BOOK
The Gastrocnemius, An issue of Foot and Ankle Clinics of North America, E-Book
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The Gastrocnemius is the largest and most superficial of calf muscles and the main propellant in walking and running. This issue of Foot and Ankle Clinics will cover everything from the anatomy and biomechanics to surgical techniques.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| The Gastrocnemius | i | ||
| Copyright | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Foot And Ankle Clinics\r | xi | ||
| Foreword | xiii | ||
| Preface | xv | ||
| Dedication | xvii | ||
| Dedication | xix | ||
| Dedication | xxiii | ||
| Anatomy of the Triceps Surae | 603 | ||
| Key points | 603 | ||
| Introduction | 603 | ||
| Triceps surae | 604 | ||
| Gastrocnemius | 604 | ||
| Medial head | 604 | ||
| Lateral head | 604 | ||
| Plantaris | 606 | ||
| Soleus | 607 | ||
| Calcaneal Tendon | 610 | ||
| Innervation | 614 | ||
| Function of the Triceps Surae | 614 | ||
| Achilles-Calcaneal-Plantar System | 616 | ||
| Plantar Aponeurosis | 617 | ||
| Medial component | 618 | ||
| Lateral component | 618 | ||
| Central component | 619 | ||
| Surgical anatomy | 620 | ||
| Level 5 | 622 | ||
| Level 4 | 624 | ||
| Level 3 | 625 | ||
| Levels 2 and 1 | 631 | ||
| Summary | 631 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 631 | ||
| References | 631 | ||
| The Gastrocnemius | 637 | ||
| Key points | 637 | ||
| Introduction | 637 | ||
| A limited review of literature | 638 | ||
| The origins of the calf contracture | 639 | ||
| Activity changes: lifestyle influences | 641 | ||
| General Decreased Activities as People Age | 641 | ||
| Recent Changes in Activities | 641 | ||
| Athletes and Increased Activity Situations | 641 | ||
| Physiologic changes to muscles and tendons: internal influence | 641 | ||
| Genetics | 641 | ||
| Reverse evolution: the human influence and the predilection pattern | 642 | ||
| The Perfect Foot | 642 | ||
| The Gastrocnemius: Cause and Effect | 643 | ||
| Discussion | 643 | ||
| Summary | 644 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 645 | ||
| References | 645 | ||
| Effects of Gastrocnemius Tightness on Forefoot During Gait | 649 | ||
| Key points | 649 | ||
| Introduction | 649 | ||
| Anatomy and physiology of the gastrocnemius muscle | 650 | ||
| Anatomy | 650 | ||
| Hill Model | 650 | ||
| Energy Considerations | 650 | ||
| Normal gait analysis | 650 | ||
| Kinematics of the Stance Phase | 650 | ||
| Dynamics of the Stance Phase: Ground Reaction Studies | 652 | ||
| Ground reaction and center of gravity | 653 | ||
| Center of pressures | 653 | ||
| Electromyographic Analysis | 653 | ||
| Combined Analysis of Kinematics Dynamics and Electromyography | 653 | ||
| Discussion | 654 | ||
| Summary | 655 | ||
| References | 656 | ||
| Clinical Diagnosis of Gastrocnemius Tightness | 659 | ||
| Key points | 659 | ||
| Introduction | 659 | ||
| Clinical examination: the Silfverskiold test | 659 | ||
| The Force Under the Foot Is Applied | 660 | ||
| Correction of Hindfoot Valgus Deformity | 660 | ||
| Correction of an Eventual Contraction of the Foot Extensors | 660 | ||
| Strength Applied, and Definition of Gastrocnemius Tightness | 660 | ||
| The Taloche Sign (Maestro) | 666 | ||
| Clinical examination: the associated signs caused by the equinus | 666 | ||
| Summary | 666 | ||
| References | 666 | ||
| Functional Hallux Rigidus and the Achilles-Calcaneus-Plantar System | 669 | ||
| Key points | 669 | ||
| Introduction | 669 | ||
| Functional hallux rigidus of biomechanical origin: the influence of equinus contracture | 670 | ||
| Sagittal Plane Block and Compensatory Mechanisms | 675 | ||
| The Achilles-Calcaneus-Plantar System During the Gait Cycle | 678 | ||
| Relationship Between the Degree of Equinnus and the Resulting Pathology | 679 | ||
| Clinical examination and diagnosis | 681 | ||
| Treatment of functional hallux rigidus | 690 | ||
| Summary | 696 | ||
| References | 697 | ||
| The Effect of the Gastrocnemius on the Plantar Fascia | 701 | ||
| Key points | 701 | ||
| Introduction | 701 | ||
| Achilles–calcaneus–plantar system | 702 | ||
| Modeling the foot in the sagittal plane | 703 | ||
| Gastrocnemius tightness and clinical applications | 710 | ||
| Summary | 713 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 713 | ||
| References | 713 | ||
| Gastrocnemius Shortening and Heel Pain | 719 | ||
| Key points | 719 | ||
| Background | 719 | ||
| Management of heel pain | 720 | ||
| Achilles tendinopathy | 721 | ||
| Terminology in Achilles tendon pain | 721 | ||
| Local anatomy | 721 | ||
| Demographics | 721 | ||
| Examination | 722 | ||
| Insertional tendinopathy | 723 | ||
| Retrocalcaneal bursitis | 723 | ||
| Noninsertional tendinopathy | 723 | ||
| Imaging | 723 | ||
| Treatment | 723 | ||
| Nonoperative Treatment | 723 | ||
| Stretching | 723 | ||
| Plantar fasciopathy | 724 | ||
| Examination | 724 | ||
| Imaging | 725 | ||
| Treatment | 726 | ||
| Gastrocnemius contracture | 727 | ||
| Pathomechanics of Calf Contracture | 727 | ||
| Clinical and epidemiologic data | 728 | ||
| Operative treatment | 729 | ||
| Gastrocnemius lengthening surgery | 729 | ||
| Results of gastrocnemius lengthening | 731 | ||
| Gastrocnemius lengthening for recalcitrant heel pain | 731 | ||
| Proximal medial gastrocnemius release for Achilles tendinopathy | 732 | ||
| Summary | 733 | ||
| References | 733 | ||
| The Use of Ultrasound to Isolate the Gastrocnemius-Soleus Junction Prior to Gastrocnemius Recession | 739 | ||
| Key points | 739 | ||
| Introduction | 739 | ||
| Procedure | 740 | ||
| Discussion | 740 | ||
| Summary | 742 | ||
| References | 742 | ||
| Surgical Techniques of Gastrocnemius Lengthening | 745 | ||
| Key points | 745 | ||
| Introduction | 746 | ||
| Anatomic basis | 746 | ||
| Indications | 746 | ||
| Surgical techniques | 748 | ||
| Proximal Gastrocnemius Recession Techniques | 749 | ||
| Traditional medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscle release: the Silfverskiold procedure | 749 | ||
| Isolated medial gastrocnemius release: a Barouk modification | 750 | ||
| Midaspect Gastrocnemius Recession Techniques | 750 | ||
| The Baumann procedure | 750 | ||
| Distal Gastrocnemius Recession Techniques | 753 | ||
| The original Vulpius and Baker procedures | 753 | ||
| The Strayer procedure | 753 | ||
| The modified Strayer procedure (author’s preferred technique) | 753 | ||
| Endoscopic distal gastrocnemius recession | 756 | ||
| Postoperative care | 758 | ||
| Outcomes | 759 | ||
| Complications | 761 | ||
| Summary | 762 | ||
| References | 763 | ||
| Gastrocnemius Recession | 767 | ||
| Key points | 767 | ||
| Background | 767 | ||
| Anatomy | 768 | ||
| Arch collapse | 768 | ||
| Outcomes | 770 | ||
| Grand Rapids Type I Outcomes | 770 | ||
| Grand Rapids Type II Outcomes | 771 | ||
| Grand Rapids Type III Outcomes | 773 | ||
| Grand Rapids Type IV Outcomes | 774 | ||
| Type V Deformity | 776 | ||
| Techniques | 776 | ||
| Silfverskiold Procedure | 777 | ||
| Baumann Procedure | 780 | ||
| Strayer Procedure | 782 | ||
| Hoke (Tendoachilles Lengthening) Procedure | 784 | ||
| Summary | 785 | ||
| References | 785 | ||
| Endoscopic Gastrocnemius Release | 787 | ||
| Key points | 787 | ||
| Introduction | 787 | ||
| Surgical technique | 788 | ||
| Results | 792 | ||
| Future directions | 792 | ||
| Summary | 792 | ||
| References | 793 | ||
| Technique, Indications, and Results of Proximal Medial Gastrocnemius Lengthening | 795 | ||
| Key points | 795 | ||
| Introduction | 795 | ||
| Indications for Proximal Gastrocnemius Release | 796 | ||
| Surgical Technique | 797 | ||
| Preparation | 797 | ||
| Discussion | 801 | ||
| Bilaterality | 801 | ||
| Five Reasons to Lengthen Just the Medial Gastrocnemius | 801 | ||
| Reasons to Prefer Proximal Versus Distal Lengthening | 802 | ||
| Final Points | 803 | ||
| Chronology | 803 | ||
| Patient information | 804 | ||
| Summary | 804 | ||
| References | 804 | ||
| The Effect of Gastrocnemius Tightness on the Pathogenesis of Juvenile Hallux Valgus | 807 | ||
| Key points | 807 | ||
| Introduction | 807 | ||
| Anatomy | 808 | ||
| The Plantar Aponeurosis | 808 | ||
| Distal insertion | 808 | ||
| Pathogenesis of hallux valgus deformity in relation to gastrocnemius tightness | 809 | ||
| Role of Reduced Dorsiflexion of the Metatarsophalangeal Joint | 810 | ||
| In hallux limitus | 810 | ||
| Dorsal flexion of the interphalangeal joint | 811 | ||
| In juvenile hallux valgus | 811 | ||
| Summary | 813 | ||
| Problems Associated with the Planovalgus Foot | 814 | ||
| Spastic Paraplegia in Children | 814 | ||
| Relationship between gastrocnemius tightness and juvenile hallux valgus | 814 | ||
| Discussion | 815 | ||
| Elements Increasing the Deformity | 816 | ||
| Specific Structural Abnormalities | 816 | ||
| Clinical Consequences | 817 | ||
| Correction of hallux valgus and gastrocnemius tightness | 817 | ||
| Gastrocnemius Tightness | 817 | ||
| Bunionectomy | 818 | ||
| Our Series | 818 | ||
| Summary | 819 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 820 | ||
| References | 820 | ||
| Index | 823 |