BOOK
Preclinical Rheumatic Disease, An Issue of Rheumatic Disease Clinics, E-Book
(2016)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
The ability to intervene at the earliest phases in the pathogenesis of a chronic rheumatic disease caused by auto-inflammatory, autoimmune, or tissue injury mechanisms has th epotential to prevent disease manifestations and consequences, limited loss of quality of life, comorbidity, and costs to society. This issue is dedicated to exploring the stages of rheumatic disease, biologic mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis along with possible ways to study and screen for persons at risk with the ultimate goal of finding ways to prevent these devastating diseases.
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Preclinical RheumaticDisease | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Contents | vii | ||
| Rheumatic Disease Clinics\rOf North America\r | xii | ||
| Foreword | xiii | ||
| Preface\r | xv | ||
| Preclinical Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases | 569 | ||
| Key points | 569 | ||
| Background | 569 | ||
| The initial identification of a preclinical phase of rheumatoid arthritis | 570 | ||
| Terminologies to describe individuals in phases leading up to the development of rheumatoid arthritis | 570 | ||
| Pre-rheumatoid arthritis | 572 | ||
| Preclinical disease | 572 | ||
| The measurement of disease duration | 573 | ||
| An overview of the transitions from health to disease in individuals at risk of rheumatoid arthritis | 573 | ||
| Predicting and preventing rheumatoid arthritis | 574 | ||
| The importance of engaging the patient perspective in the context of research into at-risk phases of disease | 575 | ||
| Lessons for other chronic autoimmune diseases | 576 | ||
| Acknowledgment | 576 | ||
| References | 576 | ||
| Gout | 581 | ||
| Key points | 581 | ||
| Introduction | 581 | ||
| Demographic factors | 582 | ||
| Gender | 582 | ||
| Age | 582 | ||
| Race/Ethnicity | 583 | ||
| Genetic factors | 585 | ||
| Heritability | 585 | ||
| Specific Genetic Factors | 586 | ||
| SLC22A12 | 586 | ||
| SLC2A9 | 586 | ||
| ABCG2 | 589 | ||
| Dietary factors | 591 | ||
| Alcohol | 591 | ||
| Purine-Rich Food | 591 | ||
| Fructose/Sugar-Sweetened Beverages | 592 | ||
| Dairy Products | 593 | ||
| Coffee | 594 | ||
| Vitamin C | 594 | ||
| Cherries | 595 | ||
| Other lifestyle factors | 595 | ||
| Summary | 596 | ||
| References | 596 | ||
| Insights from Populations at Risk for the Future Development of Classified Rheumatoid Arthritis | 605 | ||
| Key points | 605 | ||
| Introduction | 605 | ||
| Stages in the Evolution of Rheumatoid Arthritis | 605 | ||
| Early Stage Studies of Rheumatoid Arthritis Natural History Utilize Several Approaches to Define the “At-Risk” Population | 606 | ||
| Presence of biomarkers in the preclinical period and implications for disease pathogenesis | 607 | ||
| Autoantibodies | 607 | ||
| Findings in classified rheumatoid arthritis | 607 | ||
| Findings in at-risk populations | 607 | ||
| Alterations of Antigen-specific and Innate Lymphocyte Populations | 608 | ||
| Findings in classified rheumatoid arthritis | 608 | ||
| Preclinical Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 621 | ||
| Key points | 621 | ||
| Introduction | 622 | ||
| Significance of Autoantibodies in Preclinical Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 623 | ||
| Serologic Markers Observed in a Swedish Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Cohort Before Diagnosis | 625 | ||
| Transition from Incomplete to Classified Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 626 | ||
| Transition from Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 627 | ||
| Transition of Neonatal Lupus Erythematosus or Congenital Heart Block Patient Mothers to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 629 | ||
| Future Considerations | 630 | ||
| References | 632 | ||
| Genetics, Environment, and Gene-Environment Interactions in the Development of Systemic Rheumatic Diseases | 637 | ||
| Key points | 637 | ||
| Introduction | 638 | ||
| Current research strategies for environmental and genetic risk factors | 639 | ||
| Case-Control Studies | 639 | ||
| Cohort Studies | 639 | ||
| Genome-Wide Association Studies | 640 | ||
| Genetic Risk Scores | 641 | ||
| Gene-environment interactions | 641 | ||
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | 642 | ||
| Genetic risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis: the shared epitope and beyond | 642 | ||
| Environmental risk factors for rheumatoid arthritis: cigarette smoking and more | 643 | ||
| Rheumatoid arthritis gene-environment interaction: HLA-DRB1–cigarette smoking interaction | 644 | ||
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus | 644 | ||
| Genetic risk factors for systemic lupus erythematosus | 645 | ||
| Environmental risk factors for systemic lupus erythematosus | 645 | ||
| Systemic lupus erythematosus gene-environment interactions | 645 | ||
| Ankylosing Spondylitis | 646 | ||
| Genetic risk factors for ankylosing spondylitis: HLA-B27 dominates | 646 | ||
| Environmental risk factors for ankylosing spondylitis: microbial and gut influences? | 647 | ||
| Ankylosing spondylitis gene-environment interactions: engaging HLA-B27 | 647 | ||
| Emerging research strategies | 648 | ||
| Epigenetics | 648 | ||
| Microbiome | 648 | ||
| Metabolomics | 649 | ||
| Future considerations and summary | 649 | ||
| References | 650 | ||
| Is Preclinical Autoimmunity Benign? | 659 | ||
| Key points | 659 | ||
| Introduction | 659 | ||
| Antiphospholipid antibodies, rheumatoid arthritis-related autoantibodies, and cardiovascular disease, as well as subclinica ... | 661 | ||
| Antiphospholipid antibodies, antinuclear antibodies, and rheumatoid arthritis-related autoantibodies and cardiovascular dis ... | 662 | ||
| Possible mechanisms for associations between autoantibodies and atherosclerosis | 663 | ||
| Future considerations | 664 | ||
| References | 664 | ||
| Detecting the Earliest Signs of Rheumatoid Arthritis | 669 | ||
| Key points | 669 | ||
| Introduction | 669 | ||
| Screening and triage tools | 670 | ||
| Undifferentiated arthritis cohorts | 673 | ||
| Qualitative studies | 673 | ||
| Clinics and cohorts to study individuals at risk | 676 | ||
| Summary of symptoms and signs that require ongoing study | 679 | ||
| Summary | 680 | ||
| References | 680 | ||
| Recognition of Preclinical and Early Disease in Axial Spondyloarthritis | 685 | ||
| Key points | 685 | ||
| Introduction | 685 | ||
| Why should axial spondyloarthritis be diagnosed early? | 686 | ||
| What is “early ankylosing spondylitis”? The concept of axial spondyloarthritis | 686 | ||
| Early recognition of ankylosing spondylitis in primary care: the “back pain population” | 686 | ||
| Imaging for earlier recognition of spondyloarthritis | 687 | ||
| Biomarkers for earlier recognition of spondyloarthritis | 688 | ||
| Genetic testing for earlier recognition of spondyloarthritis | 689 | ||
| Future directions: targeting high-risk populations | 689 | ||
| Extra-Articular Manifestations: Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Psoriasis, and Uveitis | 689 | ||
| First-Degree Relatives | 690 | ||
| Risks and benefits of preclinical and early identification | 690 | ||
| Summary | 692 | ||
| References | 692 | ||
| Identifying and Treating Preclinical and Early Osteoarthritis | 699 | ||
| Key points | 699 | ||
| Introduction | 699 | ||
| Risk factors: identifying those at high risk of early osteoarthritis | 701 | ||
| Age | 701 | ||
| Obesity | 701 | ||
| Gender | 702 | ||
| Traumatic Joint Injury | 702 | ||
| The Hip and Congenital Abnormalities | 702 | ||
| Genetic Risk | 703 | ||
| The role of inflammation in osteoarthritis | 703 | ||
| The feasibility of identifying early osteoarthritis | 704 | ||
| Special high-risk groups | 704 | ||
| Imaging approaches to identify persons with early disease | 705 | ||
| Summary and future considerations | 708 | ||
| References | 708 | ||
| Mucosal Immune Responses to Microbiota in the Development of Autoimmune Disease | 711 | ||
| Key points | 711 | ||
| Introduction | 711 | ||
| Overview of mucosal immunity | 712 | ||
| Microorganisms may initiate systemic autoimmunity | 714 | ||
| Potential Mechanisms By Which Microbiota Could Induce Autoimmunity | 714 | ||
| Molecular mimicry | 714 | ||
| Microbial alteration of host antigens | 715 | ||
| Microbial-induced exposure of self-antigens | 715 | ||
| Bystander activation | 716 | ||
| Modulation of immune reactivity | 716 | ||
| Breach of the mucosal firewall | 716 | ||
| The Role of Mucosal Microbiota in Specific Systemic Autoimmune Diseases | 717 | ||
| Rheumatoid arthritis and mucosal microbiota | 717 | ||
| Spondylarthritis and microbial associations of disease | 718 | ||
| Lupus, Sjögren syndrome, and viral microorganisms | 718 | ||
| Barriers to uncovering the link between microbiota and autoimmune disease | 719 | ||
| Implications for prevention or treatment of autoimmune disease | 720 | ||
| Future directions | 720 | ||
| References | 720 | ||
| Challenges in Imaging in Preclinical Rheumatoid Arthritis | 727 | ||
| Key points | 727 | ||
| Introduction | 727 | ||
| Does the Preclinical Phase of Rheumatoid Arthritis Exist? | 727 | ||
| Is Imaging an Effective Noninvasive Method of Identifying Preclinical Inflammatory Arthritis? | 728 | ||
| Ultrasonography and power Doppler | 729 | ||
| Ultrasonography Pros and Cons | 730 | ||
| Magnetic resonance imaging | 730 | ||
| MRI Pros and Cons | 732 | ||
| Positron emission tomography | 732 | ||
| PET Pros and Cons | 733 | ||
| Future directions | 733 | ||
| Challenges in imaging in preclinical rheumatoid arthritis | 733 | ||
| References | 734 | ||
| Identification of Self-antigen–specific T Cells Reflecting Loss of Tolerance in Autoimmune Disease Underpins Preventative I ... | 735 | ||
| Key points | 736 | ||
| Introduction | 736 | ||
| Preclinical Rheumatoid Arthritis | 736 | ||
| The molecular mechanism of shared epitope and Anticitrullinated Protein Antibodies+ Rheumatoid Arthritis | 737 | ||
| Immune tolerance and the development of autoimmunity | 738 | ||
| Measuring antigen-specific T-cell responses | 738 | ||
| Tetramers: tools of the trade | 739 | ||
| Tetramer application: Peptide-bound Major Histocompatibility Complex class I tetramers | 740 | ||
| Peptide-bound Major Histocompatibility Complex class II tetramers | 741 | ||
| Type 1 diabetes | 743 | ||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 744 | ||
| Summary | 748 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 748 | ||
| References | 748 | ||
| Prediction of Future Rheumatoid Arthritis | 753 | ||
| Key points | 753 | ||
| Introduction | 753 | ||
| Methods | 754 | ||
| Risk factors: the building blocks of prediction | 754 | ||
| Prediction rules: putting the blocks together | 756 | ||
| Screening strategies | 757 | ||
| Summary | 760 | ||
| References | 760 | ||
| Prevention of Rheumatic Diseases | 771 | ||
| Key points | 771 | ||
| Introduction | 771 | ||
| General strategies for disease prevention | 772 | ||
| Potential primary preventive strategies | 773 | ||
| Identification of preclinical phases of rheumatic disease | 775 | ||
| Potential secondary prevention strategies | 775 | ||
| Caveats to prevention | 776 | ||
| Personalizing approaches to prevention | 778 | ||
| The public health impact of prevention | 780 | ||
| Summary and future directions | 780 | ||
| References | 780 | ||
| Developing Evidence-Based Screening Recommendations, with Consideration for Rheumatology | 787 | ||
| Key points | 787 | ||
| Introduction | 787 | ||
| Framework for disease screening | 788 | ||
| Process of the united states preventive services task | 789 | ||
| Step 1: Define the Analytical Framework and Key Questions | 789 | ||
| Step 2: Find, Review, Judge the Quality of, and Summarize the Available Evidence | 790 | ||
| Step 3: Determine the Strength of Evidence | 790 | ||
| Step 4: Determine the Magnitude of Net Benefit | 791 | ||
| Step 5: Determine the Certainty of Net Benefit | 791 | ||
| Step 6: Assign a Letter Grade/Recommendation | 792 | ||
| Evidence-based screening recommendations for rheumatic disease | 792 | ||
| Outcomes tables | 793 | ||
| Future considerations/summary | 794 | ||
| References | 794 | ||
| Lessons from Type 1 Diabetes for Understanding Natural History and Prevention of Autoimmune Disease | 797 | ||
| Key points | 797 | ||
| Introduction | 797 | ||
| Epidemiology | 798 | ||
| Risk factors | 798 | ||
| Genes | 798 | ||
| Environment | 799 | ||
| Pathophysiology and islet autoantibody development | 799 | ||
| Clinical features | 801 | ||
| Management | 801 | ||
| Prevention trials | 802 | ||
| Primary Prevention | 802 | ||
| Secondary Prevention | 803 | ||
| Application to rheumatic diseases | 805 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 807 | ||
| References | 807 | ||
| Index | 813 |