spindles stimulated? | 505 | ||
| What is the dynamic stretch reflex? | 506 | ||
| Describe the static stretch reflex. | 506 | ||
| What is negative stretch reflex? | 506 | ||
| Describe the reflex arc for stretch or myotatic reflex. | 506 | ||
| Explain the role of gamma efferents. | 506 | ||
| Functions of stretch reflex | 508 | ||
| What are the functions of stretch reflex? | 508 | ||
| Applied aspect | 508 | ||
| What is hypotonia? when does it occur? | 508 | ||
| What is hypertonia? when does it occur? | 508 | ||
| What is clonus? | 509 | ||
| Golgi tendon reflex | 509 | ||
| What are golgi tendon organs? what is golgi tendon reflex? | 509 | ||
| What are the functions of golgi tendon reflex? | 509 | ||
| Withdrawal reflex | 509 | ||
| Describe the withdrawal reflex. | 509 | ||
| Difference in mono and polysynaptic reflex | 510 | ||
| Differentiate between monosynaptic reflex and polysynaptic (multisynaptic) reflex. | 510 | ||
| Spinal cord | 510 | ||
| Spinal reflexes | 512 | ||
| Motor system | 513 | ||
| Introduction | 513 | ||
| What is motor system or motor division of cns? | 513 | ||
| Where is the motor cortex? how is it divided? | 514 | ||
| What is broca’s area? | 514 | ||
| Descending tracts | 514 | ||
| Pyramidal (corticospinal tract) | 514 | ||
| Describe the corticospinal tract. | 514 | ||
| What are the functions of pyramidal or corticospinal tract? | 516 | ||
| What is the effect of lesion of the pyramidal tract? | 516 | ||
| Extrapyramidal tracts | 516 | ||
| What is extrapyramidal system? | 516 | ||
| Describe the rubrospinal tract. what is its function? | 516 | ||
| Describe the reticulospinal tracts. | 517 | ||
| Describe the vestibulospinal tracts. | 518 | ||
| Describe the tectospinal tract. | 518 | ||
| Describe the olivospinal tract. | 518 | ||
| Describe the interstitialspinal tract. | 519 | ||
| Difference between lateral and medial motor system | 519 | ||
| Difference between pyramidal and extrapyramidal system | 519 | ||
| Transection of spinal cord | 520 | ||
| Brain stem | 523 | ||
| Muscle tone | 525 | ||
| Abnormalities | 527 | ||
| Posture and equilibrium | 528 | ||
| Decorticate preparation | 531 | ||
| Hypothalamus | 531 | ||
| Structure | 531 | ||
| Describe the structure of hypothalamus. | 531 | ||
| Connections | 532 | ||
| Functions | 533 | ||
| Limbic system | 535 | ||
| Reticular formation | 537 | ||
| Thalamus | 537 | ||
| Structure | 537 | ||
| Describe the structure of thalamus.refer | 537 | ||
| Connections | 540 | ||
| Describe the connections of thalamus. | 540 | ||
| Functions | 541 | ||
| Describe the functions of thalamus. | 541 | ||
| Functions of thalamus in man | 541 | ||
| Applied aspect | 541 | ||
| What is thalamic syndrome? | 541 | ||
| Basal ganglia | 542 | ||
| Structure | 542 | ||
| Describe the anatomy of basal ganglia. | 542 | ||
| Connections | 542 | ||
| Describe the connections of basal ganglia. | 542 | ||
| Afferent connections | 542 | ||
| Efferent connections | 544 | ||
| Neuronal circuits (fig. 13.24) | 544 | ||
| Connections of substantia nigra | 545 | ||
| Connections of subthalamic nucleus | 545 | ||
| Functions | 545 | ||
| Describe the functions of basal ganglia. | 545 | ||
| 1. voluntary motor activity | 545 | ||
| 2. control of reflex muscular activity | 546 | ||
| 3. control of muscle tone | 546 | ||
| Effects of damage**For details refer Vaz M, Kurpad A, Raj T, editors. Guyton & Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. Elsevi ... | 546 | ||
| What are the effects of the damage to the basal ganglia? | 546 | ||
| Cerebellum | 547 | ||
| Structure | 547 | ||
| Describe the structure of cerebellum. | 547 | ||
| Why cerebellum is called silent area? | 550 | ||
| Connections | 550 | ||
| Describe the connections of cerebellum. | 550 | ||
| Structural unit | 553 | ||
| Describe the functional unit of cerebellum. | 553 | ||
| What is delay line negative feedback signal? | 553 | ||
| Functions**For details refer Vaz M, Kurpad A, Raj T, editors. Guyton & Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. Elsevier: New ... | 554 | ||
| Describe the functions of cerebellum. | 554 | ||
| Functionally cerebellum is divided into: | 554 | ||
| Functions of vestibulocerebellum | 554 | ||
| Functions of spinocerebellum | 554 | ||
| Functions of cerebrocerebellum | 555 | ||
| Planning of sequence of movements | 555 | ||
| Cerebellar damage**For details refer Vaz M, Kurpad A, Raj T, editors. Guyton & Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. Elsevi ... | 556 | ||
| Describe the features of cerebellar damage. | 556 | ||
| Cerebral cortex | 557 | ||
| Structure | 557 | ||
| Describe the structure of cerebral cortex. | 557 | ||
| Different lobes | 557 | ||
| Control of voluntary movements | 558 | ||
| Frontal lobe | 559 | ||
| Connections and functions | 559 | ||
| Describe the connections and functions of frontal lobe. | 559 | ||
| 1. Precentral cortex | 559 | ||
| Connections of precentral cortex | 560 | ||
| 2. Prefrontal cortex (orbitofrontal cortex) | 561 | ||
| Connections of prefrontal cortex | 562 | ||
| Describe the functions of parietal lobe. | 563 | ||
| Occipital lobe | 563 | ||
| Connections and functions | 563 | ||
| Describe the connections and functions of occipital lobe. | 563 | ||
| Temporal lobe | 564 | ||
| Connections and functions | 564 | ||
| Describe the connections and functions of temporal lobe. | 564 | ||
| Dominant hemisphere | 564 | ||
| Higher functions | 565 | ||
| Speech | 565 | ||
| What is speech? | 565 | ||
| Describe the sensory aspect of communication. | 565 | ||
| Describe the motor aspect of communication. | 565 | ||
| Learning | 566 | ||
| What is learning? explain the different forms of learning. | 566 | ||
| Conditioned reflex | 567 | ||
| What is conditioned reflex? | 567 | ||
| What is the importance of conditioned reflex? | 567 | ||
| Describe the characteristic features of conditioned reflex. | 567 | ||
| Memory | 568 | ||
| What is memory? | 568 | ||
| How do you classify memory? | 568 | ||
| What is the mechanism of short-term memory? | 568 | ||
| What is the neural mechanism of intermediate long-term memory? | 569 | ||
| What is the mechanism for long-term memory? | 569 | ||
| Memories placed into longer-term | 570 | ||
| What is retrograde amnesia? | 570 | ||
| What is anterograde amnesia? | 570 | ||
| Eeg | 570 | ||
| What is electroencephalogram? how is it recorded? | 570 | ||
| Name the different types of waves recorded in eeg. | 571 | ||
| Sleep | 571 | ||
| Csf | 574 | ||
| Blood-brain and blood-csf barrier | 575 | ||
| Autonomic nervous system | 575 | ||
| Index | 579 | ||
| A | 579 | ||
| B | 579 | ||
| C | 580 | ||
| D | 581 | ||
| E | 581 | ||
| F | 582 | ||
| G | 582 | ||
| H | 582 | ||
| I | 583 | ||
| J | 583 | ||
| L | 583 | ||
| M | 584 | ||
| N | 584 | ||
| O | 585 | ||
| P | 585 | ||
| Q | 586 | ||
| R | 586 | ||
| S | 586 | ||
| T | 587 | ||
| U | 588 | ||
| V | 588 | ||
| W | 588 | ||
| Z | 588 |