BOOK
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, An Issue of Clinics in Chest Medicine, E-Book
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Clinics in Chest Medicine focuses on Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and covers topics such as: Epidemiology and Definitions of ARDS and Early Acute Lung Injury, Environmental Risk Factors for ARDS, Clinical and Biological Heterogeneity in ARDS: Direct vs. Indirect Lung Injury,Obesity and Nutrition, Important Immunomodulators in ARDS?, Beyond SNPs—Genetics, Genomics and Other Omic Approaches to ARDS, Clinical Approach to the Patient with ARDS, The Immunocompromised Patient with ARDS: Role of Invasive Diagnostic Strategies, Clinical Trial Design in Prevention and Treatment of ARDS, Beyond Low Tidal Volume—Ventilating the Patient with ARDS, Prone Positioning in ARDS, and more!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Clinics In Chest Medicine\r | xiii | ||
| Preface\r | xv | ||
| Evolving Epidemiology and Definitions of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Early Acute Lung Injury | 609 | ||
| Key points | 609 | ||
| Introduction | 609 | ||
| The evolution of acute respiratory distress syndrome and limitations of consensus criteria | 609 | ||
| Epidemiology of the acute respiratory distress syndrome | 611 | ||
| Incidence | 611 | ||
| Predisposing Conditions | 615 | ||
| Mortality | 617 | ||
| Toward prevention and early treatment of acute lung injury | 618 | ||
| Improved Supportive Care | 618 | ||
| Identification and Treatment of Early Acute Lung Injury | 618 | ||
| Summary | 620 | ||
| References | 620 | ||
| Environmental Risk Factors for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 625 | ||
| Key points | 625 | ||
| Alcohol abuse | 625 | ||
| Mechanisms | 627 | ||
| Pulmonary immune dysfunction | 627 | ||
| Alveolar epithelial dysfunction | 627 | ||
| Future Interventions | 629 | ||
| Smoking | 629 | ||
| Mechanism | 631 | ||
| Pulmonary immune dysfunction | 631 | ||
| Alveolar epithelial dysfunction | 631 | ||
| Endothelial and platelet dysfunction | 632 | ||
| Future Directions | 632 | ||
| Air pollution | 633 | ||
| Summary | 633 | ||
| References | 633 | ||
| Clinical and Biological Heterogeneity in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 639 | ||
| Key points | 639 | ||
| Introduction | 639 | ||
| Clinical differences between direct and indirect acute respiratory distress syndrome | 640 | ||
| Pathologic Findings | 640 | ||
| Radiographic Appearance | 641 | ||
| Respiratory Mechanics | 641 | ||
| Risk Factors for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 643 | ||
| Genetic risk | 643 | ||
| Protein biomarkers | 643 | ||
| Response to Treatment | 643 | ||
| Patient Outcomes | 644 | ||
| Pathogenetic mechanisms of experimental acute respiratory distress syndrome | 644 | ||
| Experimental Models of Direct and Indirect Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 644 | ||
| Markers of Epithelial or Endothelial Injury | 645 | ||
| Histologic Injury | 645 | ||
| Disruption of the Alveolar-Capillary Barrier | 646 | ||
| Inflammation | 646 | ||
| Inflammatory cell influx | 646 | ||
| Role of T cells and dendritic cells | 647 | ||
| Cytokine expression | 648 | ||
| Physiologic Dysfunction | 648 | ||
| Therapeutic Responses | 648 | ||
| Cellular therapies | 649 | ||
| Epithelial versus systemic therapy administration | 649 | ||
| Summary | 649 | ||
| References | 650 | ||
| Obesity and Nutrition in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 655 | ||
| Key points | 655 | ||
| Obesity and acute respiratory distress syndrome | 655 | ||
| Clinical Course and Outcomes of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Obese Patients | 656 | ||
| Studies in acute respiratory distress syndrome and general critical illness: risk | 656 | ||
| Studies in acute respiratory distress syndrome and general critical illness: outcomes | 656 | ||
| Limitations of prior investigations | 658 | ||
| Possible explanation of findings | 658 | ||
| Biologic Relationship of Obesity and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 658 | ||
| Obesity and the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome | 658 | ||
| Obesity and its effects on the inflammatory response in acute respiratory distress syndrome | 659 | ||
| Obesity and its effects on pulmonary mechanics in acute respiratory distress syndrome | 660 | ||
| Clinical Recommendations on Caring for Obese Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Patients | 661 | ||
| Summary: Obesity and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 661 | ||
| Nutrition in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome | 662 | ||
| Enteral Versus Parenteral Nutrition | 662 | ||
| Early Versus Delayed Nutrition | 662 | ||
| Caloric Prescription of Enteral Nutrition | 663 | ||
| Monitoring Enteral Nutrition | 664 | ||
| Supplementing Calories with Parenteral Nutrition | 664 | ||
| Provision of Macronutrients and Micronutrients in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 665 | ||
| Glutamine | 665 | ||
| Antioxidants | 666 | ||
| Omega-3 fatty acids | 666 | ||
| Summary: Nutrition in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 666 | ||
| References | 667 | ||
| Beyond Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms | 673 | ||
| Key points | 673 | ||
| Shifting the paradigm: what can genomics teach about a trait like acute respiratory distress syndrome? | 673 | ||
| Surveying the landscape of acute respiratory distress syndrome genomics | 674 | ||
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome enters the genomic age | 675 | ||
| Advances from gene expression | 676 | ||
| Untapped potential: transcriptomics of the future | 677 | ||
| Proteomics and metabolomics: searching for the key players | 678 | ||
| Introducing the interactome: a systems biology approach | 679 | ||
| Summary | 680 | ||
| References | 680 | ||
| Approach to the Patient with the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 685 | ||
| Key points | 685 | ||
| Introduction | 685 | ||
| Identifying patients at risk of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome | 686 | ||
| Traditional Clinical Risk Factors and Risk Modifiers for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 686 | ||
| The Lung Injury Prediction Score | 686 | ||
| Plasma Biomarkers for the Risk Prediction of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 688 | ||
| Diagnosing acute respiratory distress syndrome | 688 | ||
| Early Acute Lung Injury | 689 | ||
| The Diagnosis of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 690 | ||
| Evaluation of the patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome | 691 | ||
| Mimickers of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 692 | ||
| Invasive Evaluation of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 692 | ||
| Summary | 693 | ||
| References | 694 | ||
| Invasive Diagnostic Strategies in Immunosuppressed Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 697 | ||
| Key points | 697 | ||
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome in the solid-organ transplant recipient | 697 | ||
| Predisposing Factors | 697 | ||
| Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients | 698 | ||
| Diagnosis of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients | 698 | ||
| Diagnostic strategies | 698 | ||
| Fiber-Optic Bronchoscopy in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients | 698 | ||
| Diagnostic Yield and Impact of the Results of Fiber-Optic Bronchoscopy | 699 | ||
| Safety of Fiber-Optic Bronchoscopy on Mechanically Ventilated Patients | 699 | ||
| Open Lung Biopsy | 699 | ||
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome in other non–human immunodeficiency virus, non–organ transplant populations | 699 | ||
| Fiber-Optic Bronchoscopy | 700 | ||
| Open Lung Biopsy | 700 | ||
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation | 701 | ||
| Fiber-Optic Bronchoscopy in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation | 702 | ||
| Timing for Fiber-Optic Bronchoscopy | 702 | ||
| Techniques | 702 | ||
| Yield and Impact of Bronchoalveolar Lavage or Fiber-Optic Bronchoscopy | 702 | ||
| Complications | 703 | ||
| Open Lung Biopsy | 703 | ||
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus | 703 | ||
| Noninfectious Causes | 704 | ||
| Prognosis of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus | 704 | ||
| Diagnosis | 704 | ||
| Fiber-Optic Bronchoscopy in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 704 | ||
| Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia | 705 | ||
| Mycobacterial infections | 706 | ||
| Fungal disease other than Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia | 706 | ||
| Cytomegalovirus | 706 | ||
| Complications of Fiber-Optic Bronchoscopy | 706 | ||
| Open Lung Biopsy in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 707 | ||
| Considerations for invasive approach | 707 | ||
| References | 707 | ||
| Clinical Trial Design in Prevention and Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 713 | ||
| Key points | 713 | ||
| Introduction | 713 | ||
| Preclinical evidence to inform a study | 714 | ||
| In Vitro Studies as a First Step Toward Clinical Testing | 715 | ||
| Animal Studies | 715 | ||
| Human Models of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 716 | ||
| Observational studies | 717 | ||
| Systematic reviews and meta-analysis | 718 | ||
| Phase 2 studies | 718 | ||
| Dose-Finding and Phase 2a Studies | 719 | ||
| Alternative Phase 2 Designs | 719 | ||
| Outcomes in Phase 2 Trials | 719 | ||
| Phase 3 Studies | 720 | ||
| Patient Recruitment | 720 | ||
| Heterogeneity in Phase 3 Studies of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 721 | ||
| Outcomes in Phase 3 Studies | 723 | ||
| Early treatment and prevention trials | 723 | ||
| Summary | 723 | ||
| References | 724 | ||
| Beyond Low Tidal Volumes | 729 | ||
| Key points | 729 | ||
| Introduction | 729 | ||
| Ventilator-induced lung injury | 730 | ||
| Targeting volutrauma—lowering tidal volumes | 730 | ||
| Spontaneous Breathing | 731 | ||
| Targeting atelectrauma and lung recruitment – higher versus lower positive end-expiratory pressure | 732 | ||
| High-frequency oscillatory ventilation | 732 | ||
| Optimizing mechanical ventilation – monitoring at the bedside | 734 | ||
| Lung Mechanics | 736 | ||
| Esophageal Pressure Monitoring and Transpulmonary Pressure | 736 | ||
| Imaging—Computed Tomography and Electrical Impedance Tomography | 737 | ||
| Summary | 737 | ||
| References | 738 | ||
| Prone Positioning for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 743 | ||
| Key points | 743 | ||
| History | 743 | ||
| Physiologic rationale | 744 | ||
| Mechanism Behind Improvements in Oxygenation | 744 | ||
| Regional changes in perfusion | 744 | ||
| Regional changes in ventilation/recruitment | 744 | ||
| Effect on Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury | 745 | ||
| Clinical studies | 746 | ||
| Complications | 747 | ||
| Contraindications | 749 | ||
| Prevention of acute respiratory distress syndrome | 750 | ||
| When should prone ventilation be started? | 750 | ||
| When should prone ventilation be discontinued? | 750 | ||
| What portion of the day should patients be kept prone? | 750 | ||
| References | 751 | ||
| The Use of Paralytics in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 753 | ||
| Key points | 753 | ||
| Introduction | 753 | ||
| From case reports to randomized controlled trials: the saga of neuromuscular blocking agents in acute respiratory distress ... | 754 | ||
| Clinical Practice | 754 | ||
| Historical Context | 754 | ||
| The Era of Randomized Controlled Trials | 754 | ||
| Summary of the Evidence-Based Data | 755 | ||
| Proposed pathophysiologic effects of neuromuscular blocking agents during acute respiratory distress syndrome | 756 | ||
| Neuromuscular blocking agents and intensive care unit–acquired weakness | 757 | ||
| Neuromuscular blocking agents in acute respiratory distress syndrome ventilator strategy: spontaneous breathing or controll ... | 758 | ||
| Spontaneous Breathing During Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: From Theory to Practice | 758 | ||
| Deleterious Effects of Spontaneous Breathing at the Acute Phase of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 759 | ||
| Synthesis | 759 | ||
| Summary | 761 | ||
| References | 762 | ||
| Extracorporeal Circulatory Approaches to Treat Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 765 | ||
| Key points | 765 | ||
| Introduction | 765 | ||
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cannulation and configurations | 766 | ||
| The history of extracorporeal support for acute respiratory distress syndrome | 769 | ||
| Modern-day extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome | 770 | ||
| Long-term impact of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on survivors of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome | 771 | ||
| Future directions of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal for acute respiratory di ... | 772 | ||
| Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Removal for Less Severe Forms of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 772 | ||
| Importance of Lung-Protective Ventilation | 772 | ||
| Role of Very Low Tidal Volume Ventilation | 773 | ||
| Extracorporeal Carbon Dioxide Removal–Assisted Very Low Tidal Volume Ventilation | 774 | ||
| Extubation during extracorporeal support | 774 | ||
| Active physical therapy during extracorporeal support | 774 | ||
| Complications of extracorporeal support | 775 | ||
| Economic considerations | 775 | ||
| Ethical considerations | 775 | ||
| Summary | 775 | ||
| References | 775 | ||
| Steroids for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome? | 781 | ||
| Key points | 781 | ||
| Introduction: why talk about steroids and acute respiratory distress syndrome? | 781 | ||
| Inflammation, fibrosis, and the pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome | 782 | ||
| Pharmacologic effects of corticosteroids | 782 | ||
| Clinical trials of steroids in prevention and treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome | 782 | ||
| Clinical Trials for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Prevention | 783 | ||
| Clinical Trials for Treatment of Early Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 783 | ||
| Clinical Trials for Treatment of Late Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 785 | ||
| Meta-analyses of steroids for acute respiratory distress syndrome | 789 | ||
| Specific acute respiratory distress syndrome causes and steroids | 789 | ||
| Summary | 792 | ||
| References | 792 | ||
| Endogenous and Exogenous Cell-Based Pathways for Recovery from Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 797 | ||
| Key points | 797 | ||
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome: disruption of the alveolar-capillary barrier | 797 | ||
| Endogenous cell-based pathways for recovery | 798 | ||
| General Mechanisms of Recovery | 798 | ||
| Endogenous Lung Progenitors | 799 | ||
| Coordination of Endogenous Progenitor Responses | 799 | ||
| Enhancement of Epithelial and Endothelial Barrier Function | 801 | ||
| Exogenous cell–based pathways for recovery | 801 | ||
| Endothelial Progenitor Cells | 801 | ||
| Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells | 802 | ||
| Barriers to developing cell-based therapies in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome | 803 | ||
| Remaining questions and research priorities | 804 | ||
| Understanding the Endogenous Response | 804 | ||
| Safety of Exogenous Cell-Based Therapies | 804 | ||
| Off-Target Effects | 805 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 805 | ||
| References | 805 | ||
| Muscle Wasting and Early Mobilization in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome | 811 | ||
| Key points | 811 | ||
| Introduction | 811 | ||
| Risk factors for intensive care unit–acquired weakness | 812 | ||
| Clinical Phenotyping to Assess Risk of Persistent Intensive Care Unit–acquired Weakness | 813 | ||
| Epidemiology of intensive care unit–acquired weakness in acute respiratory distress syndrome | 813 | ||
| Diagnosis and presentation of intensive care unit–acquired weakness | 814 | ||
| Pathophysiology of intensive care unit–acquired weakness | 814 | ||
| Nonpharmacologic strategies | 816 | ||
| Early Rehabilitation Therapy for Disuse Atrophy | 816 | ||
| Cycle Ergometry and Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation | 818 | ||
| Sedation Interruption | 818 | ||
| Potential Limitations of Early Rehabilitation Therapy | 818 | ||
| Ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction | 818 | ||
| Inspiratory Muscle Training | 819 | ||
| Nutrient deficiency in critical illness | 820 | ||
| Pharmacologic strategies as adjuncts to early mobility | 820 | ||
| Summary | 821 | ||
| References | 821 | ||
| Index | 827 |