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Update in Ultrasound, An Issue of Radiologic Clinics of North America, E-Book

Update in Ultrasound, An Issue of Radiologic Clinics of North America, E-Book

Leslie M. Scoutt

(2015)

Abstract

This issue of Radiologic Clinics, edited by Leslie Scoutt, concentrates on the latest updates in ultrasound. Articles include: 3D Sonography in Gynecologic Imaging; Elastography; Evaluation of Pelvic Masses; Evaluation of the First Trimester; Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound of the Liver and Kidney; Interpreting Lower Extremity Non Invasive Physiological Studies; Sonography in Thyroid Cancer; Evaluation of Pelvic Pain; Evaluation of the Renal Transplant; Extracranial Carotid Ultrasound Imaging; Sonographic Evaluation of Palpable Superficial Masses; Fetal CNS; Evaluation of Diffuse Liver Disease; Evaluation of Scrotal Masses; Lower Extremity Venous Ultrasound Examination; and more!

Table of Contents

Section Title Page Action Price
Front Cover Cover
Update in Ultrasound\r i
Copyright\r ii
Contributors iii
Contents vii
Radiologic Clinics Of North America\r xiii
Preface\r xv
Elastography in Clinical Practice 1145
Key points 1145
Introduction 1145
Principles 1145
Breast elastography 1147
Liver 1150
Focal Liver Lesions 1150
Liver Fibrosis Assessment 1151
Transient elastography 1152
Shear Wave Speed Measurement 1153
Thyroid elastography 1154
Prostate elastography 1154
Strain elastography 1154
Shear wave elastography 1155
Future potential applications 1156
Musculoskeletal Applications 1156
Gynecologic Applications 1156
Testicular Applications 1157
Pancreatic Applications 1157
Summary 1158
References 1158
The Role of Ultrasonography in the Evaluation of Diffuse Liver Disease 1163
Key points 1163
Introduction 1163
Normal anatomy and imaging technique 1164
Hepatic Parenchyma 1164
Hepatic Vasculature 1164
Miscellaneous 1164
Imaging Protocol 1164
Imaging findings and pathology 1165
Diagnostic Criteria 1165
Hepatitis 1165
Steatosis 1165
Cirrhosis 1166
Malignancy 1167
Budd-Chiari 1168
Differential diagnosis 1170
Pearls, pitfalls, and variants 1170
Hepatitis 1170
Steatosis 1170
Cirrhosis 1171
Malignancy 1171
What the referring clinician needs to know 1172
Summary 1174
References 1174
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound of the Liver and Kidney 1177
Key points 1177
Introduction 1177
Contrast agents 1177
Liver 1177
Hemangioma 1178
Focal Nodular Hyperplasia 1178
Adenoma 1178
Hepatocellular Carcinoma 1179
Cholangiocarcinoma 1181
Cystadenoma/Cystadenocarcinoma 1181
Metastasis 1182
Infection 1183
Postprocedure Monitoring (Local Ablative and Transarterial Chemoembolization Treatment) 1183
Renal 1183
Normal Appearance 1184
Renal Cell Carcinoma 1184
Complex Renal Cysts 1184
Angiomyolipoma 1185
Oncocytoma 1185
Pseudotumor 1187
Metastasis 1187
Ischemia/Infarction 1187
Infection 1188
References 1189
Ultrasound Evaluation of the First Trimester 1191
Key points 1191
Introduction 1191
Normal sonographic appearance of first trimester pregnancy 1191
Diagnosis of first trimester abnormalities 1192
Early Pregnancy Failure (“Miscarriage”) 1192
Ectopic Pregnancy 1193
Thickened Nuchal Translucency 1196
Fetal Structural Anomalies 1196
Sonographic assessment of gestational age 1197
Summary 1197
References 1198
Practical Applications of 3D Sonography in Gynecologic Imaging 1201
Key points 1201
Introduction 1201
Evidence for routine use of the coronal plane 1201
Technical considerations 1202
Clinical applications of the coronal plane of the uterus 1203
Uterine Shape Anomalies 1203
Intrauterine devices and tubal occlusion procedures 1207
Intracavitary abnormalities 1208
Fibroids and Endometrial Polyps 1208
Uterine Synechiae 1210
Three-dimensional reconstructions with saline-instilled sonohysterography 1210
The coronal view of the adnexa 1210
Summary 1212
References 1212
Ultrasound Evaluation of Pelvic Pain 1215
Key points 1215
Introduction 1215
US scanning technique 1215
Acute pelvic pain 1216
Acute Gynecologic Pelvic Pain 1216
Simple ovarian cysts 1216
Hemorrhagic and ruptured ovarian cysts 1216
Ovarian torsion 1217
PID 1219
IUDs 1220
EP 1222
Spontaneous and threatened abortion 1223
RPOC 1225
Ovarian vein thrombophlebitis 1226
Other causes of post-partum and pregnancy related APP 1226
Nongynecologic Causes of APP 1226
Ureteral calculi 1226
Appendicitis 1226
Diverticulitis 1228
CCP 1228
Endometriosis 1228
Adenomyosis 1229
Fibroids 1231
Pelvic Congestion Syndrome 1231
Peritoneal inclusion cysts 1231
Perineal cysts, periurethral cysts, and urethral diverticula 1232
Summary 1233
References 1233
Ultrasonography Evaluation of Pelvic Masses 1237
Key points 1237
Introduction 1237
Normal anatomy and imaging technique 1237
Imaging findings and disorders 1238
Uterine Masses 1238
Endometrial Masses 1239
Cervical Masses 1241
Ovarian Masses 1243
Nonovarian Adnexal Masses 1248
Fallopian tube masses 1248
Paraovarian masses 1249
Summary 1250
References 1250
Fetal CNS 1253
Key points 1253
Learning objectives 1253
Introduction 1253
Normal sonographic anatomy/measurement technique 1253
Systematic approach to ventriculomegaly 1254
Case review 1258
Arnold-Chiari (Type II) Malformation (Obstructive) 1258
Dandy-Walker Malformation (Obstructive) 1258
Aqueductal Stenosis (Obstructive) 1259
Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum (Dysgenesis) 1260
Schizencephaly (Dysgenesis) 1260
Holoprosencephaly (Dysgenesis) 1261
Intracranial Hemorrhage (Destructive) 1262
Periventricular Leukomalacia (Destructive) 1262
Hydranencephaly (Destructive) 1263
Summary 1263
References 1263
Ultrasonography Evaluation of Scrotal Masses 1265
Key points 1265
Introduction 1265
Normal anatomy 1265
US technique 1266
US anatomy 1266
US findings 1267
Intratesticular scrotal masses 1267
GCTs 1267
Non-GCTs 1268
Other Malignant Tumors 1268
Testicular Microlithiasis 1268
Benign Intratesticular Conditions 1269
Extratesticular scrotal masses 1271
Tunica Vaginalis 1271
Paratesticular Masses 1273
Epididymis 1274
Spermatic cord 1276
Scrotal wall masses 1278
Summary 1279
References 1279
The Role of Sonography in Thyroid Cancer 1283
Key points 1283
Introduction 1283
Normal anatomy and imaging technique 1283
Imaging protocols 1284
Thyroid 1284
Cervical Lymph Nodes 1284
Imaging findings and pathology 1284
Types of Thyroid Cancer 1284
Thyroid Nodules 1286
Calcification 1286
Solid hypoechoic nodule 1287
Local invasion 1287
Edge refraction shadow 1287
Other features suggesting malignancy in thyroid nodules 1287
Size criteria for biopsy 1288
Pitfalls of thyroid US in the detection of nodules 1288
Management of multiple thyroid nodules 1289
Thyroid Nodule Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy 1290
Biopsy and cytologic evaluation 1290
Management 1290
Preoperative Evaluation for Cervical Nodal Metastases 1290
US features of suspicious nodes 1290
Management of suspicious nodes 1290
Postoperative Surveillance 1292
Pitfalls in the postoperative surveillance period 1292
Alcohol ablation of lymph node metastases 1292
Summary 1292
References 1293
Sonographic Evaluation of Palpable Superficial Masses 1295
Key points 1295
Introduction 1295
Approach to sonographic evaluation 1295
Benign solid masses 1297
Lipoma 1297
Giant Cell Tumor of the Tendon Sheath 1298
Neural Masses 1298
Fat Necrosis 1300
Epidermal and Dermal Masses 1300
Palmar Fibromatosis (Dupuytren Contracture) 1300
Desmoid Tumor 1301
Malignant masses 1301
Cystic masses 1302
Ganglion Cyst 1302
Baker Cyst 1302
Vascular masses 1302
Hemangioma 1302
Glomus Tumor 1304
Summary 1305
References 1305
Ultrasonographic Evaluation of the Renal Transplant 1307
Key points 1307
Introduction 1307
Surgical technique 1307
Normal renal transplant ultrasonography findings 1308
Vascular abnormalities 1308
Renal Artery Stenosis 1308
External Iliac Artery Stenosis 1310
Renal Artery Thrombosis 1310
Segmental Infarction 1310
Renal Vein Thrombosis 1311
Renal Vein Stenosis 1312
Pseudoaneurysm and Arteriovenous Fistula 1312
Compartment Syndrome 1312
Torsion of the Transplant Kidney 1313
Urologic and collecting system complications 1314
Perinephric fluid collections 1315
Renal parenchymal abnormalities 1317
Acute Tubular Necrosis 1317
Acute Rejection 1319
Chronic Rejection 1320
Medication Toxicity 1320
Pyelonephritis 1320
Neoplasm (Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder) 1320
Summary 1323
References 1323
The Essentials of Extracranial Carotid Ultrasonographic Imaging 1325
Key points 1325
Background 1325
Technique 1326
General 1326
Grayscale Imaging 1326
Color/Power Doppler Imaging 1326
Spectral Doppler 1327
Normal carotid imaging 1327
Anatomy 1327
Grayscale Imaging 1328
Color and Spectral Doppler Imaging 1328
Waveform pattern recognition 1330
Estimation of stenosis 1332
Plaque characterization 1336
Postoperative carotid imaging 1337
Summary 1341
Acknowledgments 1341
References 1341
A Practical Approach to Interpreting Lower Extremity Noninvasive Physiologic Studies 1343
Key points 1343
Introduction 1343
ABI 1344
Technique 1344
Interpretation 1344
Pitfalls and Limitations 1344
Exercise ABI 1346
TBI 1346
Segmental pressure measurements 1346
Technique 1346
Update on the Lower Extremity Venous Ultrasonography Examination 1359
Key points 1359
Natural history of venous thrombosis 1359
Alternatives to ultrasonography: clinical decision rules and D-dimer test 1360
Anatomic principles and nomenclature 1360
Protocol 1362
Differentiating acute deep venous thrombosis from residual venous thrombosis 1362
Sonographic findings of acute deep venous thrombosis 1362
Sonographic findings of residual venous thrombosis 1364
Doppler findings 1366
Recurrent deep venous thrombosis 1369
Risk for recurrent deep venous thrombosis 1369
Sonographic findings of recurrent deep venous thrombosis 1370
Indeterminate results 1370
Calf veins 1371
Complete venous ultrasonography versus more limited examinations 1371
Safe strategies 1372
Recommendations for follow-up 1372
References 1373
Index 1375