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New Perspectives in Infectious Diseases, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, E-Book

New Perspectives in Infectious Diseases, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice, E-Book

Robert H. Mealey

(2016)

Additional Information

Abstract

This issue focuses on the latest approach to infectious diseases and covers topics such as: Salmonellosis, Lawsonia intracellularis, Strangles, Rhodococcus equi, Equine Herpesvirus-1, Equine Influenza Virus, Equine Arteritis Virus, West Nile Virus and Equine Encephalitis Viruses, Equine Infectious Anemia Virus, and more!

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover Cover
New Perspectives inInfectious Diseases i
Copyright\r ii
Contributors iii
Contents vii
Veterinary Clinics Of\rNorth America: Equine Practice xi
Foreword\r xiii
Preface\r xv
Equine Herpesvirus 1 Myeloencephalopathy 489
Key points 489
Introduction 490
Etiology 490
Epidemiology 491
Pathogenesis 492
Clinical signs 494
Respiratory Disease 494
Abortion 495
Equine Herpesvirus Myeloencephalopathy 495
Equine Herpesvirus 1 Chorioretinopathy 497
Diagnosis 497
Cell Blood Count 497
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis 497
Virus Isolation and Detection 497
Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing 497
Serologic Analysis 499
Histopathologic Examination 499
Therapeutic strategies 499
Immunity and immune evasion 501
Immunity to Equine Herpesvirus 1 501
Immune Evasion by Equine Herpesvirus 1 501
Control strategies 502
Summary 504
References 504
Equine Influenza Virus 507
Key points 507
Introduction 507
Etiology 508
Genetic diversity of influenza A virus 509
Evolution of Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccine Composition 510
Cross-Species Transmission of Equine Influenza 510
Epidemiology 511
Recent equine influenza outbreaks 512
Pathogenesis and clinical disease 513
Diagnosis 514
Virus Isolation 514
Antigen Detection 514
Reverse Transcription–Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis 514
Antibody Detection 515
Control 516
Summary 516
References 517
West Nile Virus and Equine Encephalitis Viruses 523
Key points 523
Eastern equine encephalitis 523
Etiology 523
Epidemiology 525
Clinical Signs 525
Diagnosis 525
Pathologic Findings 527
Therapeutic Strategies 528
Control Strategies 529
Western equine encephalomyelitis 529
Etiology and Epidemiology 529
Clinical Signs 529
Diagnosis 529
Treatment 529
Equine Viral Arteritis 543
Key points 543
Virus 543
Clinical signs 544
Epidemiology 547
Pathogenesis and pathologic condition 548
Immune response 549
Diagnosis 549
Treatment 550
Vaccination 551
Prevention and control measures 552
Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Equine Arteritis Virus in Breeding Stallions 553
Guidelines for Breeding a Mare to an Equine Arteritis Virus–Shedding Stallion or Insemination with Equine Arteritis Virus–C ... 553
Guidelines for the Movement of Horses 554
Recent advances in equine arteritis virus research 554
Future directions 554
Acknowledgments 555
References 555
Equine Infectious Anemia in 2014 561
Key points 561
Introduction 561
Etiology 562
Taxonomy 562
Morphology 562
Equine Infectious Anemia Virus and Its Relationship with Other Lentiviruses 562
Proteins Encoded by Equine Infectious Anemia Virus 564
Gag/Pol 564
Env 564
Accessory proteins 564
Host Cells 564
Mechanisms of Persistence 564
Epidemiology 565
Molecular Epidemiology 566
Intraisolate variation in equine infectious anemia virus 566
Interisolate variation in equine infectious anemia virus 566
Pathogenesis 567
Clinical signs 568
Host immune responses 568
Diagnosis 569
Therapeutic strategies 570
Control strategies 570
Summary 571
References 572
Hendra Virus 579
Key points 579
Emergence 579
Zoonotic infection 580
The viral reservoir 581
Hendra virus infection in horses 581
Pathogenesis and Pathology 583
Laboratory Diagnosis 584
Therapy 584
Community impact 584
A Hendra virus vaccine for horses 585
Postexposure therapeutics for people 586
Other susceptible animal hosts 586
Summary 587
References 587
New Perspectives for the Diagnosis, Control, Treatment, and Prevention of Strangles in Horses 591
Key points 591
Introduction 591
The causal agent 592
Clinical signs of strangles 592
Convalescence and the carrier state 593
Therapeutic treatment of horses with strangles 593
Therapeutic treatment of persistently infected carriers 594
Complications 595
Preventing infection 595
Culture test for Streptococcus equi 595
Polymerase chain reaction assays 596
Serology tests for exposure to Streptococcus equi 596
Using the diagnostic tests to minimize the impact of Streptococcus equi infection 598
Vaccination against strangles 600
Killed and cell extract strangles vaccines 601
Live-attenuated vaccines 601
Subunit vaccines 602
Summary and future perspectives 603
References 603
Rhodococcus equi Foal Pneumonia 609
Key points 609
Introduction 609
Etiology 609
Epidemiology 609
Clinical signs 612
Diagnosis 612
Therapeutic strategies 614
Control strategies 615
Summary 617
References 617
Managing Salmonella in Equine Populations 623
Key points 623
Introduction 623
Importance of Salmonella in equine populations 624
Salmonella: the basics 624
Salmonella testing and interpretation 625
Culture of Fecal Samples 625
Culture of Environmental Samples 626
Polymerase Chain Reaction 626
Lateral Flow Immunoassays 627
Testing Strategy and Test Interpretation 627
Fundamentals of veterinary infection control 629
Managing salmonella risk in hospital populations 630
Patient Management 630
Factors associated with epidemic disease 630
Factors associated with endemic disease 630
Subpopulations and Salmonella Risk 632
Horses with gastrointestinal disease 632
Horses with severe disease 632
Salmonella Surveillance Among Patients in Clinical Practice 632
Management of the Hospital Environment 634
Managing salmonella risk in the field setting 635
Summary 635
References 635
Lawsonia intracellularis and Equine Proliferative Enteropathy 641
Key points 641
Introduction 641
Epidemiology 642
Clinical signs 643
Diagnostic tests 644
Abdominal Ultrasonography 644
Total Protein/Albumin/Clinicopathologic Changes 644
Fecal Polymerase Chain Reaction 646
Serologic Testing 646
Pathology/Pathophysiology 648
Treatment 648
Prevention 651
Monitoring of Herd Status Following Diagnosis of Initial Index Case 651
Monitoring the Herd with Endemic Status 652
Prevention and Vaccination 653
Future directions 654
References 655
Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis 659
Key points 659
Introduction 659
Etiologic agents 660
Epidemiology 660
Pathogenesis 661
Experimental Infections 662
Clinical signs 663
Pathology 664
Diagnosis 664
Differential Diagnoses 665
Postmortem Diagnosis 666
Immunodiagnostic Testing 666
Treatment 667
Folate-Inhibiting Drugs 667
Triazines 668
Anti-inflammatory Therapy 668
Biological Response Modifiers 668
Prevention 669
Summary 669
Supplementary data 670
References 670
Equine Piroplasmosis 677
Key points 677
Introduction 677
Etiology 678
Epidemiology 679
Pathogenesis and immunity 681
Clinical signs 684
Diagnosis 686
Therapeutic strategies 688
Control strategies 689
Summary 689
References 690
Infectious Diseases of Working Equids 695
Key points 695
Introduction 695
Infectious diseases of working equids 696
African horse sickness 696
Etiology 696
Epidemiology 697
Clinical Signs and Pathologic Findings 697
Diagnosis 699
Therapeutic Strategies 699
Control Strategies 700
Epizootic lymphangitis 700
Etiology 701
Epidemiology 701
Pathogenesis and Clinical Signs 701
Diagnosis 701
Therapeutic Strategies 703
Control Strategies 704
Equine infectious anemia 705
Etiology 705
Epidemiology 705
Pathogenesis and Clinical Signs 705
Diagnosis 706
Therapeutic and Control Strategies 706
Gastrointestinal nematodes 706
Glanders 706
Etiology 706
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis 706
Clinical Signs 707
Diagnosis 707
Therapeutic Strategies 707
Control Strategies 707
Piroplasmosis 707
Etiology 707
Epidemiology 708
Pathogenesis and Clinical Signs 708
Diagnosis 708
Therapeutic Strategies 709
Control Strategies 709
Tetanus 709
Etiology 709
Epidemiology 709
Pathogenesis and Clinical Signs 709
Diagnosis 710
Index 719