BOOK
Advances in Veterinary Neurology, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, E-Book
(2014)
Additional Information
Book Details
Abstract
This issue highlights the advances in neurological treatments for dogs and cats. Articles include: New Treatment Modalities for Brain Tumors in Dogs and Cats, Altered Mental Status in Dogs and Cats: Stupor and Coma, Steroid Use in Veterinary Neurology, Hereditary Ataxia and Paroxysmal Movement Disorders in Dogs and Cats, Paroxysmal Movement Disorders in Dogs and Cats, Cluster Seizures and Status Epilepticus, Aging in the canine and feline brain, Acute Spinal Cord Injury: Tetraparesis and Paraparesis, Meningoencephalitis of Unknown Etiology, and more!
Table of Contents
| Section Title | Page | Action | Price |
|---|---|---|---|
| Front Cover | Cover | ||
| Advances in Veterinary Neurology\r | i | ||
| Copyright\r | ii | ||
| Contributors | iii | ||
| Contents | v | ||
| Veterinary Clinics Of North America: Small Animal Practice\r | ix | ||
| Preface\r | xi | ||
| New Treatment Modalities for Brain Tumors in Dogs and Cats | 1013 | ||
| Key points | 1013 | ||
| Introduction | 1013 | ||
| Current Therapeutic Options | 1014 | ||
| Stereotactic radiosurgery | 1015 | ||
| Introduction and History | 1015 | ||
| Technical Aspects of Stereotactic Radiosurgery | 1015 | ||
| Linear accelerator stereotactic radiosurgery | 1016 | ||
| Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery | 1016 | ||
| Cyberknife stereotactic radiosurgery | 1017 | ||
| Radiobiological Considerations | 1018 | ||
| Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Canine and Feline Brain Tumors | 1019 | ||
| Convection-enhanced delivery | 1020 | ||
| The Convection-enhanced Delivery Procedure | 1021 | ||
| Technical Factors Governing Infusate Distributions in the Brain | 1022 | ||
| Convection-enhanced Delivery Infusion Techniques | 1024 | ||
| Convection-enhanced Delivery for Treatment of Canine Brain Tumors | 1026 | ||
| Immunotherapy | 1026 | ||
| History of and Rationale for Brain Tumor Immunotherapy | 1027 | ||
| Basic Immunotherapeutic Strategies | 1027 | ||
| Passive immunotherapy: cytokine immunomodulation | 1027 | ||
| Passive immunotherapy: monoclonal antibodies | 1027 | ||
| Passive immunotherapy: adoptive immunotherapy | 1028 | ||
| Active immunotherapy | 1029 | ||
| Future Directions of Immunotherapy | 1030 | ||
| References | 1031 | ||
| Altered States of Consciousness in Small Animals | 1039 | ||
| Key points | 1039 | ||
| Introduction | 1039 | ||
| States of normal and impaired consciousness | 1040 | ||
| Neuro-anatomical basis of consciousness | 1041 | ||
| Neurologic evaluation of the animal with impaired consciousness | 1043 | ||
| Using the Modified Glasgow Coma Scoring System | 1043 | ||
| Levels of consciousness | 1043 | ||
| Limb movements, posture, and reflexes | 1043 | ||
| Neuro-ophthalmologic examination | 1045 | ||
| Pupillary responses | 1045 | ||
| Dazzle reflex | 1046 | ||
| Ocular mobility | 1048 | ||
| Diagnostic approach to the animal with impaired consciousness | 1049 | ||
| Laboratory and Ancillary Investigations | 1049 | ||
| Neuroimaging | 1049 | ||
| Electrodiagnostic Evaluation | 1051 | ||
| Immediate emergency therapy of impaired consciousness | 1052 | ||
| General Care | 1052 | ||
| Specific Care | 1052 | ||
| Management of oxygen and carbon dioxide | 1052 | ||
| Fluid therapy | 1054 | ||
| Diuretics | 1055 | ||
| Prognosis | 1056 | ||
| Coma scales in the future | 1056 | ||
| Summary | 1056 | ||
| References | 1057 | ||
| Corticosteroid Use in Small Animal Neurology | 1059 | ||
| Key points | 1059 | ||
| Introduction | 1059 | ||
| Mechanisms of corticosteroid activity | 1060 | ||
| Activity via Nuclear Effects | 1060 | ||
| Activity via Nongenomic Effects | 1061 | ||
| Therapeutic Effects of GC | 1061 | ||
| Metabolic Effects | 1061 | ||
| Gluconeogenic effects | 1061 | ||
| Effects on blood pressure | 1062 | ||
| Reduction in cerebrospinal fluid production | 1062 | ||
| Effects on the Immune System | 1062 | ||
| Immunosuppression, anti-inflammatory effect, and cytotoxicity versus lymphocytes | 1062 | ||
| Reduction of CNS edema in association with tumors | 1062 | ||
| Direct effect of GC on tumors | 1063 | ||
| Role of glucocorticoid treatment of specific conditions | 1063 | ||
| Conditions for Which GC Are Definitely Indicated | 1063 | ||
| Immune-mediated disease | 1063 | ||
| Corticosteroid-responsive meningitis | 1063 | ||
| Meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin | 1064 | ||
| Immune-mediated myositis | 1064 | ||
| Conditions for Which GC May Be Helpful | 1065 | ||
| CNS neoplasia | 1065 | ||
| Conditions for Which GC Have Dubious Value | 1065 | ||
| Polyradiculoneuritis and myasthenia gravis | 1065 | ||
| Infectious disease | 1066 | ||
| Use for pain control or other nonspecific purposes | 1066 | ||
| Pain | 1066 | ||
| Nonspecific use | 1067 | ||
| Conditions for Which GC Are Not Indicated | 1067 | ||
| CNS trauma | 1067 | ||
| Detrimental effects of corticosteroid therapy | 1068 | ||
| Immunosuppression | 1068 | ||
| Gut Ulceration, Vomiting, Diarrhea | 1068 | ||
| Delay and Obstruction in Making a Definitive Diagnosis | 1068 | ||
| Muscle Wasting | 1068 | ||
| Summary | 1069 | ||
| References | 1069 | ||
| Canine Hereditary Ataxia | 1075 | ||
| Key points | 1075 | ||
| Introduction | 1075 | ||
| Classification | 1076 | ||
| Clinical approach to hereditary ataxia | 1077 | ||
| Cerebellar cortical degeneration | 1081 | ||
| SEL1 | 1082 | ||
| RAB24 | 1083 | ||
| SPTBN2 | 1083 | ||
| Mapped diseases | 1083 | ||
| Spinocerebellar degeneration | 1083 | ||
| Ataxias without neurodegeneration | 1085 | ||
| Canine multiple system degeneration (CMSD) | 1085 | ||
| Episodic ataxia | 1086 | ||
| Summary | 1086 | ||
| References | 1086 | ||
| Canine Paroxysmal Movement Disorders | 1091 | ||
| Key points | 1091 | ||
| Introduction | 1091 | ||
| Inherited diseases | 1093 | ||
| Episodic Falling in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels | 1093 | ||
| PNKD in Chinooks | 1095 | ||
| Scottie Cramp in Scottish Terriers | 1095 | ||
| Canine Epileptoid Cramping in Border Terriers | 1098 | ||
| Episodic Head Tremor Syndrome | 1098 | ||
| Sporadic reports | 1099 | ||
| Paroxysmal Dyskinesia in a Bichon Frise | 1099 | ||
| Paroxysmal Dyskinesia in the Boxer | 1099 | ||
| Paroxysmal Dyskinesia Reported in Other Breeds | 1099 | ||
| Phenobarbital-Responsive Paroxysmal Dyskinesia | 1099 | ||
| Phenobarbital-Induced Dyskinesia | 1100 | ||
| Other involuntary movement disorders | 1100 | ||
| Summary | 1100 | ||
| References | 1101 | ||
| Status Epilepticus and Cluster Seizures | 1103 | ||
| Key points | 1103 | ||
| Definitions | 1103 | ||
| Status Epilepticus | 1103 | ||
| Generalized Seizure | 1103 | ||
| Focal Seizure | 1104 | ||
| Convulsive Status Epilepticus | 1104 | ||
| Nonconvulsive SE | 1104 | ||
| Acute Repetitive Seizures and Cluster Seizures | 1104 | ||
| Refractory SE | 1104 | ||
| Super RSE (SRSE) | 1104 | ||
| Introduction | 1104 | ||
| Therapy of SE | 1105 | ||
| General Considerations for SE Care for Companion Animals | 1105 | ||
| Current and historical drug therapy for SE | 1106 | ||
| Human SE | 1106 | ||
| Canine SE | 1107 | ||
| General Standard of Practice for Companion Animal SE (Box 2) | 1107 | ||
| Feline SE | 1107 | ||
| Recent Prospective Studies of SE in Dogs | 1108 | ||
| Levetiracetam | 1108 | ||
| Fosphenytoin | 1109 | ||
| CS Recommendations | 1109 | ||
| Open Question—Single-Agent Versus Combined Therapy for Initial Treatment of SE? | 1109 | ||
| Future possibilities | 1110 | ||
| Final summary | 1110 | ||
| References | 1110 | ||
| Aging in the Canine and Feline Brain | 1113 | ||
| Key points | 1113 | ||
| Introduction | 1113 | ||
| Neurobiology of aging in the dog | 1114 | ||
| Brain Atrophy | 1114 | ||
| Selective Neuron Loss | 1115 | ||
| Senile Plaques (β-Amyloid) in Dogs | 1115 | ||
| Vascular Disorders, Cerebrovascular Amyloid Angiopathy | 1116 | ||
| Tau Neuropathology | 1117 | ||
| Oxidative Damage and Mitochondrial Dysfunction | 1118 | ||
| Correlates of Brain Aging Found in Lysosomal Storage Diseases | 1118 | ||
| Neurobiology of aging in the cat | 1119 | ||
| Neuron Loss and Atrophy | 1119 | ||
| Aβ | 1119 | ||
| Tau Phosphorylation | 1120 | ||
| Neuronal Loss in Feline Niemann-Pick Type C Disease and Similarities to AD | 1120 | ||
| Clinical implications of brain aging in dogs and cats | 1121 | ||
| Summary | 1122 | ||
| Acknowledgments | 1122 | ||
| References | 1122 | ||
| Acute Spinal Cord Injury | 1131 | ||
| Key points | 1131 | ||
| Etiology of spinal cord injury | 1132 | ||
| Clinical evaluation of the patient following severe spinal cord injury | 1133 | ||
| Normal Locomotion | 1133 | ||
| Sequential Appearance of Neurologic Deficits After Spinal Cord Damage | 1133 | ||
| UMN Versus LMN | 1134 | ||
| Spinal Shock and Schiff-Sherrington Syndrome | 1134 | ||
| Sensory Dysfunction Following Spinal Cord Injury | 1135 | ||
| Urinary Dysfunction Following Spinal Cord Injury | 1136 | ||
| Do Blood Pressure Abnormalities Occur Following Spinal Cord Injury in Dogs? | 1137 | ||
| Respiratory Dysfunction Following Spinal Cord Injury | 1137 | ||
| Ancillary methods used to assess spinal cord function | 1138 | ||
| Clinical Scoring | 1138 | ||
| Kinematics | 1139 | ||
| Advances in Magnetic Resonance Imaging | 1139 | ||
| Utility of Electrophysiologic Measures | 1141 | ||
| Standard of care and treatment advances for spinal cord injury | 1142 | ||
| Prospects for New Pharmacologic Interventions for the Acute Phase of Spinal Cord Injury | 1142 | ||
| What Is the Evidence for Cell Transplantation in the Acute Phase of Spinal Cord Injury? | 1142 | ||
| Cell Transplantation in Experimental Canine Models of Spinal Cord Injury | 1144 | ||
| Cell Transplantation in Experimental Feline Models of Spinal Cord Injury | 1144 | ||
| Cell Transplantation in Clinical Cases with Spinal Cord Injury | 1145 | ||
| Standard of Care for Urinary Retention Management | 1145 | ||
| Is There a Role for Early Rehabilitation Following Spinal Cord Injury? | 1146 | ||
| Spinal walking, motor relearning, and postural rehabilitation | 1146 | ||
| Neuromuscular electrical stimulation | 1146 | ||
| Prognosis following spinal cord injury | 1147 | ||
| Presence or Absence of Detectable Pain Sensation | 1147 | ||
| Value of the Cutaneous Trunci Muscle Reflex | 1147 | ||
| Effect of Age on Prognosis | 1147 | ||
| Prognosis in Cats with Intervertebral Disc Disease | 1147 | ||
| Biomarkers | 1148 | ||
| Use of MRI for Prognostication | 1148 | ||
| Summary | 1148 | ||
| Supplementary data | 1148 | ||
| References | 1149 | ||
| Perspectives on Meningoencephalomyelitis of Unknown Origin | 1157 | ||
| Key points | 1157 | ||
| Introduction | 1157 | ||
| Categorization of Noninfectious Inflammatory Disease of the CNS | 1158 | ||
| An overview of neuroinflammation | 1159 | ||
| Immune-Mediated CNS Disease | 1159 | ||
| T-cell responses | 1160 | ||
| Microglial responses | 1161 | ||
| Histopathology of Neuroinflammation | 1161 | ||
| Neuroinflammation in MUO | 1161 | ||
| Signalment, neurologic signs, and histopathologic features | 1163 | ||
| Granulomatous Meningoencephalomyelitis | 1163 | ||
| Necrotizing Encephalitis | 1166 | ||
| Necrotizing meningoencephalitis | 1167 | ||
| Necrotizing leukoencephalitis | 1168 | ||
| Diagnostic evaluation | 1168 | ||
| Cross-Sectional Imaging | 1169 | ||
| Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis | 1171 | ||
| Brain Biopsy | 1171 | ||
| Infectious Disease Testing | 1171 | ||
| Genetic Testing | 1172 | ||
| Treatment | 1172 | ||
| Prognosis | 1175 | ||
| References | 1176 | ||
| Biomarkers for Neural Injury and Infection in Small Animals | 1187 | ||
| Key points | 1187 | ||
| Neural injury markers | 1187 | ||
| Introduction | 1187 | ||
| Diagnostic Testing | 1188 | ||
| Limitations of Biomarkers | 1188 | ||
| Neuron-specific enolase | 1190 | ||
| Myelin basic protein | 1190 | ||
| Glial fibrillary acidic protein | 1190 | ||
| Cleaved tau | 1191 | ||
| Phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain | 1191 | ||
| MMPs | 1192 | ||
| Growth factors | 1192 | ||
| Summary | 1192 | ||
| Infectious disease testing | 1193 | ||
| Introduction | 1193 | ||
| Polymerase Chain Reaction–based Techniques | 1193 | ||
| Limitations of PCR | 1194 | ||
| Microbial Agents | 1194 | ||
| Bacteria | 1194 | ||
| Virus | 1195 | ||
| Protozoa | 1195 | ||
| Rickettsia | 1196 | ||
| Fungus | 1196 | ||
| References | 1196 | ||
| Acute Lower Motor Neuron Tetraparesis | 1201 | ||
| Key points | 1201 | ||
| Introduction | 1201 | ||
| Acute idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis (coonhound paralysis) | 1202 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1203 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 1203 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1204 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 1205 | ||
| Botulism | 1208 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1210 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 1211 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1212 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 1212 | ||
| Prevention | 1213 | ||
| Tick paralysis | 1213 | ||
| Pathophysiology | 1214 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 1214 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1215 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 1215 | ||
| Prevention | 1216 | ||
| Acquired acute fulminating myasthenia gravis | 1216 | ||
| Clinical Signs | 1216 | ||
| Diagnosis | 1217 | ||
| Treatment and Prognosis | 1217 | ||
| References | 1218 | ||
| Inherited Neurologic Disorders in the Dog | 1223 | ||
| Key points | 1223 | ||
| Broad characteristics of inherited disease—when should a veterinarian suspect a disease is inherited? | 1223 | ||
| Sources of Data Regarding Inherited Diseases in Domestic Animals | 1224 | ||
| Identifying the underlying cause of an inherited disorder | 1224 | ||
| Methodology of Mutation Identification | 1225 | ||
| Genetic Markers | 1225 | ||
| Genetic Linkage Analysis | 1226 | ||
| Example | 1226 | ||
| Genomewide Association Studies | 1226 | ||
| Neuronavigation in Small Animals | 1235 | ||
| Key points | 1235 | ||
| The need for neuronavigation | 1235 | ||
| Development of Neuronavigation Devices | 1236 | ||
| Frameless systems | 1239 | ||
| Struggles in veterinary stereotaxy | 1239 | ||
| Pointer-based frameless neuronavigation technique | 1240 | ||
| Tomographic Data Set | 1240 | ||
| Identifiable Fiducial Markers | 1241 | ||
| Creation of Image Space | 1242 | ||
| The Subject Tracker | 1242 | ||
| Tracker systems | 1242 | ||
| The Image Tracker | 1243 | ||
| Summary of Frameless Stereotactic Technique | 1243 | ||
| Sources of error | 1243 | ||
| Veterinary applications | 1244 | ||
| Other uses for neuronavigation | 1245 | ||
| References | 1246 | ||
| Index | 1249 |