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Book Details
Abstract
Community Health & Wellness: Primary health care in practice, 5th Edition represents contemporary thinking and research in community health and wellness from Australia, New Zealand and the global community.
It challenges students and health professionals to become more aware of the primary health care (PHC) environments in which they work in order to gain an understanding of what is socially determining the health of the individuals, families and communities within their care.
- Provides a focus on primary health care practice in Australia and New Zealand
- Research and evidence-based practice throughout each chapter
- Group exercises that can be used in practice or tutorial groups
- Reflective questions to challenge the understanding of key principles and practice
- Additional resources for lecturers via Evolve.
- Two new chapters:
- Chapter 3 Assessing the Community
- Chapter 6 Working in groups
- The SDH Assessment Circle - a new model for community assessment
- Stronger emphasis on working with migrant and refugee families
- A new continuous case study - The Mason and Smith families
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front cover | cover | ||
| Half title page | i | ||
| Evolve page | ii | ||
| Community Health and Wellness | iii | ||
| Copyright page | iv | ||
| Dedication | v | ||
| Table of Contents | vii | ||
| Foreword | xv | ||
| Preface | xvii | ||
| About the Authors | xix | ||
| Acknowledgements | xxi | ||
| Reviewers | xxi | ||
| 1 Working with Communities | 1 | ||
| Introduction to the Section | 2 | ||
| 1 Creating and maintaining a healthy community | 4 | ||
| Introduction | 4 | ||
| The Ecological, Multilayered Perspective of Community Health | 5 | ||
| What is health? | 5 | ||
| What do we mean by community? | 6 | ||
| What is community health? | 6 | ||
| Community Health and Wellness | 8 | ||
| What does happiness have to do with it? | 8 | ||
| Health, Happiness and Sustainable Development | 9 | ||
| Social Determinants of Health (SDH) | 10 | ||
| Social determinants of health and primary health care | 11 | ||
| Primary Health Care (PHC) | 12 | ||
| Accessible health care: equity and social justice | 13 | ||
| Appropriate technology | 14 | ||
| Increased emphasis on health promotion | 14 | ||
| Cultural sensitivity, cultural safety | 15 | ||
| Intersectoral collaboration | 15 | ||
| Public participation | 15 | ||
| Social Capital | 16 | ||
| Social capital and the political ecosystem | 17 | ||
| Health Literacy | 17 | ||
| References | 21 | ||
| Useful websites | 23 | ||
| 2 Communities of place | 24 | ||
| Introduction | 24 | ||
| The Global Community | 25 | ||
| Urban Communities | 28 | ||
| The Healthy Cities movement | 30 | ||
| Rural Communities | 31 | ||
| FIFO Communities | 33 | ||
| Relational Communities | 35 | ||
| Electronic and Social Media Communities | 35 | ||
| Communities of Affiliation | 36 | ||
| Migrant and refugee communities | 37 | ||
| References | 39 | ||
| 3 Assessing the community | 42 | ||
| Introduction | 42 | ||
| Part 1: Community Assessment Tools | 43 | ||
| Epidemiological Assessment | 43 | ||
| The Evolution of Assessment Tools | 46 | ||
| Asset Mapping | 50 | ||
| Assessment Tools Specific to Health Education Planning | 52 | ||
| Social Epidemiology, CBPR, PHC and the SDH | 53 | ||
| Streamlining Community Assessment | 53 | ||
| Sources of Assessment Information | 54 | ||
| Part 2: Assessment in Practice | 56 | ||
| References | 59 | ||
| 4 Planning and promoting community health: | 61 | ||
| Introduction | 61 | ||
| Terminology and History: Public Health, Population Health, Primary Health Care and Health Promotion | 62 | ||
| Public health | 62 | ||
| Population health | 62 | ||
| Primary health care | 62 | ||
| Problems with the ‘old public health’ | 62 | ||
| Health Promotion and the New Public Health | 63 | ||
| The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion | 63 | ||
| 1 Build healthy public policy | 64 | ||
| 2 Create supportive environments | 64 | ||
| 3 Strengthen community action | 64 | ||
| 4 Develop personal skills | 64 | ||
| 5 Reorient health services | 64 | ||
| The Millennium Development Goals | 65 | ||
| Promoting Global Health | 66 | ||
| Global Health, Global Development | 67 | ||
| Health as security | 67 | ||
| Health as a global public good | 68 | ||
| Health as a human right | 68 | ||
| Health Education | 69 | ||
| Sustaining Health Promotion Initiatives | 73 | ||
| Promoting Health at the Local Level | 74 | ||
| Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention | 75 | ||
| Promoting Health in Communities of Place | 76 | ||
| Health Promotion in the City | 77 | ||
| Rural Health Promotion | 81 | ||
| Promoting Health in Relational Communities | 82 | ||
| Promoting Health in Migrant Communities | 82 | ||
| Promoting Health in Virtual Communities | 84 | ||
| References | 87 | ||
| Useful websites | 90 | ||
| 5 Community health nursing roles | 92 | ||
| Introduction | 92 | ||
| The Role of Nurses in Promoting Social Justice | 93 | ||
| Advanced Practice Nurses and Nurse Practitioners | 94 | ||
| Rural and Remote Area Nursing Practice | 97 | ||
| Practice Nursing | 102 | ||
| Practice nursing in Australia | 102 | ||
| Practice nursing in New Zealand | 103 | ||
| Managing Chronic Conditions in the Community | 105 | ||
| Home visiting | 105 | ||
| Chronic disease models of care | 106 | ||
| Child Health Nursing Practice | 109 | ||
| School Health Nursing | 113 | ||
| Community Mental Health Nursing Practice | 117 | ||
| Occupational Health Nursing | 121 | ||
| PHC for the working population | 123 | ||
| Research in OHN practice | 126 | ||
| Entrepreneurial Nursing Roles | 127 | ||
| References | 129 | ||
| Useful websites | 136 | ||
| 6 Working with groups | 137 | ||
| Introduction | 137 | ||
| Successful Groups: Content and Process | 137 | ||
| Group process | 141 | ||
| Problem-solving groups | 142 | ||
| Therapeutic groups | 144 | ||
| Culturally embedded groups | 146 | ||
| Helping People Change: From Theory to Practice | 147 | ||
| Theories of behaviour change | 148 | ||
| Cognitive behaviour change: the Theory of Reasoned Action | 148 | ||
| Social learning theory: resilience-led approach | 149 | ||
| The Health Belief Model | 149 | ||
| Lewin’s Unfreezing, Changing, Refreezing model | 150 | ||
| Rogers’s Diffusion of Innovations model | 150 | ||
| Motivational interviewing for change | 151 | ||
| Barriers to change | 152 | ||
| Leading, Following and being There for the Group | 152 | ||
| What is a good leader? | 153 | ||
| Leadership and followership | 155 | ||
| Being there for the group | 155 | ||
| References | 158 | ||
| Useful websites | 159 | ||
| 2 Sustainable Health for the Family and the Individual | 160 | ||
| Introduction to the Section | 161 | ||
| 7 Healthy families | 163 | ||
| Introduction | 163 | ||
| Part 1: The family and society | 164 | ||
| Family Functions | 164 | ||
| Defining the Family | 165 | ||
| Family Developmental Pathways | 167 | ||
| Changing Families, Changing Partners, Changing Roles | 168 | ||
| Population Trends, Fertility and Child Bearing | 169 | ||
| Families and Work Patterns | 170 | ||
| Casualisation, part-time work and parental leave | 171 | ||
| Work and stress | 172 | ||
| Gender and work | 173 | ||
| Transient families: FIFO and military families | 174 | ||
| Part 2: Couple relationships and family life | 176 | ||
| Social Influences on Couple Relationships | 176 | ||
| Relationship Satisfaction | 177 | ||
| Healthy Couples, Healthy Families | 178 | ||
| Communication, Power, Change and Resilience | 178 | ||
| Marriage, Separation, Divorce and Parenting | 179 | ||
| Divorce and parenting | 180 | ||
| Divorce and the blended family | 181 | ||
| The impact of divorce on parenting | 181 | ||
| Non-resident parenting | 182 | ||
| Parenting, child support and the rights of the child | 183 | ||
| Violence in the Family | 184 | ||
| Intimate partner violence | 185 | ||
| IPV and the children | 186 | ||
| Part 3: Families with special needs | 187 | ||
| Migration and Family Life | 187 | ||
| Migration stress and coping | 187 | ||
| Families Caring for Members with Illness or Disability | 189 | ||
| Rural Family Caregivers | 191 | ||
| Part 4: Goals, policies and practices for family health | 192 | ||
| Goals for Family Health | 192 | ||
| Building healthy public policy | 193 | ||
| Policies protecting human rights and non-violence | 193 | ||
| Inclusive policies | 194 | ||
| Policies for vulnerable families | 194 | ||
| Policies protecting the community | 195 | ||
| Creating supportive environments | 195 | ||
| Family parenting groups | 196 | ||
| Strengthening community action | 197 | ||
| Developing personal skills | 199 | ||
| Supporting family relationship skills | 199 | ||
| Reorienting health services | 200 | ||
| Evidence-Based Family Centred Practice | 201 | ||
| References | 202 | ||
| Useful websites | 207 | ||
| Additional resources | 207 | ||
| 8 Healthy children | 208 | ||
| Introduction | 208 | ||
| The Healthy Child: From Theory to Practice | 209 | ||
| Biological Embedding | 210 | ||
| Socio-Economic Factors and Childhood Stress | 212 | ||
| Global Child Health, Disadvantage and Poverty | 213 | ||
| Indicators of Child Health in Australia and New Zealand | 215 | ||
| The Social Determinants of Children’s Health and Lifestyle | 216 | ||
| Indigenous and ethnic minority child health | 218 | ||
| Children with disabilities or chronic illness | 219 | ||
| Healthy Pregnancy | 220 | ||
| Antenatal care | 221 | ||
| Childbirth | 222 | ||
| Breastfeeding | 223 | ||
| Postnatal Depression (PND) | 226 | ||
| Children’s Psychosocial Wellbeing | 228 | ||
| Parenting patterns and children’s psychosocial health outcomes | 230 | ||
| Learning readiness and social development | 231 | ||
| Resilience | 233 | ||
| Keeping Children Safe | 234 | ||
| Critical Pathways to Child Health | 236 | ||
| Goals for Child Health | 236 | ||
| Building healthy public policy | 238 | ||
| Creating supportive environments | 239 | ||
| Strengthening community action | 241 | ||
| Developing personal skills | 242 | ||
| Reorienting health services | 243 | ||
| References | 245 | ||
| Useful websites | 250 | ||
| 9 Healthy adolescents | 252 | ||
| Introduction | 252 | ||
| Social Competence, Social Capital and Identity Formation | 252 | ||
| Social Determinants of Adolescent Health and Risk | 254 | ||
| How young people are faring: good news, bad news | 255 | ||
| Risky Behaviours: Sex, Drugs and Alcohol, STIs and Pregnancy | 257 | ||
| The Compound Risk Syndrome: Alcohol and Substance Abuse | 258 | ||
| Weight Management, Activity and Nutrition | 260 | ||
| Disordered eating | 261 | ||
| Mental Health Issues: Depression, Self-Harm and Suicide | 262 | ||
| Recognising the risk of suicide | 264 | ||
| Adolescent Life in the Community Context | 265 | ||
| The School Context | 266 | ||
| School, home and social networking | 267 | ||
| Bullying and cyber bullying | 268 | ||
| Risk, Resilience and Decision-Making | 270 | ||
| Hope and self-esteem | 270 | ||
| Countering risk: Healthy adolescence | 271 | ||
| Goals for Adolescent Health | 271 | ||
| Building healthy public policy | 271 | ||
| Creating supportive environments | 273 | ||
| Strengthening community action | 274 | ||
| Developing personal skills | 275 | ||
| Reorienting health services | 277 | ||
| Electronic media, risk and support | 278 | ||
| References | 281 | ||
| Useful websites | 285 | ||
| Helplines and telephone counselling | 286 | ||
| 10 Healthy adults | 287 | ||
| Introduction | 287 | ||
| The Healthy Adult | 287 | ||
| Risks to Adult Health | 288 | ||
| Cancer | 289 | ||
| Injuries | 290 | ||
| Chronic conditions | 290 | ||
| The Top 2 Risks: Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) and Type 2 Diabetes | 291 | ||
| Lifestyle and the Cluster of Risks | 291 | ||
| The Complex Problem of Obesity | 292 | ||
| Rural Lifestyles: Health, Place and Risks | 295 | ||
| The Globalisation of Lifestyle Risks: East Meets West | 295 | ||
| Stress, Mental Health and the SDH | 297 | ||
| Health, wellbeing, stress and the family | 297 | ||
| Mental Health, Illness and the SDH | 298 | ||
| Stigma, Social Exclusion and Mental Illness | 298 | ||
| Workplace Stress | 300 | ||
| Workplace incivility and bullying | 301 | ||
| Other Workplace Health and Safety Issues | 303 | ||
| Positive Mental Health and Wellbeing | 304 | ||
| Environmental Factors Affecting Adult Health | 305 | ||
| Healthy Adulthood | 307 | ||
| Goals for Adult Health | 307 | ||
| Building healthy public policy | 308 | ||
| Creating supportive environments | 310 | ||
| Strengthening community action | 311 | ||
| Developing personal skills | 312 | ||
| Reorienting health services | 312 | ||
| References | 316 | ||
| Useful websites | 320 | ||
| 11 Healthy ageing | 321 | ||
| Introduction | 321 | ||
| Ageing and Society | 321 | ||
| Quality of Life in Older Persons | 325 | ||
| Global Population Ageing | 327 | ||
| Health and Place | 327 | ||
| Rural and urban environments for ageing | 328 | ||
| Ageing in Australia and New Zealand | 330 | ||
| Safe Environments for Ageing | 331 | ||
| Mental Health: Anxiety, Depression, Dementia and Cognitive Decline | 332 | ||
| Elder Abuse and Neglect | 334 | ||
| Staying Well, Staying Physical, Staying Connected | 335 | ||
| Critical Pathways to Ageing | 337 | ||
| Transitions: Challenges and Opportunities | 338 | ||
| Workplace and retirement transitions | 338 | ||
| Transitions to single ageing or widowhood | 339 | ||
| Transitions in intimacy and sexuality | 340 | ||
| Transitions to the end of life | 342 | ||
| Resilience and Empowerment in Older People | 344 | ||
| Social and spiritual support | 345 | ||
| Maintaining dignity in coping | 346 | ||
| Goals for healthy ageing | 348 | ||
| Building healthy public policy | 348 | ||
| Creating supportive environments | 349 | ||
| Strengthening community action | 350 | ||
| Developing personal skills | 351 | ||
| Reorienting health services | 352 | ||
| References | 355 | ||
| Useful websites | 358 | ||
| Falls-prevention agencies | 358 | ||
| New Zealand | 358 | ||
| Australia | 359 | ||
| 3 Inclusive Communities and Societies | 360 | ||
| Introduction to the Section | 361 | ||
| 12 Inclusive communities: gender, culture and power | 363 | ||
| Introduction | 363 | ||
| Inequality, Social Exclusion, Gender, Culture and Power | 363 | ||
| Empowerment | 366 | ||
| Boys, Girls and Intimacy | 367 | ||
| Women’s Health Issues | 368 | ||
| Women and poverty | 369 | ||
| Migrant and Refugee Women: the Intersection of Gender, Power and Culture | 370 | ||
| Intimate Partner Violence and Empowerment | 374 | ||
| Men’s Health Issues | 377 | ||
| Men’s lifestyles and health | 378 | ||
| Men’s health risks | 379 | ||
| Masculinity, Behaviour and the Men’s Health Movement | 381 | ||
| Gender Issues among Sexually Diverse Populations | 382 | ||
| Gendering Society: Goals for the Health of Men and Women | 385 | ||
| Building healthy public policies | 385 | ||
| Creating supportive environments | 387 | ||
| Strengthening community action | 388 | ||
| Developing personal skills | 389 | ||
| Reorienting health services | 391 | ||
| References | 394 | ||
| Useful websites | 397 | ||
| 13 Cultural inclusiveness: safe cultures, healthy Indigenous people | 398 | ||
| Introduction | 398 | ||
| Culture and Health | 399 | ||
| Culture Conflict | 401 | ||
| Cultural Safety | 401 | ||
| Multiculturalism | 402 | ||
| Ethnocentrism, Racism and Differential Health Care | 403 | ||
| Aboriginality, Culture and Health | 405 | ||
| Indigenous People’s Relationships between Health and Place | 406 | ||
| Colonisation and Disconnection between Health and Place | 407 | ||
| Culture Blindness and the Stolen Generations | 409 | ||
| The Health of Indigenous People Throughout the World | 410 | ||
| The Health of Australian Indigenous People | 412 | ||
| The Health of New Zealand Māori | 413 | ||
| Behavioural Risk Factors | 415 | ||
| Injury and Family Violence | 418 | ||
| Empowerment and Self-Determination | 420 | ||
| Mental Health and Healing | 421 | ||
| Strengthening Capacity and Social Capital | 423 | ||
| Goals for Indigenous Health | 424 | ||
| Building healthy public policy | 425 | ||
| Creating supportive environments | 428 | ||
| Strengthening community action | 429 | ||
| Developing personal skills | 430 | ||
| Reorienting health services | 433 | ||
| References | 436 | ||
| Useful websites | 440 | ||
| 14 Inclusive policies, equitable health care systems | 441 | ||
| Introduction | 441 | ||
| Politics, Policymaking and Health Care | 442 | ||
| Policy Action at the National Level: Think Global, Act Local | 444 | ||
| Connecting policies with the social determinants of health | 445 | ||
| Policymaking and Primary Health Care | 445 | ||
| Health promotion policies | 448 | ||
| Rural health policies | 448 | ||
| Indigenous health policies | 449 | ||
| Men’s and women’s health policies | 450 | ||
| The Need for Policy Integration: Lessons from Mental Health | 453 | ||
| Mental Health Policies and Family Life | 454 | ||
| Australian Mental Health Policy | 455 | ||
| New Zealand Mental Health Policy | 456 | ||
| Policy and Health System Features | 457 | ||
| The New Zealand health care system | 457 | ||
| The Australian Health Care System | 463 | ||
| Health Sector Reform in Australia | 465 | ||
| Health Care: Building A Better System | 466 | ||
| Best Practice in Health Care Systems | 466 | ||
| Health Care Systems and the Social Determinants of Health | 467 | ||
| References | 470 | ||
| Useful websites | 472 | ||
| 15 Building the evidence base: | 474 | ||
| Introduction | 474 | ||
| Global Community Health Research | 475 | ||
| Social Determinants of Health and the Research Agenda | 477 | ||
| Conducting Research for Policy and Practice | 478 | ||
| Evidence-based practice | 479 | ||
| Systematic reviews, literature reviews, integrative reviews and meta-analyses | 480 | ||
| Randomised controlled trials | 483 | ||
| Sources of evidence | 484 | ||
| Translational research: knowledge translation and knowledge transfer (KT) | 487 | ||
| Community-Based Research Partnerships | 489 | ||
| Community-based participatory research (CBPR) | 490 | ||
| Action Research | 490 | ||
| Participatory action research (PAR) | 491 | ||
| Photovoice | 492 | ||
| Case Study Research | 493 | ||
| Mixed Methods | 493 | ||
| Researching culture | 495 | ||
| Researching with Indigenous People | 496 | ||
| Researching the Future | 498 | ||
| References | 507 | ||
| Useful websites | 511 | ||
| Appendices | 512 | ||
| Appendix A Symbols Used in a Genogram | 513 | ||
| Genogram symbols | 513 | ||
| Genogram legend | 514 | ||
| Appendix B Jakarta Declaration on Leading Health Promotion into the 21st Century | 515 | ||
| 1 Promote social responsibility for health | 515 | ||
| 2 Increase investments for health development | 515 | ||
| 3 Consolidate and expand partnerships for health | 515 | ||
| 4 Increase community capacity and empower the individual | 515 | ||
| 5 Secure an infrastructure for health promotion | 515 | ||
| Appendix C People’s Health Charter | 517 | ||
| Introduction | 517 | ||
| Preamble | 517 | ||
| Vision | 518 | ||
| The health crisis | 518 | ||
| Principles of the People’s Charter for Health | 518 | ||
| A call for action | 518 | ||
| Health as a human right | 519 | ||
| Tackling the broader determinants of health | 519 | ||
| Economic challenges | 519 | ||
| Social and political challenges | 519 | ||
| Environmental challenges | 520 | ||
| War, violence, conflict and natural disasters | 520 | ||
| A people-centred health sector | 521 | ||
| People’s participation for a healthy world | 521 | ||
| Amendment | 521 | ||
| The People’s Health Assembly and the Charter | 522 | ||
| Join us—endorse the Charter | 522 | ||
| PHM Global Secretariat | 522 | ||
| Endorse the People’s Charter for Health | 522 | ||
| Appendix D The Bangkok Charter for Health Promotion in a Globalized World | 524 | ||
| Introduction | 524 | ||
| Scope | 524 | ||
| Purpose | 524 | ||
| Audience | 524 | ||
| Health promotion | 524 | ||
| Addressing the determinants of health | 524 | ||
| Changing context | 524 | ||
| Critical factors | 524 | ||
| Further challenges | 524 | ||
| New opportunities | 524 | ||
| Policy coherence | 525 | ||
| Progress made | 525 | ||
| Strategies for health promotion in a globalized world | 525 | ||
| Effective interventions | 525 | ||
| Required actions | 525 | ||
| Commitments to health for all | 525 | ||
| Rationale | 525 | ||
| Key commitments | 525 | ||
| 1 Make the promotion of health central to the global development agenda | 525 | ||
| 2 Make the promotion of health a core responsibility for all of government | 525 | ||
| 3 Make the promotion of health a key focus of communities and civil society | 526 | ||
| 4 Make the promotion of health a requirement for good corporate practice | 526 | ||
| A global pledge to make it happen | 526 | ||
| All for health | 526 | ||
| Closing the implementation gap | 526 | ||
| Call for action | 526 | ||
| Worldwide partnership | 526 | ||
| Commitment to improve health | 526 | ||
| Appendix E Nairobi Call to Action | 527 | ||
| Appendix F Helsinki Statement on Health in All Policies | 535 | ||
| Appendix G National School Nursing Professional Practice Standards | 538 | ||
| Summary of professional practice domains | 538 | ||
| Domain: professional practice | 538 | ||
| Standard one | 538 | ||
| Standard two | 538 | ||
| Standard three | 538 | ||
| Standard four | 538 | ||
| Standard five | 538 | ||
| Domain: provision and coordination of care | 538 | ||
| Standard six | 538 | ||
| Standard seven | 538 | ||
| Standard eight | 538 | ||
| Domain: collaborative and therapeutic practice | 538 | ||
| Standard nine | 538 | ||
| Standard ten | 538 | ||
| Domain: critical thinking and analysis | 538 | ||
| Standard eleven | 538 | ||
| Standard twelve | 538 | ||
| Appendix H Australian Family Strengths Nursing Assessment Guide | 539 | ||
| Appendix I ARACY Call to Action: Transforming Australia for Our Children’s Future | 541 | ||
| ARACY 2009 Conference declaration and call to action | 541 | ||
| Principles for action | 541 | ||
| Critical issues and challenges facing Australia today | 542 | ||
| Four key strategies for action | 542 | ||
| Appendix J HEEADSSS Assessment Tool for Use with Adolescents | 544 | ||
| Home | 544 | ||
| Education | 544 | ||
| Eating | 544 | ||
| Activities | 544 | ||
| Drugs/Alcohol | 545 | ||
| Sexuality | 545 | ||
| Suicide and Depression | 545 | ||
| Safety | 546 | ||
| Appendix K Ecomap | 547 | ||
| Index | 548 | ||
| A | 548 | ||
| B | 550 | ||
| C | 550 | ||
| D | 552 | ||
| E | 553 | ||
| F | 553 | ||
| G | 554 | ||
| H | 555 | ||
| I | 556 | ||
| J | 557 | ||
| K | 557 | ||
| L | 557 | ||
| M | 557 | ||
| N | 558 | ||
| O | 559 | ||
| P | 559 | ||
| Q | 561 | ||
| R | 561 | ||
| S | 562 | ||
| T | 564 | ||
| U | 564 | ||
| V | 564 | ||
| W | 564 | ||
| Y | 565 |