Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
Perfect For:
- • Undergraduate bachelor of Nursing students
- • Diploma of Nursing students
- • Registered and enrolled nurses re-entering acute care practice after a period of absence
Clinical Companion: Medical-Surgical Nursing, 3rd Edition has been fully revised to provide accessible information to assist with nursing care, including the assessment and management of people experiencing chronic, acute and complex health issues.
Clinical Companion: Medical-Surgical Nursing, 3rd Edition can be used in conjunction with Brown & Edwards Lewis’s Medical-Surgical Nursing, 4th Edition as part of the medical-surgical suite of resources or as a stand- alone quick reference guide.
All body system chapters features the following:
- • Overview
- • Anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology of related conditions
- • Common diseases and disorders are presented by causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, complications and nursing considerations
- • Further actions are indicated in the event that medical or surgical interventions, tests or pharmacology are required.
- • New chapter on mental health considerations
- • New hint boxes on the assessment and management of the deteriorating patient included throughout
- • Revised and updated nutrition section
- • Revised and updated renal chapter, in particular diabetes and obesity
- • Revised and updated wound care section
- • Chapter 2: includes ISBAR in the documentation process
- • Appendix 1 Life support charts included in the front and back of the book as a ready reference.Â
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Inside front cover | ifc1 | ||
| Front end papers | IFC2 | ||
| Clinical Companion Medical-Surgical Nursing 3e | i | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Table of Contents | v | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Acknowledgments | xi | ||
| Reviewers | xii | ||
| 1 Medication administration | 1 | ||
| Schedules | 1 | ||
| Classification | 2 | ||
| The five rights | 2 | ||
| Routes of administration | 3 | ||
| Topical | 3 | ||
| Respiratory | 3 | ||
| Oral (PO) | 4 | ||
| Sublingual (SL) | 4 | ||
| Enteral | 4 | ||
| Parenteral | 4 | ||
| Vagina (PV) | 6 | ||
| Rectum (PR) | 6 | ||
| Calculations | 6 | ||
| Units of weight | 6 | ||
| Units of volume | 6 | ||
| Legalities | 7 | ||
| Students | 8 | ||
| Patients | 8 | ||
| Accountability | 8 | ||
| Documentation | 9 | ||
| Medication errors | 10 | ||
| Classes of adverse drug reactions | 10 | ||
| Common abbreviations | 11 | ||
| 2 Documentation | 12 | ||
| Types of documentation | 12 | ||
| Reasons for documenting | 13 | ||
| Documentation methods | 13 | ||
| How to document | 13 | ||
| Types of nursing records | 15 | ||
| Disposal of documents | 17 | ||
| Example of system/functional health pattern (FHP) documentation | 17 | ||
| Central nervous system (CNS) or cognitive/ perceptual FHP | 17 | ||
| Cardiovascular system or activity/exercise (cardiac) FHP | 18 | ||
| Respiratory system or activity/exercise (respiratory) FHP | 18 | ||
| Gastrointestinal system or nutrition/metabolism FHP | 18 | ||
| Endocrine system (or can be included in the nutrition/metabolism FHP) | 19 | ||
| Renal system or elimination FHP | 19 | ||
| Wounds (can also be written under relevant system or FHP) | 20 | ||
| Social or psychosocial FHP | 20 | ||
| Other (can also be written under relevant system or FHP) | 20 | ||
| Handover | 20 | ||
| 3 The nervous system | 23 | ||
| Anatomy and physiology | 23 | ||
| Neurotransmission | 23 | ||
| Basic structure of the nervous system | 24 | ||
| The central nervous system | 24 | ||
| The brain | 24 | ||
| Cerebrum | 24 | ||
| Cerebellum | 26 | ||
| Diencephalon (upper brainstem) | 26 | ||
| Brainstem | 27 | ||
| Limbic system | 27 | ||
| Reticular activating system (RAS) | 27 | ||
| Blood–brain barrier | 28 | ||
| Blood supply | 28 | ||
| Spinal cord | 28 | ||
| Spinal nerves | 28 | ||
| Protecting the brain and spinal cord | 30 | ||
| Cranial meninges | 30 | ||
| Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | 30 | ||
| Ventricles in the brain | 30 | ||
| Cranial nerves | 31 | ||
| Intracranial pressure (ICP) | 32 | ||
| Causes of increased ICP | 32 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 32 | ||
| Treatment | 33 | ||
| Assessment | 33 | ||
| Subjective | 33 | ||
| Objective | 34 | ||
| Pupil testing | 35 | ||
| Dermatome testing | 35 | ||
| Medical disorders | 37 | ||
| Alzheimer’s disease | 37 | ||
| Cause | 37 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 38 | ||
| Diagnosis | 38 | ||
| Treatment | 38 | ||
| Complications | 39 | ||
| Nursing considerations | 39 | ||
| Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) | 39 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 39 | ||
| 4 The respiratory system | 65 | ||
| Anatomy review | 65 | ||
| Upper airway | 65 | ||
| Lower airway | 65 | ||
| Pleura | 66 | ||
| Airway innervation from autonomic system | 67 | ||
| Humoral control via chemoreceptors | 67 | ||
| Gas exchange | 67 | ||
| Oxygen (O2) | 67 | ||
| Cyanosis | 68 | ||
| Carbon dioxide (CO2) | 68 | ||
| Blood gases and acid–base imbalance | 68 | ||
| Anion gap | 68 | ||
| Buffer system | 69 | ||
| Respiratory assessment | 69 | ||
| Subjective | 69 | ||
| Objective | 70 | ||
| Medical disorders | 72 | ||
| Acute respiratory failure | 72 | ||
| Causes | 73 | ||
| Diagnosis | 73 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 73 | ||
| Treatment | 73 | ||
| Nursing considerations | 73 | ||
| Restrictive respiratory disorders | 74 | ||
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) | 74 | ||
| Causes | 74 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 74 | ||
| Diagnosis | 74 | ||
| Treatment | 75 | ||
| Complications | 75 | ||
| Nursing considerations | 75 | ||
| Atelectasis | 75 | ||
| Cause | 75 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 76 | ||
| Diagnosis | 76 | ||
| Treatment | 76 | ||
| Nursing considerations | 76 | ||
| Flail chest and fractured ribs | 76 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 77 | ||
| Diagnosis | 77 | ||
| Treatment | 77 | ||
| Nursing considerations | 77 | ||
| Haemothorax | 78 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 78 | ||
| Diagnosis | 78 | ||
| Treatment | 78 | ||
| Pneumonia | 78 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 79 | ||
| Diagnosis | 79 | ||
| Treatment | 79 | ||
| Nursing considerations | 79 | ||
| Pneumothorax | 79 | ||
| Types | 80 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 80 | ||
| Diagnosis | 81 | ||
| Treatment | 81 | ||
| Complications | 81 | ||
| Nursing considerations | 81 | ||
| Tension pneumothorax | 81 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 82 | ||
| Diagnosis | 82 | ||
| Treatment | 82 | ||
| Obstructive respiratory disorders | 82 | ||
| Acute pulmonary oedema (APO) | 82 | ||
| Cause (predominantly cardiac, but can be non-cardiac) | 82 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 83 | ||
| Diagnosis | 83 | ||
| Treatment | 83 | ||
| Complications | 83 | ||
| Nursing considerations | 84 | ||
| Asthma | 84 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 84 | ||
| General | 84 | ||
| Mild attack | 84 | ||
| 5 The cardiovascular system | 109 | ||
| Anatomy and physiology | 109 | ||
| Cardiac blood supply | 110 | ||
| Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) | 111 | ||
| Cardiac output (CO) | 112 | ||
| Factors affecting the CO | 112 | ||
| Central venous pressure (CVP) | 113 | ||
| Peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) | 114 | ||
| Electrical activity in the heart | 114 | ||
| Action potential (AP) | 114 | ||
| Phases | 114 | ||
| Assessment | 116 | ||
| Subjective | 116 | ||
| Objective | 117 | ||
| Electrocardiogram (ECG) | 120 | ||
| Calculating the rate and rhythm of an ECG | 122 | ||
| Rate | 123 | ||
| Rhythm | 124 | ||
| Basic rhythms | 124 | ||
| Sinus rhythm (SR) | 124 | ||
| Characteristics | 124 | ||
| Sinus bradycardia (SB) | 125 | ||
| Characteristics | 125 | ||
| Causes | 125 | ||
| Treatment | 125 | ||
| Sinus tachycardia (ST) | 126 | ||
| Characteristics | 126 | ||
| Causes | 126 | ||
| Treatment | 126 | ||
| Atrial fibrillation (AF) | 127 | ||
| Characteristics | 127 | ||
| Causes | 127 | ||
| Treatment | 128 | ||
| Complications | 128 | ||
| Ventricular tachycardia (VT) | 128 | ||
| Characteristics | 128 | ||
| Causes | 128 | ||
| 6 The endocrine system | 166 | ||
| Hormones | 166 | ||
| The hypothalamus | 168 | ||
| The pituitary gland | 169 | ||
| The anterior pituitary | 169 | ||
| The posterior pituitary | 169 | ||
| Disorders of the pituitary gland | 170 | ||
| Acromegaly | 170 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 170 | ||
| Diagnosis | 170 | ||
| Treatment | 171 | ||
| Diabetes insipidus (DI) | 171 | ||
| Causes | 171 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 171 | ||
| Diagnosis | 171 | ||
| Treatment | 172 | ||
| Complications | 172 | ||
| Nursing considerations | 172 | ||
| Hypopituitarism | 172 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 172 | ||
| Diagnosis | 173 | ||
| Treatment | 173 | ||
| Pituitary tumour | 173 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 173 | ||
| Diagnosis | 174 | ||
| Treatment | 174 | ||
| Complications | 174 | ||
| The thyroid gland | 174 | ||
| Disorders of the thyroid gland | 175 | ||
| Goitre | 175 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 175 | ||
| Diagnosis | 175 | ||
| Treatment | 175 | ||
| Complications | 175 | ||
| Graves’ disease | 176 | ||
| Hashimoto’s disease (chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis) | 176 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 176 | ||
| Diagnosis | 176 | ||
| Treatment | 176 | ||
| Complications | 176 | ||
| Hyperthyroidism | 177 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 177 | ||
| Diagnosis | 177 | ||
| Treatment | 177 | ||
| Complications | 177 | ||
| Hypothyroidism | 178 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 178 | ||
| Diagnosis | 178 | ||
| Treatment | 178 | ||
| Complications | 178 | ||
| Congenital hypothyroidism | 179 | ||
| Myxoedema | 179 | ||
| Thyrotoxic crisis | 179 | ||
| The parathyroid gland | 179 | ||
| Disorders of the parathyroid gland | 180 | ||
| Hyperparathyroidism | 180 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 180 | ||
| Diagnosis | 180 | ||
| Treatment | 180 | ||
| Complications | 181 | ||
| Hypoparathyroidism | 181 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 181 | ||
| Diagnosis | 181 | ||
| Treatment | 181 | ||
| The adrenal gland | 181 | ||
| Disorders of the adrenal gland | 182 | ||
| Acute adrenal failure (Addisonian crisis) | 182 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 182 | ||
| Treatment | 183 | ||
| Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (adrenogenital syndrome) | 183 | ||
| Cushing’s syndrome | 183 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 183 | ||
| Diagnosis | 184 | ||
| Treatment | 184 | ||
| Complications | 184 | ||
| Primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease) | 184 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 185 | ||
| Diagnosis | 185 | ||
| Treatment | 185 | ||
| Secondary adrenal insufficiency | 185 | ||
| The pancreas | 185 | ||
| Insulin | 186 | ||
| Glucagon | 186 | ||
| Somatostatin | 187 | ||
| Pancreatic polypeptide | 187 | ||
| Disorders of the pancreas | 187 | ||
| Acute hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia | 187 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 188 | ||
| Causes | 189 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 189 | ||
| Diagnosis | 189 | ||
| Treatment | 190 | ||
| Complications | 190 | ||
| Nursing considerations | 190 | ||
| Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) | 190 | ||
| Causes | 191 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 191 | ||
| Diagnosis | 191 | ||
| Treatment | 191 | ||
| Complications | 191 | ||
| Nursing considerations | 191 | ||
| Hyperinsulinaemia or excessive insulin secretion | 192 | ||
| Hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma | 192 | ||
| Pharmacology | 192 | ||
| Pancreatic medications | 192 | ||
| Insulin | 192 | ||
| Oral hypoglycaemics (OHG) | 193 | ||
| Pituitary medications | 193 | ||
| Antidiuretic hormones (ADH) | 193 | ||
| Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) | 193 | ||
| Growth hormone (GH) | 194 | ||
| Adrenal medications | 194 | ||
| Glucocorticoids | 194 | ||
| Mineralocorticoids | 194 | ||
| Thyroid medications | 194 | ||
| For hyperthyroidism/Graves’ disease | 194 | ||
| For hypothyroidism | 194 | ||
| Radioactive iodine (131I) | 194 | ||
| 7 The gastrointestinal system | 195 | ||
| Anatomy and physiology | 195 | ||
| Parts of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) | 195 | ||
| GIT nerve supply | 198 | ||
| Accessory organs of digestion | 198 | ||
| Liver | 198 | ||
| Bile | 198 | ||
| Bilirubin | 199 | ||
| Gallbladder | 199 | ||
| Pancreas | 199 | ||
| Assessment | 200 | ||
| Subjective | 200 | ||
| Objective | 200 | ||
| Body mass index (BMI) | 202 | ||
| Nutrition | 202 | ||
| Medical disorders | 203 | ||
| Anorexia | 203 | ||
| Appendicitis | 203 | ||
| Causes | 203 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 203 | ||
| Diagnosis | 203 | ||
| Treatment | 203 | ||
| Cholelithiasis (gallstones) | 203 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 204 | ||
| Diagnosis | 204 | ||
| Treatment | 204 | ||
| Cirrhosis | 204 | ||
| Types | 204 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 205 | ||
| Diagnosis | 205 | ||
| Treatment | 206 | ||
| Complications | 206 | ||
| Constipation | 206 | ||
| Causes | 206 | ||
| 8 The renal system | 233 | ||
| Anatomy and physiology | 233 | ||
| The renin–angiotensin system | 235 | ||
| Renin | 235 | ||
| Angiotensin | 237 | ||
| Aldosterone | 237 | ||
| Renin–angiotensin mechanism | 237 | ||
| Fluid and electrolytes | 237 | ||
| Water | 237 | ||
| Sodium balance | 239 | ||
| Plasma osmolarity | 240 | ||
| Isotonic | 240 | ||
| Hypotonic | 240 | ||
| Hypertonic | 240 | ||
| Effective circulating volume | 241 | ||
| Hypovolaemia | 241 | ||
| Intracellular fluid | 242 | ||
| Extracellular fluid | 242 | ||
| Assessment | 242 | ||
| Subjective | 242 | ||
| Objective | 243 | ||
| Physical | 243 | ||
| Abdominal | 243 | ||
| Medical disorders | 244 | ||
| Glomerulonephritis | 244 | ||
| Types | 244 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 244 | ||
| 9 The reproductive system | 275 | ||
| Assessment (male and female) | 275 | ||
| Subjective | 275 | ||
| Objective | 276 | ||
| Female anatomy and physiology | 276 | ||
| Vagina | 276 | ||
| Uterus and cervix | 278 | ||
| Fallopian tubes | 278 | ||
| Ovaries | 279 | ||
| Oestrogen | 279 | ||
| Progesterone | 279 | ||
| Androgen | 280 | ||
| Menstruation | 280 | ||
| Menopause | 280 | ||
| Female medical disorders | 280 | ||
| Benign ovarian cysts and tumours | 280 | ||
| Cervicitis | 281 | ||
| Cervical cancer | 281 | ||
| Stages | 282 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 282 | ||
| Diagnosis | 282 | ||
| Treatment | 282 | ||
| Cystocele | 283 | ||
| Rectocele | 283 | ||
| Enterocele | 283 | ||
| Ectopic pregnancy | 283 | ||
| Endometrial cancer | 284 | ||
| Stages | 284 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 284 | ||
| Diagnosis | 285 | ||
| Treatment | 285 | ||
| Complications | 285 | ||
| Endometriosis | 285 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 285 | ||
| Diagnosis | 286 | ||
| Treatment | 286 | ||
| Complications | 286 | ||
| Ovarian cancer | 286 | ||
| Types | 286 | ||
| Stages | 286 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 287 | ||
| Diagnosis | 287 | ||
| Treatment | 287 | ||
| Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) | 288 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 288 | ||
| Diagnosis | 288 | ||
| Treatment | 288 | ||
| Complications | 288 | ||
| Uterine fibroids (myomas or leiomyomas) | 289 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 289 | ||
| Diagnosis | 289 | ||
| Treatment | 289 | ||
| Complications | 290 | ||
| Uterine polyps | 290 | ||
| Uterine prolapse | 290 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 290 | ||
| Diagnosis | 290 | ||
| Treatment | 291 | ||
| Complications | 291 | ||
| Vaginitis | 291 | ||
| Types | 291 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 291 | ||
| Diagnosis | 292 | ||
| Treatment | 292 | ||
| Complications | 292 | ||
| Menstrual disorders | 292 | ||
| Amenorrhoea | 292 | ||
| Dysmenorrhoea | 293 | ||
| Breast disorders | 293 | ||
| Breast cancer | 293 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 293 | ||
| Diagnosis | 294 | ||
| Treatment | 294 | ||
| Breast lumps | 294 | ||
| Galactorrhoea | 295 | ||
| Mastitis | 295 | ||
| Surgical interventions (female) | 295 | ||
| Dilation and curettage (D&C) | 295 | ||
| Tubal ligation | 296 | ||
| Hysterectomy | 296 | ||
| Types | 296 | ||
| Complications | 297 | ||
| Mastectomy | 297 | ||
| Types | 297 | ||
| Complications | 298 | ||
| Male anatomy and physiology | 298 | ||
| Testosterone | 298 | ||
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | 298 | ||
| Luteinising hormone (LH) | 299 | ||
| Testes | 299 | ||
| Epididymis | 300 | ||
| Scrotum | 300 | ||
| Prostate | 300 | ||
| Penis | 300 | ||
| Semen production | 300 | ||
| Male medical disorders | 301 | ||
| Benign prostatic hyperplasia/hypertrophy (BPH) | 301 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 301 | ||
| Diagnosis | 301 | ||
| Treatment | 301 | ||
| Complications | 302 | ||
| Cancer of the penis | 302 | ||
| Cancer of the scrotum | 302 | ||
| Cryptorchidism (undescended testes) | 302 | ||
| Epididymitis | 303 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 303 | ||
| Diagnosis | 303 | ||
| Treatment | 303 | ||
| Complications | 303 | ||
| Hydrocoele | 304 | ||
| Haematocele | 304 | ||
| Spermatocele | 304 | ||
| Hypospadias | 304 | ||
| Orchitis | 304 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 305 | ||
| Diagnosis | 305 | ||
| Treatment | 305 | ||
| Complications | 305 | ||
| Peyronie’s disease | 305 | ||
| Phimosis | 306 | ||
| Priapism | 306 | ||
| Prostate cancer | 306 | ||
| Stages | 307 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 307 | ||
| Diagnosis | 307 | ||
| Treatment | 308 | ||
| Complications | 308 | ||
| Prostatitis | 308 | ||
| Testicular cancer | 309 | ||
| Stages | 309 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 310 | ||
| Diagnosis | 310 | ||
| Treatment | 310 | ||
| Complications | 310 | ||
| Testicular torsion | 311 | ||
| Types | 311 | ||
| Varicocele | 311 | ||
| Surgical interventions (male) | 312 | ||
| Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) | 312 | ||
| Vasectomy | 312 | ||
| Sexually transmitted infections | 312 | ||
| Pharmacology | 312 | ||
| Androgens | 312 | ||
| Anti-androgens | 312 | ||
| Anti-oestrogen | 313 | ||
| Oestrogen | 313 | ||
| Progesterone | 313 | ||
| 10 Haematology, oncology and immunology | 314 | ||
| Haematology: anatomy and physiology | 314 | ||
| Haematopoiesis | 314 | ||
| Red blood cells (RBC) | 314 | ||
| White blood cells (WBC) | 315 | ||
| Platelets | 315 | ||
| Blood groups | 317 | ||
| Rhesus system (Rh) | 317 | ||
| Haematology disorders | 317 | ||
| Anaemia | 317 | ||
| Types | 318 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 318 | ||
| Diagnosis | 319 | ||
| Treatment | 319 | ||
| Complications | 319 | ||
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) | 319 | ||
| Causes | 319 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 320 | ||
| Diagnosis | 320 | ||
| Treatment | 320 | ||
| Complications | 320 | ||
| Haemophilia | 320 | ||
| Types | 321 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 321 | ||
| Diagnosis | 321 | ||
| Treatment | 321 | ||
| Neutropenia | 321 | ||
| Polycythaemia | 321 | ||
| Causes | 322 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 322 | ||
| Diagnosis | 322 | ||
| Treatment | 322 | ||
| Thalassaemia | 322 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 323 | ||
| Treatment | 323 | ||
| Complications | 323 | ||
| Thrombocytopenia | 323 | ||
| Causes | 323 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 324 | ||
| Diagnosis | 324 | ||
| Treatment | 324 | ||
| Haematology interventions | 324 | ||
| Bone marrow transplant | 324 | ||
| Types | 324 | ||
| Indications | 324 | ||
| Complications | 325 | ||
| Haematology pharmacology | 325 | ||
| Anticoagulants | 325 | ||
| Blood products | 325 | ||
| Oncology: anatomy and physiology | 325 | ||
| Types of cancer | 325 | ||
| Causes | 326 | ||
| Primary vs secondary (metastatic) | 326 | ||
| Oncology disorders | 326 | ||
| Leukaemia | 326 | ||
| Types | 326 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 327 | ||
| Diagnosis | 327 | ||
| Treatment | 327 | ||
| Lymphoma | 327 | ||
| Hodgkin’s lymphoma | 327 | ||
| Stages | 328 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 328 | ||
| Diagnosis | 328 | ||
| Treatment | 328 | ||
| Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma | 328 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 329 | ||
| Diagnosis | 329 | ||
| Treatment | 329 | ||
| Melanoma | 329 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 330 | ||
| Diagnosis | 330 | ||
| Treatment | 330 | ||
| Oncology interventions | 330 | ||
| Chemotherapy | 330 | ||
| Types of chemotherapy | 330 | ||
| Nursing care pre-chemotherapy | 331 | ||
| Nursing care post-chemotherapy | 331 | ||
| Radiation therapy | 332 | ||
| Indications | 332 | ||
| Types | 332 | ||
| Nursing care post-radiotherapy | 333 | ||
| Bone marrow transplant | 333 | ||
| Immunology: anatomy and physiology | 333 | ||
| Antigen versus antibody | 334 | ||
| Humoral immunity (B-lymphocytes) | 334 | ||
| Cell-mediated immunity (T-lymphocytes) | 334 | ||
| Hypersensitivity disorders | 335 | ||
| Immunology disorders | 335 | ||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 335 | ||
| Causes | 335 | ||
| Stages of joint inflammation | 335 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 336 | ||
| Diagnosis | 336 | ||
| Treatment | 336 | ||
| Complications | 337 | ||
| Ongoing management | 337 | ||
| Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) | 337 | ||
| Causes | 337 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 337 | ||
| Diagnosis | 338 | ||
| Treatment | 338 | ||
| Complications | 338 | ||
| Immunology pharmacology | 339 | ||
| Rheumatoid medications | 339 | ||
| Tests | 339 | ||
| D-dimer | 339 | ||
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) | 339 | ||
| C-reactive protein (CRP) | 339 | ||
| Tumour markers | 340 | ||
| 11 Infectious diseases | 341 | ||
| Types of infections | 341 | ||
| Types of microorganisms | 342 | ||
| Bacteria | 342 | ||
| Viruses | 342 | ||
| Fungi | 342 | ||
| Algae | 343 | ||
| Protozoa | 343 | ||
| Helminths | 343 | ||
| Prions | 343 | ||
| Chain of infection | 343 | ||
| 1 Host | 343 | ||
| 2 Infectious agents | 344 | ||
| 3 Reservoir | 345 | ||
| 4 Portal of exit | 345 | ||
| 5 Mode of transmission | 345 | ||
| 6 Portal of entry | 346 | ||
| Prevention of infection | 346 | ||
| Infection control | 346 | ||
| Asepsis | 346 | ||
| Surgical asepsis | 346 | ||
| Medical asepsis | 346 | ||
| Precautions | 347 | ||
| Standard or universal precautions | 347 | ||
| Additional precautions | 348 | ||
| Other | 348 | ||
| Infectious diseases | 348 | ||
| Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) | 348 | ||
| Signs and symptoms of opportunistic infections | 349 | ||
| Treatment | 349 | ||
| Anthrax | 349 | ||
| Types | 349 | ||
| Aspergillosis | 350 | ||
| Avian influenza (bird flu) | 350 | ||
| Cellulitis | 351 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 351 | ||
| Diagnosis | 351 | ||
| Treatment | 351 | ||
| Complications | 351 | ||
| Chickenpox | 351 | ||
| 12 Trauma and emergency | 391 | ||
| Phases of trauma care | 391 | ||
| The golden hour | 392 | ||
| Mechanical trauma | 392 | ||
| Head injuries | 393 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 393 | ||
| Assessment | 394 | ||
| Diagnosis | 394 | ||
| Treatment | 394 | ||
| Complications | 394 | ||
| Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) | 395 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 395 | ||
| Assessment | 396 | ||
| Diagnosis | 396 | ||
| Treatment | 396 | ||
| Complications | 396 | ||
| Nursing considerations | 396 | ||
| Maxillofacial injuries | 397 | ||
| Classification of facial fractures | 397 | ||
| Diagnosis | 397 | ||
| Treatment | 397 | ||
| Nursing considerations | 398 | ||
| Thoracic injuries | 398 | ||
| Cardiac tamponade | 398 | ||
| Flail chest and fractured ribs | 398 | ||
| Myocardial contusion | 398 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 399 | ||
| Diagnosis | 399 | ||
| Treatment | 399 | ||
| Complications | 399 | ||
| Nursing considerations | 399 | ||
| Pneumothorax, haemothorax and tension pneumothorax | 400 | ||
| Pulmonary contusion | 400 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 400 | ||
| Diagnosis | 400 | ||
| Treatment | 400 | ||
| Complications | 400 | ||
| Nursing considerations | 401 | ||
| Abdominal injuries | 401 | ||
| Assessment | 401 | ||
| Diagnosis | 401 | ||
| Treatment | 401 | ||
| Fractures | 402 | ||
| Types | 402 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 403 | ||
| Diagnosis | 403 | ||
| Treatment | 403 | ||
| Complications | 403 | ||
| Nursing considerations | 403 | ||
| Amputation | 403 | ||
| Surgically amputated limb | 404 | ||
| Types | 404 | ||
| Treatment | 404 | ||
| Traumatically amputated limb | 404 | ||
| Bandages | 405 | ||
| Reimplantation | 405 | ||
| Complications of amputation | 405 | ||
| Shock | 406 | ||
| General treatment | 406 | ||
| Anaphylactic shock | 407 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 407 | ||
| Treatment | 407 | ||
| Nursing considerations | 408 | ||
| Cardiogenic shock | 408 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 408 | ||
| Treatment | 408 | ||
| Hypovolaemic shock | 409 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 409 | ||
| Treatment | 409 | ||
| Neurogenic shock | 410 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 410 | ||
| Treatment | 410 | ||
| Septic shock | 410 | ||
| Stages | 411 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 411 | ||
| Treatment | 411 | ||
| Nursing considerations | 411 | ||
| Burns | 412 | ||
| Types | 412 | ||
| Radiation | 412 | ||
| Thermal | 412 | ||
| Chemical | 413 | ||
| Electrical | 413 | ||
| Frostbite | 413 | ||
| Classifying burns | 413 | ||
| Superficial burn | 414 | ||
| Partial-thickness burn | 414 | ||
| Full-thickness burn | 414 | ||
| Critical burn | 415 | ||
| Estimation of burns | 415 | ||
| Treatment | 416 | ||
| Smoke inhalation and airway problems | 416 | ||
| Circulation | 417 | ||
| Fluid replacement | 417 | ||
| Hypothermia | 417 | ||
| Wound | 418 | ||
| Infection | 419 | ||
| Pain | 419 | ||
| Medications | 419 | ||
| Nutritional support | 419 | ||
| Psychosocial | 419 | ||
| Complications of trauma | 419 | ||
| 13 Mental health | 421 | ||
| Assessment | 421 | ||
| Subjective | 421 | ||
| Objective | 422 | ||
| Common mental health disorders | 424 | ||
| Addiction and dependence | 424 | ||
| Prescription drug dependence | 424 | ||
| Illicit drug dependence | 425 | ||
| Alcohol dependence (alcoholism) | 425 | ||
| Symptoms | 425 | ||
| Treatment | 425 | ||
| Complications | 426 | ||
| Anorexia nervosa | 426 | ||
| Causes | 426 | ||
| Symptoms | 427 | ||
| Diagnosis | 427 | ||
| Treatment | 427 | ||
| Complications | 428 | ||
| Anxiety disorders | 428 | ||
| Types | 428 | ||
| Causes | 429 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 429 | ||
| Diagnosis | 429 | ||
| Treatment | 429 | ||
| Complications | 430 | ||
| Bipolar disorder | 430 | ||
| Causes | 430 | ||
| Symptoms | 431 | ||
| Diagnosis | 431 | ||
| Treatment | 432 | ||
| Complications | 432 | ||
| Bulimia nervosa | 432 | ||
| Symptoms | 432 | ||
| Diagnosis | 433 | ||
| Treatment | 433 | ||
| Complications | 433 | ||
| Delirium | 433 | ||
| Causes | 433 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 434 | ||
| Diagnosis | 434 | ||
| Treatment | 434 | ||
| Dementia | 434 | ||
| Types | 434 | ||
| Symptoms | 435 | ||
| Diagnosis | 435 | ||
| Treatment | 436 | ||
| Depression | 436 | ||
| Causes | 436 | ||
| Signs and symptoms | 436 | ||
| Diagnosis | 437 | ||
| Treatment | 437 | ||
| Complications | 437 | ||
| Personality disorders | 438 | ||
| Causes | 438 | ||
| Cluster A personality disorders | 438 | ||
| Cluster B personality disorders | 439 | ||
| Cluster C personality disorders | 439 | ||
| 14 Operative care | 445 | ||
| Phases of operative care | 445 | ||
| Preoperative care | 446 | ||
| Data collected in advance | 446 | ||
| Factors that may affect surgery | 447 | ||
| Preoperative assessment (on day of surgery) | 448 | ||
| Nursing care on the day of surgery | 448 | ||
| Intraoperative care | 449 | ||
| Intraoperative clothing | 449 | ||
| The surgical team | 450 | ||
| On admission to the holding room | 450 | ||
| Patient positioning | 450 | ||
| Types of surgery | 451 | ||
| Types of anaesthetics | 452 | ||
| Intraoperative complications | 452 | ||
| Postoperative care | 453 | ||
| The recovery unit | 453 | ||
| Preparing to receive a patient to the ward from theatre | 454 | ||
| On return to ward (RTW) | 454 | ||
| Routine post-anaesthetic observations (RPAO) | 454 | ||
| First 24 hours post-op | 455 | ||
| Postoperative complications | 456 | ||
| Wound care | 457 | ||
| Phases of wound healing | 457 | ||
| Inflammation vs infection | 457 | ||
| Removal of sutures/staples | 458 | ||
| Removal of drains | 458 | ||
| Types of dressings | 459 | ||
| Film | 459 | ||
| Foam | 459 | ||
| Hydrocolloid | 459 | ||
| Hydrogel | 459 | ||
| Alginate | 459 | ||
| Paraffin gauze | 460 | ||
| Non-stick dressing | 460 | ||
| Discharge from hospital | 460 | ||
| 15 Survival tactics | 462 | ||
| The clinical teacher/educator | 462 | ||
| Preparation | 463 | ||
| Equipment | 464 | ||
| Objectives | 465 | ||
| Tips to assist with clinical placement | 465 | ||
| Adjusting to ward staff and routines/roles | 465 | ||
| On arrival at the ward | 467 | ||
| Group discussion | 468 | ||
| Workload management | 468 | ||
| Time management | 468 | ||
| Planning and prioritisation | 468 | ||
| What else do you need to know? | 469 | ||
| Professionalism and practice | 469 | ||
| Confidentiality | 469 | ||
| Defusing | 470 | ||
| Debriefing | 470 | ||
| Caring for patients | 471 | ||
| Considering the family | 472 | ||
| Bullying and harassment | 472 | ||
| Looking at the bigger picture | 474 | ||
| Appendix 1 | 475 | ||
| Appendix 2 Daily management plan | 481 | ||
| Appendix 3 | 482 | ||
| References | 483 | ||
| Web pages | 484 | ||
| Recommended websites | 486 | ||
| Index | 487 | ||
| A | 487 | ||
| B | 488 | ||
| C | 489 | ||
| D | 490 | ||
| E | 491 | ||
| F | 491 | ||
| G | 492 | ||
| H | 492 | ||
| I | 493 | ||
| J | 493 | ||
| K | 493 | ||
| L | 493 | ||
| M | 494 | ||
| N | 494 | ||
| O | 495 | ||
| P | 495 | ||
| R | 496 | ||
| S | 497 | ||
| T | 497 | ||
| U | 498 | ||
| V | 498 | ||
| W | 498 | ||
| Y | 498 |