Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue of Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice, devoted to Nephrology, is edited by Dr. Samuel Snyder. Articles in this issue include: Secondary hypertension; Update on ACE/ARB/DRI; Workup of proteinuria; Diagnosis and evaluation of renal cysts; NSAIDs, COX2’s and the kidney; The PCP/nephrologist partnership in advancing CKD; Nosocomial AKI; Geriatric patient with CKD; Hematuria workup; The kidney in obesity; and Renal transplant in the primary care setting.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Nephrology\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Primary Care: Clinics In Office Practice\r | ix | ||
| Foreword\r | xi | ||
| Preface\r | xiii | ||
| Workup for Proteinuria | 719 | ||
| Key points | 719 | ||
| Introduction | 719 | ||
| How proteinuria occurs: glomerular structure and function | 720 | ||
| Identification and quantification of proteinuria | 721 | ||
| Clinical findings/classification: how to work up the patient with proteinuria | 722 | ||
| Case 1 | 726 | ||
| Diabetic nephropathy | 726 | ||
| Case 2 | 726 | ||
| Immunoglobulin A nephropathy | 726 | ||
| Case 3 | 727 | ||
| Lupus nephritis | 727 | ||
| Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis | 728 | ||
| Chronic kidney disease classification and proteinuria | 728 | ||
| General aspects of therapy | 730 | ||
| Diet | 730 | ||
| Edema | 731 | ||
| Hypertension | 731 | ||
| Lipids | 731 | ||
| Progression of Azotemia and Other Complications | 732 | ||
| Summary | 732 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 732 | ||
| References | 732 | ||
| Work-up of Hematuria | 737 | ||
| Key points | 737 | ||
| Introduction | 737 | ||
| Background incidence | 738 | ||
| Classification | 738 | ||
| Diagnosis | 738 | ||
| Urine Microscopy | 738 | ||
| Cells | 738 | ||
| Erythrocytes | 738 | ||
| Leukocytes | 739 | ||
| Renal tubular epithelial cells | 739 | ||
| Squamous cells | 739 | ||
| Casts | 739 | ||
| Hyaline casts | 739 | ||
| Granular casts | 739 | ||
| Waxy casts | 739 | ||
| Erythrocyte casts | 739 | ||
| White blood cell casts | 739 | ||
| Crystals | 739 | ||
| Uric acid crystals | 739 | ||
| Calcium oxalate crystal | 739 | ||
| Cystine crystals | 740 | ||
| Causes | 740 | ||
| Renal Stones | 740 | ||
| Alport Syndrome (Hereditary Nephritis) | 741 | ||
| Thin Basement Membrane Disease | 741 | ||
| IgA Nephropathy | 741 | ||
| Exercise-Induced Hematuria | 741 | ||
| Hematuria Following Upper Respiratory Tract Infection | 741 | ||
| Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis | 741 | ||
| Nonspecific Mesangioproliferative Glomerulonephritis | 741 | ||
| Nonglomerular causes | 742 | ||
| Sickle Cell Disease and Trait | 742 | ||
| Acute Allergic Interstitial Nephritis | 742 | ||
| Transient Hematuria of the Elderly | 742 | ||
| Medullary Sponge Kidney | 742 | ||
| Tumors | 742 | ||
| Renal cell carcinoma | 742 | ||
| Bladder cancers | 742 | ||
| Prostate cancer | 743 | ||
| Rare miscellaneous etiologies | 743 | ||
| Arteriovenous Malformation | 743 | ||
| Loin Pain–Hematuria | 743 | ||
| Nutcracker Syndrome | 743 | ||
| Initial evaluation of hematuria | 743 | ||
| Three Tube Test | 744 | ||
| Renal Biopsy | 744 | ||
| Urine Cytology | 744 | ||
| Role of Radiologic Testing | 745 | ||
| Cystoscopy | 745 | ||
| Approach to discolored urine that appears as gross hematuria | 746 | ||
| Beeturia | 746 | ||
| Myoglobinuria | 746 | ||
| Hemoglobinuria | 746 | ||
| Summary | 746 | ||
| References | 747 | ||
| Secondary Hypertension, Issues in Diagnosis and Treatment | 749 | ||
| Key points | 749 | ||
| Introduction | 749 | ||
| Incidence/Prevalence | 750 | ||
| Disease descriptions | 750 | ||
| Secondary hypertension | 751 | ||
| Risk factors | 751 | ||
| Disease states and workup | 752 | ||
| Renovascular hypertension | 752 | ||
| Intrinsic renal disease | 753 | ||
| Kidney transplant | 756 | ||
| Primary hyperaldosteronism | 756 | ||
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 758 | ||
| Cushing syndrome | 758 | ||
| Coarctation of the aorta | 759 | ||
| Oral contraceptive pills | 759 | ||
| Liddle syndrome | 759 | ||
| Primary hyperparathyroidism | 759 | ||
| Hypothyroidism/Hyperthyroidism | 759 | ||
| Pheochromocytoma | 759 | ||
| New directions: experimental therapies for resistant hypertension | 760 | ||
| Renal Denervation | 760 | ||
| Electrical stimulation of carotid sinus baroreceptors | 760 | ||
| Summary | 760 | ||
| References | 761 | ||
| Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibition | 765 | ||
| Key points | 765 | ||
| Caveats | 766 | ||
| Therapeutic considerations with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker combination medications | 766 | ||
| Do angiotensin receptor blockers increase the risk of cancer? | 767 | ||
| Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertensive diabetics with macroalbuminuria | 767 | ||
| Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertensive diabetes with microalbuminuria | 767 | ||
| Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertensive diabetics with normoalbuminuria | 769 | ||
| Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in normotensive diabetics with normoalbuminuria or microalbuminuria | 769 | ||
| Dual inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in diabetic kidney disease | 770 | ||
| Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in nondiabetic chronic kidney disease | 770 | ||
| Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in cardiac disease after myocardial infarction | 771 | ||
| Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in chronic heart failure | 772 | ||
| Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in cerebrovascular disease | 772 | ||
| References | 773 | ||
| Evaluation of Acute Kidney Injury in the Hospital Setting | 779 | ||
| Key points | 779 | ||
| Nature of the problem | 779 | ||
| Definition of acute kidney injury | 780 | ||
| Assessment of kidney function in the hospital setting | 780 | ||
| Categories of acute kidney injury | 781 | ||
| Medication-Induced Acute Kidney Injury | 781 | ||
| Pre-renal Acute Kidney Injury | 783 | ||
| Intrinsic Acute Kidney Injury | 784 | ||
| Acute Tubular Necrosis | 784 | ||
| Interstitial Nephritis | 786 | ||
| Glomerular Disease | 786 | ||
| Acute Vascular Damage | 787 | ||
| Post-renal Acute Kidney Injury | 788 | ||
| Specific hospitalized patients at risk for acute kidney injury | 788 | ||
| Geriatric Population | 788 | ||
| Sepsis | 789 | ||
| Cirrhosis | 791 | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 791 | ||
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection | 791 | ||
| Perioperative Acute Kidney Injury | 792 | ||
| Clinical evaluation of acute kidney injury in the hospital setting | 792 | ||
| History and Clinical Evaluation | 792 | ||
| Laboratory Data | 793 | ||
| Radiographic imaging and diagnostic procedures | 794 | ||
| Treatment and prevention | 795 | ||
| Pre-renal | 795 | ||
| Acute Tubular Necrosis | 797 | ||
| Acute Interstitial Nephritis | 797 | ||
| Glomerular and Vascular Damage | 797 | ||
| Post-renal | 798 | ||
| Summary | 798 | ||
| References | 798 | ||
| Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs, Cyclooxygenase-2, and the Kidneys | 803 | ||
| Key points | 803 | ||
| Introduction | 803 | ||
| The scope of the problem | 804 | ||
| Prostaglandins, cyclooxygenase 1 and 2, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs | 804 | ||
| Cyclooxygenase and the kidneys | 806 | ||
| Acute kidney injury | 806 | ||
| Hemodynamically Mediated Injury | 806 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 807 | ||
| Management | 809 | ||
| Guidelines for Managing Patients with Acute Kidney Injury | 809 | ||
| Acute interstitial nephritis | 809 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 810 | ||
| Management | 810 | ||
| Minimal Change Disease | 811 | ||
| Papillary necrosis | 811 | ||
| Clinical Presentation | 812 | ||
| Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and electrolyte imbalances | 813 | ||
| Hyponatremia | 813 | ||
| Hyperkalemia | 813 | ||
| Renal Tubular Acidosis | 813 | ||
| Role of Cyclooxygenase 2 Selective and Nonselective Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs in Hypertension | 813 | ||
| A final word on chronic kidney disease | 815 | ||
| References | 817 | ||
| Diagnosis and Evaluation of Renal Cysts | 823 | ||
| Key points | 823 | ||
| Introduction | 823 | ||
| Classification of cystic disorders | 824 | ||
| Simple renal cysts | 825 | ||
| Complex renal cysts | 827 | ||
| Autosomal polycystic kidney disease | 829 | ||
| Acquired cystic kidney disease | 832 | ||
| Differentiating between multicystic, polycystic, and acquired renal cystic disease | 833 | ||
| Summary | 833 | ||
| References | 834 | ||
| The Primary Care Physician/Nephrologist Partnership in Treating Chronic Kidney Disease | 837 | ||
| Key points | 837 | ||
| Introduction | 837 | ||
| What Is Chronic Kidney Disease? | 838 | ||
| Evaluation and estimation of glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria | 838 | ||
| Cockcroft-Gault equation | 840 | ||
| Modification of diet in renal disease | 840 | ||
| Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration | 840 | ||
| Cystatin C | 840 | ||
| Evaluation of proteinuria and albuminuria | 841 | ||
| Sources of error in proteinuria and factors affecting urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio | 842 | ||
| Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease | 842 | ||
| At-risk populations | 842 | ||
| Physiologic Consequences and Compensation in Chronic Kidney Disease | 843 | ||
| Interventions to Slow the Rate of Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease | 843 | ||
| Hypertension in chronic renal disease | 843 | ||
| Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone inhibitors | 844 | ||
| Loop diuretics | 845 | ||
| Calcium channel blockers | 845 | ||
| Aldosterone antagonists | 846 | ||
| Adrenergic blockage agents | 846 | ||
| Antiplatelet medication | 846 | ||
| Glucose control in diabetic patients | 846 | ||
| Dietary counseling in chronic kidney disease | 847 | ||
| Lipid control | 847 | ||
| Parathyroid, calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D | 847 | ||
| Anemia and acidosis | 848 | ||
| Anemia | 848 | ||
| Acidosis | 849 | ||
| Cardiovascular Consultation | 849 | ||
| Avoiding Nephrotoxins | 849 | ||
| Contrast Studies and MRI | 849 | ||
| Contrast studies | 849 | ||
| Nephrotoxic medications | 850 | ||
| Acetylcysteine | 850 | ||
| Note concerning metformin | 850 | ||
| In summary | 851 | ||
| MRI with gadolinium | 851 | ||
| Early Referral to a Nephrologist | 851 | ||
| Preparing for Renal Replacement Therapy | 852 | ||
| References | 854 | ||
| Evaluation and Management of the Older Adult with Chronic Kidney Disease | 857 | ||
| Key points | 857 | ||
| Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease | 857 | ||
| Definition of chronic kidney disease | 858 | ||
| Physiologic changes of aging kidney | 858 | ||
| Stages of chronic kidney disease | 859 | ||
| Evaluation of chronic kidney disease | 861 | ||
| Recognizing acute kidney injury as a risk factor of chronic kidney disease | 861 | ||
| Earlier detection of acute kidney injury: novel biomarkers | 862 | ||
| Prognosis of acute kidney injury and its implications with chronic kidney disease | 863 | ||
| The importance of preventing acute kidney injury | 863 | ||
| Management of diabetic nephropathy in the long-term care setting | 864 | ||
| Management of kidney failure in older adults | 865 | ||
| Definitions | 865 | ||
| Epidemiology of End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States | 865 | ||
| Risk Factors for Kidney Failure and Disease Progression | 866 | ||
| Approaches to Management of Kidney Failure in Older Adults | 867 | ||
| Renal replacement therapy (disease-oriented model) | 867 | ||
| Early initiation | 867 | ||
| Quality-of-life implications following dialysis initiation | 867 | ||
| United States regional variation of intensity of end-stage renal disease treatment | 867 | ||
| Medical management (patient-centered model) | 868 | ||
| Special Treatment Considerations for Patients with Kidney Failure | 869 | ||
| Choosing Wisely Campaign | 869 | ||
| Prognostic Tools for Shared Decision Making in Older Adults | 869 | ||
| Multidimensional Prognostic Index | 870 | ||
| Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) risk score (2013) | 870 | ||
| Hemodialysis mortality predictor: integrated prognostic model | 870 | ||
| Considerations for starting frail patients on dialysis | 870 | ||
| Summary | 871 | ||
| References | 872 | ||
| Obesity-related Kidney Disease | 875 | ||
| Medical Management of the Kidney Transplant Recipient | 895 | ||
| Key points | 895 | ||
| Introduction | 895 | ||
| Hypertension | 896 | ||
| Treatment | 896 | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 898 | ||
| Treatment | 899 | ||
| Dyslipidemias | 900 | ||
| Obesity | 903 | ||
| Treatment | 903 | ||
| Summary | 903 | ||
| References | 904 | ||
| Index | 907 |