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Abstract
Early identification and diagnosis by type and stage is the key to high survival rates with thyroid cancer. To present the pathologist with current clinical information on diagnosis, differential diagnosis, staging, and prognosis of thyroid cancers, topics presented are: Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma; Paraganglimoa; Immunohistochemical markers for evaluation and prognosis in thyroid carcinoma; Familial endocrine syndromes; Parathyroid enoplasia; Inflammatory lesions of the thyroid associated with cancer; Assessing biological aggression in adrenal cortical neoplasia; Pituitary neoplasia; and Pancreatic endocrine neoplasia. Peter Sadow, whose clinical practice and research involve studying the mechanisms of endocrine carcinogenesis through translational studies involving the proteomics and genomics of endocrine neoplasms, primarily of the thyroid and adrenal glands, leads this issue.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Endocrine Pathology | i | ||
| Copyright | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Surgical Pathology Clinics | vii | ||
| Preface | ix | ||
| Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma | 475 | ||
| Abstract | 475 | ||
| Overview | 475 | ||
| Evolution in the definition of poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma | 475 | ||
| Rendering a diagnosis of poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma | 478 | ||
| Microscopic Features | 478 | ||
| Immunohistochemistry | 478 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 481 | ||
| Solid Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma | 481 | ||
| Aggressive Variants of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma | 481 | ||
| Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma | 482 | ||
| Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma | 482 | ||
| Unresolved aspects of the diagnosis of poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma | 484 | ||
| Molecular alterations of poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma | 486 | ||
| References | 487 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Diagnosis of Thyroid Tumors | 491 | ||
| Abstract | 491 | ||
| Overview | 491 | ||
| Immunohistochemistry | 492 | ||
| Immunomarkers of malignancy | 493 | ||
| Prognostic and predictive markers | 496 | ||
| Markers of gene mutations | 496 | ||
| Summary | 497 | ||
| References | 498 | ||
| Tumor-Associated Inflammatory Cells in Thyroid Carcinomas | 501 | ||
| Abstract | 501 | ||
| Overview | 501 | ||
| Tumor-associated inflammatory cells | 502 | ||
| Dendritic cells | 502 | ||
| Dendritic Cells in the Normal Thyroid Gland and in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma | 503 | ||
| Mast cells | 503 | ||
| Mast Cells in Normal Thyroid and in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma | 503 | ||
| Tumor-infiltrating macrophages | 506 | ||
| Tumor-Associated Macrophages in the Thyroid Gland and in Thyroid Cancer | 507 | ||
| Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and thyroid carcinoma | 507 | ||
| T Lymphocytes | 507 | ||
| Regulatory T Cells | 508 | ||
| Natural Killer Cells | 508 | ||
| The role of cytokines/chemokines in thyroid cancer | 508 | ||
| Tumor-Associated Inflammatory Cells in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Variants | 510 | ||
| Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma | 510 | ||
| Diffuse Sclerosing Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma | 510 | ||
| Tumor-Associated Inflammatory Cells in Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsies of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma | 510 | ||
| Tumor-Associated Inflammatory Cells in Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Carcinomas and Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinomas | 511 | ||
| Summary | 512 | ||
| References | 512 | ||
| Parathyroid | 515 | ||
| Abstract | 515 | ||
| Parathyroid pathology | 515 | ||
| Embryology and location | 516 | ||
| Gross and microanatomy of the normal parathyroid | 516 | ||
| Atypical locations | 516 | ||
| Pathology | 518 | ||
| Adenoma | 518 | ||
| Double Adenoma | 520 | ||
| Atypical Adenoma | 520 | ||
| Carcinoma | 521 | ||
| Hyperplasia, Primary | 522 | ||
| Secondary Hyperplasia | 523 | ||
| Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism | 524 | ||
| Unusual Lesions | 524 | ||
| Cysts | 524 | ||
| Parathyromatosis | 524 | ||
| Lipoadenoma | 524 | ||
| Metastases to parathyroid | 524 | ||
| Post–Fine-Needle Aspiration Changes | 525 | ||
| Immunostains | 525 | ||
| Parathyroid hormone | 525 | ||
| Chromogranin A and synaptophysin | 525 | ||
| Calcitonin and the calcitonin gene–related peptide | 525 | ||
| Renal cell carcinoma | 525 | ||
| Thyroid transcription factor-1 | 525 | ||
| Parafibromin | 525 | ||
| PAX8 | 525 | ||
| Proliferation markers | 525 | ||
| A Bit About Molecular Biology | 525 | ||
| Molecular genetic features | 526 | ||
| Summary | 526 | ||
| References | 526 | ||
| Assessing Biological Aggression in Adrenocortical Neoplasia | 533 | ||
| Abstract | 533 | ||
| Overview | 533 | ||
| Differential diagnosis of adrenal masses | 533 | ||
| Assessment of malignant potential in adrenocortical tumors by routine histology and immunohistochemistry | 535 | ||
| Assessment of malignant potential in adrenocortical tumors by molecular methods | 535 | ||
| Assessment of biological aggression in adrenocortical carcinomas by routine histology and immunohistochemistry | 537 | ||
| Mitotic Grade | 537 | ||
| Stereoidogenic Factor-1 | 537 | ||
| Related Proliferation-Based Scoring Methods | 538 | ||
| Assessment of biological aggression in adrenocortical carcinomas by molecular methods | 538 | ||
| Routine grading of adrenocortical carcinoma | 538 | ||
| Summary | 539 | ||
| References | 539 | ||
| Paragangliomas Arising in the Head and Neck | 543 | ||
| Abstract | 543 | ||
| Overview | 543 | ||
| Associated genetic alterations | 543 | ||
| Gross features | 544 | ||
| Microscopic features | 544 | ||
| Variants of Paraganglioma | 547 | ||
| Differential diagnosis | 548 | ||
| Neck Masses | 548 | ||
| Larynx | 549 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Evaluation/Profile | 549 | ||
| Immunohistochemical Evaluation for Succinate Dehydrogenase Alterations | 549 | ||
| Prognosis | 552 | ||
| Hereditary: familial paraganglioma syndromes (succinate dehydrogenase enzyme genes) | 553 | ||
| Other Genes Associated with Paragangliomas | 554 | ||
| References | 555 | ||
| Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms | 559 | ||
| Abstract | 559 | ||
| Overview | 559 | ||
| Clinical and radiographic findings | 560 | ||
| Radiology | 560 | ||
| Somatostatin Scintigraphy (Octreotide Scan) and Functional Imaging | 561 | ||
| Gross pathology | 561 | ||
| Histopathology | 561 | ||
| Grading and Staging Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms | 564 | ||
| Molecular Findings and Targeted Therapy | 566 | ||
| Differential Diagnosis | 567 | ||
| Clinical Categorization | 568 | ||
| Functional Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms | 568 | ||
| β-Cell neoplasms (insulinomas) | 569 | ||
| G-cell neoplasms (gastrinomas) | 570 | ||
| α-Cell tumors (glucagonoma) | 570 | ||
| δ-Cell tumors (somatostatinomas) | 571 | ||
| Pancreatic polypeptide secreting tumors | 571 | ||
| Vasointestinal peptidoma | 571 | ||
| Serotoninoma (carcinoid tumors) | 571 | ||
| Ectopic hormone production | 571 | ||
| Nonfunctioning Neoplasms | 572 | ||
| Familial Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms—Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia, Type 1; von Hippel-Lindau Disease; Neurofibromat ... | 572 | ||
| Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (Werner syndrome) | 572 | ||
| von Hippel-Lindau | 572 | ||
| Neurofibromatosis 1 | 572 | ||
| Tuberous sclerosis complex | 572 | ||
| Treatment and prognosis | 573 | ||
| Summary | 574 | ||
| References | 574 | ||
| Familial Endocrine Syndromes | 577 | ||
| Abstract | 577 | ||
| Overview | 577 | ||
| Pituitary | 577 | ||
| Pituitary Adenoma as Part of Familial Endocrine Syndromes | 577 | ||
| Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 | 577 | ||
| Carney Complex | 579 | ||
| Familial Isolated Pituitary Adenomas | 579 | ||
| Other Syndromes Associated with Pituitary Adenomas: McCune-Albright Syndrome, Isolated Familial Somatotropinoma Syndrome, MEN4 | 580 | ||
| Parathyroid | 580 | ||
| Primary Hyperparathyroidism as Part of Inherited Tumor Syndromes | 580 | ||
| Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 | 580 | ||
| Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2A | 580 | ||
| Hereditary Hyperparathyroidism–Jaw Tumor | 581 | ||
| Familial Isolated Hyperparathyroidism | 581 | ||
| Neonatal Severe Hyperparathyroidism | 581 | ||
| Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia | 581 | ||
| Thyroid | 581 | ||
| Follicular Cell Neoplasm as Part of an Inherited Tumor Syndrome | 581 | ||
| Familial Syndromes Characterized by a Predominance of Nonthyroidal Tumors | 582 | ||
| PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome | 582 | ||
| Familial adenomatous polyposis | 584 | ||
| Carney complex | 585 | ||
| Pendred syndrome | 586 | ||
| Werner syndrome | 586 | ||
| Familial Tumor Syndromes Characterized by a Predominance of Nonmedullary Thyroid Carcinoma | 586 | ||
| Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma as Part of Familial Endocrine Syndromes | 587 | ||
| Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A | 587 | ||
| Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B | 587 | ||
| Familial medullary thyroid carcinoma | 587 | ||
| Adrenal cortex | 589 | ||
| Adrenocortical Tumor as Part of Familial Endocrine Syndromes | 589 | ||
| Adrenocortical Tumor in Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome | 589 | ||
| Adrenocortical Tumor in Li-Fraumeni Syndrome | 590 | ||
| Primary Pigmented Nodular Adrenocortical Disease in Carney Complex | 590 | ||
| Paraganglia and adrenal medulla | 590 | ||
| Pheochromocytomas and Extra-Adrenal Paragangliomas as Part of Familial Endocrine Syndromes | 590 | ||
| Adrenal Medullary Hyperplasia and Pheochromocytoma in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 | 590 | ||
| Paragangliomas in Neurofibromatosis Type 1 and von Hippel–Lindau Disease | 591 | ||
| Pheochromocytoma and Paragangliomas in Familial Paraganglioma Syndromes | 591 | ||
| Other Syndromes | 594 | ||
| Endocrine pancreas | 594 | ||
| Endocrine Pancreatic Tumor as Part of Familial Endocrine Syndromes | 595 | ||
| Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 | 595 | ||
| Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors in von Hippel–Lindau Disease | 596 | ||
| Other Syndromes | 596 | ||
| References | 596 | ||
| Index | 599 |